Planning History • + • • • • • + • ••••• • • • • •• + • • • Bulletin of the Planning History Group

Vol. 14 No. 1 1992 Planning History

Bulletin of the Contents Planning History Group

ISSN 0959 - 5805 Editorial 1

Editor Notices 2 Or Stephen V. Ward School of Planning Articles 3 Oxford Polytechnic Gipsy Lane Headington American Influence on Stockholm's Post World War II Suburban Oxford OX3 OBP Expansion K.C. Parsons 3 Telephone: 0865 819421 Telex: G83147 VIA Fax: 0865 819559 Metamorphosis of Corinth from the Community of the Ottoman Era to the Neohellenic Town Martinidis Associate Editor for the Americas V. Hastaoglou 15 Professor Marc A. Weiss Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Street Widths in Victoria New Zealand Preservation R.P. Hargreaves 29 Columbia University 410H Ave ry Hall New York, NY 10027 Transatlantic Exchanges in Planning: the UK-US Balance Sheet USA G.E. Cherry 32 Associate Editor for the Pacific Or Robert Freestone School of Town Planning Reports 39 University of New South Wales P 0 Box 1 4th National Conference on American Planning History I Kensington, NSW 2033 5th International Conference Planning History Group, Richmond, Australia Virginia, November 7-10 1991 Production S.V. Ward 39 Design: Rob Woodward Word Processing: Sue Bartlett Printing: Middlesex Polytechnic Print Centre Publications 45

Planning History is published three times a year Abstracts for ctistribution to members of the Planning 45 History Group. The Group as a body is not responsible for the views expressed and Urban History 45 statements made by individuals writing or reporting in Planning History. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form The Society for American City and Regional Planning History: without permission from the editor. Working Papers 46

Notes for Contributors The prime aim of Planning History is to increase Treasurers Report 48 an awareness of developments and ideas in planning history in all parts of the world. In pursuit of this aim, contributions are invited Job Vacancies 49 from members and non-members ali ke for any section of the bulletin. Articles should normally not exceed 2500 words, and may well reflect work in progress. Photographs and other illustrations may be included. Contributions submitted on a ctisc, with accompanying hard copy, are to be encouraged; please contact the editor for format details. Editorial Planning History Vol 14 No. 1

Corporations associated with the regeneration of the London Docklands and other inner city areas. Editorial Traditional public interest planning has been subordinated to market criteria. This has been underpinned by the assertion that the pursuit of As I write this editorial Britain is in the middle of a private profits by developers in such areas has general election campaign that seems more likely to actually been synonymous with the 'true' public produce a change of government than any since int~rest in a dynamic market society, a viewpoint 1979. Readers have the advantage over me in that ~hich has not been widely accepted in planning the. res';llt will be known by the time they read this, crrcles. so 1t m~ght be regarded as plain foolishness to address such a topic when I could comment on And there were similar moves to change the impact something much less controversial and uncertain. of the regulatory 'negative' side of planning. In the However I have to admit that the challenge to say early 1980s we were told that planners "locked up something that will appear reasonably sensible jobs in their filing cabinets every night when they even after the election has outweighed natural went home". A great of effort was put into "lifting caution, so I will press on. the burdens" of the allegedly unreasonable demands by planning development control on the Planning, still less planning history, is far from l egi~mate desires ~f private developers to develop. be~~ a. major ~lection issue, in which I suppose Agam the assumption was that the public interest Bntam IS no different to most other countries. But would best be served by a planning system that elections provide opportunities for reflecting on the aided the private developer. However the reality recent ~nd li~ely future directions on many aspects was that the public interest had to be pursued of pubhc pohcy, and I fancy the main trends in through the rather unpredictable mechanism of recent British planning history will have immediate negotiating planning gain. echoes in many other countries. Not surprisingly these attacks on the two basic Thus over the last thirteen years Britain has modes of public planning activity in Britain were experienced the first serious attempt to dismantle ~ewed with considerable dismay in planning the post-war planning consensus which had crrcles. The planning profession became convinced emerged in the 1950s and 1960s when the highly that planning itself would only survive in a statist planning system created by the Labour radically slimmed down form. Several planning government in 1947 was moulded into something schools had professional recognition withdrawn on more appropriate to a mixed economy welfare the strength of this assessment, forcing some to state. However since 1979, when the Conservatives ~ l ose completely. In the event though this under Mrs Thatcher first came to power, we have judgement was well wide of the mark and planning seen a radical change in the pattern and purpose of authorities in the south of England found planning as part of a more general push of "rolling themselves short of qualified staff during the back the frontiers of the state". Much of general development boom of the 1980s. character of the resultant changes will, I think, be familiar to most overseas readers. Most countries Moreover the belief in a much more strongly have experienced at least some of the same ~ket-led app.roach to planning and development medicine, if not always administered with the same ttself soon ran mto serious practical problems. It highly personal style that Mrs Thatcher gave it in became clear by the late 1980s that many voters Britain. who s_upported the government actually valued a There has accordingly been a strong reaction pl~nru~g system that controlled private developers against what used to be called 'positive planning', fat_rly tightly. The opposition to the proposed pnvate new towns at Tillingham Hall, Foxley whereby central or local government agencies directly undertook planned development, Wood and Stone Bassett brought this contradiction between Mrs Thatcher's pushes towards an prioritising public interest objectives. Traditional ente:Prise culture in the field of planning and more instruments of such interventionist planning, such tradttonal Conservatism to a head, with the latter as the comprehensive development area or new essentially winning the argument. Moreover as the towns, have rather gone out of fashion. The Thatcherite equivalent of these instead used state development boom began to fade at the end of the power to give greater encouragement and freedom 1980s, 1t became clear that relatively uncontrolled to private developers. The classic example of this ~nd uncoordinated private development in areas approach has been the Urban Development lik~ the London Docklands was creating quite senous and costly problems. In addition growing

1 Planning History Vol. 14 No. 1 Notice Articles Planning History Vol. 14 No. 1 environmentalist pressures both within Britain and Secretary, Ma.rtin Schwartz, 10 rue Michel-Chauvet, fro~ Eu:opean ~titutions have encouraged greater CH-1208 Geneva. Tel: 41-2-468200; Fax: 41-22- caution m relaxations of the planning system. Notices 468261. Articles

By the early 1990s therefore the classic arguments Bartlett International Summer School (BISS) The Urban History Association fo~ planning are beginning to be releamed along Department of History American Influence on With a few new ones. All of which bodes well for 14 TilE PRODUcriON OF THE BUlLT do Lake Forest College planning after the election. We can, I think, be Sherldan Road Stockholm's Post ENVlRONN.mNT: EUROPE1~2 555 N reasonably confident that, whoever turns out to Lake Forest, IL 60045-2399, USA will Brussels, Belgium, 5-10 September 1~2 have won, planning be a much more 708-234-3100 X 430 World War 11 Suburban significant force over the rest of the 1990s than it 708-234-6487 (fax) was in the 1980s. Perhaps a new planning Expansion 1992 marks a conclusion and starting point in the con~nsus, .transcending party, is in the making, as Recipients of prizes awarded by The Urban History my unmediate predecessor as Planning History process of integration under the auspices of the EC. Simultaneously the disintegration of East European Association in its 1991 competition for scholarly editor, Dennis Hardy, has been hinting recently. Or distinctions include: Kermit C Parsons, Cornell perhaps it is simply that, as his predecessor, Mike socialist states gives rise to novel relations between eastern and western Europe. What impact will this Hebbert, once sang in an Oxford Polytechnic Best dissertation in urban history, without University, lthaca, NY, USA planning revue of the 1970s, adapting the lyrics of process of integration and disintegration have on building protection, particularly on the labour geographic restriction, completed in 1990: Karen L Ira Gershwin: In time the Roclcies may crumble/ "Those that know the influence of Radbum outside process, and on the development of the built Sawislak (Stanford University), "Smoldering Oty: Gibraltar may tumble/ they're only made of clay/ but America are probably best acquainted with the environment in Europe and the rest of the world, Class, Ethnicity, and Politics in Chicago at the Time planning is here to stay. developments in Sweden, particularly Vallingby"1 especially so-called developing countries? of the Great Fire" (degree awarded by Yale University). Stephen V. Ward The history of Swedish town planning in the last is the main theme addressed in BISS 1992 to This one hundred years is one of thoughtful continuous in Brussels, a city well reflecting the Best scholarly journal article in urban history, be held attention to the social and physical needs of all of contradictions inhe.rent in European development, without geographic restriction, published in 1990: its citizens who live in urban environments. The under a traditional, provincial government, David T Beito (University of Nevada at Las Vegas), coming evolution of Swedish housing design including the with scarce local income and unemployment, and "The Formation of Urban Infrastructure Through Nongovemmental Planning: The Private Places of layouts of residential areas, community facilities confronted by massive destruction through and aesthetics have been always responsive to international developers and local capitals. St Louis, 1869-1920" Jounull of Urban History 16 (May 1990), 263-303. human requirements and to the natural envi.ronment. The development of urban plans and BISS is a forum, constituted by agreement between their efficient, equitable and high quality different academic institutions world-wide, for the Best book in Non-North American Urban History implementations are among the most significant discussion, research and teaching of problems published in 1989 or 1990: William Rowe Qohns achievements of city planning in the world. concerning the development of the built Hopkins University) Hankow, Conflict and environment on the basis of the production process, Community in a Chinese City, 1796-1895 (Stanford Press, 1989). American community architect, town planner and essentially as a social process. This year's University seen urban statesman Clarence Stein was an unabashed session will be hosted by La Cambre, Institute . Best book in North American Urban History admirer of the remarkable mid twentieth century superieur d'architecture de la Cornrnunaute published in 1990: David Hamer (Victoria accomplishment of Swedish town planners in the Fran~ise, and eo-sponsored by the European expansion of Stockholm in a structured process of Federation of Building and Woodworkers, with University at Wellington, New Zealand) New Towns building clustered communities. Stein wrote contributions from the Museum of Architecture and in the New Warld, Images a{ Nineteenth Century Urban extensively and enthusiastically about the Urbanism in Brussels. Frontiers (Columbia University Press, 1990). Stockholm planning and expansion process, about the quality of Swedish housing and community As well as plenary sessions relating to the general design? He returned frequently to and stayed long theme a.nd to Brussels, workshop themes planned in Stockholm to witness its extensive new suburban include: Production and Built form; Labour in the community development, and to confer with its Industry; Legal, Technical and Construction planners and builders. He also, it will be argued Financial Constraints; The Privatisation of Public here, had a significant influence on several of the Space; The Role of the Professions; Top Urban major design elements of these new communities. Locations as a Development Strategy.

Deadlines for papers are 22nd May 1992. For Stein's Third Career further information and bookings contact: The BISS Conference Secretariat, La Cambre, Marcel Pesleux, Clarence Stein launched a third career in 1949. He directeur, Place Eug~ne Flagey, 19, B- 1050 was sixty-seven. His first career had been as an Brussels. Tel: 32-2-6409696; Fax: 32-2-6474655. For architect with Bertram Grovsnor Goodhue from further information on BISS contact: BISS 1912-1919 and on his own as an independent

2 3 Planning History VoL 14 No. 1 Planning History VoL 14 No. 1 Articles Articles architect in New York Oty in the early 1920s. His subdivision plans and to increased traffic of planners and architects advising on site selection second career was as a conununity architect, differentiation in town planning.5 and design for the United Nations permanent planner and regional planning theorist, planner of headquarters in New York. Stein took them to see some of the key projects in American planning During the spring of 1949, as Stein's articles for the Radbum. By the summer of 1947 Larsson and from 1922-1948. This is the career that is so well Town Planning Review grew longer, he arranged to Markelius must have already decided to use the documented in his own book, Towards New Towns visit his friends Steen Eiler Rasmussen in Denmark, Radbum superblock system with its central green for America, and in publications by Roy Lubove, Yngve Larsson and Sven Markelius in Sweden and areas, structure of neighbourhoods and large Francesco DalCo and Carl Sussman.3 In 1949 Stein Gordon Stephenson in England to complete his pedestrian oriented shopping and cultural centre began the third and most influential phase of his rewriting, editing and assist with Town Planning for the new Stockholm suburban districts. professional life. Now, as a writer and consultant, Review layout designs. During his stay in London Markelius's 1948 visit to New York where he met he worked to extend to others the ideas embodied he lived near one of the scenes of his inspiration, with Stein and may have visited Radbum would in his conununity planning projects of the previous Hampstead Garden Suburb.6 The Steins stayed for have strengthened their decision. Stockholm's thirty years. almost a month at "Wyldes", the 17th Century expansion was to be laid out around several rail manor house which had been the home of transit nodes of the Tunnelbanen (rail transit) This new phase of his life, his third career, was Raymond Unwin, one of the architect/planners for extensions pla~ed west and south of the central initiated by Stein's good friend Gordon Stephenson, Hampstead Garden Suburb. At the Wyldes Stein city. Editor of the Taum Planning Review and Professor of began the writing and consultation that was to Civic Design at Liverpool University. He become his principal means of influencing change Clarence Stein visited Stockholm in the summer of suggested that Stein prepare a series of articles in the basic layouts of residential areas and new 1949 to see first hand the early stages of building about his town planning and housing projects for towns in Great Britain and Sweden, and later in this new suburban community and to study the the Town PIJlnning Review·' These articles were to America and many European countries as well as rational Swedish new concepts for building them. review in detail Stein's and Henry Wright's Australia and Japan. His writing about new Early in his visit he could see that he had already revolutionary American housing designs at communities and the Radburn Plan, as well as the greatly influenced the design of housing layouts Sunnyside, Long Island; Radburn, New Jersey; writing of others about this idea, spread the new and town centres in Stockholm's new Chatham Village in Pittsburgh; Ste.in's Hillside concept of residential layout throughout the communities.11 Stein directed his studies to their Homes in the Bronx and Stein's consulting architect western world. metropolitan regional planning and land ownership role in the design of the Greenbelt Townsend policies and to the detailed design and real estate Baldwin Hills Village in Los Angeles, California. How the Radbum Idea was Transferred development processes that Swedish policy makers These projects had already by the late 1940s to Sweden Figure 1: Viillingby Central District - Northwest had established to implement their plans. influenced a shift in the pattern of much American Half. Tunnelbanen Station at T right centre. Typical Superblock Greens at G. residential layout where traditional housing layout Several scholars have commented on Oarence When Clarence and Aline Stein left Sweden for patterns were comprised of small blocks in gridiron Stein's influence on the large post World War II extended visits to Stockholm in 1949, 1952, 1954, England in August 1949 Oarence wrote about his or curvilinear street frameworks with the house 7 suburban communities in Stockholm. Even a 1960 and 1961. visit to Lewis Mumford: "I am so enthusiastic fronts oriented to the streets. These patterns had casual inspection of plans of these projects reveals about the way the Swedes are developing great already been shifting to designs in which houses their consistent use of separate pedestrian and new communities, not just planning them on paper and apartment buildings were laid out in larger Stein's discussions with Swedish town planners and automobile circulation systems (see Figure 1). This including Yngve Larsson, Sven but actually detennining the [site plans] ... and blocks (superblocks) with major through city builders, 12 account of Stein's influence on residential layout in Markelius, Goran Sidenbladh and J H Martin building them ..." Stein later conunented on his automobile traffic restricted to perimeter streets and Stockholm focuses on the nature of his influence, strengthened their initial decision made in the mid visit to Stockholm in a letter to Larsson with extensive use of parking bays and garage on the way it occurred, on his appreciation of the 1940s to use of the Radburn concept in the design summarising his admiration for their work: projects and cul de sac streets 9 courts in apartment qualities of these residential layouts and finally on for Stockholm's new suburban dty extensions. ... as I look over the summer, it seems to me Some of these layouts in low density subdivisions. his respect for Stockholm's processes of planning Swedish planners may have first read about that the strongest impression of progressive now included pedestrian paths; landscaped centre and city building.• This article argues that the Radbum in RPAA members' 1930s publications movement in planning was that which I got in block green spaces were frequently featured in the major Swedish town planners who adopted the about its plans and many may have seen them at the short time that I was in Sweden. It may erblocks". high density "sup Radbum Concept into their layouts of Stockholm's their exhibition at the 1931 International Federation have been that your hospitality and the large scale dty extension at Viillingby and Farsta of Housing and Town Planning (IFHTP) meetings thoughtful guidance of all others bewitched Stein's third career as a consultant and urban and later at Skarholmen, Kista and elsewhere in in Berlin and Stockholm. Steen Eiler Rasmussen in me, but I think not. I think that a statesman in America, Great Britain and Stockholm first absorbed this radical idea from Denmark and Tage-William Olssen, town planner tremendously valuable contribution is being Scandinavia was as a shaper of residential area many Royal Planning Association of America for Goteborg, Sweden, used illustrations of made, not only in the orderly manner in which design change. His and Henry Wright's prototype (RPAA) members' publications about Radbum in Radbum in their design studios in the 1930s. And the remainder of Stockholm is being planned 1928 residential layout at Radbum in New Jersey the early 1930s, from Lewis Mumford's description Mumford's The Culture of Cities reproduced and built as a single process, but also in the was, by 1950, almost universally called the of Radbum and Greenbelt, Maryland in The Culture Radbum and Greenbelt plans in its Swedish design of the neighbourhoods as units related "Radbum Idea" or the "Radbum Plan" by planners of Cities, and from Stein's publications in the Town translation in 1942.10 Markelius probably met Stein both the requirements of living and the form of in North America and Western Europe, especially Planning Review in 1949 and his 1951 book, Towards when he designed the Swedish Pavilion at the 1939 the land. My first impression of the unusual in England and Scandinavia. Extensive New Towns for America. These Swedish planners New York World Fair. Stein was a member of the approach of the Stockholm planners I received publications about the plans and ideas of the new and city builders were also stimulated to use Stein's design review board for the fair. Markelius, when I arrived by air and saw the new houses, town of Radbum, New Jersey and Hillside Homes ideas by their visits to Radburn in the mid 1940s Larsson's assistant and successor as head of partly hidden among the old trees that were were a major factor in the shift to "superblocks" for and by their interaction with Stein during his Stockholm City Planning, visited America in the left standing. This relating of every building large scale projects and the use of cul de sacs in mid 1940s as a member of the international group and every group of buildings to the site

