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The Beginnings of Industrialization in Britain wh10te-062501-0717-0722 9/5/03 2:06 PM Page 717 LESSON PLAN 1 Steam train on the Nancha Power plant in West Virginia, OBJECTIVES Bank, China United States • Explain the beginnings of industrialization in Britain. The Beginnings of Industrialization • Describe key inventions that furthered the Industrial Revolution. MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES • Identify transportation improvements. • Trace the impact of railroads on SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The changes that began in • Industrial • factors of The Industrial Revolution started Britain paved the way for Revolution production British industry. in England and soon spread to modern industrial societies. • enclosure • factory other countries. • crop rotation • entrepreneur • industrialization FOCUS & MOTIVATE Note that the Industrial Revolution SETTING THE STAGE In the United States, France, and Latin America, politi- cal revolutions brought in new governments. A different type of revolution now included key changes in the way people transformed the way people worked. The Industrial Revolution refers to the and goods could travel from one place to greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the another. What are some ways that people middle 1700s. Before the Industrial Revolution, people wove textiles by hand. and goods travel today? (car, airplane, Then, machines began to do this and other jobs. Soon the Industrial Revolution train, truck, ship) spread from England to Continental Europe and North America. INSTRUCT Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain TAKING NOTES Following Chronological In 1700, small farms covered England’s landscape. Wealthy landowners, how- Order On a time line, Industrial Revolution Begins ever, began buying up much of the land that village farmers had once worked. note important events in in Britain The large landowners dramatically improved farming methods. These innova- Britain‘s industrialization. tions amounted to an agricultural revolution. Critical Thinking The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way After buying up the land of vil- 1700 1830 lage farmers, wealthy landowners enclosed their land with fences or hedges. The • Why might it be easier for large farmers increase in their landholdings enabled them to cultivate larger fields. Within to experiment than for family farmers? these larger fields, called enclosures, landowners experimented with more pro- (more resources) ductive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields. The enclosure • How is population increase connected movement had two important results. First, landowners tried new agricultural to improved food supplies and living methods. Second, large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farm- conditions? (Possible Answer: people ers or to give up farming and move to the cities. live longer, more babies survive) Jethro Tull was one of the first of these scientific farmers. He saw that the usual way of sowing seed by scattering it across the ground was wasteful. Many In-Depth Resources: Unit 6 seeds failed to take root. He solved this problem with an invention called the seed • Guided Reading, p. 1 (also in Spanish) drill in about 1701. It allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at spe- cific depths. A larger share of the seeds took root, boosting crop yields. Rotating Crops The process of crop rotation proved to be one of the best devel- TEST-TAKING RESOURCES opments by the scientific farmers. The process improved upon older methods of Test Generator CD-ROM crop rotation, such as the medieval three-field system discussed in Chapter 14. One year, for example, a farmer might plant a field with wheat, which exhausted Strategies for Test Preparation soil nutrients. The next year he planted a root crop, such as turnips, to restore Test Practice Transparencies, TT93 nutrients. This might be followed in turn by barley and then clover. Online Test Practice The Industrial Revolution 717 SECTION 1 PROGRAM RESOURCES ALL STUDENTS STRUGGLING READERS In-Depth Resources: Unit 6 In-Depth Resources: Unit 6 eEdition CD-ROM • Guided Reading, p. 1 • Guided Reading, p. 1 Voices from the Past Audio CD • History Makers: James Watt, p. 16 • Building Vocabulary, p. 5 Power Presentations CD-ROM Formal Assessment • Reteaching Activity, p. 19 Patterns of Interaction Video Series • Section Quiz, p. 400 Reading Study Guide, p. 237 • The Industrial and Electronic Revolutions Reading Study Guide Audio CD ENGLISH LEARNERS classzone.com In-Depth Resources in Spanish GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS • Guided Reading, p. 175 In-Depth Resources: Unit 6 Reading Study Guide (Spanish), p. 237 • Primary Source: from “The Opening of the Liverpool Reading Study Guide Audio CD (Spanish) to Manchester Railway,” p. 9 Teacher’s Edition 717 CHAPTER 25 • Section 1 More About . The Business of War L An English Warfare in the early 1800s actually farmer plants his helped promote British business. fields in the early 1700s using a A. Answer It Although British trade with Europe seed drill. pushed farmers declined during the Napoleonic Wars, off the land, sent workers to the British victories gained new colonies Livestock breeders improved their methods too. In the 1700s, for example, cities, and created and new markets. The British navy Robert Bakewell increased his mutton (sheep meat) output by allowing only his a ready market ruled the seas, making shipping safe best sheep to breed. Other farmers followed Bakewell’s lead. Between 1700 and for new goods. for British merchants. In fact, French 1786, the average weight for lambs climbed from 18 to 50 pounds. As food sup- plies increased and living conditions improved, England’s population mushroomed. troops marched into Russia wearing Recognizing An increasing population boosted the demand for food and goods such as cloth. As Effects English-made overcoats. farmers lost their land to large enclosed farms, many became factory workers. How did popu- Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England In addition to a large popula- lation growth spur the Industrial tion of workers, the small island country had extensive natural resources. Revolution? Tip for English Learners Industrialization, which is the process of developing machine production of goods, required such resources. These natural resources included List land, labor, and capital (wealth) • water power and coal to fuel the new machines on the board under the heading factors • iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings of production. Clarify what each • rivers for inland transportation factor means. • harbors from which merchant ships set sail In addition to its natural resources, Britain had an expanding economy to support industrialization. Businesspeople invested in the manufacture of new inventions. Britain’s highly developed banking system also contributed to the country’s indus- trialization. People were encouraged by the availability of bank loans to invest in new machinery and expand their operations. Growing overseas trade, economic prosperity, and a climate of progress led to the increased demand for goods. Britain’s political stability gave the country a tremendous advantage over its neighbors. Though Britain took part in many wars during the 1700s, none occurred on British soil. Their military successes gave the British a positive attitude. Parliament also passed laws to help encourage and protect business ventures. Other countries had some of these advantages. But Britain had all the factors of pro- Inventions Spur duction, the resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Industrialization Revolution required. They included land, labor, and capital (or wealth). Critical Thinking Inventions Spur Industrialization • Why do you think one invention led to In an explosion of creativity, inventions now revolutionized industry. Britain’s another? (Possible Answer: observers textile industry clothed the world in wool, linen, and cotton. This industry was the get new ideas from seeing other inven- first to be transformed. Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up the tors’ work; new inventions make others process by which spinners and weavers made cloth. possible; exciting atmosphere) Changes in the Textile Industry As you will learn in the feature on textile tech- nology on page 719, by 1800, several major inventions had modernized the cotton • How were England’s cotton industry industry. One invention led to another. In 1733, a machinist named John Kay made and America’s cotton growers linked? a shuttle that sped back and forth on wheels. This flying shuttle, a boat-shaped piece (Possible Answer: interdependent, each needed the other equally) 718 Chapter 25 Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________ CHAPTER 25 Section 1 (pages 717–722) TERMS AND NAMES Industrial Revolution Great increase in machine production that began in The Beginnings of England in the 18th century DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS enclosure Large closed-in field for Industrialization farming crop rotation Planting a different crop in a different field each year BEFORE YOU READ industrialization Process of In the last section, you read about romanticism and developing machine production of realism in the arts. goods factors of production Conditions In this section, you will read about the beginning of needed to produce goods and the Industrial Revolution. services Understanding Technological Advances factory Building where goods are AS YOU READ made Use this chart to take notes on important
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