References References

1. AFL-CIO v. Brerzrum, s30 F.2d 109 (3d Cir., 14. American Association, “Compen- Dec. 31, 1975), sation for and Prevention of Occupational Dis- 2. Amchan, A. J., “Callous Disregard” for Em- ease (Position Paper), ” APHA Policy Statement ployee Safety: The Exclusivity of the Workers’ 8329, adopted Nov. 16, 1983, published in Compensation Remedy Against Employers,” La- American Journal of Public Health, 74(3):292- bor Law ]oumal, pp. 683-696, November 1983. 295, March 1984. 3. American Bar Association, Commission on Law 15. American Standards Association, American and the Economy, Federal Regulation: Roads to Standard Safety Code for the Protection of Heads, lle~orrn (Washington, DC: American Bar Asso- Eyes, and Respiratory Organs, Z2-1938, Decem- ciation, 1979). ber 1938. 4. American Board of and Technol- 16. American Standards Association, American ogy, Cn”ten”a for Accrediting Programs in Engi- Standard Safety Code for Fiead, Eye, and Res- neering in the United States (New York: Amer- piratory Protection, Z2.1-1959, November 1959. ican Board of Engineering and Technology, Oct. 17. American Textile Manufacturers Institute, Znc. 18, 1980). v. Donovan, 452 U.S. 490; (June 17, 1981). 5. American Conference of Governmental Indus- 18. Ames, B. N., “Dietary Carcinogens and Anticar- trial Hygienists, Threshold Limit Values of Air- cinogens,” Science 221:1256- 1264, 1983. bome Contaminants and Jntended Changes, 19. Ames, B, N,, letter, Science 224:668 et seq., adopted by ACGIH for 1970 (Cincinnati, OH: 1984. ACGIH, 1970), 20. Anderson, L,, “Management of a Local Exhaust 6. American Conference of Governmental Indus- Ventilation Program, ” (slide presentation), Cer- trial Hygienists, Industrial Ventilation; A Man- tified Industrial Hygienist, IBM, Inc., Lexington, ual o) Recommended Practice, 18th ed, (Cin- KY, personal communication, June 14, 1983. cinatti, OH: ACGIH, 1984). 21. Armstrong, T. J., “An Ergonomics Guide to 7. American Conference of Governmental Indus- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome,” typescript, no date. trial Hygienists, Threshold Limit Values for 22. Armstrong, T. J., Foulke, J. A., Joseph, B. J., Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the et al., “Investigation of Cumulative Trauma Dis- Work Environment with Intended Changes, orders in a Poultry Processing Plant, ” Ameri- adopted by ACGIH for 1982 (Cincinnati, OH: can Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 43: ACGIH, 1982). 103-116, 1982. 8. American Conference of Governmental Indus- 23. Armstrong, T. J. and Langolf, G. D., “Ergonom- trial Hygienists (ACGIH), Threshold Limit ics and Occupational Safety and Health, ” in En- Values for Chemical Substances and Physical vironmental and , W. N. Agents in the Work Environment with Intended Rem, A. D. Renzetti, and J. S. Lett (eds.) (Bos- Changes for 1983-84 (Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, ton: Little Brown, 1983). 1983). 23a, Arndt, A. K., “Skin Disorders, ” in Occupational 9 American Industrial Hygiene Association and Health, B. S. Levy and D. H. Wegman (eds. ) American Conference of Governmental Indus- (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1983). trial Hygienists, Respiratory Protective Devices 24. Arndt, R., “Occupational Injuries and Worker Manual (Ann Arbor, MI: Braun and Brumfield, Capabilities,“ in Symposium on Occupational 1963). Safety Research and Education: A dialogue be- 10. American Zron & Steel Znstitute v. OSHA, 577 tween two communities, DHHS Publication No. F.2d 825 (3d Cir., Mar. 28, 1978). (NIOSH) 82-103 (Cincinnati, OH: National Insti- 11. American National Standards Institute, Amer- tute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1982). ican National Standard Practices for Respiratory 25. Arndt, R. and Chapman, L., Potential Office Protection, Z88.2-1969, August 1969. and Controls (Working Paper # 14 of 12. American National Standards Institute, Amer- Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace), ican National Standard Practices for Respiratory contract report prepared for the Office of Tech- Protection, Z88.2-1980, May 1980. nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing-

13( American Petroleum Znstitute v, OSHA, 581 ton, DC, September 1984. F.2d 493 (5th Cir., Oct. 5, 1978). 26. Arthur Andersen and Co., Cost of Government

393 394 Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

Regulation Study for the Business Roundtable, Labor, Washington, DC, NTIS Report No. Executive Summary, March 1979. ASPER/PUR77/1914 /A, Apr. 3, 1978. 27. Arthur D. Little, Inc., “Assessment of the Multi- 37. Bacow, L. S., Bargaining for Job Safety and Region Targeting Alternative Project, ” contract Health (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980). report prepared for the Office of Policy Analy- 38, Badaracco, J. L., Jr., A Study of Adversarial and sis, Integration, and Evaluation, Occupational Cooperative Relationships between Business and Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Depart- Government in Four Countries, prepared for the ment of Labor, Dec. 30, 1981. Office of Technology, Strategy, and Evaluation, 28. Asher, R., “Radicalism and Reform: State In- U.S. Department of Commerce, Feb. 3, 1981. surance of Workmen’s Compensation in Minne- 39. Bailey, R. W., Human Performance Engineer- sota, 1910-1933, ” Labor History 14(1):19-41, ing (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982). winter 1973. 39a. Baker, E. J., Jr., “Necrologic and Behavioral 29. Ashford, N. A., et al., National Support for Disorders,” in Environmental and Occupational Science and Technology: An Examination of Medicine, W. N. Rem, A, D. Renzetti, J. S. Lee, Foreign Experience (Cambridge, MA: Massa- et al., (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1983). chusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Pol- 40. Baker, S., Samkoff, J., Fisher, R., and Van icy Alternatives, Aug. 18, 1975). Buren, C., “Fatal Occupational Injuries,” ]our- 30! Ashford, N. A., Crisis in the Workplace: Occu- nal of the Amen”can Medical Association 248 pational Disease and Injury (Cambridge, MA: (6):692-7, Aug. 13, 1982. MIT Press, 1976). 41. Baker, S., “Medical Data and Injuries, ” Amen--

314 Ashford, N. A., Heaton, G, R., Jr., and Priest, can Journal of Public Health 73(7):733-34, July W. C., “Environmental, Health, and Safety Reg- 1983. ulation and Technological Innovation,” in Tech- 42. Baram, M. S. and Miyares, J. R., The Legal nological Change for a Dynamic Economy, C. Framework for Determining Unreasonable Risk T. Hill and J. M, Utterback (eds, ) (New York: From Carcinogenic Chernica2s, report prepared Pergamon Press, 1979). for the Office of Technology Assessment, May 32. Ashford, N., Hill, C., Mendez, W., et al., Bene- 16, 1980. fits of Environmental, Health, and Safety Reg- 43. Baram, M. S., “The Use of Cost-Benefit Analy- ulation, study prepared by the Center for Pol- sis in Regulatory Decision- Making is Proving icy Alternatives, Massachusetts Institute of Harmful to Public Health,” in Management of Technology, for the U.S. Senate, Committee on Assessed Risk for Carcinogens, W. J. Nicholson Governmental Affairs, committee print, Mar. (cd.) (New York: The New York Academy of 25, 1980. Sciences, 1981), 33. Ashford, N. A., Hattis, D,, Heaton, G., et al., 44. Baram, M. S., “The Right to Know and the Evaluating Chemical Regulations: Trade-Off Duty to Disclose Information, ” Ameri- Analysis and Impact Assessment for Environ- can Journal of Public Health, 74(4):385-390, mental Decision-Making, contract report to the April 1984. Council on Environmental Quality and the Envi- 45 Bartel, A. P,, and Thomas, L. G., “OSHA En- ronmental Protection Agency by the Center for forcement, Industrial Compliance, and Work- Policy Alternatives, Massachusetts Institute of place Injuries,” typescript, May 1984. Technology, Cambridge, MA, July 1980. 46. Barth, P. S., with Hunt, H. A., Workers’ Com- 34. Auchter, T., Assistant Secretary of Labor for pensation and Work-Related Illnesses and Dis- Occupational Safety and Health, OSHA com- eases (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980). ments on draft OTA report, letters, Feb. 3 and 47. Bell, D., Office of Regulatory Analysis, OSHA, 23, 1984. persomd communication, 1982. 35. Ayalp, A., and Myroniuk, D., “Evaluation of 48. Berger, E. H., Letter to Mr. J. Thomas Hall, Oc- Occupational Exposure to Free Silica in Alberta cupational Safety and Health Administration, Foundries, ” Amen-can Industr-z”al Hygiene Asso- Division of Consumer Affairs, Mar. 4, 1982. ciation ]ournal 43(11):825-831, 1982. 49 Berger, E. H., “Using the NRR to Estimate the 36, Bacow, L. S., “Regulating Occupational Haz- Real-World Performance of Hearing Protec- ards Through Collective Bargaining, ” report tors,” Sound and Vibration, January 1983. prepared for the Assistant Secretary for Policy, 50 Berger, E. H., Kerivan, J. E,, and Mintz, F., Evaluation, and Research, U.S. Department of “Inter-Laboratory Variability in the Measure- References 395

ment of Hearing Protector Attenuation, ”Sound 61 Bloomfield, B., “Engineering,” in Zndusttial Hy- and Vibration Magazine, 1982. giene Highlights vol. I., L. V. Cralley, L. J. 51. Berger, J. L,, and Riskin, S. D., “Economic and Cralley, and G. D. Clayton (eds.) (Pittsburgh, Technological Feasibility in Regulating Toxic PA: International Hygiene Foundation ofAmeri- Substances under the Occupational Safety and ca, Inc., 1968).

