DOCSLIB.ORG

Interests, Identity and Nordicity Explaining Norwegian Mediation Efforts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Interests, Identity and Nordicity Explaining Norwegian Mediation Efforts This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Interests, identity and nordicity explaining Norwegian mediation efforts Anna Louise Strachan 2012 Anna Louise Strachan. (2012). Interests, identity and nordicity explaining Norwegian mediation efforts. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/53389 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/53389 Downloaded on 03 Oct 2021 00:49:37 SGT INTERESTS, IDENTITY AND NORDICITY EXPLAINING NORWEGIAN MEDIATION EFFORTS Anna Louise Strachan G1002348K S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (International Relations) 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all those who have provided me with invaluable support and assistance throughout the course of my research for this thesis. I am particularly grateful to my supervisor Joseph Liow for his support and advice. I would also like to thank my parents and my sister for their belief in me, and Gustav, whose support throughout this process has been unfailing. 2 CONTENTS SUMMARY 4 LIST OF ACRONYMS 6 CHAPTER 1 – Introduction 9 CHAPTER 2 – The conceptual framework 41 CHAPTER 3 – Norway’s peace diplomacy 71 CHAPTER 4 – Sri Lanka: A complex case? 112 CHAPTER 5 – Norway in the Philippines 145 CHAPTER 6 – Norway and the birth of South Sudan 178 CHAPTER 7 – Conclusions 207 BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 3 SUMMARY This study seeks to unpack the decision-making processes behind Norwegian mediation efforts by undertaking a multi-level analysis within the framework of the foreign policy analysis literature. A greater understanding of the motivations behind third party mediation efforts has the potential to pave the way for a deeper understanding of other aspects of such mediation efforts, most notably whether the motivations behind peace engagement have an impact on the success or failure of an intervention. Norway, as one of the world’s most prominent third party mediators is an excellent candidate for such an analysis. The arguments in this thesis are built around three inter-related hypotheses. It will be argued that the determining factors behind Norwegian mediation efforts are threefold. This study contends that Norway becomes involved in the domestic affairs of other countries in order to further its own interests, both in the material sense and in terms of influence. It will however be argued that Norway’s national identity and its domestic politics are the reasons behind its choice of peace diplomacy as a foreign policy strategy. Moreover, it will be argued that Norway’s broader Nordic identity or ‘Nordicity’ is responsible for the manner in which it pursues its mediation efforts. In this context, emphasis will be placed on Scandinavian ‘norm entrepreneurship.’ In terms of methodology, this study will involve an in-depth quantitative and qualitative analysis of the decision-making processes behind Norwegian interventions in intra-state conflicts. The case studies considered in this study will be the conflict between the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and the Liberation Tamil Tigers of Eelam (LTTE), the conflict between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) and the New People’s Army (NPA) and the conflict in southern Sudan between the Government of Sudan (GOS) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A). The conflicts in the Philippines and Sri Lanka are of particular interest as they rank among the ten conflicts to have received the least UN attention in the period 1996-2005. These conflicts did not 4 result in a single UN Security Council resolution in this period. Sudan is of interest as, despite ongoing tensions, it constitutes a successful intervention, South Sudan having gained independence in July 2011. 5 ACRONYMS ABB – Alex Boncayao Brigade AFP – Armed Forces Philippines AHLC - Ad-hoc Liaison Committee AMRSB - Association of Major Religious Superiors in the Philippines ANC – African National Congress ASG – Abu Sayyaf Group CARHRIHL – Comprehensive Agreement on Respect for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law CFA – Ceasefire Agreement CHD – Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue CLPA – Cordillera Liberation People’s Army CoW – Correlates of War CPA – Comprehensive Peace Agreement CPP – Communist Party of the Philippines CSO – Civil Society Organisation DDR – Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration DRC – Democratic Republic of Congo ECF – Ecumenical Bishop’s Forum ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States EIC – Economist Intelligence Unit FARC – Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia FDI – Foreign Direct Investment GDP – Gross Domestic Product GOP/GRP – Government of the Philippines GOS – Government of Sudan GoSL – Government of Sri Lanka ICG – International Contact Group IGAD – Intergovernmental Agency for Development IGADD – Intergovernmental Agency for Drought and Development INGO – International Non-governmental Organisation IPA – International Peace Academy IR – International Relations 6 JASIG – Joint Agreement on Safety and Immunity Guarantees JVP - Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna LTTE – Liberation Tamil Tigers of Eelam MFA – Ministry of Foreign Affairs MILC – Managing Low-Intensity Intra-state Conflict MILF – Moro Islamic Liberation Front MNLF – Moro National Liberation Front NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NCA – Norwegian Church Aid NCCP - National Council of Churches in the Philippines NDA – National Democratic Army NDFP – National Democratic Front of the Philippines NEPP – Norwegian Ecumenical Peace Platform NGO – Non-governmental Organisation NORAD – Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NOK – Norwegian Krone NPA – New People’s Army OECD – Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OLS – Ordinary Least Squares PCEC - Philippine Conference of Evangelical Churches PEPP – Philippine Ecumenical Peace Platform PHP – Philippine Peso PKK – Kurdish Worker’s Party PKP – Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas PLO – Palestinian Liberation Organisation PLOTE - People’s Liberation Organisation of the Tamil Eelam PNOC – Philippine National Oil Company PRIO – Peace Research Institute Oslo PSD – Private Sector Development RAM – Rational Actor Model RPA – Revolutionary Proletarian Army RPMP - Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa-Pilipinas SLMM – Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission SPLM/A – Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army 7 TIPH - Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron TULF – Tamil United Liberation Front UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program UN – United Nations 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Despite its great distance from those parts of the world in which the deadliest conflicts are played out, Norway is frequently hailed as one of the key players in non-military conflict resolution in the world. This study seeks to establish why Norway frequently fulfils the role of third party mediator, given that many of the country’s peace efforts have been unsuccessful. The Norwegian led peace process in Sri Lanka was ultimately abandoned in favour of a military solution and while the Oslo Accords were groundbreaking at the time of signing, we are still very far from seeing a peaceful resolution to the Israel/Palestine conflict. Norway’s efforts to foster peace between Ethiopia and Eritrea caused much resentment and as yet there are no signs of a permanent resolution to the conflict between the Government of Colombia and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (FARC). Norway has of course had some successes - its reputation is not based upon conjecture alone. Norwegian representatives succeeded in bringing peace to Guatemala in 1996 and to Mali in the same year. Moreover, they played an active role in the South Sudan peace process, which culminated in the recent referendum on South Sudan’s independence. Following the end of the conflict in Sri Lanka, there have been a growing number of assessments of Norwegian peace efforts, although the majority have focused on the Sri Lanka case alone. The end of the Sri Lanka conflict has also seen a shift away from analyses, which are limited to lauding the country for its humanitarian efforts, without ever really addressing the question of what motivates those living in one of the most peaceful regions of the world to become so deeply involved in the troubles of other nations. This study seeks to contribute to this growing literature. However, much of the writing on Norwegian peace engagements remains uncritical. The praise heaped on Norway is undoubtedly warranted in those cases where the country’s representatives have facilitated lasting peace. As highlighted above, however, the number of successes is relatively small. Therefore, the perception that Norway can solve all the world’s conflicts, whether promulgated by Norway itself or whether the product of enthusiastic commentators seeking to offer quick solutions to complex problems, is clearly inaccurate. It is therefore important to go beyond superficial assessments of 9 Norway’s activities in order to fully understand what drives its peace diplomacy. There is a need for a comprehensive analysis of Norway’s “peace diplomacy” in order to further understanding of the motivations behind the country’s choice of foreign policy strategy. There is also a broader need to understand the motivations behind third party mediation efforts. In recent years academics and practitioners alike have called for a move away from the heavy reliance on quantitative
Load more

Recommended publications
  • View Environmental Scan (PDF)