5 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Planning History Vol. 14 No. 1 Articles Articles

conditions impressed me even more strongly as cultural focus. The primary district of each area neighbourhood centre and children to school for suburban expansion were adopted, general 16 I studied the developments on the ground with plans drafted and work started on detailed plans cluster is centred on a rail transit station and without crossing roads'. 'Neighbourhood shops 13 be located] to make the consumers' you and others. for developing of the first large area of city owned includes the area's highest density housing, three [were to land to the west of the city at SOdra Sp!nga (The and four storey 'walk-up' apartment groups and walking distance as short as possible: 200 metres' Stockholm's Expansion 1946-1976 Vallingby Development Area) and south of the city elevator buildings in point blocks and slabs (see or 700 feet to each high density district centre. An at Farsta Forsamling (The Farsta Development Figure 4). The 'area centres' (Vallingby and Farsta) area of 44,000 population or more (several districts around the higher density area centre was Stockholm's suburban expansion policies guided a Area) (Figure 2 and 3). Each of these areas was to serve five or six city districts located "like pearls on clustered to 'be concentrated so that residents [would be] ... at massive effort to meet post World War IT housing include six or seven city districts with populations a string, linked to downtown [Stockholm) by a 15 a walking distance [to the area centres) of 900 shortages. They were shaped by public ownership of 6,000-15,000 each.u A parallel decision in the [rail] rapid transit line". Each of the areas also metres at most.'17 The net residential densities of of very large areas of land outside the city, by its mid 1940s to extend rail transit west and south includes employment opportunities in the area these core districts were quite high. evolving plans for rail transit and a realisation that with new subway access to the city centre and with centres and in industrial districts in Stockholm. more low density 'garden suburbs' like the city long (6 car) stations at suburban centres gave Those centred on Skarholmen southeast of the city of the 1952 Stockholm Regional Plan development of Stockholm 1904-1942 could not regional shape to the suburban plans. and I

Vallingby core area (Vllllongby. Aicksta, pan of Grimstal

Vllllingby development area, ucluding Johannelund industroal area

e area center • district center

- -- riOtO transu

····-- fllltoad

...... F.,.. C

Figure 3: Farsta Development Area Plan, Industrial Area is along northeast edge of site plan. Farsta Centrum site Figure 2: Viillingby Development Area including Blackeberg, RAcksta, Vallingby, Hasselby Gc\rd and Hasselby plan at centre of drawing. Strand; Johannelund Industrial Area is at Vinsta with a T Station at South Corner. PlaMing History Vol. 14 No. 1 PlaMing History Vol. 14 No. 1 Articles Articles

densities (he favoured single family garden population along rail transit lines in high density Culture of Cities, and Larsson's and Markelius's suburbs) and their extensive use of large blocks clusters. He also reported admiringly on the clarity visits to Radbum itself had convinced all of them of with connected green centres linked by pedestrian and strength of Stockholm's administrative the value of its innovations. They adapted it to and cycle paths separated from the automobile structure for detailed planning and implementation. Stockholm's special needs for high density circulation routes. His principal objection to these suburban districts which were served by rail rapid plans was that they were 'unnecessarily expensive Stein's visits to Stockholm in 1949 and 1952 came at transit, and they provided community site designs and dangerous for unescorted women at night'. a time when the plan for regional expansion was which exhibited high levels of sensitivity to the Dahlberg's opposition to Markelius's 'Radburnish' well underway. Stockholm's principal planners, hilly, rocky landscapes of the western suburbs at layouts within the framework of the new suburban Larsson, Markelius and Sidenbladh, had R!cksta, Viillingby, and Hasselby Gchd. They also developed an approach that made excellent use of ~ "'loUih UO'V r«t''taltO.nMtnu residential districts was neutralised by his transfer incorporated many Radbum ideas in it. The work to the finance department of Stockholm's city of his colleagues in the RPAA who had written a the political possibilities of a progressive society D tH'I91t ftl'ruly dtiiC.hfocl f\Om.tt government in 1948. Markelius's subsequent plans score of articles about Radbum in the early 1930s, which had great regard for the quality of housing t"'unrv for the R!cksta district (Figure 6) and the Viillingby the IFHTP's 1931 exhibition of the Radbum Town and of community services for all family members, centre (Figure 7) formulated in the late 1940s as the Plan, Mumford's endorsement in 1937 in the Director of PI~oning for Stockholm were soon approved. They provided for complete traffic . grade separated pedestrian ways and cycle tracks Figure 4: Suburban Community Development Diagram from all residential areas to the shopping centres, lii from General Plan for Stockholm, 1952. schools and transit stations...... Johanneslund industrial district. Its total - population was to be about 44,000.

Sven Markelius's initial detailed site plans for Blacke~rg, the district nearest the city centre on the rail transit line, were submitted for review in 1947. They incorporated the Radbum Plan layout type's grade separated pedestrian, pram and cycle paths, and central greens areas in their 'superblocks'. Their designs for pedestrian underpasses and bridges provided generous widths and excellent access to schools and district shopping. These plans faced strong opposition from Alex Dahlberg, then Director of the Municipal Real Estate Department,l8 because of their high

1 Ocoerltntt'll "~t . Othl'r t hOOl•nd WA'ICR'\ •nctuOr ctoth~n and • CC'ft..Oty thOOI, Ql\arrnacy, r• dtO·TV \lOt~ . fvrutt. Hot tU , f~l.lu · r ent, r~CI),G a tOff", uf~t~ua . ~~ , t..,..nttU1e . 9'00t.,.~ . wetc-h· Figure 6: Site plan for housing at Rdcksta, 1949. t l Chvref\, CWJh\h """· yo11 tn ow. Clet'•th ott•cn tTWikt"'f , e»n"'· l).lltnt e nd co-.nw••a. t hOe-l, beau1v per 'Of. ttudv Complete separation of pedestrian and cycle traffic roo"". encs ofi•C"ft 1 1 0tpertrnrnt \10ft, Pit thOO, 'f'84' n and ""'UI"t a<:cnSO'Y t-"00 Of'IOI09'8P"'V "'OO, Oltton from road system. 2 Po·u Olltt"f", tfawl ~CV . Ltvn

\

-:~~--...... _.....,.,... · 10 =-~:' .. .,. ...,...,._,..__-""""...... "'"' .... ·--- _...~ - .·-·

··o_ ~ _o tl. • U itedrt___,._ J~-.-...... -~.,,...,.._,._ , ___IIthI .,.. iD? .. .e•\.).1'- · --­ -....fltJi o · ~~ ~ ..._..__...... a~~ - !UHl ' •ooo

Figure 9: Tensta Rinkeby suburban clusters built in the late 1960s and early 1970s designed to achieve greater urbanity within the general pedestrian separation of the Radbum Concept but with higher densities and much Figure 8: Site plans of later suburban districts. Kirsta represents a retu.m to the right-angled courtyard. smaller linear green areas between the clusters of housing. Tensta is comparable to Cumbernauld, the 1958 Slcarpnt~ck plans show a return to street architecture and the gridiron plan. Scottish new town, in both traffic separation and walking distance objectives.

11 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Planning History Vol. 14 No. 1 Articles Articles

Tunnelbanen stations and commercial centre. All Some have specialised industrial employment areas, housing production fell from 23,000 units to 7,000 This article was first presented at the Joint Fourth locate work places close to houses, preserve quality such as Kista's concentration of electronic and per year in the metropolitan area.22 Stockholm's era National Conference of Society for Ameriam City and landscape features, provide separate systems for computer related manufacturing. The concepts of rapid growth came to an end in 1976. The very Regional Planning History and the Fifth International footpaths, bicycles, and automobile access. The combined Radbum layout, clusters of differentiated consistent development pattern of this era includes Conference of the Planning History Group at Richmond, Skarholmen group includes a wide range of suburban districts around rail transit stations, core as one of its basic ideas the residential layout Virginia, USA, November 7-10, 1991. housing densities and building types from very shopping districts, manufacturing and service pattern evolved by Swedish planners and architects high density 3-8 storey step down groups of employment centres near residential districts, from the Radbum concept. This modified pattern References apartments to lower density terrace houses near formed a consistent set of patterns for the fabric of of pedestrian favouring layout is as consistently Lake Miirlaren. All are connected by footpaths Stockholm's urban expansion from 1946 to 1976. In used in Stockholm's suburbs as the curvilinear 1. Clarence Stein to Paul Ritter, 4 October 1961, through recreation areas to the centre of the three this thirty year period the basic pattern formulated street/cui de sac/low density/single family/FHA Clarence Stein Papers, Cornell University Archives, mile long linear cluster of 'districts'.20 by Larsson, Markelius, Sidenbladh and their 'subdivision manual' pattern is found everywhere Ithaca, NY, Collection No 3600 (hereafter associates guided almost all development in in North American cities' suburbs built in the same CSP /CUS). Stein's six-page letter was a comment The Tensta-Rinkeby group (Figure 9) built at about Stockholm's suburbs so clearly typified by era. on Ritter's series of articles in the Architects' Journal: the same time as the Skarholmen cluster was Viillingby (Figure 10). 'Radbum Planning: A Reassessment' published designed to provide a more 'intense concentration The influence of one of Clarence Stein's community between June 1960 and February 1961. and right angled regularity with an urban Stockholm's development policy changed design ideas, the Radburn plan, on Swedish ambience' but continued most of the objectives significantly after the mid 1970s period of planning was considerably greater in Stockholm 2. Stein, Oarence, 'Stockholm Builds a New Town', listed above and included residential parking on recession/inflation. After 1975 fewer new dwelling than in any other western city. Almost half a Planning 1952 Proceedings of the Annual Planning several levels. All of these projects and many other units were built. In 1950 the number of dwelling million Stockholmers live and work in that new Conference, American Society of Planning Officials, 1960s and 1970s Stockholm suburban districts share units built was about 9,000. This rate climbed to part of the city's urban environment shaped by PP· 56-64. the basic elements of the Radburn layout pattern. over 27,000 per year by the late 1960s.21 In the ideas of Stein/Radbum inspired Larsson, Some have more extensive core shopping areas early 1970s migration to Stockholm slowed, Markelius, Sidenbladh planning for Stockholm's 3. Roy Lubove, Community Planning in the 20s ... The (regional shopping centres) that serve other unemployment increased and interest rates and thirty year post WWII expansion. Why in Sweden Contribution of the Regional Planning Association of surrounding lower density residential districts. prices went up rapidly. Between 1973 and 1976 and not in the US? Stockholm's municipal land America, Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, ownership policies, municipal land development 1963; Francesco DalCo, 'From Parks to Gardens', in design and construction policies, and the policy of The American City from the Civil War to the New Deal, ,. extensive municipal and cooperative housing Cambridge MIT Press, 1979; and Carl Sussman, The - construction and the policy of raising municipal Fourth Migration, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974. !.~ ---- revenue to support large public infrastructure !;I --...... --· programmes of rail transit and community services 4. Stein's earlier published writing on town were the necessary conditions for this singular planning was extensive, first as Associate Editor for ...... _,. achievement. These policies were sufficiently community planning of the AlA Journal after 1921, ,- -·---~· cohesive and centrally administered to carry out the and in various professional journals through the 'community regarding' ideas inherent in the mid 1940s, but none were so influential as his 1949- 'Radburn Idea'. Nm~e of these policies, let alone 50 Town Planning Review articles. their operation in concert over an extended period of time, have existed elsewhere in the Western 5. The modem idea of using the 'superblock' in world with the possible exceptions of the somewhat urban plans and traffic separation seems to have linear suburban expansion new communities of been arrived at simultaneously by Clarence Stein Copenhagen and Paris. and Le Corbusier. Stein notes in a 1961 response to a series of articles by Paul Ritter on the 'Radbum In Sweden the seeds of Oarence Stein's and the Plan', that he and Henry Wright, and their RPAA's Ebenezer Howard inspired macro ideas for associates in Radburn did not know that Le an urban region planning structure of satellite Corbusier 'had a scheme for separation of towns and Stein's micro ideas for urban residential pedestrians and auto. In fact' he wrote, Le area layout structu.re fell on fertile ground. They Corbusier 'did not publish the idea of two different were cultivated by a very astute, talented team of levels for walkers and vehicles until 1929. We Swedish urban statesmen, politicians, planners, site planned Radbum in 1928.' And, he noted, their planners, urban designers, architects and city approaches were different: 'Le Corbusier seems to builders. The Stockholm accomplishment is not have borrowed from Leonardo da Vinci.' And he universally admired by Western (including continued: 'There were many precedents that we Swedish) architects and planners (especially the welded together to make the Radbum later high density district), but major elements of Conception... most important in regard to separation the City's expansion planning team's work were of communication... (was) Central Park, which clearly rooted in the Radbum Idea for community Frederick Law Olmsted designed in 1851.' He layout and were greatly admired by Clarence Stein, might have added Oarence Perry's concept for the 10: Overall plan o the entire Viillingby 'group' including Blackeberg south (right) of Viillingby (centre) the Figure one of its many coaches and perhaps its staunchest urban neighbourhood. southeast lower density districts of RAcksta southeast (left of the centre) and H6tsselby Gdrd and H6tsselby Strand early cheerleader in America. (left of the centre). The Grimsta area below the town centre along Lake Miilaren.