Health Act,” EcoZogy Law Quarterly 7(2):285- 62. Bluestone, B., and Harrisonr B., The Deindus- 358, 1978. tridization of America (New York: Basic Books, 52. Berkowitz, M., and Burton, J., ‘The Income 1982). Maintenance Objective in Workers’ Compensa- 63. Boden, L. I., Coal Mine Accidents and Gover- tion, ” Industn”al and Labor Relations Review, nment Enforcement of Safety Regulations, un- 24(1):14-31, 1970, cited in Darling-Hammond, published Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts In- L. and Kniesner, T. The Law and Economics of stitute of Technology, 1977. Workers’ Compensation (Santa Monica, CA: 64. Boden, L., and Wegman, D., “Increasing OSHA’S Rand Corporation, The Institute for Civil Jus- Clout: Sixty Million New Inspectors, ” Working tice, 1980). Papers 6:43-49, May-June 1978, 53. Berkowitz, M. “Aspects of the Economics of 65, Boden, L. I., “Cost-Benefit Analysis: Caveat Workmen’s Compensation, ” report to the Na- Emptor,” American Journal of Pubfic Health tional Workshop on Rehabilitation and Work- 69(12):1210-1211, December 1979. men’s Compensation, National Institutes of Re- 66, Boden, L. I., Hall, J. A., Levenstein, C., Pun- habilitation and Health Services, Washington, nett, L., ‘The Impact of Health and Safety Com- DC, 197I, cited in National Commission on mittees: A Study Based on Survey, Interview, State Workmen’s Compensation Laws, Com- and Occupational Safety and Health Adminis- pendium on Workmen’s Compensation (Wash- tration Data, ” Journal of Occupation Medicine ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 26(11): 829-34, November 1984. 1973). 67, Bollinger, N., ‘Testing and Certification Branch 54. Berman, D. M., “Why Work Kills: A Brief His- Activities,” presented to Respiratory Subcom- tory of Occupational Safety and Health in the mittee of the Mine Health Advisory Commit- U.S.,” lntemational Jouma! of Health Services tee, Jan. 4 and 5, 1982. 7(1):63-87, 1977. 68< Bollinger, N., National Institute of Occupational 55. Berman, D. M., Death on the ]ob: Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, personal Health and Safety Struggles in the United States communication, Mar. 17, 1983. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1978). 69. Borel v. Fibreboard Paper Products Corp., 493 56. Bingham, E., Asst. Sec. of Labor for Occupa- F. 2d 1076 (5th Cir, 1973) cited in ZVon-Regula- tional Safety and Health, memorandum on tory Legal Incentives for the Adoption of Occu- “Procedures for Implementing Economic Impact pational Safety and Health Control Technol- Analysis, ” to the Secretary of Labor, Washing- ogies, P. Harter, contract report prepared for ton, DC, May 11, 1977. the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Con- 57. Bird, F. E., Jr., Safety in The industrial gress, Washington, DC, April 1983. Environment–its Evaluation & Control (Wash- 70. Boucher, W., et al., Federal Incentives for in- ington, DC: National Institute for Occupational novation (Denver, CO: University of Denver, Safety and Health, 1973). Denver Research Institute, January 1976) cited 58. Bird, F., Management Guide to Loss Control in Ashford, N. A., Heaton, G. R., Jr., and (Atlanta, GA: Institute Press, 1974). Priest, W. C., “Environmental, Health, and 59. Blair, A., Abrasive Blasting Respiratory Protec- Safety Regulation and Technological Innova- tive Practices Survey, Report No. NIOSH-TR- tion, ” in Technologr”cal Change for a Dynamic 048-73 (Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Economy, C. T. Hill and J. M. Utterback (eds.) Occupational Safety and Health, August 1973). (New York: Pergamon Press, 1979). 60. Bleecker, M., Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Case 71. Brandt, A. D., Industrial Health Erqp”neering Study (Working Paper #ls of Preventing Illness (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1947). and Injury in the Workplace), contract report 72. Breyer, S., Regulation and Its Reform (Cam- prepared for the Office of Technology Assess- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982). ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, May 73. Brief, R., Corn M., Firenze R., et al., Evalua- 1984. tion of the NZOSH Certification Program Divi- 396 ● Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

sion of the Safety Research Testing and Cer- Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Cali- tification Branch, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication fornia Sawmills and Planing Mills Industry: No. 80-113 (Washington, DC: National Institute Analysis of Work Injuries and Illnesses, Re- for Occupational Safety and Health, November search Bulletin # 3, December 1978. 1979). 87. California Department of Industrial Relations, 74. Brief, R., Lipton, S., Amamani, S., et. al., ’’De- Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Cal- velopment of Exposure Control Strategy for ifomia Fabn”cated Structural Metal Products Xn- Process Equipment,” Anna/s of the American dustry: Analysis of Work Injuries and Illnesses, Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygien- Research Bulletin #4, December 1978. ists, vol. 5 (Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1983). 88. California Department of Industrial Relations, 75. Brown, M. S., “Setting Occupational Health Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Ca2- Standards: The Vinyl Chloride Case,” in Con- ifomia Meat Products Industry: Analysis of troversy: Politics of Technical Decisions, D. Work Injuries and Illnesses, Research Bulletin Nelkin (cd. ) (Zd cd.) (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage #s, December 1979. Publications, 1984). 89. California Department of Industrial Relations, 76. Brownstein, R., “Asbestos Litigation a Legal Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Cal- Nightmare that Congress is Being Asked to ifornia Rooji”ng and Sheet Metal Work: Analy- End,” National Journal, pp. 1942-47, Sept. 24, sis of Work lnjt.m”es and Zlbzesses, Research 1983. Bulletin #6, October 1982. 77. Bureau of National Affairs, Basic Patterws in 90< Campbell, D. L., Zndu#rial Face Shield Perfonn- Union Contracts (Washington, DC: Bureau of unce Test (Morgantown, WV: National Institute National Affairs, various years). for Occupational Safety and Health, 1976). 78. Bureau of National Affairs, Safety Policies and 91. Campbell, D, L., Report of Tests of Welding Fil- the Impact of OSHA (Washington, DC: Bureau ter Plates (Morgantown, WV: National Institute of National Affairs, Inc., 1977). for Occupational Safety and Health, 1976). 79. Bureau of National Affairs, The lob Safety and 92. Campbell, D. L., and Collins, R. L., Tests of Health Act of 2970 (Washington, DC: Bureau Flexible Fitting Safety Goggles (Morgantown, of National Affairs, 1971). WV: National Institute for Occupational Safety 80. Burgess, W. A., Recognition of Health Hazards and Health, 1976). in Industry: A Review of Materials and Process 93. Campbell, D. L., Collins, R. L., and Wolfe, R. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1981), S., Tests of Eyecup Goggles (Morgantown, WV: 81. Burton, J. F., “Compensation for Permanent National Institute for Occupational Safety and Partial Disabilities, ” in Safety and the Work Health, 1977). Force, J. D. Worrall (cd.) (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 94. Campbell, D. L., and Collins, R. L., Tests of 1983). Glass Piano Safety Spectacles (Morgantown, 82 Business Roundtable, Improving Construction WV: National Institute for Occupational Safety Safety Performance, Report A-3 of the Con- and Health, 1977). struction Industry Cost Effectiveness Project 95. Cannon, L. J., Bemacki, E. J., and Walter, (New York, NY: The Business Roundtable, Jan- S. D., “Personal and Occupational Factors As- uary 1982). sociated With Carpal Tunnel Syndrome,” Jour- 83a Butler, R. J., “Wage and Injury Rate Response nal of Occupational Medicine 23:255-258, 1981. to Shifting Levels of Workers’ Compensation ‘“ 96. Caplan, K., “Philosophy and Management of in Safety and the Work Force, J. D. Worrall, ,” in Patty’s Industrial ffy- (cd.) (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1983). gz”ene and Toxicology, vol. III, L. J. Cralley and 84. California Department of Industrial Relations, L. V. Cralley (eds.) (New York: John Wiley and Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Iron Sons, Inc., 1979). and Steel Foundn”es, Research Bulletin # 1, June 97. CapIan, K., letter to OTA, Mar. 15, 1983. 1977. 98. Carter, J., “Improving Government Regula- 85. California Department of Industrial Relations, tions,” Executive Order No. 12044, Federal Reg- Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Ca/i- ister 43:12661, Mar. 23, 1978. fomia Logging Industry: Analysis of Work In- 99. Carter, J., “Improving Government Regula- juries and illnesses, Research Bulletin # 2, No- tions, ” Executive Order No. 12221, Federal Reg- vember 1978. ister 45:44249, July 1, 1980, 86, California Department of Industrial Relations, 100, Castrovinci, J. L,, “Prelude to Welfare Capital- References ● 397

ism: The Role of Business in the Enactment of 111, Chemical Week, “Worker Protection Will Be- Workmen’s Compensation Legislation in Illi- come More Personal, ” pp. 31-32, Apr. 22, 1981. nois, 1905 -12,” in Compassion and Responsibil- 112, Clifton, R, “Asbestos,” Bureau of Mines Miner- ity, F. R. Breul and S. J. Diner (eds. ) (Chicago: als Handbook (Washington, DC: U.S. Depart- University of Chicago Press, 1980). ment of the Interior, 1977 and 1982). 101 Center for Policy Alternatives, Environmental/ 113, Collins, R. L., and Wolfe, R, S., Tests of Pkzstic Safety Regulation and Technological Change in Piano Safety Spectacles (Morgantown, W: Na- the U.S. Chemical Industry, cited in Ashford, tional Institute for Occupational Safety and N. A., Heaton, G. R., Jr., and Priest, W. C., Health, 1977). “Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulation 114. Connerton, M., Accident Control Through Reg- and Technological Innovation, ” in Technologi- ulation: The 1969 Coal Mine Health and Safety cal Change for a ~ynamic Economy, C. T. Hill Act Experience, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, and J. M, Utterback (eds. ) (New York: Perga- Harvard University, June 1978. mon Press, 1979). 115. Connerton, M., and MacCarthy, M., Cost- 102 Chaff in, D. B., Director for the Center for Oc- Benefit Analysis and Regulation: Expressway to cupation Health and , “CDC- Reform or Blind Alley? (Washington, DC: Na- NIOSH University Grants,” testimony presented tional Policy Exchange, 1982). before the Subcommittee on Labor, Health and 116. Cook, W. I., and Groce, D. W., Report on Tests Human Services, Education and Related Agen- of Class B Industrial Helmets (Morgantown, cies, Senate Committee on Appropriations, U.S. WV: National Institute for Occupational Safety Congress, Washington, DC, Apr. 27, 1983. and Health, 1975). 103 Charles River Associates, Economic and Envi- 117. Cook, W. I, A Report on the Performance of ronmental Analysis of the Current OSHA Lead Firefighters’ Helmets (Morgantown, WV: Na- Standard, contract report prepared for the Oc- tional Institute for Occupational Safety and cupational Safety and Health Administration, Health, 1976). U.S. Department of Labor, CRA Project No. 118, Cook, W. 1., A Report on the Performance of 5356.60, NTIS Report No. OSHA/IS-83/001, Mens Safety-Toe Footwear (Morgantown, WV: September 1982. National Institute for Occupational Safety and 104, Chelius, J. R., “An Empirical Analysis of Safet y Health, 1976). Regulation, ” in Supplemental Studies, National 119. Cook, W. I., and Fletcher, W. G., A Report on Commission on State Workmen’s Compensa- the Performance of Linemen’s Rubber Insulating tion Laws (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Gloves (Morgantown, WV: National Institute Printing Office, 1973). for Occupational Safety and Health, 1977). 105. Chelius, J. R., “Liability for Industrial Ac- 120. Cook, W. I., and Love, J. R., A Report on the cidents: A Comparison of Negligence and Strict Performance of Miners’ Safety Caps (Morgan- Liability Systems, ” Journal of Legal Studies town, WV: National Institute for Occupational 5:293-309, June 1976. Safety and Health, 1977). 106. Chelius, J. R., Workplace Safety and Health: 121. Cooke, W., and Gautschi, F., “OSHA, Plant The Role of Workers’ Compensation (Washing- Safety Programs, and Injury Reduction, ” lndus- ton, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1977). tria] Relations 20(3):245-57, fall 1981. 107. Chelius, J., ‘The Influence of Workers’ Compen- 122. Corn, J. K., and Corn, M., “The Myth and the sation on Safety Incentives, ” Industrial and La- Reality, “ in Economic Effects of Government- bor Relations Review 35(2):235-42, January Mandated Costs, R. F. Lanzillotti (cd. ) 1982. (Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of 108. Chelius, J. R., “The Incentive to Prevent In- Florida, 1977). juries, ” in Safety and the Work Force, J. D. 123 Corn, J. K,, “Historical Aspects of Industrial Worrall (cd. ) (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1983). Hygiene: Changing attitudes toward occupa- 109. Chelius, J, R. and Smith, R. S., “Experience Rat- tional health, ” Amen”can Industrial Hygiene ing and Injury Prevention, ” in Safety and the Association Journal 39(9):695-699, 1978. Work Force, J. D, Worrall (cd. ) (Ithaca, NY: ILR 124. Corn, J. K., Historical Perspective; The Evolu- Press, 1983). tion of the Definition of Certain Work-Related 110. Chemical and En~”neering News, “OSHA Memo Illnesses, (Working Paper #3 of Preventing 111- to Delay Rule Making Creates Stir, ” 61(39):7, ness and Injury in the Workplace), contract re- Sept. 26, 1983. Dort DreDared for the Office of Technolozv As- 398 . preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

sessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, July 138. Dickens, W. T., “Differences Between Risk Pre- 1983. miums in Union and Nonunion Wages and the 125. Corn, M., for the Board of Directors of the Case for Occupational Safety Regulation, ” American Conference of Governmental Indus- American Economic Review 74(2):320323, May trial Hygienists, comments submitted to OSHA 1984. Docket No. 160, Exhibit 2-32. 139. Diebold, J., “Manage the System More Effi- 126. Corn, M., personal communication, letter, Jan- ciently, ” interview with T. C. Hayes, New York uary 1984. Times, p. F-n, Sept. 2, 1984. 127. Cornell, N., Nell, R., & Weingast, B., “Safety 140. Dinman, B., testimony before Subcommittee on Regulation, ” in Setting National Pn”ori”ties: The Administrative Law and Government Relations, Next Ten Years, H. Owen and C. L. Schultze House Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Con- (eds. ) (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, gress, Regulatory Reform Act, Hearings, June- 1976). July 1983. 128. Cothrin, S. G., ASARCO, Inc., Department of 141. DiPietro, A., “An Analysis of the OSHA Inspec- Environmental Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT., tion Program in Manufacturing Industries, 1972- personal communication, April 1983. 73, ” Technical Analysis Paper, prepared for the 128a. Craft, B. F., “Occupational and Environmental Asst. Sec. for Policy, Evaluation, and Research, Health Standards,” in Occupational Health, B. U.S. Department of Labor, August 1976. S. Levy and D. H. Wegman (eds. ) (Boston: Lit- 142. Dirks-Mason, S., and Ruttenberg, R., “The Ef- tle, Brown & Co., 1983). fects of the OSHA Vinyl Chloride Standard on 129. Cralley, L. J., and Cralley, L. V. (eds. ) Patty’s the Vinyl Chloride Industry,” typescript, August Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, vol. III 1979. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1979). 143. Discher, D., Kleinman, G., and Foster, F. J., 130. Croyle, J. L., “Industrial Accident Liability Pol- Pilot Study for Development of an Occupational icy of the Early Twentieth Century, ” The Jour- Disease Surveillance Method, NIOSH Publica- nal of Legal Studies 7(2):279-297, June 1978. tion No. 75-162, May 1975. 131. Darling-Hammond, L., and Kniesner, T. J., The 144. Dittoe, J., ‘The Treatment of Sexual Impairment Law and Economics of Workers’ Compensation Injuries under Workers’ Compensation Laws, ” (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, The In- Hastings Law Journal, 30:1207-36, March 1979. stitute for Civil Justice, 1980). 145. Dixon, S. W., and Nelson, T. J., E.I. DuPont 132. Davis, D. L., Bridboard, K., and Schneiderrnan, de Nemours & Co., Inc., Procedures for Deter- M., “Estimating Cancer Causes: Problems in mining Workplace Performance of Respirators, Methodology, Production and Trends, ” in Parts 1 and U, presented at the American Indus- Quantification of Occupational Cancer: Ban- trial Hygiene Conference, Philadelphia, PA, Lwry Report 9, R. Peto and M. Schneiderman May 23, 1983. (eds, ) (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring 146. Dixon, S. W., and Nelson, T. J., E.I. du Pent Harbor Laboratory, 1981). de Nemours & Company, personal communica- 133. Davis, J. L., “Regulatory Reform and Congres- tion, letter, Jan. 5, 1984. sional Control of Regulation, ” New England 147. Doll, R., “Mortality From Lung Cancer in As- Law Review 17(4):1199-1235, 1982. bestos Workers,” British ]oumal of Industrial 134. Davis, J. W., “The Use of Sand Substitution to Medicine 12:81, 1955. Solve the Free Silica Problem in Foundry Atmos- 148. Doll, R,, and Pete, R., “The Causes of Cancer: pheres, ” Amen”can Industrial Hygiene Associa- Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of tion Journal 40(7):609-618, 1979. Cancer in the United States Today,” Journal of 135. DeMuth, C. C., “Constraining Regulatory the National Cancer Institute, 66:1191-1308, Costs—Part I: The White House Review Pro- 1981. grams, ” Regulation, 4(1):13-26, January- 149. Doniger, D. D., The Law and Policy of Toxic February 1980. Substances Control (Washington, DC: Re- 136. DeMuth, C. C., “A Strategy for Regulatory sources for the Future, 1978). Reform,” Regulation 8(2):25- 30, March-April 150. Dorsey, S., “Employment Hazards and Fringe 1984. Benefits: Further Tests for Compensating Differ- 137. Denisen, E. F., Accounting for Slower Economic entials, ” in Safety and the Work Force, J. D. Growth (Washington, DC: The Brookings In- Worrall (cd.) (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1983). stitution, 1979). 151. Dorsey, S., and Walzer, N., “Workers’ Com- References ● 399

pensation, Job Hazards, and Wages, ” industrial 166. Etzioni, A., “Social Progress vs. Economic Prog- and Labor Relations Review 36(4):642-654, July, ress, ” Social Po2icy, pp. 4-9, March-April 1980. 1983. 167. Etzioni, A., An Immodest Agenda: Rebuilding 152. Douglas, D. D., Hesch, P. R., and Lowry, P. America Before the Twenty-First Century (New L., Supplied-Air Hood Report, Informal Report, York: McGraw Hill, 1983). LA-NUREG-6612-MS (Los Alamos, NM: Los 168. Executive Office of the President, Economic Re- Alamos Scientific Laboratory, December 1976). port of the President (Washington, DC: U.S. 153. Dubos, R., The Mirage of Health (New York: Government Printing Office, 1983). Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1959). 169. Executive Office of the President, Economic Re- 155. E. I. du Pent de Nemours & Co., Applied Tech- port of the President (Washington, DC: U.S. nology Division, Fabrics and Finishes Depart- Government Printing Office, 1984). ment, Safety Training Obsewation Program, 2d 170. Executive Office of the President, Council of ed. (Wilmington, DE: E. I. du Pent de Nemours Economic Advisors, memorandum on “Eco- & Co., Inc., 1980). nomic Impact Analyses, ” to Economic Policy 156. E. I. du Pent de Nemours & Co., comments on Group, Washington, DC, Mar. 10, 1977. draft report, letter to OTA from J. G. Page, Jan. 171. Executive Office of the President, Office of Man- 25, 1984. agement and Budget, Information Collection 157. Eads, G., “Harnessing Regulation: The Evolv- Budget of the United States Government: Fiscal ing Role of White House Oversight, ” Regula- Year 1984 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government tion, pp. 19-26, May-June 1981. Printing Office, 1984). 158. Eads, G., and Fix, M., “Regulatory Policy, ” in 172. Fawcett, H. H., “Respiratory Hazards and Pro- The Reagan Experiment, J. L. Palmer and I. V. tection, ” in Safety and Accident Prevention in Sawhill (eds. ) (Washington, DC: Urban Insti- Chemical Operations, 2d cd., H. H. Fawcett and tute, 1982), W. S. Wood (eds. ) (New York: John Wiley and 159. Eastman Kodak Company, Health, Safety, and Sons, Inc., 1982). Human Factors Laboratory, Human Factors 173. First, M. W., “Engineering Control of Occupa- Section, Ergonomic Design for People at Work tional Health Hazards,” 1983 Cummings Memo- (Belmont, CA: Lifetime Learning Publications, rial Lecture, American industrial Hygiene Asso- 1983). ciation ]ouma! 44(9):621-626, 1983. 160. Economist, December 1980, quoted in Com- 174. Fischbein, A., “Envrionmental and Occupa- pliance with the OSHA Cotton Dust Rule: The tional Lead Exposure, ” in Environmental and Role of Productivity Zmproving Technology, R. Occupational Medicine, W. N. Rem, A. D. Ruttenberg, contract report prepared for the Of- Renzetti, J. S. Lee, et al., eds. (Boston: Little, fice of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Brown & Co., 1983). Washington, DC, March 1983. 175. Fischhoff, B., “Cost-Benefit Analysis: An Un- 161. Enterline, P. E., memorandum on “Comments certain Guide to Public Policy” in Management on ‘Estimates of the Fraction of Cancer in the of Assessed Risk for Carcinogens, W. J. United States Related to Occupational Factors’ “ Nicholson (cd.) (New York: New York Acad- (Washington DC: Asbestos Information Asso- emy of Sciences, 1981). ciation, 1978). 176, Ford, G. R., “Inflation Impact Statements,” Ex- 162. Enterline, P. E., “Cancer Caused by Asbestos, ” ecutive Order No. 11821, Federal Register in Quantification of Occupational Cancer: Ban- 39:41502, Nov. 29, 1974. bury Report 9, R. Peto and M. Schneiderman 177. Ford, G. R., “Economic Impact Statements, ” Ex- (eds. ) (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring ecutive Order No. 11949, Federal Register Harbor Laboratory, 1981). 42:1017, Dec. 31, 1976. 163, Letter, “EPA Seeks to 178. Fortune, “Look Who’s Covered in Red Tape,” Establish More Consistent Civil Penalty Policy,” interview with Jewell Westerman, May 4, 1981, p. 2, Apr. 1, 1984. pp. 357-62. 164 Epstein, S. S., and Swartz, J. B., letter, Science 178a. Franklin, D., “From Bust to Dust: Protective 224:660-666, 1984. Masks on Trial, ” Science News 125(25):394-5, 165 Erdreich, J., reported in “Higher Noise Doses June 23, 1984. Will Be Calculated with 3dB Trading Ratio, Er- 179, Freedman, A., lndu.st~ Response to Health Risk dreich Reports, ” Occupational Safety and (New York: The Conference Board, 1981). Health Reporter, 13(51):1346-7, May 24, 1984. 180, Froines, J., paper presented at First International 400 ● Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

Respirator Research workshop, sponsored by 193. Greek, “Vinyl Chloride May Face Shortage by NIOSH, Sept. 9-11, 1980, quoted in “Working 1977, ” Chemical and Engineerz”ng News, p. 9, Paper on Problems Associated with Respiratory Aug. 11, 1975, quoted in The Law and Policy Protection Programs,” M. Nicas, typescript of Toxic Substances Control, D. D. Doniger (Washington, DC: Workers’ Institute for Safety (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, and Health, May 11, 1981). 1978). 181, Gillen, M., letter to Dr. Anthony Robbins, Di- 194 Green, M., and Waitzman, N., “Cost, Benefit, rector, National Institute for Occupational and Class, ” Working Papers, pp. 39-51, May- Safety and Health, Sept. 4, 1980. June 1980. 182, Gleason, J. M., and Barnum, D. T., “Effective- 195. Green, M., and Waitzman, N,, Business War on ness of OSHA Sanctions in Influencing Employ- the Law: An Analysis of the Benefi”ts of Federal er Behavior: Single and Multi-Period Decision Health/Safety Enforcement, 2d ed. (Washing- Models,” Accident Analysis & Prevention 10:35- ton, DC: Corporate Accountability Research 49, 1978. Group, 1981). 183. Ginnold, R. E., “A View of the Costs and Bene- 196. Hack, A., Bradley, 0. D., and Trujillo, A., Res- fits of the Job Safety and Health Law,” Monthly pirator Studies for the Nuclear Regulatory Com- Labor Review, pp. 24-26, August 1980. mission, Oct. 1, 1976 Sept. 30, 1977, Protection 184. Goble, R., Hattis, D., Ballew, M., and Thur- Factors for Supplied-Air Respirators (Los ston, D., lrnplementation of the Occupational Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Labora- Lead Exposure Standard (Working Paper # 16 tory, January 1978). of Preventing Illness and Injury in the Work- 197, Haddon, W., Jr., Suchman, E. A., and Klein, place), contract report prepared for the Office D., (eds. ) Accident Research Methods and Ap- of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, proaches (New York: Harper and Row, 1964). Washington, DC, November 1983. 198, Haddon, W., Jr., and Baker, S. P., “Injury Con- 185 Goldsmith, F., and Kerr, L., Occupational trol, ” in Preventive and Community Medicine, Safety and Health: The Prevention and Control D. W. Clark and B. MacMahon (eds. ) (Boston: of Work-related Hazards (New York: Human Little, Brown & Co., 1981). Sciences Press, 1982). 199, Hamilton, A., Exploring the Dangerous Trades 186, Gordon, J., Akman, A., and Brooks, M., in- (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1943).