    DIGITAL REACH Environmental Scan February 2020 Prepared for Prepared by Digital Partner Organizations Nordicity and Lord Cultural Resources Copyright 2017 © NGL Nordicity Group Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Table of Contents 1. Project Overview 2. The Digital Landscape 3. Content Big Review 4. Content Small Review 5. Immersive Experiences 6. Conclusion 2 Copyright 2017 © NGL Nordicity Group Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Purpose of this Document ▪ Digital Reach aims to explore ways that arts organizations can use their content to connect with existing and new audiences. ▪ This document summarizes the research conducted by Nordicity and Lord Cultural Resources for Phase One of the project. ▪ This research aims to provide Digital Reach partners with an overview of: ▪ Network broadcasters and production companies with experience in bringing live performance and exhibitions to the screen ▪ Emerging OTT platforms for streaming arts content ▪ Arts organizations that have used their content for audience engagement in interesting and successful ways ▪ Digital usage trends and audience engagement with the arts online ▪ This research has been funded by Fund, with additional support for the City of Toronto. 3 Copyright 2017 © NGL Nordicity Group Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Project Overview Project Overview | Project Partners Consulting Partners Steering Committee Lead Organization Participating Organizations Funders 5 Copyright 2017 © NGL Nordicity Group Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Project Overview | Project By Phase Phase One: Phase Two: Pilot Phase Three: Exploration Projects Implementation and Sharing One-on-one OCADU facilitated Evaluation of pilot meetings with review and projects organizations** selection session Longer term Environmental Identification, implementation Scan** selection and planning Infrastructure refinement of pilot Formalized sharing whitepaper* projects of learnings Informational Launch pilot sessions and projects workshops* * in-progress ** completed 6 Copyright 2017 © NGL Nordicity Group Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Stage Presents the Winner of the 2017 Tony Award for Best Play
    NORTHERN STAGE PRESENTS THE WINNER OF THE 2017 TONY AWARD FOR BEST PLAY ABOUT THE PLAYWRIGHT J.T. Rogers is a multiple award-winning, internationally recognized American playwright who lives in New York. His plays include Oslo, Blood and Gifts, The ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Overwhelming, White People, and Madagascar. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ In May 2017, Rogers won the Lucille Lortel Award for Best Play, the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Broadway Play, and the 2017 Drama League Award for Outstanding Production of a Play, all for Oslo. Oslo was nominated for ​ ​ seven 2017 Tony Awards, including Best Play, as well as two 2017 Drama Desk Awards, including Outstanding Play. It ultimately won the Tony Award for Best Play and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Play. In 2017, Oslo also won the ​ Obie Award for Best New American Theatre Work. “As a playwright, I look to tell stories that are framed against great political rupture. I am obsessed with putting characters onstage who struggle with, and against, cascading world events — and who are changed forever through that struggle. While journalism sharpens our minds, the theater can expand our sense of what it means to be human. It is where we can come together in a communal space to hear ideas that grip us, surprise us — even infuriate us — as we learn of things we didn’t know. For me, that is a deeply, thrillingly, political act.” TERMS TO KNOW ● PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization. The PLO represents the world’s Palestinians (Arabs who lived in Palestine before the 1948 establishment of the State of Israel).
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Impact Study: Nunavut Arts and Crafts Final Report
    Economic Impact Study: Nunavut Arts and Crafts Final Report June 2010 Submitted to: Government of Nunavut – Department of Economic Development & Transportation Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 1. Introduction 12 1.1 Background 12 1.2 Scope and mandate 14 1.3 Methodology 15 2. Economic Impact Analysis 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Direct economic impact 17 2.3 Indirect economic impact 18 2.4 Induced economic impact 19 2.5 Summary of economic impact 20 2.6 Government revenues 21 3. Sector Profile 21 3.1 Value chain 22 3.1.1 Formal economy 22 3.1.2 Cottage industry 22 3.1.3 Summary of formal economy and cottage industry 22 3.2 Sub-sectors 23 3.2.1 Artist activity lines 23 3.2.2 Consumer preferences 24 3.2.3 Sub-sector summary 24 4. Employment 26 4.1 Artists 26 4.1.1 Defining ‘artists’ 26 4.1.2 Artist count 26 4.1.3 Artist profiles 28 4.2 Supporting employment 30 4.3 Social impacts 30 5. Markets 31 5.1 In-territory consumer market (direct-from-artist and retail purchasing) 31 5.1.1 Consumer profiles 31 5.1.2 Stakeholder consultation results 32 5.1.3 Survey of GN employees 33 5.1.4 Gross-up of survey results 35 Nunavut Arts and Crafts Sector Economic Impact Study 2 of 81 5.1.5 Gross-up of exit study results 36 5.1.6 Total resident and visitor consumer market 37 5.2 Nunavut retail 37 5.2.1 Summary of Nunavut retail 38 5.3 Wholesale distribution 39 5.3.1 Summary of wholesale distribution 39 5.4 Southern (Canada outside of Nunavut) retail and international sales 40 5.4.1 Summary of southern retail and international sales 42 5.5 Market growth 42 5.5.1 Summary of market growth 44 6.