12 13 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Planning History Vol. 14 No. 1 Articles Articles

simultaneously of the transition of the traditional 6. This work was first published in The Town 13. CSS to Larsson, 4 January 1950 (CSS/CUA). Metamorphosis of community into a modem town and of the Review, Vol XX No. 4 (April 1949) and Vol XX No. formation of town planning, in the context of a republished by the 14. David Pass, Viillingby and Farsta, op. cit. This 3 (April 1950) and then Corinth: From the profound and all~mbracing change from Greek Liverpool University Press in 1951 as Toward New the best English language account of the regional Independence in 1828 onwards. Towns for America. For an account of the inspiration planning concepts and the technical and political Community of the of Stein by Unwin and Parker's design for development of ideas in the building of these Corinth is unique in the sense that it was the only Hampstead Garden Village, and Stein's influence Stockholm suburban communities. Pass's detailed Ottoman Era to the town for which three different plans were drawn on British housing layouts after 1950, see 'British descriptions of the politics, policies and up within a short period (1829, 1836 and 1858), and American Community Design: Clarence Stein's programmes and his detailed chronologies of the Neohellenic Town probably due to its excellent location on the Manhattan Transfer, 1924-1974,' my unpublished development process provide an excellent Isthmus. Prominent French, German and Greek paper prepared for the joint ACSP-AESOP at understanding of the logic and the commitment of engineers successively projected the future face of Oxford in July 1991, shortly to appear in Planning the several city builders who for three decades Vithleem Hastaoglou Martinidis the town, radically reshaping its traditional image. Perspectives. guided Stockholm's expansion from the mid 1940s Their designs, although each one of distinct to the mid 1970s. Department of Urban and Regional morphological reference and planning approaches - 7. Kidder Smith, Sweden Builds, New York: , corresponding to different stages of planning Reinhold 1957, and David Pass in Viillingby and 15. Pass, pp. 2 ·and 8. Planning , School of Architecture evolution - reveal the predominant concern of State Farsta, The New Community Development Process in University of Thessaloniki , Greece. intervention in urban affairs: to move away from Stockholm, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1973. Both report 16. Pass, p. 8. the Ottoman past towards a more European Swedish planners' expressed debt to Stein. direction by consolidating the modernisation and 17. Attbo special issue, The Master Plan for 'La Grece est un pays qui a, plus que tout rationalisation of urban structures, and to restore 8. Stein believed that the residential layouts of Stockholm, Stockholm: Tidens Forlag by HSB 1953. autre, son genie et sone charactere propres, ne the nation's historical continuity by reconnecting Baronbackama, Sweden (1952) also carried out most ressemblant A aucune partie de l'Europe, soit the ancient world to the modern kingdom. To that completely the basic Radburn Ideas of superblocks 18. Dahlburg had been responsible for the dans ses moeurs, soit dans ses institutions. Ce end, the physical shape of the city, strongly with continuous central green pedestrian access extensive building of large areas of free standing meme peuple a pourtant besoin d'etre, pour reminiscent of Oassical patterns, proved to be an from all houses through garden courts (CSS to single family houses in the 'garden suburb' plans of ainsi dire, refait, puisque tout A peu pres y est efficient instrument of regulation, as well as a Ritter, October 1961). Stockholm's growth policy in the 1930s and early arriere, ou dans un etat de delabrement; et powerful means for ideological signification. 1940s (Pass, op. cit. p. 116). cette regeneration ne parait pouvoir s'operer 9. Sven Markelius and Goran Sidenbladh, 'Town qu'en introduisant des lois et des usages qui The paper will attempt to explore the four faces Planning in Stockholm' in Ten Lectures on Swedish 19. CSS to Sidenbladh, 24 September 1954, appartiennent A une dvilisation etrangere a son assigned to Corinth in the course of 19th century, Architecture, Stockholm: 1949. These were printed discusses the plans for Farsta Centre. CSS to sol. tracing simultaneously the evolution of Greek town from lectures given in England in 1947. Their Larsson, 3 February 1961, reports on Stein's planning. description of the intention to use separate pleasure with President Kennedy's plan for a QueUe sera done la marche a suivre? Faudra­ clear (pp. 73-74). Department of Urban Housing Affairs. pedestrian systems is t'il proceder de maniere a ce que les nouvelles The structure of the town at the turn of institutions effacent ce qu'on y trouve 10. Goran Sidenbladh, 'Planning Problems in 20. Stockholm-Urban Environment, Stockholm d'original et de caracteristique, afin que la the 19th century: history evolution and Stockholm in Stockholm - Regional and City Planning, Information Committee, 1972, provides many Grece, jetee dans le monde europeen, en sorte Ottoman heritage Stockholm: published by the Planning Commission detailed maps of housing layouts and general entierement changee, et fac;onee a notre of the Gty of Stockholm, 1964, p. 56. Mumford's descriptions of four of these clusters. maniere de vivre, de penser et d'agir? Rien ne In the beginning of the 19th century, Corinth was a book was translated and published by the serait p lus fadle que de commencer une telle provincial market town with typical features shared Cooperative Wholesale Society, w hich meant it had 21. City Administrative Office, The Development of metamorphose.. .' with other towns of Peloponnese. With a mixed wide circulation in Sweden. Stockholm, published by the Gty of Stockholm, population of about 4,000 Greeks and Turks, its 1989, p. 20. (Frederic Thiersch, 1833, De I'etat actuel de la Grece et position commanding the access to the peninsula, it 11 . Yngve L Larsson to Oarence S Stein, 11 June de moyens d'arriver asa restauration.) occupied the same site of Oassical and Byzantine 1949. Larsson wrote to Stein, who was en route to 22. The Development of Stockholm, p. 32. city, one mile from the coast, at the foot of the old Sweden and staying at Helsinger, Denmark while The quotation summa.rises the main issue the citadel of Acrocorinth. Chief town of the Vilayeti Aline McMahon Stein also was acting in a Danish communication will deal with , using as an of Corinth, extending its jurisdiction over 80 production of Hamlet. In this letter Larsson recalls example the transformations of the city of Corinth villages and containing the most fertile plains of his most recent (summer 1949?) visit to Radbum during the 19th century. The urban history of this Peloponnese, it was also the head point of the with Stein. Stein's notes on his 1949 visit to town, which has never in modem times succeeded postal service of the peninsula and the seat of the Stockholm provide an excellent idea of the vigour in regaining its former importance, nonetheless most powerful and wealthy family of Turk Beys of and thoroughness with which he carried out his presents a particular interest: in a way the town Morea after 1715. research and also provide a record of the people offered the field for testing the novel planning and places he visited (SSP /CUA Box 12, File No. ideas and techniques introduced at the time by the The change of the city from a flourishing 20). newly established Greek state, aiming at the commercial and industrial centre of the early 'occidentalisation' of what was perceived as an mediaevel era to a provincial town date from 12th 12. CSS to Lewis Mumford, 6 August 1949 'oriental' sodety and of its spatial assets. The century, when the Normans captured and (SCP/CUA). modernisation of Corinth is an account plundered the dty in 1147. Historians locate the

15 14 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Articles Articles

Fig 1: View of Corinth in the beginning of the 19th Century (0 M von Stackelberg, La Grece, Vues pittoresques et tapographie, 1811) decline of its prosperity in the period of Frankish The town exhibits the typical layout of settlements conquest (1210-1458), during which Corinth at the time of the Ottoman occupation: it consisted remained an ecclesiastical as well as a political and of separated neighbourhoods (mahalle), enclosing military centre.1 The adventures that followed the their religious and social edifices (the church or the Turkish conquest in 1458, have reduced further the mosque), with intervals of vineyards and cornfields. Fig 2: The city and the fortress of Corinth in the year 1687 (Gennadeion Library, A thens) importance of the city transforming it into a rural The buildings were not contiguous but surrounded town serving its agricultural hinterland. by gardens of fruit trees, mixed with cypresses, and enclosed by walls lining roads; so that the town commanding an enchanting"J>rospect. It was The fortunes of Corinth during this long twilight seemed made up of distinct villages structured erected in the course of 18th century, in a large cannot be easily traced. It seems though quite around the main road, along which the centre of enclosure with harems, baths, kiosques and certain that above the fourteenth century settlement the town was situated. The streets formed an gardens, and celebrated as a good example of a community was established, which remained inextricable network of rugged lanes and impasses oriental luxury. Seven columns of a Doric Temple, nearly the same until modem times; the giving access to individual properties. The largest two or three masses of mason-work, and numerous organisation of the former Byzantine urban centre neighbourhood (Calamate mahalle) next to the springs were the only visible remains of its ancient 3 in fortress-bourg-suburb survived into the late 18th Bazaar, consisted of about 100 houses and glory. century. By the beginning of the 19th, the larger contained the small cathedral, the residence of the majority of the inhabitants resided in the lower Archbishop, and the Greek school. The Bazaar Yet this apparently confused topography town (the ex-suburb) and there were fewer in the occupied the centre of the town at the intersection conformed to a fairly regular plan, typical of the outer castle, whose citadel was the post of the of the principal roads, a little northern from the site Ottoman town: the Great Mosque stood in the Turkish garrison. The lower town, modem of the Oassical 'agora' and the Byzantine market; centre, with shopping streets (souqs) all around; Corinth, changed only slightly throughout this it was the locus of community life, concentrating then in a series of concentric circles the khans or caravanserai, the craftsmen and the open-air bazaar period, as is well indicated by the descriptions of the commercial and religious activities, and most of travellers, who visited the region from the 16th to the public buildings (the shops, the coffee-houses, were ranged in a traditional order; then the quarters of habitations divided into distinct 19th centuries (R Lubenau in 1588, G Wheler and 1 and the great mosque); next to it, the open-air religious and ethnic neighbourhoods - another Spon in 1676, C Thompson in 1730, W M Leake in weekly fair was located, and to neighbouring sites, regular feature of the Ottoman town. At the outer 1805-6, F C H L Pouqueville in 1815, P E Laurent in the Menzil-hane (post office) and the Caravanserai Fig 3: The topography of the Isthmus of Corinth end of the town, linked to the centre through the 1818), as well as by recent archaeological evidencel; (inn) course of the 18th century. were erected in the by the end of the 18th Century (R Chandler, Travels market street, the residence of the Turk prince was the survey plan of 1828 and that of 1835 (see At the north end of the main road the Palace of below) confirm this and provide a detailed image on Asia-Minor and Greece, London 1817, 3rd ed, situated confirming his authority over the town.' Kiarnil Bey, political and administrative centre of Joseph Booker) of the town as it was in the third decade of 19th the town, stood in the middle of the cliff century.

17 16 Planning History Vol. 14 No. 1 Planning History Vol. 14 No. 1 Articles Articles

Corinth had still its two ancient ports, although in miserable condition: Lecheum, on the gulf of Lepanto, where the small custom house and the warehouses of the Bey stood, and where some merchant vessels anchored in the year; the other, at Kenchreae, on the gulf of Aegina, where only few fishing boats anchored. The plan of Peytier, 1829: the years of pragmatism and the prevalence of European rationalism

Corinth emerged from the war of Independence devastated. Only 154 families were left (1830 census), a few. spruce houses still standing and a number of dilapidated shacks. Its public buildings were ruined and its market deserted.

As a result of a petition of the inhabitants demanding the reconstruction of their town, President Capodistrias commissioned the French military geographer-engineer Emile Peytier, a member of the French Military Expedition in Morea Fig 4: The layout of the traditional town attached to his service, to draw up the plan for the (redesigned after the topographical survey on town. Peytier, accompanied by his assistant, the Peytier's plan of 1829) Italian d'Islay, arrived on site before the end of 1828; after having drafted the survey map of the

Fig 6: The caravanserai of Corinth (0 M von Stackelberg, Benaki Museum, Athens)

town, he prepared the new plan which he for important towns of the country, like those of submitted to the President in February 6, 1829.6 Nauplia (1828) or Tripolis (1829). Its conception and approach are quite representative of the urgent The plan is a characteristic example of the early initiatives (1828-1832) taken by the President to urban designs made mostly by foreign engineers ensure the urbanisation of the country and to deaJ

Fig 7: Plans for Tripolis (1828) and Modon (1828) (P Tsakopoulos 1986, and Archives of plans, Ministry of Fig 5: The bazaar of Corinth (0 M von Stackelberg, Benaki Museum, Athens) Planning, Athens)

19 18 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Articles Articles Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 with the reconstruction of towns devastated during the war of Independence.'

The plan•, with its unaffected layout, reflected the military rationalism of its author, who nevertheless introduced the late 18th century Oassical forms, particularly the dosed-angled oblong square (reminiscent of Renaissance patterns) a generic element of his composition. Peytier proceeded according to the scientific devices of his time: sanitation, alignment and amenities, to establish regularity and order, to create the public spaces necessary to promote the commercial function of the town, and to provide administrative and cultural facilities. He preserved the existing network of streets, which were widened to 10m EPETPII\E \I r ...... __ f (except for the newly-traced main street crossing .... _, '\j •• t-- \ the town from east to westwards), and opened up eight regular squares on non-built sites, with ___I I I J dimensions and shapes varying according to I particular features of each spot. A specific function Fig 9: Plans for Athens (1833) and Eretria (1834) (Archives of plans, Ministry of Planning, Athens) and the relevant edifices were assigned to each of L -- 1 them as can be seen on Figure 8: lP, the biggest King Otto, who had arrived in Greece the previous assassination of Capodistrias in 1832, the scanty one where the seven Doric columns stand, was year. We do not know what caused the petition. financial means available to the state for building Probably the events which followed the proposed for the administrative and ecclesiastical Fig 8: The plan of E Peytier, 1829 ((Redesigned towns, the vagueness as regards the management of centre; 2P, for the central market place; 3P, for the after the original Archives of the Service Historique national land, among other things, may have hindered the implementation of Peytier's quarter of Panagia with the small cathedral of the de L'.Armee de Terre, Paris) plan. same name; 4P, for the cattle fair; SP, on the ruins What we know with certainty is that by this time of Bey's palace, for the hospital, prison, and the condition of the town had scarcely improved,u succeeded in reversing the previous multi­ military academy; 6P, at the intersection of the nucleated pattern, and to unifying the 'detached and that Corinth had failed the candidature to main streets surrounded with the best-preserved villages' into a coherent urban space, regularly laid become the capital of the country, having been houses; 7P, at the existing crossroads into a out and containing places for new political, rejected in favour of Athens. Anyway, Otto courthouse. Two main streets, from north to south economic and social activities. The town plan was immediately responded to the demand, and and from east to west, linked the squares to an part of a threefold project aiming at the reactivation commissioned the topographer Abele to complete a articulated structure framing between them the of the commercial role of Corinth,l0 and including new survey map (as well as with the levelling of triangle-shaped building blocks with individual the reconstruction of the port of Lecheum and the the surroundings lands to be distributed to the 13 plots. As for the compensation of the properties suburb of Examilia, for which Peytier had also inhabitants for cultivation). This was followed by affected by the new layout (chiefly in the Panagia started the survey. the new town plan drawn up by the German quarter where street alignments were more Eduart Schaubert and submitted for high approval rigorously applied), he proposed a sort of property The plan was approved in February 12, 1829 by the in 1836. exchange for plots excluded from the surface area President, who ordered the commencement of of the plan or cut out by alignments. works in order of priority from the cathedral The commissioning of the plan by Schauberf\ square, the administrative centre, and the site of the Chief Architect of the public technical services, Peytier was at once both conscious of the moderate central mosque, at the same time making a down indicates the particular importance attached to character of his intervention, and fully aware of the payment of a small sum of money. By March 1829, Corinth and is closely linked with the endeavour of means required for radical planning. Yet, he was under the supervision of Peytier himself, the the Ottonian administration to found new towns on restricted by the topography, the relatively good demarcation of the lines of streets, building plots the sites of famous cities of antiquity; Sparta, condition of some houses and the need to optimise and squares began, and in April 1830 the Pireus, Eretria, Thebes, and naturally Athens, were the scant stock of edifices (Christian or Ottoman) construction of the Government house, the school typical examples. available to cover the demand for public amenities. building, as well as the reparation of the cathedral 15 Besides, he had to make his design conform to the were under way.11 The plan had neither the splendour of his design instructions addressed by Capodistrias to all for Athens (1833), nor the geometrical refinement of engineers to operate limited and gradual The Plan of Schaubert, 1836: the that for Eretria (1834), which was from the outset interventions in order to prevent the opposition of formative years and the rise of traced on virgin ground. Besides, Schaubert the inhabitants and to avoid high implementation himself in his hitherto unknown report specifying Neoclassical city 16 costs.' the plan , seemed quite reluctant as to the necessity of the work, considering that the town Although, the plan brought about only limited In April 1834 the inhabitants addressed a new Fig 10: The plan of E Schaubert, 1836 (Archives of should be rebuilt in a new location near the alterations in the existing fabric, it nevertheless petition for the rebuilding of the town, this time to plans, Ministry of Planning, Athens) Isthmus, more adequate for its anticipated

20 21 Planning History VoL 14 No. 1 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Articles Articles

urbanity, the pursuit of which was largely identifiable in his conception of the city's form: a miniature of the Neoclassical city containing all the novel traits of urban life.