dustrial Safety Statistics: A Re-examination 200< Harris, H. E., Coal Mine Dust Respiratory Pro- (New York: Praeger, 1971). tection Devices, Final Report, Contract H-CPE 187, Gordon, J. E., “The Epidemiology of Acci- 70-127 (Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for dents,” in Accident Research Methods and Ap- Occupational Safety and Health, October 1973). proaches, W. Haddon, Jr., E. A. Suchman, and 201, Harris, H. E., Burgess, W. A., and DeSieghardt, D. Klein (eds. ) (New York: Harper and Row, W. C., “Effectiveness of Dust Respirators in 1964). Underground Coal Mines, ” Society of Mining 188. Gorham, M., “Bum Rap for OSHA?” Federal Engineers Transactions, pp. 153-61, 1973. Reserve Bank of San Francisco Weekly Letter, 202. Harris, H. E., DeSieghardt, W. C., Burgess, W, pp. 1-3, Jan. 19, 1979. A., et al., “Respirator Usage and Effectiveness 189. Gottleib, M., and Coleman, P., “Inspection Im- in Bituminous Coal Mining Operations, ” Amer- pact on Injury and Illness Totals, ” Wisconsin ican Industrial Hygiene Association Journal Department of Industry, Labor, and Human Re- 35:159-64, 1974. lations, typescript, no date. 203. Harter, P., Non-Regulatory Legal Incentives for 190. Gough, M., “Sources and Interpretations of the Adoption of Occupational Safety and Health Asbestos Exposure Data, ” Journal of Toxicolo- Control Technologies (Working Paper # 8 of gy–clinical Toxicology 21:211-236, 1984. Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace), 191. Graham, J., and Shakow, D,, “Risk and Re- contract report prepared for the Office of Tech- ward: Hazard Pay for Workers, ” Environment nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing- 23(8):14-20,44, October 1981. ton, DC, April 1983. 192. Graham, J., Shakow, D. M., and Cyr, C., “Risk 204. Harvard Law Review, Notes, “Compensating Compensation—in Theory and in Practice, ” Victims of ,” 93(5):916-37, Environment 25(1):14-20,39-40, January- March 1980. Febrary 1983. 205. Hastings Center, Institute of Societv, Ethics and References ● 401

the Life Sciences, “Values, Ethics, and CBA in 217, Hughes, J. T., “ Compensation in Health Care,” in The Implications of Cost- North Carolina, ” in Legal and Ethical Dilemmas Eflectiveness Analysis of Medical Technology, in Occupational Health, J. S. Lee and W. N. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- Rom (eds. ) (Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science, ment (Washington, DC: U.S. Government 1982), Printing Office, August 1980). 218. Hunter, D., The Diseases of Occupations, 6th 206. Hattis, D., Mitchell, C., McC1eary-Jones, J., et ed. (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1978). al., Control of Occupational Exposures to For- 219. Hyatt, E. C., Respirator Protection Factors, In- maldehyde: A Case Study of Methodology for formal Report LA-6084-MS (Los Alamos, NM: Assessing the Health and Economic Impacts of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, January OSHA Health Standards, report prepared for 1976). the U.S. Department of Labor (Cambridge, MA: 220. ICF, Inc., Development of a Methodology for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center Production of Industry Specific Research Plan- for Policy Alternatives, April 1981). ning Information, report prepared for the U.S. 207. Heinrich, H. W., Industrial Accident Preven- Environmental Protection Agency and the Na- tion: A Scientific Approach, 4th ed. (New York: tional Institute for Occupational Safety and McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1959). Health, Washington, DC, April 1982.

208. Held, B. J., “Personal Protection, ” in Patty’s in- 222< industrial Safety and Hygiene News, “Certify- dustrial Hygiene and Toxicology, vol. III, L. J. ing Safety Products, ” pp. 1-3, July 1983. Cralley and L. V. Cralley (eds. ) (New York: 223< industrial Union Department, AFL-C1O v. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1979). Hodgson, 499 F,2d 467, 474 (D. C. Cir., Apr. 209. Henigson, S., “The Oil Drilling Blacklists, ” 15, 1974). Dallas Times Herald, Nov. 30, 1981. 224, industrial Union Department, AFL-C1O V. 210. Hickey, J. L. S., Rice, C, H., and Boehlecke, American Petroleum Institute, 448 U.S. 607 (Su- B. A., Technologies for Controlling Worker preme Court, July 2, 1980). Exposure to Silica (Working Paper # 17 of Pre- 225. [nfante, P. F., “Vinyl Chloride: A Case History venting Illness and Injury in the Workplace), of Regulatory Action in Relation to Scientifc contract report prepared for the Office of Tech- Knowledge of Cancer Causing Effects, ” paper nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing- presented at the Canadian Cancer Society Inter- ton, DC, August 1983. national Conference on Carcinogens in the 211. Hickey, J. L. S., Wright, M. D., Warren, J. L., Workplace, Vancouver, BC, May 1983. et al., Research Triangle Institute, Abrasive 226. INFORM, At Work in Copper (New York: Blasting, Technological Feasibility Assessment INFORM, 1979). and Economic Impact Analysis of the Proposed 227. INFORM, Worker Training and Education Pro- Federal Standard, contract No. J-9-F-6-0225, re- grams in Occupational Health and Safety port prepared for the Occupational Safety and (Working Paper # 13 of Preventing Illness and Health Administration, U.S. Department of La- Injury in the Workplace), contract report pre- bor, Washington, DC, September 1978. pared for the Office of Technology Assessment, 212. Higginson, J., Bahar, J. C., Clemmesen, J., et U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, November al., “Proportion of Cancers Due to Occupa- 1983. tions,” Preventive Medicine 9:180, 1980. 228 Interagency Task Force on Workplace Safety 213. Hilaski, H., “Understanding Statistics on Oc- and Health, Making Prevention Pay (Washing- cupational Illness, ” Monthly Labor Review, pp. ton, DC, 1978). 25-9, March 1981. 229. International Labour Office, Encyclopedia of 214. Hilaski, H., and Wang, C. L., “How Valid are Occupational Safety and Health, vols. I & II Estimates of Occupational Illness?” Monthly La- (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1976). bor Review, pp. 27-35, August 1982. 230, International Labour Office, Encyclopedia O) 215. Hoerger, F. D., “Indicators of Exposure Trends, ” Occupational Safety and Health, vols. I & II, in Quantification of Occupational Cancer: Ban- 3d ed. (Geneva: International Labour Office, bury Report 9, R. Peto and M. Schneiderman 1983) (eds. ) (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring 231 Iverstine, J. C., Kinard, J. L., and Slaughter, Harbor Laboratory, 1981). W. S,, impact of Environmental Protection Reg- 216. Hogan, M. D., and Heel, D. G., “Estimated ulations on Research and Development in the Cancer Risk Associated with Occupational As- Industrial Chemical Industry, report prepared bestos Exposure, ” Risk Analysis 1:67-76, 1980. for the National Science Foundation (May 1978), 402 . Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

cited in Ashford, N. A., Heaton, G. R., Jr., and 245. Kelman, S., Regulating America, Regulating Priest, W. C., “Environmental, Health, and Sweden (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981). Safety Regulation and Technological Innova- 246. Kelman, S., “Cost-Benefit Analysis: An Ethical tion, ” in Technological Change for a Dynamic Critique,” Regulation, pp. 33-4o, January- Economy, C. T. Hill and J. M. Utterback (eds.) February 1981. (New York: Pergamon Press, 1979). 247 Kendall, D., “Etiology, Diagnosis and Treat- 232, Javits, J., Williams, H., and Taft, R., letter to ment of Paresthesia in the Hand, ” British Med- Casper Weinberger, Secretary of Health, Edu- ical ]oumal 2:1633-1640, 1960. cation, and Welfare, Aug. 3, 1973. 248 Kent, M, B., personal communication, 1983. 233. John, G., Small Business Administration, per- 249. Kent, M. B., A History of Occupational Safety sonal communication, Apr. 7, 1983. and Health in the United States (Working Pa- 234. Johnson, W. G., “Compensation for Occupa- per #4 of Preventing Illness and Injury in the tional Illness,” in Management of Assessed Risk Workplace), contract report prepared for the for Carcinogens, W. Nicholson (cd.) vol. 363 Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Con- (New York: Annals of the New York Academy gress, Washington, DC, April 1983. of Sciences, 1981). 249a. Kent, M. B., personal communication, 1984. 235, Johnson, W. G., Management Oversight and 250. Keyserling, W. M., “Occupational Safety and Risk Tree (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Ergonomics,” in Occupational Health, B. S. Printing Office, 1973). Levy and D. H. Wegrnan (eds.) (Boston, MA: 236, Johnson, W. G., and Heler, E., ‘The Costs of Little, Brown & Co., 1983), Asbestos-Associated Disease and Death,” Mil- 251. Kneese, A. V., and Schultze, C, L., Pollution, bank Memorial Fund Quarterly, Health and Prices, and Public Policy (Washington, DC: Society, 61(2):177-194, Spring 1983. Brookings Institution, 197s). 237. Jones, C. A., ModeZs of Regulatory Enforcement 252 Kochan, T., and Dyer, L,, “A Model of Organi- and Compliance, with an Application to the Oc- zational Change in the Context of Union-Man- cupational Safety and Health Administration agement Relations, ” Journal of Applied Asbestos Standard, unpublished Ph.D. disser- Behavioral Science, 12(1):59-78, February 1976. tation, Harvard University, Department of Eco- 253 Kochan, T., Dyer, L., and Lipsky, D., The Ef- nomics, July 1982. fectiveness of Union-Management Safety and 238( ]oumal of Occupational Medicine, “Medical In- Health Committees (Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Up- formation ~ystems Roundtable,” 24(10):781- john Institute for Employment Research, 1977). 866, October 1982, Supplement. 254. Kossoris, M. D., “Industrial Injuries and the 239, Kantowitz, B., and Sorkin, R., Human Factors: Business Cycle,” Monthly Labor Review, pp. Understanding People-System Relationships 579-94, March 1938. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1983). 255. Kostem, M. H. “Counting the Costs: The Busi- 240. Karlson, T., and Baker, S., “Fatal Occupational ness Roundtable Study, ” Regulation, pp. 17-25, Injuries Associated with Motor Vehicles,” Pro- July-August 1979. ceedings of the zzd Conference of the Ameri- 256 Krause, F. E., ‘The Prevention of PVC Reactor can Association for Automotive Medicine 1:229- Fouling,” in Symposium Proceedings—Control 41, 1978. Technology in the Plastics and Resins Industry 241. Kay, 1832, quoted in Historical Perspective: The DHHS Publication No. (NIOSH) 81-107 (Cin- Evolution of the Definition of Certain Work- cinnati, OH: NIOSH, January 1981). Related Illnesses, J. K. Corn, contract report pre- 257. Kronebusch, K,, “ Data: pared for the Office of Technology Assessment, Are We Collecting What We Need for Identifica- U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, July 1983. tion, Prevention, and Evaluation?” in Prion”ties 242. Kasperson, R. E., ‘Worker Participation in Pro- in Health Statistics, pp. 124-129, Proceedings of tection: The Swedish Alternative,” Environ- the 19th National Meeting of the Public Health ment, 25(4):13-20,40-43, May 1983. Conference on Records and Statistics, August 243 Keller, B., ‘Workers Are Often a Hazard to 1983, DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 81-1214 Themselves,” New York Times, sec. 4, p. 8E, (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health July 8, 1984. Statistics, December 1983). 244 Kelley, W. D., American Conference of Gov- 258. LaDou, J., ‘The Not-So-Clean Business of Mak- ernmental Industrial Hygienists, letter to OTA, ing Chips,” Technology Review, 87(4):22-36, Oct. 17, 1983. May-June 1984. References ● 403