    [Show full text]
  • GRF 30-Gracinew.Indd
    Development Theory and the Canadian North James C. Saku Frostburg State University The Canadian North is home to a large proportion of Aboriginal Canadians. As a peripheral region, the Canadian North faces numerous development problems. Because of the enormity and complexity of these problems, the region has attracted researchers from different disciplines. In the mid-1970s, Orvik (1975) suggested the adoption of a universal theory in guiding research in the region. He argued that adopting a common theory would foster consistency in explaining develop- ment problems in the region. Contrary to Orvik’s suggestion, the Canadian North has been studied within the framework of several theories. The factors accounting for the use of a plurality of theories include the changing geopolitical environment of the region. This paper examines a selected number of theories that have been used to explain development issues in the Canadian North. Specifically, the de- velopment-underdevelopment, core-periphery, dependency, dualism, and bottom- up theories are examined. The potentials and short-comings of these theories in explaining the development of the region are explored. Key words: Canadian North, Development Theories, Dependency, Bottom-up. The Canadian North represents one of several resource hinterlands in the world. In view of this, the region is confronted with several development problems. According to McCann (1987) a resource hinterland is characterized by dependence on primary resource production, a highly dispersed population, weakly integrated urban system, limited capacity for innovation, and a restricted political power. To examine these problems, Orvik (1976) more than three decades ago suggested the adoption of a general theory in the study of northern Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Homelands, Northern Frontier
    Northern Homelands, Northern Frontier: Linking Culture and Economic Security in Contemporary Livelihoods in Boreal and Cold Temperate Forest Communities in Northern Canada Andrew J. Chapeskie1 Abstract.—This paper highlights the environmental pressures that have historically been brought to bear on the northern forests of Canada. It then presents the idea of the northern frontier forests of Canada as Indigenous landscapes whose ecological diversity and abundance have historically been nurtured in no small measure by their original inhabitants. It then proposes how contemporary com- munity-based resource management institutions might embody customary Indigenous resource stewardsip practice to provide a contemporary foundation for a northern sustainable forest economy supporting local Community Economic Development (CED) initiatives that benefit all Canadians. INTRODUCTION This is now changing. Contemporary trends in environmental awareness coupled with im- Canada is often said to be an expression of mense changes in the resource-based economy “northern-ness.” Some say that the historical of northern Canada, not least of these being a aproach of the country to reconciling diverse rapid expansion of the rate of industrial extrac- regional interests through decentralist and tion of timber resources, are now leading many pluralist institutions is how its ‘nordicity’ is Canadians to debate the future of their forest embodied. For many Canadians the “northern- landscapes. “Remote” and “wild” northern ness” of the country is a truism that is some- forests in Canada are no longer so remote and times said to be too obvious to be worth repeat- wild. Which of the forest landscapes of the ing. However, the extent to which the expansive country should be protected in their natural northern cold temperate and boreal forests that state? Which should be developed for forestry? blanket much of Canada remain integral to the These are the dominant questions driving the cultural identity of the country cannot be debate over the future of northern Canadian underestimated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of COVID-19 on Canadian Independent Music 1 of 68