A rectangular grid pattern was traced, shaping regular building blocks and a network of main and secondary streets (measuring 12 and 9 m respectively), whose hierarchy was suitably stressed with arcades and lines of trees. Baroque references and Neoclassical squares, related to specific urban functions, constituted its generative elements, culminating in the monumental composition of the central prospect. Its focal point was the royal palace, displayed symmetrically to the central axis, in the middle of a park. This axis articulated four civic squares with the Town Hall and the Law Court building; the square with the covered market (a novel building type which one meets in the plan of Athens); the square with the central mosque converted into a Tribunal or Prison; and the square with the church of Panagia. In connection with these, two more squares were created: one on the larger tree-lined street coming from Athens, laid­ out around a new church with the Post office and Hotel on its sides; the other around the seven Doric columns (taking over Peytier's idea) flanked by the school and army barracks. The concern for embellishment was pervasive throughout the plan and manifest in the arrangement of squares and Fig 11: The monumental prospect of Schaubert's public buildings, the planting of trees, the numerous fountains and plan conservation of the Fig 12: Old Corinth after the earthquake of 1858 (1875-85?) (Benaki Museum, Athens) springs, and the prominent display of ancient development. Despite all this, the existence of 150 remains in the new layout. reconstruction. A special Commission was set up houses, the building material available, the plentiful appeased by the visit of the Royal couple to the to deal with issues arising from the evaluation and water and the proximity of the port, restricted him There are grounds for believing that the plan was site, and reassured about the concern of the state the new layout, approved, although it is not certain that the and the urgency of the action taken for the distribution of properties. to the original location. Projecting 19 Schaubert did not take Peytier's plan into implementation was ever started.18 We do not construction of the new town. This legislation drew on the former relevant consideration at all. His design faithfully depicted know the reasons: was it because the project was experience, suiting it more to the particular the concept of the Neoclassical city, legislated for in so advanced for the local community that it could Indeed, within two months, in March 1858, the conditions of Corinth. The speed with which the a series of laws and decrees - within the context of not be realised? Or because the initial reticence of decision was taken to move the town to the easures were published and the detail of their the broader institutional reform put forward by Schaubert as to the suitability of the present location of Schinias on the shore of Corinthian Bay m 17 dispositions are indicative of the importance King Otto - concerning the modernisation of the location of the town to be well-founded? near the Isthmus, a location which a thorough proved to be the most appropriate 'for the accorded to the whole enterprise. Together with traditional town, on a physical as well as on a survey 22 the documents related to their application , they social level; innovations which have determined the The plan for Kalkos for New Corinth, health and future commercial and industrial 20 provide use with a very interesting and valuable making of the Neohellenic city ever since. years of realism and the progress of the Corinthians' • In May, a series of 1858: the 21 example of building a new town. emergence of a town planning scaled individual laws and decrees were published to Despite Schaubert's declared intentions and his deal with issues concerning the allocation of down to the capability of Greek society town was drawn up by the (detectable in the design) efforts to spare the best­ national land for the new town, the compensation The plan for the new Greek architect Panagiotis Kalkos23 assisted in his preserved central sites of the town, in fact the plan mechanism for the private fields affected, the In February 1858, a severe earthquake devastated ocated, task by I Vouros, president of the Medical Council completely neglected the old fabric, and proposed a beneficiaries, the size of the plots to be all 4 old Corinth and the surrounding villages. After the the Ministry of the Interior-2 • It homogenous urban space which occupied only the and way they were to be allocated and shared out. and high official in first urgent measures for the comfort of the was approved in July 26, 1858 and widely central part of the existing layout, and was They also provided for the reservation of urban inhabitants (such as sending tents, food and and stuck in public confined to a surface (not including streets) of 28.4 land for public amenities, the way of financing published in newspapers, doctors), the Government sent experts to examine and elsewhere.25 Its form hectares: an area which was considered adequate them, and chiefly the financing of construction of places in Athens, Nauplia the situation closely and to designate a new, safer is significant in that it involved the simplification of to accommodate 355 residences in a clearly higher the port in order of priority, the enforcement of location for the community to be transferred to. designs; this simplification, density, after the incorporation of title-holders specifically adopted building regulations, the the previous urban Various disputes emerged among the inhabitants as attested in a host of plans produced after 1843, outside the plan. The density of the layout seemed controls applied for the good building of the town to the new location of their town; they were ent feature of planning to be for Schaubert a prerequisite for the desired (ban on rough lodgings), and short deadlines for constituted a promin

22 23 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Planning History Vol. 14 No. 1 Articlee Articlee

t:X:IE~D()~

TH~ N£AE IIO.\ E 1lt

~O(f>t N 9 0Y.

ODD DODO DCJDDDDD DDti~~DDD DDDDDDD DDDDDD

;,s.,:=­

Fig 15: Plans for Cyllini (1864) and Calamata (1868) (Archives of plans, Ministry of Planning, Athens)

grouping commercial buildings and port facilities. bishop, it had accumulated 3,000 inhabitants, public A promenade created on the Quay, linked it to the services and edifices, had been rebuilt to a large triangular-shaped 'esplanade' where the church of extent, its two central squares were arranged, a .... ~.:. Saint Nicolas stood, and with the small public mole was built, but the construction of the port was gardens westwards. To these two centres - civic still in prospect;' in 1884 it was connected to and commercial - or urban life, a numbe.r of other Piraeus by rail. However, the expected bright r~~·X~f ~ qT!"! ~ -~: public places and squares were connected, to the future did not materialise; the proximity of more loo outer ends of the boulevards, as well as a square dynamic urban centres, such as Athens and Piraeus, with the church of Saint Paul and the school did not allow New Corinth to overcome the image Fig 13: The plan of P Kalkos for New Corinth, 1858 (Archives of plans, Ministry of Planning, Athens) buildings laid out to the south. It is worth noticing of a small harbour-side city. that in this case the arrangement of public spaces operations in the second half of the century. Here, a homogenous space was achieved by means resulted from the subtraction of building blocs, in a Another natural disaster, the earthquake of 1928, of a complete morphological regularity, aiming at completely different fashion from those of the offered the opportunity for a new planning The plan26 depicted a medium-size town, functional the full rentability of the urban soil, divided in closed-angled square of Peytier or the monumental intervention in Corinth, a hundred years after the and rational, without excesses, yet not without care. equally sized building blocks (circ 55 x 60 m) and prospects of Schaubert. The composition was first. With this operation a century of town large straight streets (considered too large at the framed by a ring boulevard lined up with trees, planning comes to an end, and a new era time). It consisted of the chessboard grid pattern, and confining a total surface area of circa 130 commences for the modernisation of the planning irrespective of existing natural particularities of the hectares. The plan of New Corinth constituted the and the reconstruction of Greek cities. site, and placed obliquely to the cardinal points, model for coastal settlement planning, like those of which seemed to served a threefold purpose: to Cylini (1864), Calamata (1868), Cythere (1871) etc. Conclusions permit the convenient division and layout of lots to be distributed to the newcomers, to allow easy The reconstruction of New Corinth began in very To sum up, the urban history of Corinth during enforcement of building regulations, and to favourable circumstances, related to the 19th century permits us to trace the steps taken for facilitate the creation of squares and open spaces. development of public works after 1860 (extension the transition from a communal organisation of Yet, the effect was hardly plain and not at all of road network, railways, harbour works)l? and space to a modem urban environment. The without inspiration and concern for embellishment. chiefly to the excavation of the Isthmus canal in uccessive plans drawn up for the town, despite 24 s The rigidity of the rectangular layout of the plan 1884 • The forecasts for the range of influence of their differences as to the morphological patterns was applied more loosely in its perimeter. Two the canal as a pole for international trade, and planning 'tools' adopted by each one, depict tree-lined boulevards crossed the composition and analogous with that of the recently completed Suez the pursuit of a common purpose: the at their intersection the central civic squart' was Canal, fed the expectations of the Corinthians for modernisation of the traditional structures and the created grouping around it public and municipal the future of their town. In 1882, Corinth was creation of the Neohellenic city. From the early struggling into a quasi-European aspect: head city Fig 14: The structure of public spaces in Kalkos' buildings. The civic boulevard ran down towards efforts of Peytier's plan to regularise the 'straggling' the sea, opening out into the square of the Quay of the district, seat of the county council and plan settlement and to unify the separated 'villages' into

24 25 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Planning History Vol. 14 No. 1 Articles Articles

with the designing of town plans, while the Brigade 12. Ludwig Ross who had visited Corinth in 1833, Topografique, where Peytier served under General while inspecting the archaeological sites in the Trezel, was assigned the task of drawing up the Aegean Islands and Peloponnese, desaibed the map of Greece. The work was concluded in 1849. state of the town in dark colours; d his Memoirs and cf P Tsakopoulos L'urbanisme dans le Pelaponnese au reports from Greece (1832-1833), Athens: Tolidis Bros XIXe siecle, PhD thesis, Universite de Paris X, 1986, (Greek tTansl.). A similar account was given by pp 122-3. Eduart Schaubert in his report (see below).

6. CF S Loucatos, 'The rebuilding of Corinth after 13. Cf Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the revolution' in Proceedings of the Local King Otto (of June 14, 1835, General Archives of the Conference of Corinthian Studies, Athens 1975 (in State, Secretariat of the Interior, file 226-Corinth), · Greek). where he mentioned the commissioning of lieutenant Abele with the survey map of Corinth, 7. The measures established by Capodistrias to from November 1834. meet that purpose consisted of: the formation of a special technical service staffed chiefly by foreign 14. Eduart Schaubert studied architecture in Berlin engineers; the adoption of obligatory drafting of the under Schinkel, and afterwards in Rome in town plan and its application by an expert­ company with the Greek architect Stamatis Architect, to control the development of the town; Kleanthis. They both came to Greece in 1828, in the allocation of national land to establish new the service of President Capodistrias, who besides settlements; the reservation of urban land for the other works commissioned them to draw up the construction of public buildings; the adoption of plan for the new capital. After King Otto's arrival regulations for the hygiene, solidity and security of in 1833, he was appointed Chief Architect of the the town; the dear distinction between public and Department of Architecture in the Secretariat of the private space, and the definition of appropriate size Interior. He was the author, either together with of building plots, including the regulation of the Kleanthis or alone, of the most elaborate town intervention in private ownership; the concern for plans made during the first creative decade of Fig 16: New Corinth in 1870 (Benaki Museum, Athens) preservation of architectural and urban elements of Otto's administration, up to 1842, when foreign historic, aesthetic or local interest (i.e. ancient relics, technicians were obliged to leave public services. a coherent urban fabric, to the ambitious Baroque 88, Princeton: The American School of Oassical religious or other buildings), as well as the use of Cf K Biris The first plans of Athens, Athens 1933 (in arrangements and Classical forms of Schaubert's Studies at Athens, 1957, and M Kordosis existing buildings to accommodate modem Greek). project, and finally to the rational and functional Contribution to history and tapography of Corinth functions. d C Hastagolou-Martinidis, K Kafkoula, in the Archives of premises and the concern of rentability of Kalkos' region in middle ages, Athens: Library of Historic N Paparnihos, City plans in 19th Century Greece, 15. The original plan is held plan for the new town, the dedication to this aim is Studies, 1981, pp 235-6 (in Greek). Annuar of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Plans of the Ministry of Planning, Housing and apparent. This conscious endeavour assumed by 1990, pp 57-61 (in Greek). Environment, Athens, Greece. It bears no date or inscription 'Plan the State from the Independence onwards, to break 2. cf R Scranton, op cit, pp 88-94. signature of its author, only the with the oriental past and to link the desired 8. The original plan is held in the Archives of the von Korinth'. constitution of modem Greek society to an 3. Archaeological excavations which begun only Service Historique de I' Armee de Terre, Chateau de innovative organisation of space based on European after 1890 revealed the city of the Classical and Vincennes, France, Dossier, J 10.C.65 ('Plan de 16. Schaubert's report is held in the General models, had a decisive effect on the nature of town Roman times, as well as parts of its Byzantine Corinthe, leve pendant l'hiver 1828 et 1829 par Mr Archives of the State, Secretariat of the Interior, file planning; city was considered as an element structures. Peytier, echelle 1-2.000m'). 226-Corinth, manusaipt 8777, Feb 2, 1836 (in old without which the new society could not German). materialised and town planning as a powerful 4. Of course every town varied slightly from this 9. Detailed information on the whole operation is instrument capable to promote the new social pattern, if only because of its origins and its provided by the correspondence of Peytier with 17. By 1833, a complete system had been worked values and norms, to induce the appearance of an importance, d F Braudel CivilizAtion and Capitalism Capodistrias, during the years 1829 and 1830. First out, concerning the modernisation of the country. urban way of life. 15th-18th Century, New York: Harper and Row, published by S Loucatos 'The reconstruction of It comprised: the formation of a centralised state 1981, Coil, pp 507-509. Tripolis in Peloponnese devastated towns in liberated Greece by I appa.ratus and specialised technical services, This article is the first publication of an extended presented a layout very similar to that of Corinth; Capodistrias' in The Year of Capodistrias. The Official associated with the general reform of municipal research report concerning the urban euolutum and the cf P Tsakopoulos, 'Tripolis, from the Ottoman town Lectures, Athens: National Printing-House, 1978 (in administration; the management of national lands planning history of Corinth, from the late Ottoman era to the Neohellenic city' in Proceedings of the Greek). and a colonisation policy as means to ensure to the early 20th century. Like the previous paper it was International Colloquium on Neohellenic dty, urbanisation; the introduction of modem planning first presented at the Richmond Conference 7-10 Athens: EMNH 1985 (in Greek). 10. To this end Capodistrias was anticipating the legislation, based on French model - particular November 1991. pening up of the canal of the Isthmus, but his plan mention should be made of its cornerstone, the 5. Emile Peytier, engineer-geographer, came to was never realised. a E Tsakonas, The Maritime decree of April 5, 1835 'On the salubrious References Greece as captain of artillery, of the Corps Canal of Corinth, Athens: P Leoni 1896 (in Greek). construction of towns and villages', which stands as Expeditionnaire Fran~ais de Moree, in July 1828. Lavedant says as a 'document historique de 1. cf for instance, R Scranton Corinth, Mediaeval Many officers of the troops were commissioned 11. Cf the letter of Governor of Corinthia to premier ordre'; the creation of the technical school Architecture in the Central Area of Corinth Vol XVI p with reparation works in coastal forts as well as President Capodistrias of March 18, 1830. for the training of engineers. a V Hastaoglou­ Martinidis et al, op cit, pp 61-69.

26 27 Planning History VoL 14 No. 1 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Articles

18. Cf the official reports and documents held in with the French architect G Boulanger, the bridge­ Although no definite recommendations as to street the General Archives of the State, Secretariat of the maker Daniel, the architect P Kalkos, the major B Street Widths in measurements were made by the New Zealand Interior, file 266-Corinth, addressed to the King by Petimezas, and the Mayor of Athens G Skoufos (Cf Company to its surveyors, they did direct F A the Secretary of the Interior and vice-versa, during General Archives of the State, Ministry of the Victorian New Zealand Carrington, who was responsible for surveying the years 1834 and 1836, relating to the Interior, City Plans, f 8 Athens, document dated Jan New Plymouth, that all streets were to be 'of ample 2 • all the commissioning and the approval of the plan. 30, 1860). width' This was accepted advice for Dr R P Hargreaves Company settlements, and resulted in the first instance in most New Zealand towns having streets 19. a G A Corinth, from Andent Times to its 25. Cf Journal AVGI, Dec 24 1858 and Jan 311859. 3 DemolitWn by the Earthquake of Febr. 9, 1858, Athens: formerly University of Otago, wider than those to be found in English towns. Koromila, 1858 (in Greek). 26. The original plan is held in the Archives of Dunedin, New Zealand Plans of the Ministry of Planning, Housing and But despite the fact that there was no pressure on were not always taken to · 20. Experts of public services were immediately Environment, Athens, Greece. It bears the the land, bold steps Within two years of its commissioned to survey of the most adequate inscription 'Plan of the New City of Corinth', the Tucked away in the South Pacific, as far distant ensure wide streets. the streets of Auckland - a location, and their choice was sanctioned by the signature of Queen Amalia, and the date July 26, from Britain as it was possible to go, leaders of the foundation in 1840, than a New Zealand Company decree of March 19, 1858. 1858. . early European planned settlements in New government rather Zealand had a vision of an ideal society where the town - were being criticised by the local 21. The law of May 10, 1858, and the decree of 27. E Papayianopoulou, The Canal of Corinth, increasing problems of the rapidly growing English newspaper: May 25, 1858. Athens: Cultural and Technological Fund of urban areas would not be recreated. Industrial Bank of Greece, 1989 (in Greek). 'The narrowness of the streets is another crying the formation of those horrible 22. In the General Archive of the State, Ministry of I am currently researching the planning and evil, and 16~ feet lanes, are the means of the Interior, Reconstruction of cities and villages, 28. E Tsakonas, The Maritime Canal of Corinth, development of 19th century New Zealand towns. nuisances - evils which it was said to file 32-Corinth, a series of documents is held Athens: P Leoni 1896 (in Greek). During that period 'planning' in New Zealand was causing the very to avoid... Lower Queen containing information relevant to the seen in a very narrow sense. There was limited have been intended only main-street of decent implementation of the plan, such as petitions of 29. M Grigoropoulou Travels in Greece, or interest in, or concern about, the functional use of Street appears the width, and we maintain, that the others are too individuals as to the compensation of their fields DescriptWn of the Principal Cities in Greek Kingdom, various areas of urban places, and what planning narrow for the due keeping of the health of the affected by the plan, reports of the City Council Athens: Hermes 1882, p 317 (in Greek). Cf also the there was dealt primarily but not exclusively with inhabitants of a populous district.'' and the Architect of the Municipality, reports of the descriptions in An Excursion in the Peloponnesus in streets. Earlier papers have already discussed the Minister of the Interior and ordinances of the King, the ye~Jr 1858 by the Late Ston . Sir Thomas Wyse, KCB, street patterns adopted in New Zealand last or so decades similar criticisms etc. edited by his niece Winifred Wyse, vol Il, London: century, and the provision of open spaces.' Over the next two being made about newer parts of Day & Son 1865, pp 63-65. were increasingly Company towns. While 23. Panagiotis Kalkos was one of the most Early Colonial Settlements the original New Zealand satisfactory as far as street distinguished Greek architects of the time. Having the original plans were widths were concerned, narrow streets came with a trained under I