259. Landefeld, J. S., and Seskin, E, P,, “The Eco- 269, Levy, B. S., and Wegman, D. H., (eds. ) Oc- nomic Value of Life: Linking Theory to Prac- cupational Health: Recognizing and Preventing tice, ” American ]ournal of Public Health Work-Related Disease (Boston: Little, Brown & 72(6):555-66, June 1982. Co., 1983). 259a. Landrigan, P., Cohen, M., Dowdle, W., et al., 269a, Levy, B. S., “The Teaching of Occupational “Medical Surveillance of Biotechnology Work- Health in United States Medical Schools: Five- ers: Report of the CDCINIOSH Ad-Hoc Working Year Follow-up of an Initial Survey,” American Group on Medical Surveillance for Industrial lournal of Public Health 75(1):79-80, January Application of Biotechnology.” Recombinant 1985. DNA Technical Bulletin 5(3):133-38, September 270, Lewis-Beck, M. S., and Alford, J. R., “Can Gov- 1982. ernment Regulate Safety? The Coal Mine Exam- 260. Larson, A,, Workmens’ Compensation Law, ple,” American Political Science Review 74:745- vol. 1 (New York: Mathew Bender, 1973) cited 756, 1980. in Barth, P. S., with Hunt, H. A., Workers’ 271 Loss, J., Architecture and Engineering Perform- Compensation and Work-Related Illnesses and ance Impact Center, University of Maryland, Diseases (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980). personal communication, fall 1983. 261. Larson, L. W,, “Analysis of Current Laws Re- 272< Lowry, P. L,, Hesch, P. R., and Revoir, W. H., flecting Worker Benefits for Occupational Dis- “Performance of Single-Use Respirators, ” Amer- eases, ” report prepared for the Assistant Secre- ican Industrial Hygiene Association ]ournal tary for Policy, Evaluation and Research, U.S. 38:462-467, 1977. Department of Labor, Washington, DC, NTIS 273< Lublin, J, S. “Tougher Limits For Asbestos Report No. ASPER/PUR-78/4385 /A, May Issued by U. S.” The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 1979. 3, 1983. 262. Lave, J. R., and Lave, L. B., Decision 274. Lubove, R., “Workmen’s Compensation and the Frameworks to Enhance Occupational Health Prerogatives of Voluntarism, ” Labor History and Safety Regulation (Working Paper #6 of 8(3):254-79, fall 1967. Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace), 275. Luopajarvi, T., Kuorinka, 1,, Virolainen, M., contract report prepared for the Office of Tech- et al., “Prevalence of Tenosynovitis and Other nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing- Injuries of the Upper Extremities in Repetitive ton, DC, February 1983. Work, ” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Envi- 263. Lave, L. B., testimony, in U.S. Congress, House ronment and Health, vol. 5, Supplement 3, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com- 1979. merce, Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis by Regula- 276. MacAvoy, P. (cd. ) OSHA Safety Regulation: tory Agencies, joint hearings before the Sub- Report of the Presidential Task Force (Washing- committee on Oversight and Investigations and ton, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1977). the Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and 277. MacCarthy, M., “A Review of Some Normative Finance, July 30, Oct. 10 and 24, 1979 (Wash- and Conceptual Issues in Occupational Safety ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, and Health, ” Boston College Environmental Af- 1980). fairs Law Review 9(4):773-814, fall 1981. 264. Lave, L. B., The Strategy of Social Regulation 277a. Machinery and Allied Products Institute, Oc- (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, cupational Safety and Health: Transcript of a 1981 ). MAPI Seminar, Feb. 21-22, 1973, quoted in 265, Leamon, T. B,, “The Introduction of Ergonom- Kent, M. B., A History of Occupational Safety ics: A Problem of Industrial Practice, ” Applied and Health in the United States, contract report Ergonomics 11(3):161-64, 1980. prepared for the Office of Technology Assess- 266< Leamon, T. B., ‘The Organization of Industrial ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, April Ergonomics—A Human :Machine Model,” Ap- 1983. plied Ergonomics 11(4):223-26, 1980. 278. MacLaury, J., cd., Protecting People at Work: 267. Lempert, B. L., and Edwards, R. G., “Field In- A Reader in Occupational Safety and Health vestigations of Noise Reduction Afforded by (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Insert-Type Hearing Protectors, ” American In- 1980). dustrial Hygiene Association Journal (in press). 279. MacLaury, J., “The Job Safety Law of 1970: Its 268. Levenstein, C., University of Connecticut, per- Passage was Perilous, ” Monthly Labor Review sonal communication, 1983. 104(3):18-24, March 1981. 404 ● Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

280. MacLean, D., A History of the Consideration “ as an Index of Asbestos Impact,” of Economic Impacts in the Determination of the in Quantiji”cation of Occupational Cancer: Ban- Feasibility of Standards Under the OSH Act bury Report 9, R. Peto and M. Schneiderman (Working Paper #s of Preventing Illness and In- (eds. ) (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring jury in the Workplace), contract report prepared Harbor Laboratory, 1981). for the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. 295. McFarland, R. A., The Epidemiology of Indus- Congress, Washington, DC, April 1983. trial Accidents (Cambridge, MA: Harvard 281 MacLean, D, and Sagoff, M., A Critique of School of Public Health, 1965). Cost-Benefit Analysis as a Technique for Deter- 296. McGarity, T. O., “Substantive and Procedural mining Health Standards under the Occupation- Discretion in Administrative Resolution of al Safety and Hea2th Act (Working Paper #7 of Science Policy Questions, ” Georgetown Law Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace), ]ournal 67:729-810, February 1979. contract report prepared for the Office of Tech- 297. McGarity, T. O., “Media Quality, Technology, nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing- and Cost-Benefit Balancing Strategies for Health ton, DC., April 1983. and Environmental Regulation, ” Law and Con- 282. MacMahon, B. and Pugh, T. F., Epidemiology: temporary Problems 46:159-233, summer 1983. Principles and Methods (Boston: Little, Brown, 297a. McGarity, T. O., personal communication, June 1970). 8, 1984. 283. Magaziner, I. C., and Reich, R. B., Minding 298. McGraw-Hill Publications Company, Econom- America’s Business (New York: Harcourt Brace ics Department, “Annual McGraw- Hill Survey Jovanovich, 1982). of Investment in Employee Safety and Health, ” 284. Main, J., “When Accidents Don’t Happen,”For- mimeo, various years. tune 106(5):62-68, Sept. 6, 1982, 299. McKenzie, F., Storment, J., Van Hook, P., et 285. Maisonpierre, A., statement of the Alliance of al., “A Program for Control of Repetitive American Insurers before the Senate Labor and Trauma Disorders in a Telephone Factory, ” Human Resources Committee, Aug. 26, 1980. typescript, no date. 286. Maisonpierre, A., Alliance of American In- 300. Mendeloff, J., Regulating Safety: An Economic surers, letters to OTA, Sept. 16, 1983, and Jan. and Political Analysis of Occupational Safety 13, 1984. and Health Policy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 287. Marlow, M. L., “The Economics of Enforce- 1979). ment: The Case of OSHA, ” Journal of Econom- 301. Mendeloff, J., An Analysis of OSHA Health in- ics and Business 34:165-171, 1982. spection Data (Working Paper # 2 of Prevent- 288. Mazor, J., “How Accurate Are Employers’ Ill- ing Illness and Injury in the Workplace), con- ness and Injury Reports?” Monthly Labor Re- tract report prepared for Office of Technology view, pp. 26-31, September 1976. Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, 289, McCaffrey, D. P,, ‘Work-Related Amputations April 1983. by Type and Prevalence” Monthly Labor Re- 302. Mendeloff, J., ‘The Role of OSHA Violations view, pp. 35-41, March 1981. in Serious Workplace Accidents,” Journal of Oc- 290, McCaffrey, D. P., OSHA and the Politics of cupational Medicine 26(5):353-60, May 1984. Health Regulation (New York: Plenum Press, 303. Millar, J. D,, CDC White Paper–The NIOSH 1982). Move Memorandum (Atlanta, GA: Centers for 291. McCaffrey, D. P., “An Assessment of OSHA’S Disease Control, Mar. 5, 1982). Recent Effects on Injury Rates, ” Journal of 304. Miller, J. C., III, and Yandle, B., Benefit-Cost Human Resources, January 1983. Analyses of Social Regulation (Washington, 292. McCormick, E. J., and Sanders, M., Human DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1979). Factors in Engineering and Design (New York: 305. Miller, W., “MSA’S Comments Relevant to the McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982). Advantages and Disadvantages of In-House 293. McDaniel, P. R,, and Kaplinsky, A. S., ‘The Versus External Testing of Respirators, ” Pre- Use of the Federal Income Tax System to Com- sented to Respirator Subcommittee of the Mine bat Air and Water Pollution,” Boston College Health Advisory Committee, Jan. 4 and 5, 1982. Industrial and Commercial Law Review 12(3): 306. Mine Health Research Committee, Respirator 351-86, February 1971. Research Subcommittee, Respirator Certifica- 294. McDonald, J. C., and McDonald, A. D., tion, typescript, Jan. 27, 1982. .

