Endocrine Pathology
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Contents 1 Tumours of the pituitary gland 11 Spindle epithelial tumour with thymus-like differentiation 123 WHO classifi cation of tumours of the pituitary 12 Intrathyroid thymic carcinoma 125 Introduction 13 Paraganglioma and mesenchymal / stromal tumours 127 Pituitary adenoma 14 Paraganglioma 127 Somatotroph adenoma 19 Peripheral nerve sheath tumours 128 Lactotroph adenoma 24 Benign vascular tumours 129 Thyrotroph adenoma 28 Angiosarcoma 129 Corticotroph adenoma 30 Smooth muscle tumours 132 Gonadotroph adenoma 34 Solitary fi brous tumour 133 Null cell adenoma 37 Haematolymphoid tumours 135 Plurihormonal and double adenomas 39 Langerhans cell histiocytosis 135 Pituitary carcinoma 41 Rosai–Dorfman disease 136 Pituitary blastoma 45 Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma 136 Craniopharyngioma 46 Primary thyroid lymphoma 137 Neuronal and paraneuronal tumours 48 Germ cell tumours 139 Gangliocytoma and mixed gangliocytoma–adenoma 48 Secondary tumours 142 Neurocytoma 49 Paraganglioma 50 3 Tumours of the parathyroid glands 145 Neuroblastoma 51 WHO classifi cation of tumours of the parathyroid glands 146 Tumours of the posterior pituitary 52 TNM staging of tumours of the parathyroid glands 146 Mesenchymal and stromal tumours 55 Parathyroid carcinoma 147 Meningioma 55 Parathyroid adenoma 153 Schwannoma 56 Secondary, mesenchymal and other tumours 159 Chordoma 57 Haemangiopericytoma / Solitary fi brous tumour 58 4 Tumours of the adrenal cortex 161 Haematolymphoid tumours 60 WHO classifi cation of tumours of the adrenal cortex 162 Germ cell tumours 61 TNM classifi -
CANINE INSULINOMA: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, & STAGING Eliza Reiss Grant, DVM, and Kristine E
Peer Reviewed PRACTICAL ONCOLOGY CANINE INSULINOMA: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, & STAGING Eliza Reiss Grant, DVM, and Kristine E. Burgess, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Oncology) Tufts University An insulinoma is a malignant pancreatic tumor that DIAGNOSIS inappropriately secretes excessive insulin, resulting in Aside from a histologic confirmation of insulinoma, profound hypoglycemia.1 no currently available diagnostic test provides a de- Pancreatic tumors are classified as: finitive diagnosis of insulinoma. Existing techniques • Exocrine, which includes adenocarcinomas of may help increase suspicion for an insulin-secreting ductular or acinar origin tumor but, with most diagnostic testing, it is im- • Endocrine, which arise from the islets of perative to interpret all results in the context of the Langerhans. coexisting clinical signs. Insulinomas are functional neuroendocrine tumors that originate in the beta cells of the islets Differential Diagnosis of Langerhans.1 A complete work-up, including careful patient history, physical examination, bloodwork, and PRESENTATION diagnostic imaging tests, should be performed to Signalment rule out other causes of hypoglycemia, such as Any breed of dog can be affected, but large sepsis, hepatic failure, adrenal cortical insufficiency, breeds tend to be overrepresented.1 While, in toxin ingestion, and other forms of neoplasia. humans, insulinomas affect females far more frequently than males, there is no apparent sex Laboratory Tests predilection in dogs.1-3 Dogs also commonly Blood Glucose present with a malignant variant, while humans A simple fasting blood glucose level of less than often have a benign adenoma (80%).1 Insulino- 40 mg/dL can suggest hyperinsulinemia, although ma is rare in cats.4 careful monitoring of a fasted dog with suspected insulinoma is strongly recommended due to high Clinical Signs risk for seizure activity. -
Thyroid Follicular Adenoma: Benign Or Malignant?