29 28 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Articles Articles set minimum street widths, but often this was by in 1879 to have the Act apply to town subdivisions courts though even this low figure seems not to wood, so that a fire could easily jump across means of ordinances which applied to specific on private land failed. Thus while the 1875 Act have been rigidly adhered to in practice. Private narrow thoroughfares from one block to the next towns already in existence. Auckland Province, had a lasting benefit on some new small rural streets, while not specifically mentioned, were causing great destruction and monetary loss. however, under an 1862 Act set 40 feet as the towns, the already established and growing urban apparently included under the general clause which Indeed, few New Zealand towns in the 19th minimum width for all streets open to the public, areas were unaffected. set the minimum width for streets being carriage century escaped from having at least one, if not and gave Town Boards within the Province the ways at 40 feet. In 1876 private streets were placed more, major conflagrations. power to close any street which did not conform. The 1875 concept of wider main streets was on a par with public streets, the minimum width But the law had limitations in that a majority of resurrected in the 1885 Land Act, which required being set at 66 feet, but two years later this was Some more far-sighted citizens opposed narrow electors had to apply to the Provincial all new towns, whether on crown or private land, reduced to 40 feet. It remained at this figure for streets on the grounds of possible future traffic Superintendent to have the Act brought into force to be laid out with two such streets. These were to eight years before again being raised to the congestion, particularly from the 1870s onwards as in their town. Even if in force, ways could be be at least 99 feet in width, but in 1902 the Towns standard figure of 66 feet. Provision was made in tramways began to be built in the towns. Narrow found to evade its provisions. Many subdividers Main Street Act was passed which allowed the the 1886 Municipal Corporations Act for municipal streets also created problems when laying or simply made narrow lanes or alleys which, being Governor by Order in Council to waive this councils to take private streets over and declare repairing water and sewage services, as private, could be of any width. This naturally regulation in specific instances, and for main streets them public even though they were as narrow as 20 thoroughfares could be completely blocked whilst caused problems and the Auckland newspapers of only 66 feet to be surveyed. This law was made feet, so long as they had been constructed before 2 work was being carried out. frequently brought abuses to light. For example, use of in a number of new towns, but the reasons November 1878. on 6 April 1864 the New Zealand Herald reported for the concession being granted require further Opposition to streets being constructed to a set that in a subdivision of 30 cottage allotments off the research as no obvious terrain reasons were present The Need for Wide Streets minimum width was based on the perception that town's main thoroughfare, one street was only 10 which would justify them. such thoroughfares would be far too excessive for feet wide. The reasons suggested for why wide streets were many of the country's small towns, where future Private Streets necessary were the same as those constantly growth was seen to be limited. In 1867 a Municipal Corporations Act was passed propounded throughout the latter half of the 19th by the central government, and this for the first The 1867 Municipal Corporations Act set a low century in New Zealand whenever any attempts A further powerful argument used, particularly time set a nationwide minimum width for streets of minimum of only 20 feet for private alleys and were made at town planning, namely health and since the overwhelming majority of legislators were 40 feet. In 1876 this was increased to 66 feet. Two morality. These were eloquently if somewhat landowners, was the fact that when subdividing years later an Amendment to the Act prohibited land into town properties, profits were potentially MACANORE W ROALJ emotionally stated by Williarn Swanson during a Borough Councils from altering any street so that it debate in the New Zealand House of greater when land devoted to thoroughfares could fell below the 66 feet minimum. This suggests that Representatives in 1878. be kept to a minimum. Not that the profit motive streets were being constructed at the legal width was emphasised. Rather, land subdividers tended and then subsequently narrowed, for much of New 'If they looked for crime, vice, destitution, and to point out that by surveying their land into small Zealand's 19th century legislation was in response everything that was bad, they would go to the property lots and narrow streets, they were creating to a situation rather than being forward looking. narrow slums and lanes, whe.re these evils opportunities for the poorer classes in the The 66 feet minimum width remained throughout were actually engendered. H they made good community to purchase their own land on which to · the 19th century and into the 20th, though a wide streets, depend upon it that they would build their homes. backward step was taken in the Municipal greatly promote the virtue, morality, and Corporations Act, 1900. This allowed, by Order in health of the people, so that, in the interest of And of course there was the widely-held Victorian Council, streets to be constructed less than 66 but r every community, the Government should belief that private property was just that - private. more than 40 feet wide where the terrain was such I insist upon the laying out of wide streets.'5 Therefore an owner had a right to do what he that it was 'difficult or inexpedient' (never defined) l wished with it, even if his actions did eventually to make streets the full width. create social problems or environmental 11 Wide streets were seen as 'the great ventilators of l the towns'6 for they allowed the frequent winds (a degradation. I In 1871 a far-sighted politician, Charles O'Neill, feature of New Zealand's climate), to blow away introduced a 'Plans of Towns Regulation' Bill into the bad smells, and the possibly lethal disease By the end of the 19th century, despite all the good the House of Representatives. Amongst other carrying air which resulted from bad urban intentions, New Zealand cities and towns were still regulations was a clause which set the minimum sanitation and drainage typical of most of the 19th faced with having many of their streets too narrow, width of all streets laid out in the future at 99 feet, century. and these were the ones generally associated with with two main streets of 132 feet. But the Bill was slum housing. The problems we.re to become defeated, as it continued to be when re-introduced The health argument was generally not as altruistic exacerbated as the 20th century passed, for the in each of the next three years. In 1875 the Plan of as it may appear, however, for there was a fear rising standard of living which in time allowed the Towns Regulation Act was finally passed, but amongst the better-off that narrow streets could be majority of New Zealanders to own a motor vehicle many of its original wiser planning provisions had the breeding ground of epidemics which would meant that the 19th century streets were been either watered down or omitted- the price of spread into the more wealthy suburbs. So what inadequate. In many instances costly widening of getting the House's support. While the 99 feet By calling it a 'right of way' this street in Dunedin support there was for wide streets often served major and even minor streets has had to be width for streets was retained, the provision for serving six houses was able to be made just over 13 self-interest as well. undertaken, and present-day planners are still wider main streets had been dropped, and worst of feet wide at its entrance, though at the stables it frequently struggling with the problem. almost 50 feet wide. This subdivision on all, instead of the Act applying to all new towns as was On a more mundane level, narrow streets were was made in 1877. Measurements on originally intended, the 1875 Act was to apply only private land seen as potentially dangerous where so many given in links. (Hocken Library, to new towns laid out on crown lands. An attempt the map are buildings, even in town centres, were built of Dunedin).

30 31 Planning History Vol14 No. 1 Articles Articles Planning History Vol 14 No. 1

References convergence or departure. The spread of some his vocation as a reporter, wrote articles about slum Transatlantic ideas can be detected fairly readily, but the origin life in New York; one published in Scribner's 1. R P Hargreaves, 'The Grid Pattern of our of others is much more uncertain, with particular Magazine entitled How the Other Half Lives, was the Towns', Town Planning Quarterly, No 58 (1980), pp Exchanges in fashions perhaps internationally current more or basis for his first book published in 1890. More 1Q-12; 'Urban Open Spaces in Victorian New less at the same time, making any 'big-bang' theory substantial perhaps, and certainly more scientific, Zealand' in L D B Heenan and G W Kearsley (eds) Planning: the UK-US difficult to sustain. The context of course is set by was Charles Booth's Life and Labour of the People of Man, Environment and Planning, Dunedin (1981), pp the fact that while urban challenges may be London, published in 18 volumes between 1889 and 78-88. balance sheet roughly the same (to secure an urban setting for its 1905. There were many literary tours through the population to live in comfort and health), the urban underworlds of the day, and in one case it 2. NZ Journal, 1 (1840), p 193-194. responses will be conditioned by different needed an American to come to London, live in the Gordon E Cherry administrative and legal structures, different East End and experience the underworld of the 3. Australian and N Z Gazette (12 Feb 1859), p 144. political traditions and divergent cultural values. capital in the summer of 1902: Jack London's book, University of Birmingham , UK The People of the Abyss, was a powerful denunciation 4. N Z Herald, quoted in N Z Gazette and Wellington The 19th century of the depths to which urban society had sunk. Spectator, (2 Feb, 1842). In selecting a text around which to fashion this article I have turned to Christopher Tunnard who I With these thoughts in mind we can review some The point about this reminder of urban history is that the thirst for environmental beauty, and the 5. William Swanson, 'Plans of Towns on Private was delighted to meet for the first time, late in his of the striking developments of the last century. search for housing and social reform, reached their . Lands Bill', NZ Parliamentary Debates, v. 29 (1878), life, at the First International Conference of the Britain was already an urbanised nation by the peaks on both sides of the Atlantic at the same time p 692. Planning History Group in 1977. In an essay middle of the 19th century, the census of 1851 in the years around the turn of the century. In written in 1963 he observed that 1f we are to showing England and Wales comfortably, Britain 6. Charles O'Neill, 'Plans of Town Regulation Bill', ensure that in our generation man's imprints will just marginally, with more than 50% of its Britain the Garden Oty held out particular promise, while the benefits of low density suburban living N Z Parliamentary Debates, v. 12 (1872), p 241. change from the careless to the premeditated, then population living in towns. By the 1890s London the history of urban design is one of the most was a world giant of approaching 45 million were widely approved; in the US the City 1 Beautiful was seen as the vehicle for improvement. important tools at our disposal'. He was making people and there was a dutch of medium sized Elsewhere, urbanised Europe as a whole cast a the point that while the historian of city planning provincial cities, led by Manchester (700,000) with may be concerned with the physical, behind each Glasgow, Liverpool, Birmingham, Leeds, Edinburgh critical gaze upon its urban conditions: these were physical form lies an act of will- of a society, a and Sheffield, all over 300,000. In the USA a surge the years of Camillo Sitte and his call for sensitive design, and the various models for urban form - group, or an individual. Hence it is necessary to be in urban population during the last quarter of the concentric city, radial city, linear city and satellite curious as to why certain societies prepare plans in century gave New York a size of 2.7 million, city. the way they do. Chicago and Philadelphia just over one million, Boston and Baltimore at over 400,000, and During this time there was a number of shared Indeed this curiosity about the reasons for historical Pittsburgh and Minneapolis-St Paul at over 300,000. British and American experiences. It began with an change in the morphology, design and appearance of cities, and the form of both townscape and The industrial city was well known therefore, and a American attraction to an English landscape style of landscape, has sustained planning history consensus on both sides of the Atlantic held as to gardening. Indeed it developed into a commitment during the early childhood of Frederick Law throughout its formative years. During this time, the dangers and limitations of the new urban Olmsted, on family trips through New England and our international perspective has encouraged study phenomenon. Adna Ferrin Weber, appointed Chief Upstate New York. It blossomed during his first into the transference of planning ideas and practice Statistician of the New York State Department of visit to England, setting sail for Liverpool in 1850 between nation states and across cultures. The Labor in 1901 had already concluded in his as a 28 year old. His first visit to Paxton's new Tokyo Conference of PHG in 1988 dealt specifically international review at the end of the century: 'that than public park in Birkenhead, and his subsequent with the transfer of western ideas to southeast Asia. the townsman on the average is shorter-lived experiences of the delights of rural England, For many years Tony King, a British academic now the countryman is uncontrovertibly established; and is also ensured that the Pastoral would be the basic mode with a US chair, has specialised in unravelling the it is commonly believed that the city man less healthy, vigorous and capable, both physically of his park designs. In due time Olmsted's suburb make-up of urban phenomena as part of a larger 3 world-system, of economy, society and culture? and mentally, than the countryrnan.' In both of Riverside, west of Chicago (1869-71) anticipated by a full generation the early steps of the Garden Planning literature is in fact replete with examples Europe and the New World the big city 'aroused of the transfer of dominant ideas in planning feelings of fear, disapproval and distaste',• quite City movement (the plan for Letchworth was not ill sure practice, and papers given in this Conference have apart from the effects of the physical commissioned until 1904), though to be maintained the tradition. environment; there was also an aesthetic aversion Bedford Park in west London, and Boumville in because of a prevailing chaos, disorder and Birmingham had already made their mark as low density suburban settlements. Given the joint nature of this Conference it seems ugliness. Critics of urban society in both the US useful to further stimulate the comparative and Britain expressed anxiety about the impact of dimension by considering the relative weights of a city life on moral standards. The sheer abjectness The link with the Garden City is indeed intriguing. UK-US balance sheet in terms of transactive of housing conditions and a prevailing poverty for The very term was current in the US before influence; and if a balance sheet cannot be drawn, substantial proportions of urban people attracted Howard finally settled on it, after his earlier at what points along the planning paths of the two unfavourable comment in both London and New flirtations with Unionville and Rurisville; Howard's countries have there been particular times of York. The Danish immigrant, Jacob Riis, finding sojourn in Chicago after his failure as a homesteader must have familiarised him with

. 32 33 Planning Hlstory Vol. 14 No. 1 Articlee Articles Planning Hlstory Vol 14 No. 1

