Presentations Ronald Kelly

Vice President, Business Development Brightfields LLC Solar PV on Brownfield Property

Brightfields Development LLC April 2013 Renova and Brightfields

• Over two decades of Brownfield Remediation and Redevelopment

• Over two decades of utility scale energy development

• Clients include municipalities and Fortune 100 companies

•Pipeline: 12 Brownfield - Solar PV projects in the US / Caribbean Challenge for DG Solar in Caribbean

• Technical Issue: Caribbean Solar PV Interconnection requirements

• Solar PV projects must control power output- Ramp Rate

• Ramp Rate control ≤ 10% nameplate rating per minute

Power plant

Distributed PV on Brownfields 3-5 MW Projects

Substation

Utility Scale PV on Greenfields 20-200 MW Projects Pete Pedersen John Hanselman Managing Principal Managing Principal D 781-772-2871 D 781-772-2874 [email protected] [email protected]

Ron Kelly PE Mike Singer Principal President D 781-772-2869 D 781-772-2875 [email protected] [email protected]

Mark Aramli

Vice President, Business Development ZBB Energy ZBB Energy Technologies

EnerStore™ Energy Storage ZBB EnerSection™ Power & System Energy Control Center Zinc-bromide flow battery “Micro-grid router in a box” 50kWh module Multi-functional inverters tie together energy storage with any power source , Scalable to 2MWh any load and any grid condition #1 Flow Battery Manufacturer in U.S. Factory configured, no engineering required

2 x EnerSection & 1 x EnerStore Modules ZBB…optimizing energy availability 8 Richard Brody

Vice President, Business Development SustainX, Inc. Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage (ICAES™)

Disruptive mechanical grid-scale energy storage solution

• None of the cost, life, and safety issues of batteries

• Enables site-flexible and scalable bulk storage

• For renewables firming, T&D, and off-grid: $100B market

Full-scale demonstrator March 2013 Mark Worthington

President Underground Energy, LLC Underground Energy, LLC

• Bootstrapping / evangelizing since 2009 • Underground Energy’s objective is to commercialize seasonal underground thermal energy storage (UTES) technology in the US • Teamed with world leaders in UTES technology

• IF Tech – Dutch technology partner • Seeking early adopters for UTES

• District energy systems (e.g., campuses)

• Health care facilities, universities, schools, government, research

• Net zero communities Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage

Ice house in Boxborough, Ice storage in Iran MA Concept:

• Transfer heat to/from water during hot or cold weather • Inject the water into a borehole array (BTES) or an aquifer (ATES) for seasonal thermal energy storage

• Recover stored hot or cold water and use it in any application where it can be transferred through a heat exchange loop – HVAC, deicing, preheating, and other applications

Components of a Conventional Ground-Source Heat Pump System

Earth Couple / Interior HVAC Heat Pump Ground Heat Exchanger / Ground Loop

Ideally, the ground exchange loop increases the efficiency of the heat pump Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES)

Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage Borehole Thermal Energy Storage ATES BTES

• Open Loop (hydraulically balanced) • Closed loop

• Seasonal flow reversal (well-to-well) • Seasonal flow reversal (GHX)

• Groundwater storage medium • Soil/rock storage medium

• Economic efficiencies of scale • Cost varies with thermal capacity

Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES)

Summer Winter

• Closed loop • Radial array configuration – may use multiple arrays • Seasonal reversal of flow within the loop • Small footprint on storage site

Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES)

Summer Winter

• Seasonal thermal energy storage enabled by: • High heat capacity of (ground)water • Dynamics of fluid flow in porous media • Low ΔT, low advection • Hydraulic modeling and management of aquifer • Open loop with separate warm and cold stores • Seasonal reversal of warm and cold withdrawal / injection • Hydraulically balanced • Thermally balanced Possible Matches

• Net-zero and green building developers • District energy system developers / operators • Large users of thermal energy • Solar thermal designers and developers • ESCOs? Kristin Brief

Director of Corporate Development Ambri Ambri Overview

Company History • Spun out of MIT in 2010 • Currently 29 employees in Cambridge, MA 2013 • Based on 40 years of research by Professor Donald Sadoway in extreme electrochemical AMBRI named MIT Technology processes (e.g., aluminum smelting) Review’s 50 Disruptive Companies • Formerly Liquid Metal Battery Corporation

Core Development Principles

• Primary focus  low cost • No subsidies required 2012 • Simple to manufacture Don Sadoway’s TED Talk on Ambri’s • Use earth abundant materials liquid metal battery has over 1 million views

Ambri Differentiators

• Fast response & high energy: flexibly address a wide range of applications • High efficiency, long lifespan, reliable 2012 • Safe and silent Professor Sadoway named Time’s 100 • No moving parts most influential people in the world

Target Applications

• Enable end-users to optimize time-of-use rates, reduce demand charges, integrate onsite generation including solar, wind and CHP, improve reliability & power quality 2012 • Enable utilities to Integrate variable renewable resources like wind and solar, relieve grid Mass High Tech “Startup to Watch” congestion, avoid or defer investments in generation, transmission and distribution • Participate in wholesale electric markets including capacity, energy and ancillary services

Funding 2010 • Private investors include Khosla Ventures, Bill Gates and Total David Bradwell named MIT Technology • Enabling research grants at MIT from the Deshpande Center, the Chesonis Family Review's 35 innovators under 35 Foundation, Lightspeed, US DOE ARPA-E and Total

Warren Leon

Deputy Director Clean Energy States Alliance ESTAP (Energy Storage Technology Advancement Partnership)