Volume 4 Number 3 Medical Journal of the ['ayiz1369 Islamic Repuhlit of Imn Rabiolawwal141 I F:llll990 THYROID FOLLICULAR ADENOMA: BENIGN OR MALIGNANT? HOSSEIN GHARIB, M.D. From fhe Division of Endocrillology and !lIlernal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo FOll1uiafion, Rochester, MillllCSOla, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Four patients are described in whom a follicular carcinoma developed following thyroidectomy for a benign follicular neoplasm. It is possible that the initial thyroid neoplasm was a well- differentiated follicular carcinoma which was microscopically indistinguishable from a benign adenoma. Realizing this pathologic pitfall in thyroid diagnosis, the need for meticulous examination of the pathologic specimen is emphasized. Long- term postop erative reassessment is recommended. MIIRI, Vol. 4, No.3, 173-176, 1990 INTRODUCTION CASE REPORTS Follicular adenoma is the most common type of Case I cellular thyroid adenomas. 1 There is considerable de A 49-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of bate whether follicular adenoma of the thyroid, a metastatic thyroid carcinoma. She was in good health benign neoplasm, is a precancerous lesion which occa until six months earlier when she complained of ins om- sionally may be mistaken for a carcinoma2.30n the nia and nervousness. Two months before admission a other hand, several published reports indicate that a routine chest x-ray revealed metastatic nodules in both follicular adenoma which appears benign by conven lungs. Extensive laboratory tests and radiographic tional histologic criteria, may demonstrate malignant studies were negative. A diagnostic left thoracotomy behavior."·() showed ,dow grade thyroid cancep. and she was refer This report describes four patients whose thyroid red for further examination. -
Endocrine Pathology (537-577)
LABORATORY INVESTIGATION THE BASIC AND TRANSLATIONAL PATHOLOGY RESEARCH JOURNAL LI VOLUME 99 | SUPPLEMENT 1 | MARCH 2019 2019 ABSTRACTS ENDOCRINE PATHOLOGY (537-577) MARCH 16-21, 2019 PLATF OR M & 2 01 9 ABSTRACTS P OSTER PRESENTATI ONS EDUCATI ON C O M MITTEE Jason L. Hornick , C h air Ja mes R. Cook R h o n d a K. Y a nti s s, Chair, Abstract Revie w Board S ar a h M. Dr y and Assign ment Co m mittee Willi a m C. F a q ui n Laura W. La mps , Chair, C ME Subco m mittee C ar ol F. F ar v er St e v e n D. Billi n g s , Interactive Microscopy Subco m mittee Y uri F e d ori w Shree G. Shar ma , Infor matics Subco m mittee Meera R. Ha meed R aj a R. S e et h al a , Short Course Coordinator Mi c h ell e S. Hir s c h Il a n W ei nr e b , Subco m mittee for Unique Live Course Offerings Laksh mi Priya Kunju D a vi d B. K a mi n s k y ( Ex- Of ici o) A n n a M ari e M ulli g a n Aleodor ( Doru) Andea Ri s h P ai Zubair Baloch Vi nita Parkas h Olca Bast urk A nil P ar w a ni Gregory R. Bean , Pat h ol o gist-i n- Trai ni n g D e e p a P atil D a ni el J. -
Comprehensive Assessment of TERT Mrna Expression Across a Large Cohort of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Tumours
cancers Article Comprehensive Assessment of TERT mRNA Expression across a Large Cohort of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Tumours Ana Pestana 1,2,3, Rui Batista 1,2,3, Ricardo Celestino 1,2,3,4 , Sule Canberk 1,2,5, Manuel Sobrinho-Simões 1,2,3,6 and Paula Soares 1,2,3,7,* 1 Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (M.S.-S.) 2 i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal 3 Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal 4 School of Allied Health Technologies, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal 5 Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal 6 Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João, 4200-139 Porto, Portugal 7 Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, 4200-139 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-220-408-800 Received: 10 June 2020; Accepted: 6 July 2020; Published: 9 July 2020 Abstract: The presence of TERT promoter (TERTp) mutations in thyroid cancer have been associated with worse prognosis features, whereas the extent and meaning of the expression and activation of TERT in thyroid tumours is still largely unknown. We analysed frozen samples from a series of benign and malignant thyroid tumours, displaying non-aggressive features and low mutational burden in order to evaluate the presence of TERTp mutations and TERT mRNA expression in these settings. -