Riverside; on hls Garden City diagram in Tomorrow in cottage archltecture, informal suburban layouts The two movements were clearly very different, but great personalities of the day: Barry Parker for (1898) Fifth Avenue adjoins Central Park (as it does and the Garden City, American hlghlights focused the turn of the century for both the US and Britain example was friendly with John Nolen, through indeed in New York); and he himself acknowledges on the City Beautiful. Even here however there is a had many similarities. For example, planning in whom the Garden City influence was a debt of inspiration to Edward Bellamy's Looking blurred edge: the landscape archltecture of both countries operated in the emergent ground of communicated. Nolen's book New Towns for Old Backward, a romance set in Boston of the state of US Olmsted, already had British roots and was helped new professions. In Brita.in, a dramatic rise in the began with a map of Letchworth and he looked society in the year 2000. along by hls British counterpart Calvert Vaux, and number of professional bodies took place forward to new towns of 30-50,000 population, at least an echo of US civic boosterism can be seen throughout the Victorian years. The Royal Institute which would result from the decentralisation of In the meantime, urban speculation and experiment in Mayor Joseph Chamberlain's civic gospel for of British Archltects secured its royal charter in industry. Clarence Stein and Henry Wright visited went hand in hand with a concern for housing and Birmingham, England in the 1870s. Olmsted 1837; the Institute of Civil Engineers founded in Letchworth and Hampstead before the planning of social amelioration. Both the US and Britain could moved from designing single parts to 1818 spawned a number of engineering bodies, Radburn, New Jersey, begun in 1928. In return share almost equal activity, with a good deal of comprehensive, multi-purpose parkland boulevard including one which became known as the Parker refers to the Radburn Plan in hls Report on interpenetrative effort. Lyon Pearson, for example, systems, providing a legacy of massive public Institution of Municipal and County Engineers in Wythenshawe Garden Suburb to the Corporation of has shown how the British cooperative works projects. Such instances of municipal 1909. The Surveyors Institution was founded in Manchester in May 1928. Furthermore, the housekeeping movement was invigorated by the improvement fused into the City Beautiful 1868. All this was matched in the US by the inspiration for the Princess Parkway at writings of the American Charlotte Perkins Gilman movement when it incorporated newly developed American Institute of Architects (1866) and the Wythenshawe (~he first such highway in Britain) who first visited Britain in 1896.5 Emphasising ideas of civic design. A progressive hope in clean, engineering professions (1871). came from the parkway system of Chicago and of socialised domestic work, her books Women and beautiful, well governed cities inspired middle class Westchester County, New York. A dominant Economics (1898) and The Hame, its Work and and upper middle class people keen to adopt There were other uncanny parallels between the common theme was the effort made to create Influence (1903) were very much part of the business efficiency both in government and in two countries. The US got off to a head start in American Garden Cities patterned after Letchworth Letchworth cooperative housing scene. British private phllanthropic organisations. The bible 1893 with the opening of the World's Columbian and Welwyn. The most notable examples were the feminism was a generally more moderate force than became Charles Mulford Robinson's book The Exposition in Chicago and the model city it series of communities designed by Oarence Stein its American equivalent. American feminists found Improvement of Towns and Cities: or the practical basis presented to the nation. Thereafter, the first decade as at Sunnyside Gardens, New York City (1924-8) support in evangelicism, but British churches did of civic aesthetics, published in 1901. of the new century saw a number of parallel and Chatham Village, Pittsburgh (1932). As in not encourage women's active participation. British developments. Britain was ahead with Letchworth Britain, truly satellite townships were stubbornly women, typified by Octavia Hill, were more likely Reach ultimately exceeded grasp, but that is not to and Hampstead Garden Suburb, but the US resistant to take off and Radburn was the only truly to be attracted to philanthropic reforming activities criticise the ideal. A similar fate awaited Britain's responded in 1909 with the publication of Burnham independent creation. which were not a challenge to the prevailing social parallel planning contribution. Whereas Paris had and Bennett's Plan for Chicago and its region. structures. But pe.rhaps the comparison is perhaps been beautified and regularised by Haussrnann, Throughout these years plans for many cities were Intellectual harmony between the great figures in not quite as simple as that because from Britain we London's civic improvements, apart from a few prepared in the City Beautiful tradition by the two countries continued. Lewis Murnford have to recognise the influence of He.nrietta Barnett, street widenings, new thoroughfares and the Robinson, Nolen, Griffin and the younger Olmsted. acknowledged his debt to Patrick Geddes. In The the driving force behind Hampstead Garden construction of the Thames Embankment, had been In 1910 the plan for New Haven by Cass Gilbert Culture of Cities (1938) he wrote in the Preface that Suburb, a formidable lady of whom it was once largely underground where the Metropolitan Board and F L Olrnsted showed residential areas as far back as 1915, under the stimulus of Geddes, said 'she was the only person known who could of Works provided a comprehensive network of separated by ring roads, and an inner greenbelt in he began to collect material for the book. Unwin in recite the Ten Commandments as if she had just sewers and drains. Instead, the impetus came from the form of a continuous recreational area - echoing particular felt at home in the US. From 1936 to hls made them up.'6 'a dying class of bourgeois social reformers earlier indicative plans sketched by Lord Meath for death in 1940, he was at Columbia University for connected with a threatened Liberal Party', as London. The same sort of ideas were in circulation. four of the nine academic months. As Creese Thls perhaps takes us to Hull-House, Jane Addams' Sutcliffe8 has described them, enabling a middle In 1909 the first University course of instruction in observes, 'Towards the end, Unwin seemed to be famed settlement house in Chlcago's west side class, professional group to push forward with city planning began at Harvard, the same year in more attracted to and more needed by Americans slums. Like so many innovations in social welfare reformist ideas in working class housing. An which the Department of Civic Design opened at than his own countrymen.'10 in the US, the settlement house was an English obscure, and perhaps rather boring shorthand the University of Liverpool. The US celebrated its import.7 An Anglican churchman, Henrietta's writer, Ebenezer Howard, trawled hls ideas before first National Conference on Oty Planning in 1909; But by the 1930s the traditions of the two countries husband, Samuel Barnett, established the first various debating and philosophical societies before 1910 saw Raymond Unwin's international may have been moving apart. Inter-war Britain, settlement house in London's impoverished East becoming the grateful recipient of a friend's £50 conference for the Royal Institute of British after an early flowering of town planning, relapsed End in 1884. Stanton Coit, an American member of loan, whlch made possible the publication of hls Architects. The Town Planning Institute was into a cautious conformity with planning practice the Ethlcal Culture Society, spent a few months at book which became the manual of the subsequent founded and so too was the American Oty grounded in the statutory work of local authorities. Toynbee Hall, returning to the US in 1886 to found Garden City movement. Meanwhile, a socialist, Planning Institute; both began publishlng their Welwyn (1920) was the second and last of the the first American settlement, Neighbourhood engineering draughtsman and self taught archltect, journals. garden cities. In the US, however, the work of the Guild (soon renamed University Settlement), on Raymond Unwin, together with hls cousin-in-law Regional Planning Association of America and the New York's Lower Eastside. Jane Addams visited Barry Parker, led the dramatic shlft from the Housing: common and divergent paths New York Regional Plan encouraged the close Toynbee Hall during an extended tour of Europe, monotonous bye law street to the cottage-inspired interest of Britain, not least because of the after which she and her college friend Ellen Gates dwelling, fronting winding, tree-lined streets. Close contact did not cease even during World War involvement of Thomas Adams, earlier the first Starr opened Hull-House in 1889. Unwin's contribution to planning literature, Town I. From Waiter Creese9 we learn that Charles secretary of the Garden City Association, but the Planning in Practice: an introduction to the art of Whitaker, editor of the Journal of the American British counterpart was the modest work of Unwin Planning movements designing cities and suburbs (1909), confirmed the Institute of Archltects sent Frederick L Ackerrnan to for the Greater London Regional Planning enduring power of the British design tradition, and England in 1917 to investigate the housing of the Committee between 1928 and 1933. Practical steps But to return to the early 20th century planning Howard's Garden City and Town Planning munitions estates, for which Unwin was in charge. towards decentralisation were the New Deal movement: whereas British innovation came to rest Association (to give it its new name from 1907) Strong relationshlps had been forged between the proposals for Green belt towns to be created under took on an international breadth from 1913. Federal Government auspices. Rexford G Tugwell,

34 35 Planning Hbtory Vol. 14 No. 1 Articles Articles Planning History Vol 14 No. I the pr<>gTamme administrator wanted 3000; 25 1950 170,000 dwellings had been provided. There period working in local government. It was never facilitators in a grossly manipulated system. This were selected by the Resettlement Administration; were certainly additional developments after 1945, very good at being self-critical and is not renowned fuelled the enthusiasm for a marxist view of Roosevelt approved eight; Congress reduced it to notably the mortgage assistance programmes of the for its objectivity or analytical capacity. Its planning, dominant throughout the 1970s, though five; and three were built. But this record was Veterans' Administration and the strengthening and planning literatu.re has no great strength of to wither as a cul-de-sac in planning. But a better than the hopes of the Hundred New Towns extension of the slum clearance and public housing intellectual pedigree. The monolithic nature of the preference for seeing planning, not as an exercise in Society in Britain, which were totally unfulfilled. programmes. Later on, enactrnents in 1968 and planning profession, wedded as it has been to a the arrangement and appearance of buildings and 1970 provided a Department of Housing and Urban statutory frame of reference, has given little scope the manipulation of space, but rathe.r as a social After World War II the divergent trends widened. Development and a 'new communities' programme. to academic scholarship, research and enquiry; facilitator, helping people solve the.ir problems and One of the differences lay in regard to public Yet this was small beer indeed compared with the typically, academic contribution to planning has realise their goals, was to have a longer imprint. housing. Britain's record was encouraged by 19th British experience of sustained rates of local come from outside the planning discipline, century antecedents when the State slowly but authority house building and a vigorous slum particularly geography and the social sciences. During this time a greater congruence emerged continuously breached the interests of private clearance programme between the mid-1950s and And some of the early post-war observers of British between British and American planning experience. property, first in enforcing standards and then in mid-1970s when nearly 1.5 million dwellings were planning were in fact American - Harold Orlans, As Schaffer in his recent review of two centuries of establishing a new tenure group, that of the local cleared, and their occupants rehoused. Lloyd Rodwin, Donald Foley and Waiter Creese. American planning has remarked, 'Professional authority council house. Between the wars, four Moreover, the fruitful interchange of ideas seen in planners in the 1970s seemed not only to lose much million dwellings were built in Brita.in, one quarter Post-war developments the 1920s between Stein and Wright from the US of their purpose; they seemed to lose much of their being local authority provided; the die was firmly and Howard and Unwin from Britain, expressed in constituency as well' _12 Government bureaucracies cast from 1919. After World War II an important After 1947 British cities were the subject of a similar designs for residential communities, stagnated. The poor were increasingly hostile. The argument was won, namely that the State would be statutory planning system, whereby the whole resumed after 1945. Stein's approach to pedestrian planner's ability to deliver was in question. More the principal provider of post-war housing. It did country was subject to planning control, its forward and vehicular circulation systems fed into British people called for a direct role in decision making. not turn out that way, the private sector recovering planning based on regularly submitted and planning, particularly in New Towns, first of all at Those who had tolerated planners as experts now its buoyancy, but nonetheless Britain's State constantly reviewed Development Plans, and its Stevenage, and then more generally into Radbum­ looked to the market place and the corporate world housing sector, until the reversal of the 1980s, was day to day control of development exercised by inspired housing layouts. to resolve problems. The pla.nner's alienation in internationally impressive in extent. Housing and local authorities who were given remarkable Britain was the more acute because of his prior planning in Britain were always inextricably linked, discretion by Parliament. That the system can Thus it was perhaps that some US literature came protection in the welfare state, but both sides of the and provide an unmistakable flavour to the readily be criticised for being unduly regulatory to occupy a quite disproportionate place in the Atlantic presented a similar picture. country's planning style, marked by incrementalism and restrictive, slow and cumbersome and a reading material of British planners. Jane Jacobs' and pragmatism. Britain did not readily espouse constraint on initiative and enterprise, should not The D~th and Life of Gr~t American Cities (1961) And so we see that by the mid-1980s the pendulum forms of radical city planning, as for example the detract from the fact that a mature and was a case in point. The subtitle accounts for the of divergence had swung. From the US, A J MARS Plan for London at the end of the 1930s (for sophisticated democracy, able to accommodate the shock: ' the failure of town planning'. British Catanese in The Politics of Planning and Deuelapment which incidentally Christopher Tunnard chaired the checks and balances of private and public interests, architects could rail against British planners, but (1984) proclaimed that 'the future will be neither a Town Planning Committee). has been able for nearly half a century to provide that was internecine professional warfare. ln 1955 Big Brother welfare state, nor a laissez-faire public­ an acceptable measure of guidance over urban Ian Nairn and Cordon Cullen had surveyed the be-damned oligopoly. It will be an earnest search By comparison, the US tradition of privatism development in which individual freedoms can state of modem English landscape for The for a process by which private sector goals can resulted in a belated and uncertain involvement in coexist with State control. Architectural Review, giving vent to their reactions in converge with widely held public goals' (p10). At provision of low income housing. Only in private an article called 'Outrage'. The sense of anger about the same time Cherry in The Politics of Town groups, such as the Regional Planning Association A national, land use map has emerged as the about modernisation was certainly widespread, Planning 1982) put forward an enabling philosophy of America, was there a concern for direct housing product of a remarkable planning system, built up Peter Blake expressing it about American for a profession in change. But as the credentials programmes. US planners tended to regard from Britain's New Town programmes, particularly landscapes a few years later in God's Own Junkyard and legitimacy of planning were under scrutiny, housing as too limited a subject, and although the active with designations in the later 1940s and (1964). But Jacobs went further. To read an attack the critical gaze was dominated by US writers who gap between the two interests narrowed in the throughout the 1960s; its town expansion schemes 'on the principles and aims that have shaped for long had presented a rigorous, critical, 1930s, an expert such as Catherine Bauer, author of from the mid-1950s; its countryside reservations of modem, orthodox city planning and rebuilding' enquiring mind to the activity. Writers including the encyclopaedic Modern Housing (1934), remained national parks; areas of outstanding natural beauty, (p13) sounded like heresy. But the point was there: Paul Davidoff, Thomas Reiner, Melvin Webber, an outsider in the planning profession though a green belts and the like now totalling 40% of the dull, inert cities contain the seeds of their own Martin Myerson, John Friedman, John Dyckman vocal advocate for ambitious housing and renewal land surface of England and Wales; and its regional regeneration. British planning had no critical and others presented an intellectual face to policies.11 The contrast with Britain was striking: programmes structured around motorway dimension to challenge this. planning which the British profession never in Britain planning and housing entered into party investment, economic aid and inner city recovery matched. Britain's preoccupations remained with politics and the work of Government at both central schemes. A change of ideology over the last Britain had caught up somewhat by the time of the practical work of planning, driven by the and local levels; in the US city planning, decade and a neutering of many aspects of State­ Robert Goodman's After the Planners (1972). His requirements of a statutory system. Hence in a representing the interest of business groups, based programmes has not lessened the mark made argument, that planning had become 'a rather turgid period of British planning in the 1970s emphasised municipal efficiency, and while by British planning, post-war. sophisticated weapon to maintain the existing when planning theory was fashionable, the British planning practice seemed to make strides, zoning control under a mask of rationality, efficiency and academic Andreas Faludi (Austrian born), wrestling was only popular because it was a means of This very British feature of planning has had a science' (p211-2), was shared on both sides of the with the issues of planning procedures and the protecting property values. particular consequence for UI<-US intellectual Atlantic under a barrage of fashionable criticism; structure of planning institutions, had to turn relationships. A British profession, steeped in from Britain Norman Dennis, Jon Gower Davies largely to US literature, rich in intellectual stimuli 1n the US the Federal Housing Association (FHA) history and proud of its exclusivity, served the and David Eversley were saying the same thing. In and accessible in language. had been created as part of the New Deal's efforts State, three quarters of its members for much of the a debate about 'planning for people' (and H J Gans' to provide public sector housing for the poor. By title was widely copied) planners were criticised as

36 37 Articles Reports Plannlng History VoL 14 No. 1

columns, A summing up Press, 1963, p. 224. simply, breathtaking. Faux marble stained glass skylights, a fine statue of Thomas 2. Anthony D King, Urbanism, Colonialism, and the Reports Jefferson and a 36 step grand staircase were on.ly It would require a much longer article to examine the most prominent features of an outstanding at all adequately the full story of UK-US World Economy, Routledge, London, 1990. display of late nineteenth century architectural interchange in planing. The post-war story in 3. Adna Ferrin Weber, The Growth of Cities in the exuberance, beautifully restored in 1986. The hotel particular requires much fuller treatment in order was clearly one of the showpieces of the post­ to explore the dominant themes of the last forty Nineteenth Century, Macrnillan, New York 1899; The Fourth National Comell University Press, 1963, p. 368. bellum 'New South', and its staircase is held by years: urban renewal, townscape and architectural many to have inspired the set design for the great design, traffic planning, community participation Conference on 4. Andrew Lees, Cities Perceived: urban society in staircase in Rhett Butler's Atlanta mansion in the and advocacy planning, the computer revolution, famous film Gone With The Wind. Certainly the modelling and research techniques, and the thrust European and American thought, 1820-1940, American Planning story was good enough to support regular theme of new popular concerns, including Manchester University Press, 1985, p. 152. weekends offered by the hotel and at the environmentalism and greening. The fact is that History/Fifth conference itself the British delegates in particular urban affairs do not stand still: circumstances 5. Lynn F Pearson, The Architectural and Social were happy enough to go along with it. More than change, attitudes come and go, and cultures are History of Cooperative Living, Macrnillan, International once I overheard droll exchanges that were dynamic. The course of planning history is charted Basingstoke, 1988. obviously based on the famous "Frankly my dear I against an ever-changing pattern of social relations, Conference Planning don't give a damn" scene from the film. a truism which provides the remit for an academic 6. Brigid Grafton Green, Hampstead Garden Suburb and professional curiosity about urban phenomena. 1907-1977, Hampstead Garden Suburb Residents History Group, Association, 1977, p;8. The Conference But even an unfinished paper has suggested a Richmond, Virginia, framework for continuing analysis. The planning 7. Judith Ann Trolander, Review Essay, 'Hull­ November 7-10 1991 The event was SACRPH's fourth national historian seeks explanations for processes of House and the Settlement House Movement: a conference on American planning history and change, or lack of it. Just occasionally, pivotal centennial reassessment', Journal of Urban History, PHG's fifth international conference. It was also sponsored by the Urban History Association (UHA) periods marked by the pursuit of radical alterations vol 17, no 4, August 1991, pp. 410..20. Stephen V Ward and the Departments of Urban Studies and in urban form, assume great significance, when ideas are borrowed and transplanted in very 8. Anthony Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City: Oxford Polytechnic, UK Planning and Art History of Virginia Commonwealth University. Approximately 150 different institutional soil. Just as a hundred years Germany, Britain, the United States and France, 1780- papers were presented over a two day period, ago both our national societies were making a 1914, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1981, p. 208. Rarely if ever can planning historians have main.ly in 56 simultaneous sessions. Most time slots break with the past to forge a new future, so today gathered in surroundings as splendid as those saw six or occasionally seven sessions in progress we are looking at new ways of doing things. This 9. Waiter L Creese, The Search for Environment, Yale provided by the famous Jefferson Hotel in be time round,the ease of effecting a transatlantic University Press, 1966. Richmond, Virginia. It was therefore with a sense concurrently, so that much inevitably had to been missed. dialogue may ensure common international styles of awestruck wonder that delegates arrived for the in the architecture of the post-industrial city; 10. ibid, p. 310. first ever joint conference of the Society for however, the main dimensions of an urban American Oty and Regional Planning History There were however three plenary sessions, environment will remain stubbornly shaped by the 11. Eugenie Ladner Birch, 'Woman-made America: (SACRPH) and our own Planning History Group. associated with the Friday and Saturday luncheons these transitory intangibles of political institutions, legal the case of early public housing policy', in Donald Essentially the uniqueness of the gathering itself and the Saturday evening dinner. At each of the presidents of each of the three main and administrative arrangements and the broad A Kreuckeberg (Ed), The American Planner: was being underlined by the marvellous grandeur departures in cultural outlook between our biographies and recollections, Methuen, New York and of its setting. For non-Arnerican delegates sponsoring organisations, PHG, SACRPH and UHA, delivered addresses to the assembled diners. countries. In drawing up the UK-US balance sheet London, 1983. particularly the experience of academic conferences The first, our own Gordon E. Cherry, spoke on neither will be in the debtors' prison; there will based in plush hotels is itself fairly unknown, continue to be a fascinating interplay between two 12. Daniel Schaffer (Ed), Two Centuries of American compared to the usual 'busman's holiday' of 'Transatlantic Exchanges in Planning: The UK-US Balance Sheet', a long term chronological review of distinctive socio-political styles. Planning, Mansell, London, 1988, p. 2. European conferences based in academic institutions and rather spartan students' residences. the planning interchanges between the world's two This article was first presented as a keynote address to But the organisers at Richmond took the novelty of main developed English speaking nations. The the 4th SACRPH National Conference on American this whole North American conference experience a paper is reproduced in the present issue of Planning Planning History/5th International Conference of the stage further, by using a hotel that was not only History. The following day, the retiring SACRPH Planning History Group, Richmond, Virginia, USA, luxurious but a historic landmark in its own right, president, Eugenie Ladner Birch of Hunter College, University of New York, offered her Ncroember 1991. listed in the National Register of Historic Places City and the Virginia Historic Landmarks Register. 'Reflections on Planning History', a fascinating account of her work on the New York Planning References From the outside the twin towers of the Jefferson Commission and its relationship to planning history. Finally Zane L. Miller of the University of 1. Christopher Tunnard, 'The Customary and the gave it something of the air of an unusually large in Cincinnati spoke on 'Planning History as Urban Characteristic: a note on the pursuit of city (and unusually clean) Victorian Town Hall, built an ltalianate style. But the interior almost defied History', a thoughtful and thought-provoking planning history', in Oscar Handlin and John reflection on the relationships between our two Burchard (eds), The Historian and the City, The MIT description. The public spaces of the upper and more particularly the lower lobbies were, quite related but still distinctive concerns.

