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Wildlife Population, Structure and Reproduction Based on Hunters' Returns to a Bush Meat Market in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Niger

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Wildlife Population, Structure and Reproduction Based on Hunters' Returns to a Bush Meat Market in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Niger 541 Advances in Forestry Science Original Article Wildlife population, structure and reproduction based on hunters’ returns to a bush meat market in Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria Muideen Alade Yisau¹*Israel Oluyinka Oloyede Osunsina¹*Samuel Akinyele Onadeko¹ ¹ Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, College of Environmental Resources Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. *Author for correspondence: [email protected] Received: November 2018 / Accepted: March 2019 / Published: March 2019 Abstract common scenario in Africa (Onadeko et al. 2001). In many Assessment of the population structure and reproductive countries in Africa; West Africa (Brashares et al. 2014, status based on hunters’ returns to bush meat market were Waite, 2007), Central Africa (Fa &Yuste, 2001, Rist et al. carried out in Ogun state, Nigeria. Information on animal 2008), East Africa (Kiringe et al. 2017;Lwanga 2006; species was collected before they are dissected or processed; Olupot et al. 2009; Loibooki et al. 2002; Thirgood et al. names of species, age class, sex, weight and sources. After 2007) wildlife remain the chief traditional source of protein. dissection, its reproductive status viz number of foetus and The bush meat trade is perceived as a major threat to stages of development were observed. The data collected wild animal population in the tropics. There is little covered a period of three months. The result from the study information in the literature about the organization of the showed that nine hundred and eighty-nine animals were trade, thus hindering the development of effective returned by hunters to the market within the period. The conservation policy (Guy et al. 2004). highest hunters’ returns occurred at week four while the Although bush meat trade is socio-economically highest returns were also during the first four weeks. important, many authors such as Ape Alliance 1998; de Canerat (Thryonomys swinderianus) and Maxwell duiker Merode et al. 2003; Fa et al. 2003; Okiwelu et al. 2009 have (Cephalophus maxwelli) were animals with the highest decried the unsustainable and illegal hunting and harvesting frequency returned. The result shows that 342 fetuses were of bush meat for commercial purposes as a serious threat to recorded from all the species. The highest of fetuses was the populations of these wild animals, including trade in from Cane rat and Maxwell duiker. Seven orders of them. mammals were discovered in the population and rodentia Hunting for bush meat is principally a means of had the highest percentage followed by artiodactyla. In generating economic income although it is also used in terms of sex structure of the wild animal returned, female household consumption (Loibooki et al. 2012). The had the highest population (558) than male which has 431 increasing demands on bush meat for income, vitality and animals. Also, for the age class structure, the adult had the cultural needs have therefore made bush meat trade a strong highest frequency and percent than the sub-adult and emerging economic and livelihood activity for both local juvenile. The patterns of returns by hunters from various and urban people. sources showed that the highest animal return was from Tibo Although in time past, hunting bush meat was primarily (157) and the least from Oba (8). The highest mean weight for household consumption as a source of protein, there is a of animals returned was 19.0±0.00kg and the least mean paradigm shift from subsistence to commercial hunting for weight of animal was 0.46±0.22kg. It is therefore, income nowadays (Ape Alliance, 1998; Fa et al. 2002; de recommended that wildlife resources should be treated as an Merode et al. 2004; Okiwelu et al. 2009). Cultural and asset to be conserved, managed and given emphasis in land social requirements affect consumption of bush meat management for the benefit of all humanity. Vigorous (Kaltenborn et al. 2005) and people who have access to efforts towards checking indiscriminate hunting of animals alternative incomes are less likely to hunt (Loibooki et al. of all sexes and reproductive conditions must be pursued. 