Endocrine Surgery Goals and Objectives
Lenox Hill Hospital Department of Surgery Endocrine Surgery Goals and Objectives Medical Knowledge and Patient Care: Residents must demonstrate knowledge and application of the pathophysiology and epidemiology of the diseases listed below for this rotation, with the pertinent clinical and laboratory findings, differential diagnosis and therapeutic options including preventive measures, and procedural knowledge. They must show that they are able to gather accurate and relevant information using medical interviewing, physical examination, appropriate diagnostic workup, and use of information technology. They must be able to synthesize and apply information in the clinical setting to make informed recommendations about preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic options, based on clinical judgement, scientific evidence, and patient preferences. They should be able to prescribe, perform, and interpret surgical procedures listed below for this rotation. All Residents are expected to understand: 1. Normal physiology and anatomy of the thyroid glands. 2. Normal physiology and anatomy of the parathyroid glands. 3. Normal physiology and anatomy of the adrenal glands 4. Normal physiology of the pancreatic neuroendocrine cells. 5. Normal physiology of the pituitary gland. Disease-Based Learning Objectives: Hyperfunctioning Thyroid and Hypothyroid State: 1. Physiology of Grave’s disease and toxic goiter. 2. Management of a patient in hyperthyroid storm. 3. Medical and surgical treatment options for hyperthyroidism. 4. Physiology of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and hypothyroidism. Thyroid Neoplasm: 1. Workup of a cold thyroid nodule. 2. Surgical management of papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. 3. Adjuvant therapy for thyroid neoplasms. 4. Postoperative medical management and long-term follow-up of thyroid cancer. Hyperparathyroidism: 1. Diagnosis and work-up of hypercalcemia and primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. -
Genetic Landscape of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Nuclear Architecture: an Overview Comparing Pediatric and Adult Populations
cancers Review Genetic Landscape of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Nuclear Architecture: An Overview Comparing Pediatric and Adult Populations 1, 2, 2 3 Aline Rangel-Pozzo y, Luiza Sisdelli y, Maria Isabel V. Cordioli , Fernanda Vaisman , Paola Caria 4,*, Sabine Mai 1,* and Janete M. Cerutti 2 1 Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; [email protected] 2 Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/EPM, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (M.I.V.C.); [email protected] (J.M.C.) 3 Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-000, Brazil; [email protected] 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (S.M.); Tel.: +1-204-787-2135 (S.M.) These authors contributed equally to this paper. y Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 26 October 2020; Published: 27 October 2020 Simple Summary: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) represents 80–90% of all differentiated thyroid carcinomas. PTC has a high rate of gene fusions and mutations, which can influence clinical and biological behavior in both children and adults. In this review, we focus on the comparison between pediatric and adult PTC, highlighting genetic alterations, telomere-related genomic instability and changes in nuclear organization as novel biomarkers for thyroid cancers. Abstract: Thyroid cancer is a rare malignancy in the pediatric population that is highly associated with disease aggressiveness and advanced disease stages when compared to adult population. -
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas (Including Insulinoma, Gastrinoma, Glucogacoma, Vipoma, Somatostatinoma)
Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas (including insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucogacoma, VIPoma, somatostatinoma) Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors (pancreatic NETs or pNETs) account for about 3% of all primary pancreatic tumors. They develop in neuroendocrine cells called islet cells. Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas may be nonfunctional (not producing hormones) or functional (producing hormones). Most pNETs do not produce hormones and, as a result, these tumors are diagnosed incidentally or after their growth causes symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice or liver metastasis. pNETs that produce hormones are named according to the type of hormone they produce and / or clinical manifestation: Insulinoma - An endocrine tumor originating from pancreatic beta cells that secrete insulin. Increased insulin levels in the blood cause low glucose levels in blood (hypoglycemia) with symptoms that may include sweating, palpitations, tremor, paleness, and later unconsciousness if treatment is delayed. These are usually benign and tend to be small and difficult to localize. Gastrinoma - a tumor that secretes a hormone called gastrin, which causes excess of acid secretion in the stomach. As a result, severe ulcerative disease and diarrhea may develop. Most gastrinomas develop in parts of the digestive tract that includes the duodenum and the pancreas, called "gastrinoma triangle". These tumors have the potential to be malignant. Glucagonoma is a rare tumor that secretes the hormone glucagon, which may cause a typical skin rash called migratory necrolytic erythema, elevated glucose levels, weight loss, diarrhea and thrombotic events. VIPoma - a tumor that secretes Vasoactive peptide (VIP) hormone causing severe diarrhea. The diagnosis is made by finding a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with elevated VIP hormone in the blood and typical clinical symptoms. -
Validation of Algorithms to Identify Pancreatic Cancer and Thyroid Neoplasms from Health Insurance Claims Data in a 10-Year Foll
Validation of Algorithms to Identify Pancreatic Cancer and Thyroid Neoplasms From Health Insurance Claims Data in a 10-Year Follow-Up Study Caihua Liang, MD, PhD1*; Monica L Bertoia, MPH, PhD1; C Robin Clifford, MS1; Yan Ding, MSc1; Qing Qiao, MD, PhD2; Joshua J Gagne, PharmD, ScD1,3; David D Dore, PharmD, PhD1 1Optum Epidemiology, Boston, MA/Ann Arbor, MI, USA; 2Global Medical Affair AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; 3Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. *Corresponding author: [email protected]. This study was funded through a research contract between Optum Epidemiology and AstraZeneca. Background Methods (cont.) Identification of cancer events in health insurance claims data can be Figure 1. Pancreatic cancer and thyroid neoplasm relaxed and restricted challenging and subject to misclassification. Given the low incidence of algorithms certain cancers, robust performance evaluation requires a large sample size PANCREATIC CANCER THYROID NEOPLASMS with long-term follow-up. ICD-9 Codes ICD-9 Codes (Malignant neoplasm of …) 193 Malignant neoplasm of thyroid gland 157.X … pancreas 226 Benign neoplasm of thyroid gland Objective 157.0 … head of pancreas 157.1 … body of pancreas Thyroid Cancer Benign Thyroid Neoplasm To validate algorithms for potential incident pancreatic cancer and thyroid 157.2 … tail of pancreas neoplasms in a 10-year follow-up study using a health insurance claims 157.3 … pancreatic duct Restricted Algorithm: Restricted Algorithm: 157.4 … islets of Langerhans a+b+c a+b+c database. 157.8 … other specified sites of Relaxed Algorithm: Relaxed Algorithm: pancreas a+b or a+c a+b or a+c 157.9 … pancreas, part unspecified Data Source a. -
Liver, Gallbladder, Bile Ducts, Pancreas
Liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas Coding issues Otto Visser May 2021 Anatomy Liver, gallbladder and the proximal bile ducts Incidence of liver cancer in Europe in 2018 males females Relative survival of liver cancer (2000 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 0% 5% Bulgaria Latvia Estonia Czechia Slovakia Malta Denmark Croatia Lithuania N Ireland Slovenia Wales Poland England Norway Scotland Sweden Netherlands Finland Iceland Ireland Austria Portugal EUROPE - Germany 2007) Spain Switzerland France Belgium Italy five year one year Liver: topography • C22.1 = intrahepatic bile ducts • C22.0 = liver, NOS Liver: morphology • Hepatocellular