38 39 Planning History Vol 14 No. 1 Reports Reports Planning History Vol 14 No. 1

Institute of City Planners-sponsored session on by Vithleem Hastaoglou-Martinidis (Aristotle - - Visions of Planning Pioneers: Nolen, University of Thessalonik.i) which is reproduced in • Bartholomew, Whitten and Wilcox. Papers were this issue of Planning Histary, together with papers • -· presented by Bruce Stephenson (Rollins College); ]ames .I by Peter Higgins (University of Binningham, • • William A. Randle (Attorney, Lakewood, OH); UI<) and John H. Martin (University of . - •• - Suzanne Sutro (Montgomery County Planning Massachusetts). • . .-• •--- Commission, PA) and Ronald K. Bednar (Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs); •• I Suburbs and New Towns • I • and Daniel K. Stone, • • Attorney, Richmond VA) . Finally, in a session on Planner/Architects: Four sessions focused on the suburban experience, I .• •• I I i I ! ·, 11 . 1- I Bulfinch, Tunnard and Hegemann, there were beginning with Suburban Planning in the • papers by -~ ----. Lawrence W. Kennedy (Boston College), Twentieth Century Metropolis, featuring papers by - - Ralph Warburton (University of Miami) and Greg Hise (University of California, Berkeley) and • •••• •• • I Christiane r I r.J Crasernann Collins (New York). Thomas Hall (Stockholm University). Peter L Goss - , ;;;,I (University of Utah), Ann Durk.in Keating (APA), • • • No less than eight sessions concentrated on the and Stanley E. Sokol (University of Maryland) - ,. individual experiences of particular (mainly presented their papers in a session called Planning I a ! '\ American) towns and cities. Thus Robert A. \ - the Post-World War 11 Suburb. The following day Burnham (Macon College) and Andrea Tuttle Robert Bruegrnan (University of Illinois) and Kornbluh (Raymond Waiters College) spoke on William Sharpe (Barnard College) and Leonard aspects of Planning in Cincinnati, while Peter D. Wallcock (Hunter College, CUNY) spoke on .... "9 '- I 1:..1..: Paul (Architect, New York) and Marc Hirth Defining the New Suburbia. The theme was I (Richmond Renaissance) spoke about Planning and pursued further in Planning the Ideal Suburb: .....- - of-- Urban Development in Richmond. Deborah S. -- Three Case Studies, with papers by Roberta M. I r~ Gardner (Encyclopaedia of New York City), Robert ·-• I Moudry (Cornell University), Judith A. Quinn H. Fairbanks, (University of Texas) and John (National Park Service, Boston) and Michael A. ~ - - -- - . Hancock (University of Washington, Seattle) Crimes (National Archives and Record ' considered Comprehensive Planning and Administration, Washington, DC). Pia 11.1 jlllrf 1 ,~ r.-.1 r r .· R J r H ~ 1 o ~ o. Development Seattle, Dallas and San Diego. .J'-tr "!. ." ~ .( ": ~t ~~ ,/ p,,,U.Di' 4 . 1 Three sessions took the garden city/new town There was also another session dealing with a more tradition as their subject. Thus Cathy D. Knepper detailed aspect of the host city: Plann.ing the (University of Maryland), Robert Wojtowicz (Old Figure 1: Benjamin Latrobe's 1798 map of Richmond, showing the grid plan devised by Thomas Jefferson in Avenue: Richmond's Monument Avenue, with Dominion University) and Tracy Shew (SUNY) 1780. papers by Richard Guy Wilson (University of dealt with Images of Radburn and the Greenbelt Virginia) and Robert Winthrop (Architect, Towns. Elliott Schlar (Columbia University), Analysis of the programme for the simultaneous papers given by non-US presenters, all but two Richmond, VA) . Meanwhile Kathleen Kelly were on non-US topics. In all the papers dealt with Anthony W. Schuman (New Jersey Institute of sessions reveals that almost two-thirds of the Broomer (Consultant, Natick, MA), Thomas W. Technology) and Stephen V. Ward (Oxford papers were by Americans on US topics. This aspects of planning history in at least 28 different Puryear (University of Massachusetts) and Mark countries, so that despite its understandably heavy Polytechnic) examined New Towns: Planning and immediately shows that the conference was Kenner (Spring Garden College) were considering Ideology. More recent issues were addressed in primarily focused on American hi~tory, US bias, it was also an impressively international planning The Logic of Planning in Three Eastern Seaboard New Towns in the 1960s and 1970s with the purpose for which it affair. Proceedings of the whole Conference will be was initially conceived. Cities. The capital city received attention in a contributions by Robert Fishman (Rutgers However a further 16 US presenters published at some future date, available via gave papers on session on Washington, DC's Plan., 1791-1991, University), Diane Kane (University of California, !}On-US or comparative topics. Moreover, of the 35 SACRPH. In the meantime, it is possible to give featuring papers by Elizabeth J. Barthold, Sara only a limited flavour of the sessions and the Santa Barbara) and Edgar Alien Pritchard Amy Leach, (both of the Historic American (Attorney, Fairfax, Virginia). papers in them. Buildings Survey), David J. Murphy (University of Maryland) and Pamela Scott (Art Historian, Comparative and Cross Cultural The Sessions: Individual Planners and Washington, DC). Cities Dimensions There were two non-US sessions in this group. One Four sessions were focused explicitly on the impact of these took its focus as Post World Warn City Although these were addressed in a number of of individual planners. Thus Cynthia Zaitzevsky Planning in Theory and Practice. It featured places in the conference there were several sessions (Harvard University) and Jon A. Peterson (CUNY) papers on Vienna, London and Moscow by Jeffry explicitly set up to examine comparative and cross presented papers in an early session on The M. Diefendorf (University of New Hampshire), cultural questions. The first, entitled Cross­ Olmsted Legacy. Another session, on Harland Michael Hebbert (LSE) and Sergey Sergeyevich Cultural Currents in Twentieth Century Town Bartholomew's Contribution, included papers by Ozhegov (Moscow Institute of Architecture). The Planning featured papers by Robert Beevers Eric Sandweiss (Columbia University) and Eldridge other was concerned with altogether longer (Historian, Oxford, UK), Jeffrey W. Cody and Lovelace (Harland Bartholomew Associates). perpectives of planning change. Entitled Planning Kermit C. Parsons (Cornell University). (The latter Figure 2: The Jefferson Hotel, location of the Bartholomew featured again in the American Processes: The Long View, it included the paper paper is featured in this issue of Planning History). Richmond Conference A further session dealt with Town Planning in

40 41 Planning History Vol. 14 No. 1 Reports Reports Planning History VoL 14 No. 1

Comparative Perspective with papers by David Gilfoyle (Loyola University) and David C. Sloane Community Development in California, featuring On-a slightly different tack, the session on Hamer (University of Wellington, New Zealand), (Dartmouth College, NH). papers by Carron Brentano (University of Planning for Lisbon and Central Tokyo After the Laura Kolbe (University of Helsinki), S. Dan Troen California, Berkeley) and Henry C. Matthews Disasters included papers by John R. Mullin (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev) and John Approaches to Planning Theory and (Washington State University). (University of Massachusetts), Yoichi Kubota Muller (University of the Witwatersrand). The third Practice (Saitama University) and Akira Koshizawa (Tokyo of these sessions was that on Regional Planning Non-US examples were considered in three of the Institute of Technology and Nihon University). and Development in Comparative Perspective. The more theoretical end of the spectrum was sessions. The first, Planning in the Balkans, Fred H. A. Aalen (Trinity College, Dublin), Mervyn reflected in Conceptualizing the City with papers included papers by Kiki Kafkoula and Alexandra Miscellaneous Miller (Architect, Baldock, UK) and Robert E. by Howard Spodek (Temple University), Koos Yerolympos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki). Ireland (University of North Carolina) spoke on Bosma (Dutch Architectural Institute) and Felipe Gorositza (University of Pennsylvania) and The remaining sessions included two focused on this theme. Katherine Tehranian (University of Hawaii). A Felipe Prestamo (University of Miami) presented . industrial issues and planning. Thus Lynn F. simultaneous session looked at Planning, Theory papers on Latin American Planning History. Pearson (Architectural Historian, Newcastle) and Finally Ursula von Petz (University of Dortmund) Components of City Planning and Urban Form with papers by Albert Guttenberg John F. Gilpin (University of Lethbridge) dealt with and Brian K. Ladd (Oglethorpe University) spoke (University of Dlinois, Urbana-Champaign), David The Regional Impact of Industry on Town Century Germany. Many of the sessions focused on distinct elements R. Hill (University of Colorado, Denver), Ed on Planning in Twentieth Planning: Two.Case Studies. Lance Trusty (Purdue of city planning. There were two sessions Traverne and Cor Wagenaar (University of University), G. Joseph Socki (SUNY) and Takashi specifically on transportation issues. Thus J. A. Groningen) and Oiff Ellis (Columbia University). A On the colonial theme, Francois-Auguste de Yasuda (Setsunan University) addressed Company Chewning and Alice M. Cornell (University of more practical emphasis was apparent in Planning Montequin, John H. Hoogakker and Melanie A Influence on the Planning of Industrial Cities. The Cincinnati) and Gregory L Thompson (Florida State and Design and Society with papers by Tony Leigh (all of Virginia Commonwealth University) other two sessons where papers were presented University) dealt with The Challenges of Mass Sutcliffe (University of Leicester), Eric Mumford spoke on The Laws of the Indies and Spanish were (Re)Reading Maps and Plans and the Transit in American Cities. Another session (Princeton University) and June Manning Thomas Colonial Town Planning. In another session SACRPH Student Prize Winner's Showcase. The Gilbert Stelter (University of Guelph) and Robert K. considered Expressways and Mass Transit Since (Michigan State University). former combined the practical and the highly the 1920s, featuring papers by John F. Bauman Home (University of Reading) offered their views theoretical with papers by Seymour J. Mandelbaum (California University of Pennsylvania). Peter . The 'nuts and bolts' of detailed planning practice on Colonial Town Planning: Comparative Views. (University of Pennsylvania), James C. O'Connell Derrick (New York Metropolitan Transportation were dealt with in The Impact of Zoning and Finally Goh Ban See (Universiti Sai.ns Malaysia) and (Cape Cod Planning Commission) and Car! Abbott Authority) and Owen D. Gutfreund (Columbia Building Regulations, with papers by Patricia R. Gordon Echols (Texas A & M University) (Portland State University). The latter included only University). Burgess (Iowa State University), Satoshi Hagishlrna, considered Colonial Planting and Town Planning. one of the two winning papers, by Michael D. Tae-heon Moon and Akira Ohgai (all of Kyushu Holmes (Auburn University). (The other, by John T. Slum clearance, social housing and urban renewal University), Michael Holleran (University of Gender and Ethnicity Issues Metzger, was presented in the session on Planning featured in three sessions. Papers on Planning and Colorado, Denver) and Richard Harris (McMaster and Housing for the Poor). Housing for the Poor were given by Michael University). A related theme was apparent in the A welcome emphasis in US planning Musuraca (CUNY) and John T. Metzger (Columbia session on Planning and Real Estate Patterns in historiography is the attention given to gender and The remaining two programmed simultaneous University). P. J. Smith, (University of Alberta) and Historical Perspective, featuring contributions by racial matters. Gender issues were apparent in sessions were not concerned with the presentation Michela Barzi (University of Geneva) considered Jeffrey A. Kroessler (CUNY), Alexander von Men, Women and Municipal Government During of papers, though were of particular significance to Housing, Hygiene and the Industrial City. A more Hoffman (Harvard University) and Marc A. Weiss the Progressive Era, featuring Marsha Ritzdorf PHG members. One was an open discussion about contemporary picture was offered in Urban (Columbia University). And there were echoes too (University of Oregon) and Patricia Mooney-Melvin the future relations of SACRPH and PHG, which Renewal in British and American Cities, featuring in New Perspectives on Urban Land Use Planning (Loyola University). They were also finnly on the came to no definite conclusions, but allowed a papers by Helen Meller (University of Nottingham), with papers by John W. Reps (CorneD University) agenda in Women and Planning in the Early useful exchange of views. The other was, in some Madeline L. Cohen (Community College of and Garrett Power (University of Maryland). Twentieth Century with presentations by Susan ways an even more extraordinary event, a taped Philadelphia), A. Tappan Wilder (Historian, Marie Wirka (UCLA) and Rosanna M. Barker open interview with PHG's President, Cordon E. Washington, DC) and Heywood T. Sanders (Trinity (University of California, Santa Barbara). Racial Cherry, conducted by SACRPH's Executive University). Regional, National and Imperial questions were most obviously considered in the Secretary, Larry Gerckens. Gordon had in fact stood Dimensions session on African-Americans in City and Suburb, in at short notice for an unwell Carl Feiss and Park Planning in Europe and the United States where papers were given by Yale Rabin (University clearly found the situation a rather novel one. of Virginia), Andrew Wiese (Columbia University) However the tape will doubtless form a valuable was the subject of one session, with presentations A further ten sessions focused on areas rather and William H. Wilson (University of North Texas). oral history source on the foundation and by Joan Draper (University of Colorado, Boulder), wider than the city. Martin Bierbaum and Linda development of our subject and our organisation. Galen Cranz (University of California, Berkeley) Nowicki (New Jersey Office of State Planning) Future historians of PHG please note! and Maurits van Rooijen (Erasmus University, considered State Planning in Historical Rotterdam). Another session examined Preservation Perspective. Regional Planning in the Western Wars, Disasters and Planning Planning and Revitalization featuring papers by United States included papers by Paul H. Gleye The Social Dimension Ronald Lee Fleming (Townscape Institute, (Montana State University), Patricia Matthews Three sessions focused on this question, beginning Cambridge, MA), Robert Hodder (Cornell (University of Delaware) and David R. Long with Wartime Housing and Planning: Two Not the least important feature of the Richmond University), Susan Moffat (Swiss Bear lnc, New (University of North Carolina). The south received Contrasting Approaches, with papers by Michael Conference were the opportunities for social Bern, NC), and Wes Hankins (East Carolina the attentions of Charles E. Connerly (Florida State H. Lang (Rutgers University) and John S. Gamer interaction. The walking tours of historic Richmond A slightly more unusual session was University). University) and Thomas W. Hanchett (University of (University of Dlinois). Planning and the Hand of and Monument Avenue were both sociable and focused on Private Interests and Public Spaces that North Carolina) in the session Perspectives on Mars: Reconsiderations included presentations by informative, belying European expectations of in Nineteenth Century Cities, with papers by Peter Federal Policy and Planning in the South. The last Josef W. Konvitz (Michigan State University) and typical American cities by showing the extent of the Goheen (Queen's University, Kingston), Timothy surviving good quality historic built environment of the US based sessions dealt with Planning and Roger W. Lotchin (University of North Carolina).