References ● 405

307. Mintz, B. W,, OSHA: History, Law, and Pol- 323. National Safety Council, “This is the National icy (Washington, DC: Bureau of National Af- Safety Council, ” 1980. fairs, 1984). 324. National Safety Council, Accident Facts (Chi- 308. Mishan, E. J., Cost-Benefit Analysis (New York: cago: National Safety Council, 1981). Praeger Publishers, 1971). 325. National Safety Council, “Documentation of 309. Moran, J., 1980, quoted in “Comments Sub- National Safety Council Statistics Department mitted to OSHA on the Issue of the Revised Estimating Procedures for Motor Vehicle,

Respirator Use Policy, ” J. M. Paul] and F. Workr Home, and Public Deaths and Death Rosenthal, OSHA Docket H-160, Exhibit 2-70, Rates,” typescript, February 1982. typescript, 1983. 326. Nelson, T. J., E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 310. Moran, J., personal communication, December Inc., Wilmington, DE., personal communica- 1983. tion, August 1983. 311. Monitor, “Error-Free Performance Starts in the 327. Neumann, G. R., and Nelson, J. P., “Safety Reg- Classroom, ” pp. 18-19, May 1982. ulation and Firm Size: Effects of the Coal Mine 312. Monson, R, R., Occupational Epidemiology Health and Safety Act of 1969,” Journal of Law (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1980). and Economics 25:183-199, October 1982. 313. Moskowitz, D. B., “Unions Shut Out in Safety 328. IVew York Times, “N. L.R.B. Says Safety Pro- Cases,” Washington Post, Jan. 2, 1984. test by Lone Worker Was Illegal, ” p. A-26, Jan. 314, Myers, W. R. and Peach, M. J., III., “Perform- 12, 1984. ance measurements on a powered air-purifying 329. Nicas, M., ‘Working Paper on Problems Asso- respirator made during actual field use in a silica ciated with Respiratory Protection Programs, ” bagging operation, ” typescript (Morgantown, typescript (Washington, DC: Workers’ Institute WV: National Institute for Occupational Safety for Safety and Health, May 11, 1981). and Health, 1982). 330. Nichols, A. L., and Zeckhauser, R., “Govern- 315. Myers, W., data presented in Report of Scien- ment Comes to the Workplace: An Assessment tific Peer Group Review of Respirator Quanti- of OSHA, ” The Public Interest 49:39-69, fall tative Fit Test Methods, D. L. Swift, C. E. Bill- 1977.

ings, and F. Shanty (eds. ) typescript (Baltimore: 331< Nicholson, W. J., Perkel, G., Selikoff, I. J., et Johns Hopkins University, Sept. 22, 1983). al., “Cancer From Occupational Asbestos Ex- 316, National Commission on State Workmen’s posure Projections 1980-2000, ” in Quantifica- Compensation Laws, Compendium on Work- tion of Occupational Cancer: Banbury Report men’s Compensation (Washington, DC: U.S. 9, R. Peto and M. Schneiderman (eds. ) (Cold Government Printing Office, 1973). Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Lab- 317. National Commission on State Workmen’s oratory, 1981). Compensation Laws, Z?eport (Washington, DC: 332< Northrup, H. R., Rowan, R. L., Perry, C. R., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973). et al., The Impact of OSHA (Philadelphia, PA: 318. National Commission on State Workmen’s University of Pennsylvania, The Wharton Compensation Laws, Supplemental Studies School, Industrial Research Unit, 1978). (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 333 Nothstein, G., The Law of Occupational Safety Office, 1973). and Health (New York: MacMillan, The Free 319. National Research Council, Assembly of Engi- Press, 1981).

neering, Marine Board, Committee on Assess- 334< Occupational Hazards, “ISEA 50th Anniver- ment of Safety of OCS Activities, Safety and sary, ” pp. 29-31, May, 1983. Offshore Oil (Washington, DC: National Acad- 335. Occupational Health & Safety Letter, “Study of emy Press, 1981). in-plant health committees yields mixed results, ” 320, National Research Council, Committee on In- p. 4, Dec. 8, 1982. door Pollutants, Indoor Pollutants (Washing- 336. Occupational Health & Safety Letter, “Health ton, DC: National Acadamy Press, 1983). and Safety Being Promoted in Business Schools, ” 321, National Research Council, Video Displays, p. 8, May 22, 1983. Work, and Vision (Washington, DC: National 337. Occupational Health & Safety Letter, “Positive Academy Press, 1983). results reported on 6 Cal-OSHA self-inspection 322. National Safety Council, Accident Prevention projects, ” p. 6, Dec. 8, 1983. Manual for Industrial Operations: Engineering 338 Occupational Health & Safety Letter, “Gulf and Technology, 8th cd., F. E. McElroy (cd. ) Coast Company Gets Experimental Variance (Chicago, IL: National Safety Council, 1980). From Lead Standard,” 14(7):4-5, Apr. 8, 1984. 406 . Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

338a, Occupational Health & Safety Letter, “Occupa- ployee Assessment, Advisory Council Remain,” tional Medical Practice Shifting to Hospitals, ” pp. 1309-1310, May 10, 1984. 14(13):1-2, July 8, 1984. 352. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, 339. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, “ACGIH Makes Revisions, Additions to Thresh- 5(24):829, Nov. 13, 1975, cited in Technologies old Limit Value Listings, ” 13(52):1355, May 31, for Controlling Worker Exposure to Silica, J. L. 1984

S. Hickey, C. H. Rice, and B. A. Boehlecke, 3534 Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, contract report prepared for the Office of Tech- “Goundwork Must Be Laid if Committees Are nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing- to Be Effective, Speaker Maintains, ” pp. 8-9, ton, DC, August 1983. June 7, 1984. 340. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, 354. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, ‘Trans- “Ergonomics can Boost Productivity, Reduce In- fer of 4,4’-MDA Control to OSHA Approved juries, NIOSH Consultant Says, ’ 12(29):584-5, by EPA Official; Report Considered,” pp. 7-8, &C. 16, 1982. June 7, 1984. 341. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, “Little 355. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, Impact on Safety Seen From Mere Existence of “Revised Rules Expanding Program, Providing Committee,” pp. 519-20, Nov. 25, 1982. Exemptions Issued by OSHA,” 14(3):35-36, June 342. Occupational Safety & Health Repotier, “Meas- 21, 1984. ure Before Legislature Would Permit Worker to 358. O’Malley, T., U.S. Department of Labor, per- Sue Employer for Work Accident,” p. 776, Feb. sonal communication, Sept. 25, 1983. 17, 1983. 359. Ohman, K. H. G., “Prevention of Silica Ex- 343. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, posure and Elimination of , ” Amen-can ‘limitations on OSHA Inspections under Fund- Zndusti”al Hygiene Association Journal 39(11): ing Bill Explained to Field, ” 12(45):961-2, Apr. 847-859, 1978. 14, 1983, 360. Oppold, J. A., “NIOSH Respirator Research 344. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, “Millar Program, ” presented to Respirator Subcommit- Returns Certification Draft to Staff, Seeks Bal- tee of the Mine Health Advisory Committee, ance in Revision, ” 13(9):197, July 28, 1983. Aug. 13 and 14, 1981. 345. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, “Areas 361. Page, J., and O’Brien, M., Bitter Wages; Ralph for New Federal Role Suggested by Bingham; Nader’s Study Group Report on Disease and in- ‘Right to Act’ Movement Urged, ” pp. 677-678, jury on the Job (New York: Grossman, 1973). Nov. 24, 1983. 362. Patty, F, A. (cd.), Industrial Hygiene and Tox- 346. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, “Joint icology, 2d cd., vol. I (New York: John Wiley Review of Health Risks to Be Made by OSHA, and Sons, Inc., 1958). EPA, Based on Animal Test Data,” p. 816, Jan. 363. Paull, J. M., and Rosenthal, F., “Comments 5, 1984. Submitted to OSHA on the Issue of the Revised 347. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, “Lower Respirator Use Policy,” OSHA Docket H-160, Injury Rates, Costs Seen as Result of Voluntary Exhibit 2-70, typescript, 1983. Compliance, CALfOSHA States,” p. 822, Jan. 364. Pen, S., “An Evaluation of a Hearing Conser- 5, 1984. vation Program —A Five-year Longitudinal 348. Occupational Safety 6 Health Reporter, Study, ” American Industrial Hygiene Associa- “OSHA’S Grain Elevator Proposal Suggests tion Journal, pp. 82-91, 1972. Three Methods for Controlling Dust Levels, ” 365. Perry, C. R., “Vinyl Chloride Protection: Less 13:875-75, Jan. 12, 1984. Costly than Predicted,” Monthly Labor Review, 349. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, “Lead pp. 22-24, August 1980. Company Given Six Month Variance From Lead 366. Peterson, C., “OSHA May Drop Standard- Standard to Test New Respirator,” p. 1180, Apr. Setting Efforts, ” Washington Post, p. A2, Sept. 5, 1984. 21, 1983, . 350! Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, “Bench- 367. Peterson, C., “Labor Reduces Exposure Limit mark Language Was Seen as ‘Lost Issue, ’ for For Asbestos,” Washington Post, Nov. 3, 1983. Fiscal 1985 Request, Tyson Tells Panel,” 13(46): 368. Petersen, D., Safety Management—A Human 1256, Apr. 19, 1984. Approach (Englewood, NJ: Doran, 1975). 351. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter, ‘Wash- 369. Peterson, J. E., “Principles for Controlling the ington Governor Vetoes Major Part of Law; Em- Occupational Environment, ” in The Industrial .—

References ● 407

Environment–Its Evaluation and Control, U.S. 380. Purswell, J. L., and Stephens, R., Heakh and Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Safety Control Technologies in the Workplace: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Accident Causation and Injury Control (Work- Health (Washington, DC: U.S. Government ing Paper # 11 of Preventing Illness and Injury Printing Office, 1973). in the Workplace), contract report prepared for 370. Pete, J., Henderson, B. E., and Pike, M. C., the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Con- ‘Trends in Mesothelioma Incidence in the United gress, Washington, DC, July 1983. States and the Forecast Epidemic due to Asbes- 381. Rattner, S., “Did Industry Cry Wolf?” New tos Exposure During World War II, ” in Quan- York Times, p. Cl, Dec. 28, 1975. tification of Occupational Cancer: Banbury Re- 382. Reagan, R., “Federal Regulation, ” Executive Or- port 9, R. Peto and M. Schneiderman (eds. ) der No. 12291, Federal Register 46(33):13193, (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Feb. 17, 1981. Laboratory, 1981). 383< Reich, R. B., “Why the U.S. Needs an Indus- 371. Pete, R., and Schneiderman, M., eds., Quanti- trial Policy, ” Haruard Business Reivew, pp. 74- fication of Occupational Cancer: Banbury Re- 81, January-February 1982. port 9 (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring 384 Reich, R. B., The Next Ametican Frontier (NY: Harbor Laboratory, 1981). Times Books, 1983). 372. Phillips, J. L., E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 385 Reich, R. B., ‘The Next American Frontier,” The Inc., Wilmington, DE., personal communica- Atlantic 251(4):96-108, April 1983. tion, March 1983, 386 Revoir, W, H., Comparison of Results of 373. Policy Research Incorporated, Protecting Work- Qualitative Respirator Facepiece Fitting Test Uti- ers’ Health: Federal, State and Local Compli- lizing lsoamyl Acetate Vapor as Test Agent with ance-Assistance Programs, contract No. HHS- Results of Quantitative Respirator Facepiece Fit- 100-79-0172, report submitted to. the Office of ting Tests Utilizing Polydisperse Dioctyl Phthal- the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evalua- ate Aerosol as Test Agent, Report No. R-115 tion, Department of Health and Human Serv- (Cranston, RI: Norton Company, Safety Prod- ices, January 1981. ucts Division, Sept. 17, 1979). 374. Posner, R., “A Theory of Negligence, ” ]ournal 387. Richman, J., “Hearing Conservation Screening of Legal Studies 1(1):29-96, January 1972. Programs in Effective Prevention, ” letter, ]our- 375. Powell, C. H., for the Board of Directors of the nal Occupational Medicine 25(8):571, August American Industrial Hygiene Association, let- 1983. ter to T. Auchter, Assistant Secretary of Labor 388. Ries, P. W., “Episodes of Persons Injured: for Occupational Safety and Health, Nov. 14, United States, 1975, ” Advance Data, Number 1983. 18, DHEW (PHS) Publication No. 78-1250 (Hy- 376, President’s Report on Occupational Safety and attsville, MD: National Center for Health Sta- Health for 1971, May 1972, tistics, Mar. 7, 1978). 377, Priest, W. C., Computer-Teleconferencing as a 389, Riko, K,, and Alberti, P. W., “Hearing Protec- Mechanism to Improve Information Transfer for tors: A Review of Recent Observations, ” Jour- Workplace Safety and Health (Working Paper nal of Occupational Medicine 25(7):523-526, #12 of Preventing Illness and Injury in the Work- July 1983. place), contract report prepared for the Office 390. Ringen, K., and Smith, W. J., “Occupational of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Diseases and Equity Issues, ” Virginia Journa2 of Washington, DC, May 1983. Natural Resources Law 2:212-231, 1982. 378, Pritchard, J. A., A Guide to Industrial Respira- 391. Roberts, K., Manville Corporation, Denver, tory Protection, Publication No. 76-189 (Cin- CO,; personal communication, Feb. 6, 1984. cinnati: National Institute for Occupational 392. Rockette, H., “Mortality Among Coal Miners Safety and Health, June 1976). Covered by the UMWA Health and Retirement 379 Presser, W., Law of Torts, 4th ed. (St. Paul, Funds,” DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77- MN: West Publishing Co., 1971) cited in Baram, 155 (Cincinnati, OH: 1977). M. and Miyares, J. R., The Legal Framework 393. Rodenhouse, L, “Statement of the Industrial for Determining Unreasonable Risk From Car- Safety Equipment Association,” Presented to the cinogenic Chemicals, report prepared for the Of- Respirator Research Subcommittee, Mine Health fice of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Research Advisory Committee, Jan. 4 and 5, Mav 16.1980. 1982. 408 . Preventing illness and Injury in the Workplace

