6.1 Aachen – Das Tor Zur Deutschen Industrialisierung

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6.1 Aachen – Das Tor Zur Deutschen Industrialisierung VI. GLAUBE MACHT MOBIL – DER „NETZWERKER“ 6.1 Aachen – das Tor zur deutschen Industrialisierung In der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts entwickelten sich Aachen und Regi- on zu einem Zentrum mechanischer Tuch- und Nadelfabrikation. Wegen der Nachbarschaft zu den Vereinigten Niederlanden, von denen sich 1830/31 das Königreich Belgien trennte, setzte die Industrialisierung in der Grenzstadt frü- her ein als in anderen deutschen Regionen. Seit 1810 profitierte Aachen von der Vorreiterrolle der wallonischen Städte Verviers und Lüttich, die als eine der ersten auf dem Kontinent die Impulse der von England ausgehenden In- dustrialisierung aufgegriffen hatten.1 So wurde Aachen zum Pionier der deut- schen Industrialisierung und gleichzeitig zum Fallbeispiel ihrer positiven und negativen Auswirkungen. Es bedurfte nur einer Generation, um die Lebensverhältnisse der Aachener einschneidend zu verändern. Die Einwohnerzahl stieg von 35.000 im Jahr 1835 auf gut 50.000 im Jahr 1850.2 Das Wirtschaftswunder produzierte nicht nur glänzende Zahlen und erstaunliche Karrieren, sondern auch unzählige so- ziale Abstürze in bittere Armut. Die zwanziger Jahre erlebten, wie technische Neuerungen und wirtschaftliche Entwicklungen vor allem die Not in den Städ- ten verschärften, wo zudem ein Überangebot an Arbeitskräften den Markt be- stimmte und Entlassungen provozierte. Maschinen stahlen vor allem Angehö- rigen der unteren Schichten Arbeit und Brot. Hunger, Hoffnungslosigkeit und die Angst vor Verelendung bedrängten mehr als die Hälfte der Stadtbevölke- rungen.3 In Aachen machte noch Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts die soziale Unter- schicht zwanzig Prozent der Familien aus, bei einer Einwohnerzahl von gut 52.000 Menschen.4 Sie lebten in prekären Verhältnissen. Ihr Schicksal enthüll- te die Fratze der Industriellen Revolution. Für die erste Hälfte des 19. Jahr- hunderts gilt das pauschale Urteil, dass sich die ‚Soziale Frage‘ mit dem Prob- lem des Pauperismus deckte.5 1830 entlud sich die Not der verarmten Schichten in gewaltsamen Protes- ten. In der sogenannten Julirevolution erhoben sich die Arbeiter von Paris. Ihr Beispiel machte Schule. Die Unruhen weiteten sich über Brüssel und Lüttich nach Verviers aus, wo die Demonstranten mechanische Webstühle zerstörten.6 1 Vgl. Pape, Umbrüche, 42f. 2 Vgl. ebd., 49. 3 Vgl. Herres, Städtische Gesellschaft, 101. 4 Vgl. Gatz, Aachener Sozialkatholizismus, 21. 5 Vgl. Lepper, Sozialer Katholizismus in Aachen, 5*. 6 Vgl. Gatz, Aachener Sozialkatholizismus, 20. 158 AACHEN – DAS TOR ZUR DEUTSCHEN INDUSTRIALISIERUNG In Aachen kam es am 30. August zum sogenannten Blauen Montag mit Plün- derungen und Toten.7 Hunderte Arbeiter demonstrierten vor der Tuchfabrik von Heinrich Nellessen in der Mörgensgasse. Nellessens Praxis, mit Strafab- zügen den Lohn seiner Arbeiter zu schmälern, hatte die Stimmung aufgeheizt, und die Demonstranten drohten, die verhassten Maschinen zu zerstören. Nellessen gelang es jedoch, die Wut der Arbeiter von sich abzulenken. Die Demonstranten zogen weiter zum Friedrich-Wilhelm-Platz 7 und zerstörten das Stadtpalais des Maschinenfabrikanten James Cockerill. Der Unternehmer hatte 1812 den ersten mechanischen Webstuhl in Aachen eingeführt und belie- ferte seinen Geschäftspartner Nellessen mit Maschinen.8 Die Aufrührer hielten Cockerill für den Hauptschuldigen an ihrem Elend, weil er mit seinen Produk- ten den Aufschwung der Industriellen und den sozialen Abstieg der Hauswe- ber und Handwerker symbolisierte. James Vater, der aus England stammende Ingenieur William Cockerill Se- nior, zählte zur Speerspitze der Industrialisierung und Mechanisierung auf dem Kontinent. In Verviers produzierte er Webstühle und Spinnmaschinen und expandierte nach Lüttich.9 Seine Söhne William Junior, John und James traten in die unternehmerischen Fußstapfen des Vaters und gründeten ihrer- seits Maschinenfabriken. Zusammen mit seinem Bruder James baute John unweit von Lüttich die größte Eisengießer- und Maschinenfabrik in Europa auf. Die beiden Brüder knüpften familiäre Beziehungen nach Aachen und hei- rateten in die Burtscheider Tuchfabrikantenfamilie Pastor ein.10 Es war James, der durch weitere Gründungen eine Wollspinnerei und eine Textilmaschi- nenfabrik – die Mechanisierung in der Tuchherstellung Aachens entscheidend vorantrieb.11 Die Unruhen des Blauen Montags, die sieben Tote und vierzig Verletzte zählten, beendeten couragierte Aachener Bürger zusammen mit einigen Gen- darmen und Soldaten. Für ihre Zivilcourage ehrte die preußische Regierung die Bürger mit einem Bild Friedrich Wilhelms III.12 Die Aufrührer wurden zu langjähriger Zwangsarbeit verurteilt.13 Recht und Ordnung war vielleicht auf diese Weise Genüge getan, doch der soziale Notstand beherrschte weiter das Leben vieler Familien. Wegen der prekären Lage hatte der Aachener Regie- rungspräsident von Reimann eine Petition an die preußische Regierung ge- sandt, in der er die Schutz- und Fürsorgepflicht des Staates den Arbeitern ge- genüber anmahnte. Ferner forderte er ein Verbot des Trucksystems – Waren statt Lohn – sowie einen Riegel vor willkürlichen Lohnabzügen. Seiner Ein- 7 Vgl. auch zum Folgenden Gatz, Kaplan Josef Istas und der Aachener Karitaskreis, 209f. und Anm. 7a. 8 Vgl. Bruckner, Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 158-161. 9 Vgl. Pasleau, John Cockerill, 19ff. 10 Vgl. Pape, Umbrüche, 43f. 11 Vgl. Bruckner, Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 160. 12 Vgl. Poll, Geschichte Aachens, 127ff. 13 Vgl. Fahrmeir, Revolutionen, 153. .
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