Purpose: Create DOE/state energy storage partnerships and advance distributed electrical energy storage technologies, with technical assistance from Sandia National Laboratories Outcomes: Near-term and ongoing project deployments across the US with co-funding from states, project partners, and DOE Activities Disseminate information to stakeholders • ESTAP listserv >500 members • Webinars, information updates, surveys Facilitate public/private partnerships at the state level to support energy storage demonstration project development States Vendors Others • Match bench-tested energy storage technologies with state www.cleanenergystates.org/pr hosts for demonstration project deployment ojects/energy-storage- • DOE/Sandia provide $ for generic engineering, monitoring, technology-advancement- and assessment partnership • Cost share $ from states, utilities, foundations, other CESA Project Director stakeholders Todd Olinsky-Paul [email protected]

Tim Ryan

CEO Force 3 Energy Company Overview

Force 3 Energy, LLC, is a developer of utility-scale energy storage projects for the European and North American markets. The company will use a proven project development business model to deploy best-in-class storage technologies from a variety of providers in creating storage solutions for grid operators, renewable developers and large electricity users.

Early mover into the space – very few competitors for energy storage project development.

Business thesis – a large market will exist for Force 3 providing turnkey electricity storage solutions to customers that want the service but not the hassle

Force 3 role: Develop. Finance. Build. Operate.

Privileged and Confidential Market Opportunity

We are at the beginning of an enormous market opportunity, with over 40 gigawatts of electricity storage projects to be installed in the next ten years in Europe and North America.

MW Installed New Energy Storage Capacity, 2012-2022 (Cumulative) 25,000

20,000 North America Western Europe 15,000 Eastern Europe

10,000

5,000

0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Source: Pike Research, 4Q 2012 Privileged and Confidential Project Experience

Judith Gap, Montana (2005)

135 MW wind energy capacity • First large wind project in Montana $230 million facility • 10-year power contract with Northwestern Energy

Steel Winds, New York (2007) • Built on former Bethlehem Steel plant 20 MW wind energy capacity • First customer of Clipper turbines $34 million facility • Power Engineering Magazine (Jan 2008) 2007 Best Renewables Project of the Year

Sunray Wind, Texas (2009)

50 MW wind energy capacity • Rapid project completion $100 million facility • Powers Valero refinery

Baton Rouge LFG, Louisiana (2010) • 2011 American Chemical Council Environmental Impact Award 75 MMBTU/hour landfill gas to • 2011 Louisiana DEQ Award energy$11 million facility • 15-year gas contract with ExxonMobil • Provides boiler fuel for two chemical plants

Greenfield, Massachusetts (2012)

2 MW solar energy capacity • Built on municipal landfill $10 million facility • Solar REC floor price contract with State of Massachusetts Privileged and Confidential Force 3 Energy is a Project Developer

A complete project includes: • Identifying the ideal location, physically and on the grid • Permitting/consenting • Electrical interconnection • Storage technology(ies) appropriate for the situation (MW, MWh, ramp rate) • Electrical balance of plant – substation, interconnection facilities, transformers, cabling • Control and management systems • SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) for the storage project • Interface with grid operator and others for dispatching (absorbing vs regenerating electricity) on several timelines • Health and safety • Financing • Contracting for construction, planning for operations & maintenance • Risk management and insurance Privileged and Confidential US vs Europe Opportunities

US market for balancing renewables • Modest penetration of wind and solar in most parts of the US • Very low natural gas prices (due to recent “fracking” boom) make gas-fired backup the economical choice

• No cost or government mandate for CO2 • Pockets of opportunity with high renewables penetration (e.g. Bonneville Power Administration area – 40% wind) or small grids (e.g. Hawaii) • May be opportunities in PJM due to coal decommissioning and gas generating as baseload

European market for balancing renewables • Very large penetration of wind and solar in several countries (particularly UK, Germany). This will be continent-wide in the near future • Much higher natural gas prices than in US plus concerns about security of supply (much gas comes from Russia) • European Union mandate for “decarbonisation” makes fossil-fuel backup untenable • Interesting grant programs in the UK, other countries and European Commission

Privileged and Confidential Customer-Oriented Business Development

Several customer segments: • Electric grid operators • Transmission System Operators (TSOs) • Distribution System Operators (DSOs) • Renewable generators – wind, solar, offshore wind • Large electric load customers with variable demand and need for backup power • Energy traders who see value in arbitrage and ancillary service markets • Competitive wholesale electricity suppliers

Any storage project has four parameters. Force 3 Energy can customize a solution depending on customer needs Location on the transmission or distribution grid Power generation capability, in megawatts Energy storage capacity, in megawatt-hours Response time, or ramp rate

Privileged and Confidential David Lash

CEO Energy Compression, Inc. Energy Compression Inc. Adsorption Enhanced Compressed Air Energy Storage for Microgrids  Energy grid storage $1 B  Competitive Advantages market by 2020; growing  Located almost anywhere  Extremely safe  Provides up to 12 hour  Perfectly green storage at low pressure;  Highly scalable; std components zeolite filled tanks  Low cost install/operate; long life cycle  Allows low cost “behind the  Bootstrapped, pre-funding meter” peak load shifting  Seeking:  More cycle hours than  Add’l Strategic Partners batteries; longer cycle life  Engineering Design Expertise  Initial funding; SBIRs/angels  Targeted to microgrids  Dave Lash, CEO  [email protected]

Adsorption-Enhanced Compressed Air Energy Storage

The safest, greenest & cheapest energy storage ever!

Timothy F. Havel, CTO & Founder David C. Lash, CEO