394. Rodgers, S. J., and Jayaraman, N., “Control of contract report prepared for the Office of Tech- Respirable Coal Dust in Conventional Coal nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing- Mining Operations,” paper #39 presented at the ton, DC, 1982. American Industrial Hygiene Conference, Phil- 408, Rothstein, M. A., Occupational Safety and adelphia, PA, May 23, 1983. Health Law, 2d ed. (St. Paul, MN: West Pub- 395. Rohatyn, F., statement before U.S. House of lishing Co., 1983). Representatives, Committee on Banking, Fi- 409, Russell, L, B., “Pricing Industrial Accidents, ” in nance, and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on Suppkmenta2 Studies, National Commission on General Oversight and Renegotiation, Hearing State Workmen’s Compensation Laws (Wash- on Establishment of a National Development ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Bank and Related Matters, Sept. 15& 28, 1982, 1973), serial # 97-89. 410. Russo, W. J., and Rutledge, G. L., “Plant and 396. Rem, W, N., Renzetti, A. D., Lee, J. S., et al., Equipment Expenditures by Business for Pollu- (eds. ) Environmental and Occupational Medi- tion Abatement, 1983 and Planned 1984, ” Sur- cine (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1983). vey of Current Business, pp. 31-34, June 1984. 397. Root, N., and McCaffrey, D,, “Providing More 411, Ruttenberg, R., ‘Why Social Regulatory Policy Information on Work Injury and Illness, ” Requires New Definitions and Techniques for Monthly Labor Review, pp. 16-21, April 1978. Assessing Costs and Benefits, ” Labor Studies 398. Root, N., and Hoefer, M., “The First Work- Journal 6(1):114-23, spring 1981. Injury Data Available From New BLS Study” 412. Ruttenberg, R., “Regulation is the Mother of In- Month2y Labor Review, pp. 76-80, January vention, ” Working Papers, pp. 42-47, May-June 1979. 1981. 399. Root, N., and Daley, J. R., “Are Women Safer 413. Ruttenberg, R., Compliance with the OSHA Workers?” Monthly Labor Review, pp. 3-10, Cotton Dust Rule: The Role of Productivity Im- September 1980. proving Technology (Working Paper #18 of Pre- 400. Root, N., “Injuries at Work Are Fewer Among venting Wness and Injury in the Workplace), Older Employees, ” Monthly Labor Review, pp. contract report prepared for the Office of Tech- 30-34, March 1981. nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing- 401. Rosenberg, M., “Beyond the Limits of Executive ton, DC, March 1983. Power: Presidential Control of Agency Rule- 414. Ryer, R. H., “Air Pollution Exposures to Five making under Executive Order 12,291, ” Michi- Target Health Hazards, ” American Industrial gan Law Review 80:193-247, December 1981. Hygiene Association Journal 39(11):928-931, 402. Rosenthal, F. S., and Paull, J. M., Respirator 1978. program effectiveness analyzed by OSHA com- 415. Safety Sciences, Feasibility of Securing pliance statistics, typescript, 1984. Research-Defining Accident Statistics, NIOSH 403. Rosenthal, F. S., data presented in Report of Technical Report, NIOSH Publication No. 78- Scientific Peer Group Review of Respirator 180, September 1978. Quantitative Fit Test Methods, D. L. Swift, C. 416, Salvendy, G., cd., Handbook of Industrial Engi- E. Billings, and F. Shanty, eds., typescript (Balti- neering (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., more: Johns Hopkins University, Sept. 22, 1982). 1983). 417. Samimi, B., Weill, H., and Ziskind, M., “Res- 404. Rosenthal, F., Johns Hopkins University, School pirable Silica Dust Exposure of Sandblasters and of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD., Associated Workers in Steel Fabrication Yards, ” personal communication, June 1983. Archives of Environmental Health, pp. 61-66, 405. Rothfleisch, S., and Sherman, D., “Carpal Tun- 1974. nel Syndrome: Biochemical Aspects of Occupa- 418. Samimi, B., Neilson, A., Weill, H., et al,, “The tional Occurrence and Implications Regarding Efficiency of Protective Hoods Used by Sand- Surgical Management, ” Orthop. Rev., 7:107- blasters to Reduce Silica Dust Exposure, ” Amer- 109, 1978. ican Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, pp. 406. Rothstein, M. A., “OSHA After Ten Years: A 140-148, 1975. Review and Some Proposed Reforms, ”Vander- 419. Sanderson, J. T., “Engineering and the Feds,” bilt Law Review 34:71-139, 1981. Engineering Education, pp. 422-5, March 1983. 407. Rothstein, M., Legal issues Raised by Biochem- 420. Sanderson, W. T., Abrons, H., Petersen, M., ical and Cytogenetic Testing in the Workplace, et al., “Results of Industrial Hygiene Surveys of References . 409

Portland Cement Plants,” paper #34 presented NTIS No. BP-256 238, Report No. ASPER/ at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference, PUR-75/0S40/A, February 197s. Philadelphia, PA, May 23, 1983. 433. Settle R. F., quoted in Business War on the Law: 421. Schauer, L., and Ryder, T., “New Approach to An Analysis of the Benefits of Federal Health/ Occupational Safety and Health Statistics, ” Safety Enforcement, M. Green and N. Waitz- Monthly Labor Review, pp. 14-19, March 1972. man, 2d ed. (Washington, DC: Corporate Ac- 422< Schneider, Scott, “OSHA’S Effectiveness: A Re- countability Research Group, 1981). joinder to McCaffrey, ” typescript, 1983. 434. Shabecoff, P., “Safety Agency to Forgo Cost- 423, Schulte, H. F., “Personal Protective Devices, ” Benefit Analysis, New York Times, July 13, in The lndustn”al Environment—its Evaluation 1981. and Control, U.S. Department of Health, Edu- 435. Shaw, F. M,, “Some Design Criteria for Reduc- cation, and Welfare, National Institute for Oc- ing Dust During the Cleaning and Finishing of cupational Safety and Health (Washington, DC: Iron Castings, ” in Proceedings of Symposium U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973). on Occupation Health Hazard Control Technol- 424. Schultz, G. P., Director, U.S. Office of Man- ogy in the Foundry and Secondary Non-ferrous agement and Budget, memorandum on “Agency Smelting Industries, U.S. Department of Health regulations, standards, and guidelines pertain- and Human Services, National Institute for Oc- ing to environmental quality, consumer protec- cupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) tion, and occupational and public health and Publication No. 81-114, August 1981. safety, ” to the Heads of Departments and Agen- 436. Sheridan, P. J., “What Are Accidents Really cies, Oct. 5, 1971. Costing You?” Occupational Hazards, pp. 41- 425. Schultze, C. L., The Public Use of Private in- 43, March 1979. terest (Washington, DC: The Brookings Insti- 437. Shor, G., “An Analysis of the 1978 Survey of tution, 1977). Disability and Work, ” report prepared for the 426. %hultze, C. L., “Industrial Policy: A Dissent, ” Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy, The 13rookings Review 2(1):3-12, fall 1983. Evaluation, and Research, U.S. Department of 427. Schwartz, J. B., and Epstein, S. S., “Problems Labor, Washington, DC, Dec. 31, 1981. in Assessing Risk From Occupational and Envi- 438. Shoub, E. P., “Statement presented to Respira- ronmental Exposure to Carcinogens, ” in Ban- tor Research Subcommittee of the Mine Health bury Report 9: Quantification of Occupational Research Advisory Committee, ” Jan. 27, 1982. Cancer, R. Peto and M. Schneiderman (eds. ) 439. Simon, M. E., “What We Did: The Business (New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Roundtable Study,” Regulation, pp. 20-21, July- 1981). August 1979. 428. Schwartz, J. E., “The Hidden Truth About Reg- 440. Simon, P. J., Reagan in the Workplace: Unravel- ulation, ” Challenge, pp. 54-56, November- ing the Health and Safety Net (Washington, DC: December 1983. Center for Study of Responsive Law, 1983). 429. Scott, R., Muscle and Blood (New York; E.P. 441. Simonds, R. H., “OSHA Compliance: ‘Safety Dutton & Co., Inc., 1974). Is Good Business’, ” Personnel 50(4):30-38, July- 430. Selikoff, I. J., “Constraints in Estimating Oc- August 1973. cupational Cancer Mortality, ” in Quantification 442, Singleton, W. T., “Future Trends in Accident of Occupational Cancer: Banbury Report 9, Research in European Countries, ” in Proceed- R. Peto and M. Schneiderman (eds. ) (Cold ings of International Seminar on Occupational Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Lab- Accident Research, Stockholm, Sweden, 1983. oratory, 1981). 443. Smith, M. J., Cohen, H. H., Cohen, A., and 431. Selifoff, 1, J., et al., Disability Compensation for Cleveland, R. J., “Characteristics of Successful Asbestos-Associated Disease in the United Safety Programs, ” ]ournal of Safety Research States, contract no. J-9-M-8-0165, report pre- 10(1):5-15, Spring 1978. pared for the Office of the Assistant Secretary 444. Smith, R. S., “Intemporal Changes in Work In- for Policy, Evaluation, and Research, U.S. De- jury Rates, ” IRRA Proceedings, 1972, pp. partment of Labor, Washington, DC, June 1981. 167-74. 432 Settle, R. F., Benefits and Costs of the Federal 445. Smith, R. S., “The Feasibility of an ‘Injury Tax’ Asbestos Standard, contract no, B-9-M-s-0s40, Approach to Occupational Safety, ” Law and report prepared for the Office of the Assistant Contemporary Problems 38(4):730-44, Summer- Secretary for Policy, Evaluation, and Research, Autumn 1974. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC, 446. Smith, R. S., The Occupational Safety and 410 Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