2012; Johannesen, 2005). Keywords:Wildlife population, Wildlife structure, Unsustainable hunting has effects on ecosystem Reproduction, Bush meat market. dynamics and therefore threatens the future of targeted species as well as the entire ecosystem (Apaza et al. 2002). Introduction This study was therefore carried out to assess the structure It is on record that bush meat extraction in Africa is and reproduction based on hunters’ returns, determine the exceptionally high and West Africa in particular is noted for species of animal harvested and the number foetus found in severe hunting of game animals, leading to extinctions of the carcasses. some animal species (Oates et al. 2001; Brashares et al. 2001). Studies has shown that illegal hunting occurs mostly Material and Methods in the dry season (Holmern et al. 2007; Nyahongo et al. Study Area 2009); and people hunt with dogs and snares trap The study was conducted in Ogun-State which lies (Holmernet al. 2006). This is because bush meat is within the tropics and covers an area of 16,409.26 km2. It is substantially cheaper than domestic meat (Ndibalema and bounded in the West by the Republic of Benin, in the South Songorwa 2007). by LagosState and the Atlantic Ocean, in the East by The supply of bush meat from the wild no doubt serve as OndoState and in the North by OyoState and OsunState. the only possible measure to bridge the gap between There are two distinct seasons in the state namely; the dry livestock production and human population growth most season and the wet season. The mean annual rainfall is especially in the developing countries where it is cheaper between 129-132mm, temperature ranges between 25-29oC and more readily available than beef, pork or poultry and the vegetation is evergreen rainforest (Balogun, 2000). (Onadeko et al. 2001; Ayodele et al. 1999). Wildlife Essentially, the study area is Top Brewery Bush meat exploitation as bush meat is not limited to Nigeria, it is a Market in Abeokuta North Local Government Area. The ISSN: 2357-8181 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.34062/afs.v6i1.7467 Adv. For. Sci., Cuiabá, v.6, n.1, p.541-548, 2019 542 Yisau et al. Local Government headquarter is situated at Akomoje in 15 Tree hyrax Dendrohyrax Owawa/ 1 1.8 Iberekodo area of the state capitalon coordinate. dorsalis ofafa 16 Kob Kobus kob Egbin 1 0.1 Methodology 17 Black cobra Maja Agbadu 12 0.1 The materials used for the collection of data in this study melenoleuca were: weighing balance for measuring the weights of wild 18 Dwarf Osteolaemus Ooni 4 1.2 crocodile tetraspis animals, sack for carrying and holding animals on weighing 19 Black Cephalophus Ekulu 1 0.4 balance. On site market survey was employed for collection duiker niger of information on animals. Each arrival was weighed before 20 Mongoose Crossarchas Ijakumo 2 0.1 dissecting and dressing, and with the consent and efforts of obscurus the bush meat traders, each animal was clearly identified for 21 Giant forest Protoxenus Okere 4 0.2 name, source, packed inside a sack and weighed individually squirrel strangeri on the weighing balance. The following parameters were 22 Tawny Aquila rapax Asa 4 0.4 obtained from each animal; animal species scientific name, eagle common name and local name; weight of the animal in Total 989 100 kilogram; number of foetus; and locations where animals The results from the adjusted hypsometric models were hunted from. Information was collected twice in a indicated a parabolic model (Table 2) best represents the week for a period of three months (13 weeks; March – relationship between DBH and height in the study area. We June). Data obtained were collated and analyzed using then used the model to estimate the height of trees not descriptive statistics, on Statistics Package for Social measured in the survey. It is important to note that we Science version 20 (SPSS). recommend the use of this model only for trees with a Results diameter range similar to that included in this study. The total populations of animal species encountered Table 2. Sexes and age structure of the animal species during the study were 989 animals and were made up of Variables Frequency Percentage twenty-two different species of animal which include mammals, reptiles and avian species. Mammals were mostly Sex Male 431 43.6 encountered in the study. The animal species with the highest frequency were Cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus Female 558 56.4 (378) and Maxwell duiker Cephalophus maxwelli (259) while the least frequency was Short nose Crocodile Total 989 100.0 Osteolamus tetraspis, Black cobra Maja melenoleuca and Tawny eagle Aquila rapax (Table 1). Age Adult 527 53.3 The result of the age structure reveals the adult species Sub-adult 314 31.7 having the highest population of 527 animals and accounted for 53.3%, the highest percent. This is followed by the sub- Juvenile 148 15.0 adult age structure with a population of 314 animals and equivalent to 31.7%. The juvenile age class had the least Total 989 100 population of 148 animals representing 15% (Table 2). Table 1. List of animal encountered. S/ Common Scientific Local Frequ Perce In Cane rat population, the study reveals that female No Name Name Name ency ntage (53.7%) Cane rat were killed more than the male (46.3%). 1 Canerat Thryonomys Oya 378 The results of the sex ratio within the age group show that swinderianus adult Cane rat was killed more than the sub-adult and the 2 Bushbuck Tragelaphus Igala/ 20 38.2 juvenile. The percentage sex ratio of male within the age scriptus Agbonrin group was 30.2%, 10.3% and 5.8%for adult, sub-adult and 3 Maxwell Cephalophus Etu 259 2.0 duiker maxwelli juvenile respectively, while the percentage sex ratio of the 4 Giant rat Cricetomys Okete 73 26.2 female within the age class were 19.3%, 15.6% and 18.8% gambianus for adult, sub-adult and juvenile respectively (Table 3).
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