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By Alfredo R. Kaegi Studentnr.:770809416130 1 | P a g e Sustainable Tourism Development in Tela Bay: A Case Study on Garifuna Resistance and Adaptatio n Sustainable Tourism Development in Tela Bay Honduras: A Case Study on Garífuna Resistance and Adaptation By Alfredo R. Kaegi StudentNr.:770809416130 Wageningen Universiteit and Research Centrum Msc. Thesis Leisure, Tourism and Environment Course Code:SAL-80424 Supervised by: Martijn Duineveld and Rene van der Duim Wageningen, February 2009 2 | P a g e Sustainable Tourism Development in Tela Bay: A Case Study on Garifuna Resistance and Adaptatio n Sustainable Tourism Development in Tela Bay Hondura s : A Case Study on Garífuna Resistance and Adaptatio n By: Alfredo R. Kaegi 3 | P a g e Sustainable Tourism Development in Tela Bay: A Case Study on Garifuna Resistance and Adaptatio n 4 | P a g e Sustainable Tourism Development in Tela Bay: A Case Study on Garifuna Resistance and Adaptatio n Acknowledgments I would like to thank all the people that have graced my life with their presence. I dedicate this, my academic masterpiece to my father, Daniel. In him I have found a teacher, a guide, a friend; but above all an example on tenacity, perseverance, and proof that love conquers all. I love you Dad. Also, I would like to thank my loving family in Honduras: Zoila, Leandro, Jorge, Alma, Clarisa, Mono, Monroy, Ricky Rack, Manu S., Jaime, Tin, Diego, Oscar, Gloria, Junks, Pingo, Fer, Chimpa, Ferni, Willie, Raf Dav, Ramses, Renee, Graff, Floyd, Haroldo Lopez, Heike Hesse, Leonel Lopez, Yara Zuniga, Alvaro Duron, Rene, Eduardo, Raquel, everyone at the Honduras Medical Center’s rehabilitation team as well as the Rehabilitation team in San Felipe Hospital and Carmen. I would also like to thank my family in Wageningen: Thomas, Jean Ca, Ana, Hermes, Maartje, Arie, Sas, Natasa, Harald, Victor Hugo, Florian, Yuchen, Chun Xiao, Tanja, Renske, Mrs. Ria de Vries, Rich, Bas, Julie, Charlotte, Jan, Irena, Alberto, Karin, Maarten. I owe a great deal of gratitude to my supervisors Rene van der Duim and Martijn Duineveld. They have been a guiding hand through this process and were always there to hear my (sometimes) ludicrous ideas. I wish you both the best of luck and hopefully we will meet again in the academic arena or some sunny destination. I would also like to thank Matthew Wilburn for “throwing the ball” once in a while and for being my second reader; my conversations with you yielded interesting observations. Kate, you are an impressive wordsmith, I thank you so much for your input. Last, but definitely not least, I would like to thank the Garífuna who have inspired me to write about their case. Jotana, Andrea, Alfredo, Miriam, Don Julian, Celeo, Satuye, Andy. This is my humble gift to your people, may it serve as a catalyst, a snap shot, or for fuel on some Buyei’s fire. 5 | P a g e Sustainable Tourism Development in Tela Bay: A Case Study on Garifuna Resistance and Adaptatio n In Loving Memory of Andy Palacio, musician, leader, teacher, but first and foremost… A Garífuna. 6 | P a g e Sustainable Tourism Development in Tela Bay: A Case Study on Garifuna Resistance and Adaptatio n List of Abbreviations and Special Terms Abbreviations and Acronyms DTBT: Dirección Técnica de Bahía de Tela FHIS: Fondo Hondureño de Inversión Social FHIT: Fondo Hondureño de Inversión en Turismo HNSTP: Honduran National Sustainable Tourism Program IDB: Inter American Bank of Development IHT: Instituto Hondureño de Turismo SMO’s: Social Movement Organizations NGO’s: Non-Governmental Organization NSM: New Social Movement NSMT’s: New Social Movement Theories ODECO: Organización de Desarrollo Étnico Comunitario OFRANEH: Organización Fraternal Negra de Honduras PROLANSATE: La Fundación para la protección de Lancetilla, Punta Sal y Texiguat RMT: Resource Mobilization Theory SM’s: Social Movements UNESCO: United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF: United Nations Childrens’s Fund WB: World Bank UNDP: United Nations Development Program 7 | P a g e Sustainable Tourism Development in Tela Bay: A Case Study on Garifuna Resistance and Adaptatio n Important Terms Ladino: a westernized Spanish-speaking Latin American; Garífuna/Garinagu: The Collectivity of Garífuna, including their language and culture. Garífuna is sometimes used as a term that refers to culture and language. Garinagu is used mostly to express unitary dimensions of the Garífuna. Black Caribs: Used interchangeably with the term Garífuna; the term was used to create a historical distinction on Chapter 4. RAMSAR: The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance. 8 | P a g e Sustainable Tourism Development in Tela Bay: A Case Study on Garifuna Resistance and Adaptatio n Contents Chapter 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 Justifying the Research ........................................................................................................................... 11 The Genesis of the Garífuna in Honduras ........................................................................................... 11 The Garífuna of Tela Bay and the National Sustainable Tourism Project ............................................... 12 Research Objectives and Questions ........................................................................................................ 15 General research Question and Objectives ........................................................................................ 15 Specific Research Objectives and Questions ...................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................. 18 Methodology and Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................. 18 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Reflexivity and the Present Research. ................................................................................................ 18 Data Collection and Analysis ............................................................................................................... 18 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................................... 19 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 19 NSMs, Collective Action, and the Hidden Transcripts of Resistance .................................................. 20 New Social Movement Theories and Resource Mobilization (NSM´s) ............................................... 22 Resource Mobilization Theory (RM) ................................................................................................... 24 A Macro and Micro Level Approach to Analysis ................................................................................. 27 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 General Characteristics and a Macroeconomic Overview of Honduras in Relation to Sustainable tourism development of Tela Bay, Honduras ......................................................................................... 31 Honduran General Characteristics .......................................................................................................... 31 9 | P a g e Sustainable Tourism Development in Tela Bay: A Case Study on Garifuna Resistance and Adaptatio n Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 31 Geography ........................................................................................................................................... 32 Weather .............................................................................................................................................. 34 Protected Areas, Flora and Fauna ....................................................................................................... 36 Characterization of Population ........................................................................................................... 39 Government, Economy and Industry .................................................................................................. 41 Brief Introduction to the Economic Context of Honduras .................................................................. 42 Honduras and International Development Organizations .................................................................. 45 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 45 The World Bank the Inter-American Development Bank ................................................................... 46 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................
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