    The Impact of COVID-19 on Canadian Independent Music Dec. 7, 2020 Authored by Prepared for This page left intentionally blank Contents Executive Summary 2 Mandate and Methodology 2 Pre-COVID-19 Environment 2 Impact of COVID-19 - Overall 3 Looking Ahead: Potential Recovery Futures 4 Conclusion 7 1. Introduction 8 1.1 Mandate 8 1.2 Methodology 8 1.1 About the Music Industry 9 2. The Lead-in: The Music Industry Before COVID-19 11 2.1 The Global Music Industry 11 2.2 Canada’s Independent Music Industry 16 2.3 Industry Challenges 32 3. The Drop: The Impact of COVID-19 37 3.1 Overall Impact 37 3.2 The Economics of Music in a COVID World 38 3.3 The Effects of COVID-19 44 4. The Reprise: Canadian Independent Music After COVID-19 50 4.1 Looking Ahead: Potential Futures 50 4.2 Issues to Watch 62 Appendix - Economic Modeling and Forecasting 65 The Impact of COVID-19 on Canadian Independent Music 1 of 68 Executive Summary Mandate and Methodology The Canadian Independent Music Association (CIMA) commissioned Nordicity to assess the impact of COVID-19 on Canada’s independent music industry – defined as primarily the music business of the independent sector in Canada. Nordicity assessed the pre-COVID-19 trends, the COVID-19 impact, and the impact of alternative COVID-19 recovery scenarios. The methodology consisted of data and documentation research, industry consultation, scenario planning, and economic modelling. Some 24 interviews and three national workshops were undertaken. Because of the dynamic nature of the music and pandemic environment, the need for a speedy report, and general survey fatigue, no primary data research was part of the plan.
    [Show full text]
  • “The True North Strong and Choked with Ice”? History, Nordicity and Environmental Change in Canada
    G RAEME W YNN “The True North Strong and Choked with Ice”? History, Nordicity and Environmental Change in Canada _____________________ Zusammenfassung Die Überschrift verbindet Worte eines Dichters, Al Purdy, mit denen eines Wissen- schaftlers, Louis-Edmond Hamelin. Die Kanadier haben sich immer auf sehr unterschied- liche Weise mit dem allernördlichsten Teil ihres Landes auseinandergesetzt. Ob als gefro- renes Bollwerk, als Grenzgebiet, als Lebensraum oder Heimat, als strategischer Raum oder Laboratorium – der Norden hat die Kanadier immer beschäftigt und ihre Erfin- dungskraft herausgefordert. Besonders in den letzten fünf Jahrzehnten haben sich im Norden tiefe Veränderungen vollzogen. Das Land, das Purdy treffend, wenn auch unge- nau als „nördlich vom Sommer“ verortete und das Hamelin durch sorgfältige Berech- nungen zu definieren unternahm, steht heute wegen des Klimawandels im Zentrum besorgter Aufmerksamkeit. Die Bewohner des Nordens erleben eine deutliche Verände- rung ihres Lebensraums, und zwar mit negativem Vorzeichen. Das ist wohl nicht zu leugnen; indes muss man erkennen, dass Umweltveränderungen eine lange und kom- plexe Geschichte haben und dass die Einschätzung ihrer Ursachen und Folgen bis zu einem gewissen Grad unvermeidlich subjektiv ist. Résumé Le titre reprend et combine les mots d'un poète, Al Purdy, et ceux d'un scientifique, Louis-Edmond Hamelin. Depuis toujours, les Canadiens se sont intéressés de différentes façons au point le plus septentrional de leur pays. Que ce soit comme bastion de glace, comme territoire frontalier, comme habitat ou comme patrie, comme espace stratégi- que ou comme laboratoire, le Nord a toujours fasciné les Canadiens et encouragé leur inventivité. Or, au cours des cinq dernières décennies, le Nord a été le théâtre de graves transformations.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge for a Sustainable Arctic 3Rd Arctic Science Ministerial Report
    KNOWLEDGE FOR A SUSTAINABLE ARCTIC 3RD ARCTIC SCIENCE MINISTERIAL REPORT 08–09 May 2021 | Tokyo, Japan 1 Photo Credits: Nathaniel Wilder (p. 2, 39, 44, 150, 153, 155), Dimitris Kiriakakis (p. 4), Jason Briner (p. 5), Jon Flobrant (p. 8, 144), Maria Vojtovicova (p. 11, 20, 160), Emma Waleij (p. 13), Joao Monteiro (p. 15), Annie Spratt (p. 17-18, 22, 36, 126, 128, 140), Hans Jurgen Mager (p. 24), Einar H Reynis (p. 26), Nikola Johnny Mirkovic (p. 28), Melanie Karrer (p. 32), Filip Gielda (p. 35), Kristina Delp (p. 41), Sebastian Bjune (p. 42), Mattias Helge (p. 43), Hari Nandakumar (p. 47), Ylona Maria Rybka (p. 125), Kristaps Grundsteins (p. 131), Torbjorn Sandbakk (p. 132), Vidar Nordli Mathisen (p. 134), Tobias Tullius (p. 136), Sami