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Astrophysics and Cosmology Copyright of the works in this eBook is vested with World Scientific Publishing. The following eBook is allowed for Solvay Institutes website use only and may not be resold, copied, further disseminated, or hosted on any other third party website or repository without the copyright holders' written permission. http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9953 For any queries, please contact [email protected]. ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9953 ©World Scientific Publishing Company. For post on Solvay Institutes website only. No further distribution is allowed. 9953_9789814759175_tp.indd 1 8/3/16 4:58 PM December 12, 2014 15:40 BC: 9334 { Bose, Spin and Fermi Systems 9334-book9x6 page 2 This page intentionally left blank ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9953 ©World Scientific Publishing Company. For post on Solvay Institutes website only. No further distribution is allowed. ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9953 ©World Scientific Publishing Company. For post on Solvay Institutes website only. No further distribution is allowed. 9953_9789814759175_tp.indd 2 8/3/16 4:58 PM Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY Proceedings of the 26th Solvay Conference on Physics Copyright © 2016 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-4759-17-5 ISBN 978-981-3142-80-0 (pbk) Printed in Singapore ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9953 ©World Scientific Publishing Company. For post on Solvay Institutes website only. No further distribution is allowed. Lakshmi - Astrophysics and Cosmology.indd 1 8/3/2016 2:49:17 PM March 3, 2016 11:54 26th Solvay Conference on Physics Solvay26 page v v The International Solvay Institutes Board of Directors Members Mr. Jean-Marie Solvay President Prof. Franz Bingen Vice-President and Emeritus-Professor at the VUB Prof. Benjamin Van Camp Secretary and Honorary Rector of the VUB Mr. Nicolas Bo¨el Chairman of the Board of Directors of Solvay S.A. Mr. Philippe Busquin Minister of State and Former European Commissioner Prof. Eric De Keuleneer Solvay Brussels School of Economics & Management Mr. Alain Delchambre President of the Administrative Board of the ULB Baron Daniel Janssen Honorary Chairman of the Board of Directors of Solvay S.A. Mr. Eddy Van Gelder President of the Administrative Board of the VUB ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9953 ©World Scientific Publishing Company. For post on Solvay Institutes website only. No further distribution is allowed. March 3, 2016 11:54 26th Solvay Conference on Physics Solvay26 page vi vi Astrophysics and Cosmology Honorary Members Baron Andr´e Jaumotte Honorary Director of the Solvay Institutes, Honorary Rector Honorary President of the ULB Mr. Jean-Marie Piret Emeritus Attorney General of the Supreme Court of Appeal and Honorary Principal Private Secretary to the King Prof. Jean-Louis Vanherweghem Former President of the Administrative Board of the ULB Prof. Irina Veretennicoff Emeritus Professor at the VUB ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9953 ©World Scientific Publishing Company. For post on Solvay Institutes website only. No further distribution is allowed. March 3, 2016 11:54 26th Solvay Conference on Physics Solvay26 page vii The International Solvay Institutes vii Guest Members Prof. Marc Henneaux Director and Professor at the ULB Prof. Alexander Sevrin Deputy Director for Physics, Professor at the VUB Scientific Secretary of the Committee for Physics Prof. Lode Wyns Deputy Director for Chemistry Former Vice-rector for Research at the VUB Prof. Franklin Lambert Emeritus Professor at the VUB Prof. Anne De Wit Professor ULB and Scientific Secretary of the Committee for Chemistry Ms Marina Solvay Prof. Herv´e Hasquin Permanent Secretary of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium Prof. G´ery van Outryve d’Ydewalle Permanent Secretary of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Sciences and the Arts Director Prof. Marc Henneaux Professor at the ULB ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9953 ©World Scientific Publishing Company. For post on Solvay Institutes website only. No further distribution is allowed. March 3, 2016 11:54 26th Solvay Conference on Physics Solvay26 page viii viii Astrophysics and Cosmology Solvay Scientific Committee for Physics Prof. David Gross (chair) Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (Santa Barbara, USA) Prof. Roger Blandford Stanford University (USA) Prof. Steven Chu Stanford University (USA) Prof. Robbert Dijkgraaf Director of the Institute For Advanced Study (Princeton, USA) Universiteit van Amsterdam (The Netherlands) Prof. Bert Halperin Harvard University (Cambridge, USA) Prof. Giorgio Parisi Universit`alaSapienza(Roma,Italy) Prof. Pierre Ramond University of Florida (Gainesville, USA) Prof. Gerard ´t Hooft Spinoza Instituut (Utrecht, The Netherlands) Prof. Klaus von Klitzing Max-Planck-Institut (Stuttgart, Germany) Prof. Peter Zoller Universit¨at Innsbruck (Austria) Prof. Alexander Sevrin (Scientific Secretary) Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium) ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9953 ©World Scientific Publishing Company. For post on Solvay Institutes website only. No further distribution is allowed. March 8, 2016 8:57 26th Solvay Conference on Physics Solvay26 page ix ix Hotel M´etropole (Brussels), 9{11 October 2014 Astrophysics and Cosmology Chair: Professor Roger Blandford The 26th Solvay Conference on Physics took place in Brussels from October 9 through October 11, 2014. Its theme was \Astrophysics and Cosmology" and the conference was chaired by Roger Blandford. The conference was followed by a pub- lic event entitled Astrophysics and Cosmology. Conny Aerts, Fran¸coisEnglert and Martin Rees each delivered a lecture and a panel of scientists { led by David Gross and comprising Conny Aerts, Roger Blandford, Fran¸coisEnglert, James Peebles, Jean-Loup Puget and Martin Rees { answered questions from the audience. The organization of the 26th Solvay Conference has been made possible thanks to the generous support of the Solvay Family, the Solvay Group, the Universit´e Libre de Bruxelles, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the Belgian National Lottery, the Foundation David and Alice Van Buuren, the Belgian Science Policy Office, the Brussels-Capital Region, the Communaut´efran¸caisede Belgique, de Actieplan Wetenschapscommunicatie of the Vlaamse Regering, the Belgian Science Policy Office, the City of Brussels, and the H^otelM´etropole. ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH SOLVAY CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9953 ©World Scientific Publishing Company. For post on Solvay Institutes website only. No further distribution is allowed. March 3, 2016 11:54 26th Solvay Conference on Physics Solvay26 page x x Astrophysics and Cosmology Participants Tom Abel Stanford University Conny Aerts KULeuven Laura Baudis University Z¨urich Mitchell Begelman University of Colorado Roger Blandford Stanford University Dick Bond University of Toronto Lars Brink Chalmers University John Carlstrom The University of Chicago Thibault Damour Institut des Hautes Etudes´ Scientifiques Paolo De Bernardis Universit`a di Roma “La Sapienza” Ger de Bruyn ASTRON Robbert Dijkgraaf IAS, Princeton Jo Dunkley Oxford University George Efstathiou Cambridge Daniel Eisenstein Harvard Richard Ellis California Institute of Technology Fran¸cois Englert Universit´e Libre de Bruxelles Andrew Fabian Cambridge Carlos Frenk Durham Steven Furlanetto UCLA Reinhard Genzel MPI for Extraterrestrial Science Peter Goldreich IAS, Princeton David Gross UCSB Alan Guth MIT John Hawley University of Virginia Marc Henneaux Universit´e Libre de Bruxelles Werner Hofmann MPI f¨ur Kernphysik Marc Kamionkowski Johns Hopkins Vicky Kaspi McGill University Eiichiro Komatsu MPI for Astrophysics Chryssa Kouveliotou NASA Michael Kramer Manchester University Shri Kulkarni California Institute of Technology James Lattimer SUNY Stony Brook Nazzareno Mandolesi INAF-IASF Bologna Piero Madau UCSC Viatcheslav
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