42 43 Publications Planning History VoL 14 No. 1 Planning History Vol. 14 No. 1 Reports

John Fraser Hart, ed, Our Changing Cities. John in the central area. However it was noticeable that Hopkins University Press, 1991, 261 pp, ISBN 0- many downtow~ buildin~s were empty, in some 8018-4087-3 cloth $48.00, ISBN 0-8018-4088-0 paper cases near derelict, showmg that the 'hole in the Publications $16.95. doughnut' syndrome is apparent even in Richmond . ' Abstracts The essays in Our Changing Cities are rather diverse On a ~ore completely social note, two splendid - from explorations of the role of transportation were hosted for us by the Anderson receptions technology on urban development to an llery at .Virginia Conunonwealth University and Hoggart and David R Green (eds), London. Ga Keith examination of the relationship between civil rights new London, Edward the Valentine Museum in downtown Richmond. A metropolitan geography, litigation and social structure and pattern in the Arnold, 1991. 254 pp, £40.00, ISBN 0 7131 6580 4 They both provided relaxed and extremely American city. Most are authored by urban pleasant settings for informal discussion. The fine geographers and are concerned with broad patterns Assesses economic, social and political trends of food and drink which was provided can certainly that characterise, and issues which affect American major significance to the capital's future, in the be reported with approval. In particular the cities. Being an anthology that developed from a con.text of both the city and its wider regional, southern speciality of crab meat patties cooked for lecture series, tlie book's essays vary in focus and us as we chatted at the Valentine Museum national and international role. Chapters include quality.. Ne~ertheless, the book conveys something reception were absolutely superb. The Jefferson also 'The metr?politan .economy: continuity and change of the d1vers1ty and breadth of interests represented 1800-1939 by Davtd Green, 'The emerging retail served two very acceptable lunches and the social by urban geographers in the 1980s. highlight of the whole Conference was the excellent structure' by Barrie S Morgan, and 'The borough dinner on the Saturday evening in the splendid effect in London's geography' by Michael Hebbert. . Empire Room opening off the upper balcony of the hotel's pillared lower lobby. Mervyn Miller, Rilymond Unwin, Garden dties and town planning, London, Leicester University Press, Urban History 1992, 299pp, £42.50, ISBN 0 7185 13630 ~owever even then it seemed that the professional Figure 3: The pillared lower lobby of the Jefferson ~tanning History Group members may be s1de of the conference would not easily give way to Hotel, showing the 36 step grand staircase. mterested to note the following articles in Urban By the early 1990s, public health and housing the social. As we waited to go in to dinner, History lingering around the base of the famous statue of reform had been followed by controls over the use The team at VCU, especially Chris Silver, who bore Jefferson himseU, a piece of historical theatre began and development of land, characterised as 'town most of the tremendous burden of organisation, Vol191992 to play itself out in the lobby beneath us. A large planning'. The best known pioneer was Sir deserve our thanks for organising such a important Raymond Unwin. The design of twentieth century group of local enthusiasts were engaged in a public Integrating architectural, social and housing history and memorable occasion. I, for one, will never housing, new suburbs and new towns owes more re-creation of the 'Old South' of the Civil War era, Roderick Lawrence (Geneva) ' the men d.ressed in grey Confederate uniforms and forget it. to him, and to his great works in New Earswick, Letchworth and Hampstead Garden City, than to ladies in crinolines. However despite the Geographical space, social space and the realm of any other individual. The biography is both an authenticity of dress and manners, it was all an the department store, Jeanne Lawrence (Yale) eminently diverting and charming illusion - a appreciation of his life and a critical study of his w~r~, encompassing his planning activities in playacted version of the 'Old South' parading itself Celebrating Calcutta, Parthod Datta (Delhi) m the extraordinary physical setting of the Jefferson Bntam and more generally in America and international planning, his role in the founding of Hotel, itself of course an embodiment of the post­ School in the city: educational historians and the the Town Planning Institute, and contribution to civil war 'New South'. Meanwhile both these urban variable, David Reeder (Leicester) historical reconstructions were located within the the architectural profession. social and economic realities of the real 'new' 'New Pl.anning v~rsus Administration: the Independent South' of the post-civil rights era. It was comforting Harold L Platt, The Electric City: Energy. and the C1ty Plannmg Commission in Cincinatti 1918-40, to know that the waiters and waitresses serving Gro:.uth ~~ the Chicago Area, 1880-1 930, Chicago, Robert Bumham (Macon College, Georgia) them with food and drinks were not slaves, since it Uruvers1ty of Chicago Press, 1991, 432 pp, ISBN 0- allowed us to enjoy the theatre of it without having 022667-075-9 cloth $34.95. VoltS 1991 to take it too seriously as a historical re-creation. Edison Ultimately it was not history of the type that we Using Samuel Insult and the Chicago Special American Feature: had been intensely engaged in over the previous Compa~y as the means, the book explores the International cities in the dual systems model: the couple of days. foundation of an energy-intensive society in the transformations of Los Angeles and Washington, twentieth century. The author effectively weaves Car! Abbot (Portland State University) Accordingly we could all relax and appreciate this together economic, technological, political and thoroughly post-modernist end to the conference. ~al hi~tory t~ achieve his goal. Along the way Pieces of the puzzle: Chicago in fragments Me! The end that is as I experienced it since I had to h~ 1llwrunates JUSt about every major issue in urban Holli (Chicago) ' leave on the Sunday morning, missing the last history between the Gilded Age and the New Deal fieldtrips, including that to colonial Williarnsburg. includi~g the rol~ electrical power in the emergence Gemeinschaft into ghetto: black conununities and However even without having the complete of the oty plannmg profession's conununity ideal. white urban America, Peter Ling (Nottingham) experience, I can report, without any qualification whatsoever, that this was a marvellous conference.

45 44 14 No. 1 PubUcatioN PubiJcatioN Planning History VoL Planning History Vol 14 No. l

Community College of Philadelphia WP 211 - 'Associational Progressivism' and the Forming urban culture: environmental perception graduate students, independent scholars, or college and university educators. The papers should be December 1989, 28 pp, $350 Shaping of Suburban Subdivisions in the 1920s and design in nineteenth century America, }osef Carolyn Loeb Konvitz (Michigan State University) carefully proofed, clearly typed and printed for future photocopying, and with standard margins. WP 203- Tenement Reform in Boston. 187D-1920 Central Michigan University lettering Philanthropy, Regulation, and Government December 1989, 20 pp, $3.50 Vol17 1990 Single spacing is accepted, but with large and spacing. An accepted and consistent system of Assisted Housing Christine Cousineau WP 212- The Planning of Spanish Cities in Planning theory and women's role in the city, documentation and paper formatting is required. Tufts University America; Characteristics, Classification, and Main Helen Meller (Nottingham) Length is variable, but about thirty pages single­ spaced begins to be an upper limit. Two December 1989, 32 pp, $4.00 Urban Features Francois-Auguste de Montequin Spatial configuration of class solidarity in London's photocopies should be send for the review. WP 204 - Reflections on the Politics of a Non­ Department of Art History west end, Peter Atkins (Durham) Standards for evaluation are the usual: depth, breadth, documentation, relevance, originality, Political Planner Virginia Commonwealth University consistency, clarity, and so forth. Mark Donchin December 1989,34 pp, $4.00 Architect and City Planner The Society for The evaluatio~ ,process. The editors will make a Los Angeles, California 90048 WP 213 - Shaping the Regional City: 19~1990 first cut. In a few cases, the papers will be such September 1988, 14pp, $3.00 The Plans of Tracy Augur and Clarence Stein: for American City and quality,or have such obvious difficulties that the Dispersing Federal Workers &om Washington, editors will be able to make early decisions WP 205 - Planning a Municipal Airport Dallas D.C. Regional Planning themselves. In the vast majority of cases, the Love Field 1940-1962 Kennit Carlyle Parsons editors will send them to a WPS Advisory Board Robert B Fairbanks Department of City and Regional Planning History: Working member for review assistance. Reviews are not Department of History Comell University 'blind', and the reviewer and writer are encouraged University of Texas at Arlington December 1989, 32 pp, $4.00 Papers to communicate. December 1989, 19 pp, $3.00 WP 214 - The City Beautiful in Utopia A Study of The aims of the SACRPH Working Paper Series. Where to send your papers. David R Hill, Editor. WP 206- A Note on the Idea of Cycles in Civic Center Designs in Southern California The WPS aims to circulate papers between the Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Planning. American Planning History Ann Scheid 'mature draft' or conference paper stage, and the The University of Colorado at Denver. Campus Albert Guttenberg Senior Planner accepted refereed journal article stage. The Series Box 126. Post Office Box 173364. Denver, CO Department of urban and Regional Planning City of Pasadena, CA gives researchers review comments on the papers, 80217-3364. Telephone (303) 556-3479. University of lllinois at Urbana-Champaign December 1989, 13 pp, $3.00 publishes them, advertises them to a national December 1989, 12 pp, $3.00 audience, and markets them to interested WP 215 - The Planning and Development of individual buyers and libraries. Sales List WP 207 - America's Disparate Organicists: From Atascadero, California Frank Lloyd Wright to Paolo Soleri John W Snyder, Chief The general topics of papers that the WPS The Working Paper David R Hill Office of Environmental Analysis publishes. The policy of the WPS is to accept a Urban and Regional Planning California Department of Transportation broader rather than narrower range of research Series University of Colorado at Denver December 1989, 11 pp, $3.00 papers. In terms of time, papers are welcome from December 1989, 17pp, $3.00 Native American periods up to recent events that The Society for American City and Regional WP 216- Ask and You Shall Receive are sufficiently distant to allow reasonable historical Planning History WP 208- How New York's Developers Reshaped Neighborhood Deterioration and Commercial objectivity. Suggested topic areas include the the Metropolis Rezoning historical dimensions of city, regional, state, and WP 200 - Prelude to World City New York City Mollie Keller Columbus, Ohio, 1923-1970 national pla.ns. Also, when architectural, urban .&om Dutch Colony to Economic Capital 1625-1860 Trumbull, Connecticut 06611 Patricia Burgess Stach, PhD design, engineering, landscape architecture, and Eugenie L Birch December 1989, 21 pp, $350 Assista.nt Professor general urban form matters have physical or social Department of Urban Affairs and Planning Institute of Urban Studies planning implications, they are welcome. Further, Hunter College of the City University of New York WP 209 - Terrible 1313 Turns SO: The Golden University of Texas at Arlington investigations of major planning leaders, planning December 1989, 30pp, $4.00 Anniversary of the Merriam Center December 1989, 16 pp $3.00 law, public policy, private development, social Ruth Eckdish Knack, Senior Editor or Planning movements, and all the 'sectoral' areas of planning WP 201- House Divided: Philadelphia's Magazine WP 217 - Attacking Economic Blight in Postwar are very important. Studies of the history of Controversial Crosstown Expressway Howard Rosen, Director of the Public Works Detroit American planning ideas with these topics are also David Clow Historical Society June Manning Thomas of interest. Finally of course, when in doubt North Hollywood, CA 91601 December 1989, 19 pp, $3.00 Urban Planning Program/Urban Affairs Programs researchers should call or write the editors. December198~28pp,$350 Michigan State University WP 210 - First Families of Greenbelt Their Views December 1989, 19 pp, $3.00 of Life in a Planned Community Expected quality of the submitted papers. The WP 202 - The 1963 and the 1988 Plans for papers should be structured as formal historical Philadelphia's Center City: A Problem of Cathy D Knepper WP 218 - Planning Efficiency in the Private Sector. University of Maryland research papers, not book chapters or informal Differing Planning Philosophies: A Working The Role of Cost Analysis in the Pennsylvania December 1989, 12 pp, $3.00 1930- articles. Typically, the papers are written by Paper Railroad's Decisions on Passenger Service, planning professionals, local historians, historical Madeline L Cohen 1960 agency administrators and researchers, advanced Associate Professor of Art History

47 46 PlaMing History Vol. 14 No. 1 Treasurer's Report Advertisement Planning History VoL 1 No. 1

Gregory L Thompson 2. Receipts and Payments for the year ended Department of Urban and Regional Planning 31.12.90 Florida State University Treasurer's Job Vacancy December 1989, 25 pp, $3.00 Receipts WP 219- Developing and Financing the 'Garden Report Subscriptions The Swiss Federal Institute of Metropolis': Urban Planning and Housing Policy UK 978.00 in the Twentieth Century Overseas 1,123.56 Technology in Zurich invites Marc A Weiss 1. After the rise in subscription income in 1989, Other years 52.11 something of a fall back in both applications for a position of School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation there was Interest on deposits 871.75 home and overseas receipts in 1990. The group Columbia University Back issue sales 8.00 continues to benefit, however, from the Professor of the History of Urban Design December 1989, 17 pp, $3.00 generally high interest rates experienced during the year. £3,033.42 The curriculum comprises urban history from of Baltimore's WP 220 - The Development Payments antiquity to modem times and includes urban Northwest Corridor, 1919-1930 2. The Bulletin Reserve Fund covered some morphology and the typology of residential Michael A Grimes transitional expenditure from 1989 on Vol XI of Bulletin Production 239.00 buildings. Focal points include the history of urban Archives of American Art Planning History. Monies set aside in the Membership Mailing development from the industrial revolution to the Smithsonian Institute 561.45 Seminar Fund and held over from 1989 were Administration present from a cultural point of view. December 1990, 19 pp, $3.00 145.71 used to defray the Group's contribution of Boumville Conference 186.00 £186.00 to the expenses of the 1989 Boumville Excess of receipts over The teaching duties within the Department of WP 221 - Cleveland's Muni Light Public Power, Conference. Among other expenditure items, payments 1,901.26 Architecture include lectures and seminars in art Democratic Promise and Political Conflict the mailings to members included an additional history in dose collaboration with the professors of Professors W Deanis Keating, Norman Krumholtz, mailing about the international conference in design. Research should concentrate on urban and David perry Japan. The membership list was renewed £3,033.42 investigation in the context of existing and new April 1991, 38 pp, £3.50 during 1990 involving a one-off payment for programmes at the Institute of the History and word-processing. There were no calls on the 3. Balance Sheet as at 31.12.90 Theory of Architecture (gta). WP 222 - The Olmsted Brothers and the Thesis Directory Fund established in 1989. Peripatetic Planning of Washington State's Seminar Fund Applicants should have training in the history of Capitol Campus: 1856-1928 560.00 3. The excess of receipts over payments of General Fund 168.46 art and urban design and be able to furnish proof Norman J Johnston £1,901.26 for 1990 has been allocated to the Thesis Directory Fund 1,000.00 of successful and independent research activities in University of Washington Bulletin and General reserve funds with some General Reserve Fund 1,500.00 these areas. Experience in teaching is an June 1991, 24 pp, $3.00 minor adjustments to the Group's other funds. Bulletin Reserve Fund 6,000.00 advantage.

WP 223 - Politics and the Engineering Mind: 0 H 4. On behalf of the Group I would like to express Applications with a detailed curriculum and a list Ammann and the Complex Story of the George our thanks to Mr E. G. Elms for once more £9?28.46 of publications (no publications) are to be sent by Washington Bridge checking the accounts and acting as our Hon. 4. Represented by: May 31, 1992, to the President of ETH Zurich, Prof Jameson W Doig Auditor. Dr J Niiesch, ETH Zentrum, CH--8092 Zurich. In its University Princeton Giro current a/c 63.58 effort to increase the number of women in r 1990, 71 pp, $8.00 Septembe David W. Massey Bank current a/c 62.81 academic top positions, the ETHZ specifically University of Liverpool Bank deposit ale 9,602.07 invites applications from female scientists. Orders for Working Papers should be sent to Planning History Group: Accounts for David R Hill, Editor The Working Paper Series 1990 £9?28.46 Urban and Regional Planning Program CU-Denver 1. Su.ounary Campus Box 126 P 0 Box 173364 Balance brought forward from 1989 7,837.20 Audit Report 9 January 1992 Denver, CO 80217-3364 Receipts 1990 3,033.42 Audited and found correct E. G. Elms USA

Please make cheques payable to: 'The Working 10,860.62 Paper Series/CU-Denver' Payments 1990 1,132.16

9,728.46

49 48 Planning History Group

• • • • • ••• • •••••• • • • • •• • •

The Planning History G roup, inaugurated in 1974, is an international body. Its members, drawn from many disciplines, have a working interest in history, planning and the environment.

Chairman Professor G. E. C herry Department of Geography University of Birmingham PO Box 363 Birmingham B15 2TT 021--n -t 5537

Membership Membership of the g roup is open to all who have an interest in plann ing history. The annual subscription i s £ 10 (currency equivalents available on r equest). Membership Secretary: Or Pat Garside Planning History G roup Department of C ivil Engineering Salford University The C rescent Salford MS 4WT 061-736 5843

Professor Cordon Cherry is joint Editor with Professor Anthony Sutcliffe o f an international journal concerned with history, planning a nd the environment: Planning Perspectives. There is a link between Planning History and Planning Perspectives and members o f the Pla nning History Group are a ble to sub!>cribc to the latter journal at very favourable discount rates.