Takarautio (p. 138), Isaac Demeester (p. 146), Hakan Tas (p. 148), John O Nolan (p. 149), Joshua Earle (p. 151), Karl JK Hedin (p. 157), Ryan Kwok (p. 158). Ministry of Education, Science and Culture Sölvhólsgata 4 – 101 Reykjavík Tel.: +354 545 9500 | E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.asm3.org June 2021 Edited By Science Contractor: Jenny Baeseman, Baeseman Consulting & Services LLC ASM3 Science Advisory Board Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, Sports and Technology (Japan) Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Iceland) with contributions from the participating countries, Indigenous and international organizations Printed By Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, Sports and Technology (Japan) Design Photograph on Front Page: Einar H. Reynisson Layout: Einar Guðmundsson © 2021 Ministry of Education Science and Culture ISBN: 978-9935-436-81-8 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 4 Iceland 70 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) 116 1.
    [Show full text]
  • National Inuit Strategy on Research
    National Inuit Strategy on Research www.itk.ca About Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) is the national representational organization for the 65,000 Inuit in Canada, the majority of whom live in Inuit Nunangat, specifically, the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Northwest Territories), Nunavut, Nunavik (Northern Québec), and Nunatsiavut (Northern Labrador). Collectively, these four regions make up Inuit Nunangat, our homeland in Canada. It includes 53 communities and encompasses roughly 35 percent of Canada’s landmass and 50 percent of its coastline. Consistent with its founding purpose, ITK represents the rights and interests of Inuit at the national level through a democratic governance structure that represents all Inuit regions. The comprehensive land claim agreements that have been settled in Inuit Nunangat form a core component of our organization’s mandate. These land claims have the status of protected treaties under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 , and we remain committed to fully implementing them in partnership with the Crown. ITK advocates for policies, programs, and services to address the social, cultural, political, and environmental issues facing our people. ITK is governed by a Board of Directors composed of the following members: Chair and CEO, Inuvialuit Regional Corporation • President, Makivik Corporation • President, Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated • President, Nunatsiavut Government • In addition to voting members, the following non-voting Permanent Participant Representatives also sit on
    [Show full text]
  • Needs Assessment: Arts Administration Skills and Resources in Nunavut's Arts and Culture Sector
    Needs Assessment: Arts Administration Skills and Resources in Nunavut’s Arts and Culture Sector Final Report June 05, 2014 Presented to: Presented by: Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 1. Introduction 19 1.1 Nunavut’s Arts and Culture Sector 19 1.2 Project Mandate 20 1.3 Approach and Methodology 20 2. Cross-Sectoral Arts Administration Skills Needs 26 2.1 Financial Management 26 2.2 Sales and Marketing 28 2.3 Business and Administration 29 2.4 Arts Organizations: Distinct Skills Needs 30 3. Arts Administration Needs by Sub-Sector 32 3.1 Visual Arts and Crafts: Changing External Market and Declining Sales 32 3.2 Film and Digital Media: Further Growth Limited by Resource and Training Gaps 34 3.3 Performing Arts: Emerging but Under-Supported 36 3.4 Writing and Publishing: Small Industry with Potential for Growth 37 3.5 Summary 38 4. Arts Administration Support Services 40 4.1 Current Arts Administration Support Service Landscape 40 4.1.5 Professional Services Firms 43 4.2 Individual Engagement with Support Services 44 4.3 Service Provision Gaps Analysis 46 5. Arts Administration Training in Nunavut 49 5.1 Current Arts Administration Training Landscape 49 5.2 Barriers to Access 52 5.3 Training Success Factors 53 6. Strengthening Arts Administration in Nunavut: Options for Consideration 56 6.1 Augmenting Existing Resources 56 Needs Assessment: Arts Administration Skills and Resources in Nunavut’s Arts and Culture Sector 2 of 83 6.2 Develop New Capacity Building Initiatives 59 6.3 Foster Partnership Opportunities 61 7. Conclusions 63 A Appendix Summary of Survey Results B Appendix Training Inventory Snapshot Needs Assessment: Arts Administration Skills and Resources in Nunavut’s Arts and Culture Sector 3 of 83 Executive Summary Introduction Thousands of Nunavummiut are working in the visual arts and crafts, performing arts (music, theatre, circus and dance), film and media arts, and writing and publishing industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Nordicity 1