carcinoma=HCC (8170; C22.0) • Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma=ICC (8160; C22.1) • Mixed HCC/ICC (8180; TNM: C22.1; ICD-O: C22.0) • Hepatoblastoma (8970; C22.0) • Malignant rhabdoid tumour (8963; (C22.0) • Sarcoma (C22.0) • Angiosarcoma (9120) • Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (9133) • Embryonal sarcoma (8991)/rhabdomyosarcoma (8900-8920) Morphology*: distribution by sex (NL 2011-17) other other ICC 2% 3% 28% ICC 56% HCC 41% HCC 70% males females * Only pathologically confirmed cases Liver cancer: primary or metastatic? Be aware that other and unspecified morphologies are likely to be metastatic, unless there is evidence of the contrary. For example, primary neuro-endocrine tumours (including small cell carcinoma) of the liver are extremely rare. So, when you have a diagnosis of a carcinoid or small cell carcinoma in the liver, this is probably a metastatic tumour. Anatomy of the bile ducts Gallbladder -
A New Theranostic Paradigm for Advanced Thyroid Cancer
INVITED PERSPECTIVES A New Theranostic Paradigm for Advanced Thyroid Cancer David A. Pattison1,2, Benjamin Solomon3,4, and Rodney J. Hicks1,4 1Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 2Endocrinology Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 3Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and 4Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Differentiation status and metabolic reprogramming are increas- The successful use of 131I as a systemic treatment of a patient ingly being recognized as determinants of imaging phenotype. In with metastatic thyroid cancer was first reported in 1948 (1). This contrast to well-differentiated tumors, which are reliant on mitochon- agent has subsequently become firmly established as part of the treat- drial oxidative phosphorylation to generate the energy needed for ment of high-risk thyroid cancer and especially for metastatic dis- cellular processes, poorly differentiated cancer cells depend on the ease. There has been an evolution in the quality of assessment of the inefficient mechanism of aerobic glycolysis—the Warburg effect. distribution of radioactive iodine (RAI) within the body, progressing Notably, Hurthle cell (or oncocytic) tumors, both benign and malig- 18 from Geiger–Muller¨ counting to imaging, first with the rectilinear nant, are generally characterized by intense F-FDG avidity represent- scanning and then with the g-camera. The physical characteristics ing inherent constitutive activation of glycolytic pathways (6). Loss of 123I as a diagnostic tracer compared with 131I further improved of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I has been shown to imaging by facilitating higher quality SPECT and SPECT/CT. -
Significance of RAS Mutations in Thyroid Benign Nodules and Non
cancers Review Significance of RAS Mutations in Thyroid Benign Nodules and Non-Medullary Thyroid Cancer Vincenzo Marotta 1 , Maurizio Bifulco 2 and Mario Vitale 3,* 1 UOC Clinica Endocrinologica e Diabetologica, AOU S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-089-672-753 Simple Summary: Only about 4% of thyroid nodules are carcinomas and require surgery. Fine- needle aspiration cytology is the most accurate tool to distinguish benign from malignant thyroid nodules, however it yields an indeterminate result in about 30% of the cases, posing diagnostic and prognostic dilemmas. Testing for genetic mutations, including those of RAS, has been proposed for indeterminate cytology to solve these dilemmas and support the clinician decision making process. A passionate debate is ongoing on the biological and clinical significance of RAS mutations, calling into question the utility of RAS as tumor marker. Recently, the description of a new entity of non- invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm and the accurate review of more recent analyses demonstrate that RAS mutations have limited utility in both the diagnostic and prognostic setting of thyroid nodular disease. Citation: Marotta, V.; Bifulco, M.; Abstract: Thyroid nodules are detected in up to 60% of people by ultrasound examination. Most Vitale, M. Significance of RAS of them are benign nodules requiring only follow up, while about 4% are carcinomas and require Mutations in Thyroid Benign surgery.