    Louis-Edmond Hamelin Translated by William Barr Canadian Nordicity 1 It's Your North1 Too Images of the Several types of documents relate to assorted over-all, or specific im- ages of the North. Among them is the oral literature of the indigenous peoples, with a delightful and enigmatic body of stories and legend^;^ the writings of researchers, non-specialized, but widely disseminated; literature such as newspapers; and finally, results of specific objective tests. In spite of the need for the latter, we should not decry images of the North that have emerged from texts based on more traditional approaches. Indeed, these documents may exercise an enormous influence on the thoughts of the northern inhabitant. Thus, Voltaire, speaking to the French of France, referred to the miserable Canadian settler, squatting "in the snow between the bear and the beaver."? Present-day tests might still reveal a distant echo of that writer's opiniom3 The same thing happened around 1900; those who produced the overly enthusiastic bulletins on the Klondike were largely re- sponsible for the paradoxical image of the gold-fields that became current. A critical and complete survey of all visions of the North would have to consider northern literature in all its forms, and that in itself would result in a major work. I shall touch on only a very small part of that encyclopedic total. Among Whites, the popular imagination has rarely perceived the North as a whole; it has, rather, regarded only particular and very localized northern situations. The current perceptive totality would include a host of little sectoral tableaux relating, for example, to the Northwest Passage, a particular polar expedition, the Inuit, the RCMP, the cold, and to the Klondike.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of North and Winter the Methodological Point of View of "Nordicity" and "Winterity"
    Representations of North and Winter The methodological point of view of "nordicity" and "winterity" Daniel Chartier (Université du Québec à Montréal) The Imaginary of North as Discourse The imaginary of North, in the Western world of the imagination, refers to a series of figures, colours, elements and characteristics conveyed by narratives, novels, poems, films, paintings and advertising which—from the myth of Thule to contemporary representations in popular culture—have forged a rich, complex network of symbolic meanings. The “North” poses the problem of the relationship between geographic realities and the world of the imagination, since those who have written and read about it in Europe and America, have, for the most part, never been there. Representations of “North” are discovered like layers of discourse, laid down by different cultures, and picked up on and shaped by different aesthetic movements. As contemporary analyses produced in Europe, Scandinavia, English Canada and, more recently, Québec have shown, “North” is first and foremost a discursive system, whose components, preferred forms, figures, characters, narrative schemata, colours and resonances can be traced historically. It is variable in nature, depending on the position of the speaker,1 and has common “circumpolar” characteristics, as shown methodologically by Louis-Edmond Hamelin through the fertile concepts of “nordicity” and “winterity.” Ultimately, we should speak of “North” as the “idea of North.”2 Beyond the theme of winter, ice and frost, beyond the descriptions contained in realistic 1 Jean-Marc Moura and Monique Dubar [ed.], Le Nord, latitudes imaginaires, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, Presses de l'Université Charles-de-Gaulle-Lille 3, coll.
    [Show full text]