Health Act: Its Goals and Its Achievements (Stanford, CA: Stanford University, April (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Insti- 1982), p. 712.1 OOOB-E. tute, 1976). 458. Steel Tripartite Advisory Committee, “Report 447, Smith, R. S., ‘The Impact of OSHA Inspections to the President by the Steel Tripartite Advisory on Manufacturing Injury Rates, ” Journal of Committee on the United States Steel Industry,” Human Resources 14(2):145-70, Spring 1979. typescript, Sept. 25, 1980. 448. Smith, R. S., “Compensating Wage Differentials 459. Steiger, W., quoted in R. Zeckhauser and A. and Public Policy: A ReviewJ” Zrzdustn”al and Nichols, ‘The Occupational Safety and Health Labor Relations Review 32(3):339-52, April Administration—An Overview, ” in Study on 1979. Federal Regulation, Appendix to vol. VI, U.S. 449. Smith, R. S., “Protecting Workers’ Health and Congress, Senate Committee on Governmental Safety,” in Zrzstead of Regulation, R. W. Poole, Affairs (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Jr. (cd.) (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, DC Printing Office, December 1978). Heath & Co., 1982. 460. Stender, J., “An OSHA Perspective and Pro- 450. Smith, T. J., Ferrell, W. C,, Varner, M. O., et spective, Labor Law Journal 26:73 (1975) quoted al. “Inhalation Exposure of Cadmium Workers: in Occupational Safety and Health Law, M. Effects of Respirator Usage, ” Arnen’can Zndus- Rothstein, 2d ed. (St. Paul, MN: West Publish- trz”al Hygiene Association Journal 41:624-629, ing Co., 1983). 1980. 461 Stevens, A. D., Director of the Division of 451. Smith, T. J., “Industrial Hygiene, ” in Occupa- Training and Manpower Development, Nation- tional Health: Recognizing and Preventing al Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Work-Related Disease, B. S. Levy and D. H. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- Wegman (eds.) (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., ices, personal communication, 1983. 1983). 462. Stilkind, J., ‘Why Do Accidents Happen?,” Job 452. Snider, C., U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health, pp. 4-8, April 1977. Safety and Health Administration, Publication 463, Stokey, E., and Zeckhauser, R., A Primer for Information Office, personal communication, Po2icy Analysis (New York: Norton, 1978). 1983. 464. Strand, S. H., and Johnson, W. G., “An Anal- 453. Snook, S. H., “Workloads,” presentation at ysis of the Safety Incentive Provided by Experi- symposium on “Low Back Pain and Industrial ence Rating under the Workers’ Compensation and Social Disablement, ” organized by the Back Program,” report prepared for the Assistant Sec- Pain Association, held at the Royal College of retary for Policy, Evaluation, and Research, Physicians, London, Oct. 7-8, 1982. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC, 454. Snyder, H. “Vision and the VDU,” Health and March 1980. Ergonomic Considerations of Visual Display 465. Sun, M,, “Reagan Reforms Create Upheaval at Units: Symposium Proceedings (Akron, OH: NIOSH,” Science, 214:166- 168, Oct. 9, 1981. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 466. Surrey, S. S., “Tax Incentives as a Device for 1983). Implementing Government Policy: A Compari- 454a. Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. v. OSHA, son with Direct Government Expenditures, ” 509 F.2d 1301 (2d Cir., Jan. 31, 1975). Haruard Law Review 83(4):705-38, February 455. Soule, R. D., “Industrial Hygiene Engineering 1970. Controls, ” in Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and 467. Swartzman, D., Liroff, R., and Croke, K., Cost- Toxicology, vol. 111, L. J. Cralley and L. V. Benefit Analysis and Environmental Regulations Cralley (eds.) (New York: John Wiley and Sons, (Washington, DC: The Conservation Founda- Inc., 1979). tion, 1982). 456. Springbom Management Services, Inc., Report 468. Swedish Work Environment Fund, Programme on Workplace Protective Equipment and Cloth- of Activities and Budget: 2981/82-1983/84 ing (Working Paper # 10 of Preventing Illness (Stockholm, Sweden, 1981). and Injury in the Workplace), contract report 470. Tabb, W. K., “Government Regulations: Two prepared for the Office of Technology Assess- Sides to the Story,” Challenge, pp. 40-48, ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, August November-December 1980. 1982. 471. Taylor, quoted in Human Performance Engi- 457. Stanford Research Institute, “Asbestos—Salient neering, R. W. Bailey (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Statistics” Chemical Economics Handbook Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982). References 411

472. Teknekron, Inc., “A Report on the National 486. U.S. Congress, “Energy Security Act, ” Public Survey of Workers’ Compensation Insurers, ” in Law 96-294, sec. 131(e). Research Report of the Interdepartmental Work- 487. U.S. Congress, “Regulatory Flexibility Act, ” ers Compensation Task Force, Interdepart- Public Law 96-354, mental Workers’ Compensation Task Force, vol. 488. U.S. Congress, “Paperwork Reduction Act of 7 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 1980, ” Public Law 96-511. Office, June 1979) 489 U.S. Congress, “Omnibus Budget Reconciliation 473. Teknekron, Inc., “Workers’ Compensation: Act of 1981, ” Public Law 97-35, sec. 1905. Analysis of Insurer Operations, ” in Research Re- 489a U.S. Congress, “Departments of Labor, Health port of the Interdepartmental Workers’ Compen- and Human Services, and Education and Related sation Task Force, Interdepartmental Workers’ Agencies Appropriation Act of 1984,” Public Compensation Task Force, vol. 4 (Washington, Law 98-139. DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 490. U.S. Congress, Conference Report No. 91-1765, 1979) Dec. 16, 1970 (Washington, DC: U.S. Govern- 474 Thacker, S. B., Choi, K., and Brachman, P. S., ment Printing Office, 1970). “The Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, ” Jour- 491. U.S. Congress, H.R. 5735, reprinted in U.S. nal of the Amen-can Medical Association 249(9): Congress, House Committee on Education and 1181-1185, Mar. 4, 1983. Labor, Subcommittee on Labor Standards, Oc- 475. Thackrah, C. T., The Effects of the Principal cupational Health Hazards Act of 1982, Hear- Arts, Trades and Professions, and the Civic ings, Mar. 4, Apr, 21, 22, 1982 (Washington, States and Habits of Living on Health and Lon- DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), gevity (London: Longman’s, 1831). 492. U.S. Congress, Congressional Budget Office, 476. Tichauer, E. R., The Biomedical Basis of Small Issue Industrial Revenue Bonds (Washing- Ergonomics (New York: John Wiley and Sons, ton, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Inc., 1978). April 1981). 477 Todradze, C., “Underground Use of Diesel En- 493. U.S. Congress, Congressional Budget Office, gines, ” in Encyclopedia of Occupational Safety The Industrial Policy Debate (Washington, DC: and Health, Luigi Parmeggiani (cd. ) (Geneva, U.S. Government Printing Office, December Switzerland: International Labor Office, 1983). 1983). 478. Tolchin, S. J., “Presidential Power and the Pol- 494, U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, itics of RARG, ” Regulation, pp. 44-49, July- Slow Progress Likely in the Development of August 1979. Standards for Toxic Substances and Harmful 479. Tolchin, S. J., and Tolchin, M., Dismantling Physical Agents Found in Workplaces, B-163375 America: The Rush to Deregulate (Boston: (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Houghton Mifflin Co., 1983). office, Sept. 28, 1973). 480. Tomenko, M., Manager for Corporate Informa- 495, U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, tion, Johns-Manville Corp., personal communi- Answers to Questions on the Issuance of An cation, Nov. 30, 1983. Emergency Temporary Standard for Certain 481. Toney, C. R., and Barnhart, W. L., Pe~orm- Chemicals Considered to be Carcinogens, ance Evaluation of Respiratory Protective Equip- MWD-75-33 (Washington, DC: U.S. Govern- ment Used in Paint Spraying Operations, Report ment Printing Office, Jan. 6, 1975). No. NIOSH 76-177 (Cincinnati: National Insti- 496. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, tute for Occupational Safety and Health, June Emergency Temporary Standards on Organo- 1976). phosphorous Pesticides, MWD-75-55 (Washing- 482. Trend, “NIOSH—Our National Institute for Oc- ton, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Feb. cupational Safety and Health, ” 7(1):3-9. 24, 1975), 483, Tyrer, F. H., and Lee, K., A Synopsis of Oc- 497 U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, cupational Medicine (Bristol, Great Britain: John Worker Protection Must Be Insured When Wright and Sons, 1979). Employers Request Permission to Deviate From 484. U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Analysis of Work- Safety and Health Standards, IvIWD-76-19 ers Compensation Laws: 1983 (Washington, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing DC: U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 1983). Office, Dec. 31, 1975). 485. U.S. Congress, “Occupational Safety and Health 498 U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, Fed- Act of 1970,” Public Law 91-596. eral Efforts to Protect the Public From Cancer- 412 . Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

Causing Chemicals Are Not Very Effective, 510. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, im- MWD-76-59 (Washington, DC: U.S. Govern- proved Quality, Adequate Resources, and Con- ment Printing Office, June 16, 1976). sistent Oversight Needed lf Regulatory Analy- 499. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, Z3et- sis Is To Help Control Costs of Regulations, ter Data orI Severity and Causes of Worker PAD-83-6 (Washington, DC, Nov. 2, 1982). Safety and Health Problems Should be Obtained 511 U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, Zn- From Workplaces, HRD-76-118 (Washington, formal Settlement of OSHA Citations: Comm- DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug. 12, ents on the Legal Basis and Other Selected 1976). Issues, HRD-85-11 (Washington, DC: October 500. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, 26, 1984). States’ Protection of Workers Needs Improve- 512. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Banking, ment, HRD-76-161 (Washington, DC: U.S. Finance, and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on Government Printing Office, Sept. 9, 1976). Economic Stabilization, Catalog of Federal Loan 501 U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, De- Guarantee Programs, Committee Print 97-10 lays in Setting Workplace Standards for Can- (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing cer Causing and Other Dangerous Substances, Office, January 1982). HRD-77-71 (Washington, DC: U.S. Govern- 513. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Banking, ment Printing Office, May 10, 1977). Finance, and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on 502, U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, Spo- Economic Stabilization, Industrial Policy, Hear- radic Workplace Inspections for Lethal and ings, 1983-84, Parts 1-6 (Washington, DC: U.S. Other Serious Health Hazards, HRD-77-143 Government Printing office, 1983, 1984). (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 514. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Banking, Office, Apr. 5, 1978). Finance, and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on 503. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, Economic Stabilization, An Industrial Policy for Health Hazard Evaluation Program Needs Im- America: Is It Needed?, Committee Print 98-2 provement, HRD-78-13 (Washington, DC: U.S. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Government Printing Office, May 18, 1978). Office, April 1983). 504. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, 515. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Banking, Workplace Inspection Program Weak in Detect- Finance, and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on ing and Correcting Sen”ous Hazards, HRD-78- General Oversight and Renegotiation, Hearing 34 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Print- on Establishment of a National Development ing Office, May 19, 1978). Bank and Related Matters, Sept. 15, 28, 1982, 505. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, La- Serial No. 97-89 (Washington, DC: U.S. Gov- bor Needs to Manage Its Workplace Consulta- ernment Printing Office, 1982). tion Program l?etter, HRD-78-15s (Washington, 516 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Education DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Dec. 18, and Labor, Report No, 91-1291, July 9, 1970 1978). (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 506. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, Office, 1970). Grain Dust Explosions-An Unsolved Problem, 517 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Education HRD-79-1 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government and Labor, Subcommittee on Labor Standards, Printing Office, Mar. 21, 1979). Occupational Health Hazards Compensation 507. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, Act of 1982, Hearings, Mar. 4, Apr. 21-22, 1982 How Effective are OSHA’S Complaint Proce- (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing dures?, HRD-79-48 (Washington, DC: U.S. Office, 1983). Government Printing Office, Apr. 9, 1979). 517a. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Education 508. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, and Labor, Subcommittee on Health and Safety, How Can Workplace Znjuries Be Prevented? The OSHA Oversight–Review of 116 llorrnant Answers May be in OSHA FiZes, HRD-79-43 Rulemaking Projects, Hearing, Oct. 4, 1983 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, May 3, 1979). Office, 1984). 509. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, “Re- 518. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Energy view of Small Business Administration’s occupa- and Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight tional safety and health loan program, ” HRD- and Investigations, Capital Formation and in- 79-82, letter to Ray Marshall and A. Vernon dustrial Policy (Washington, DC: U.S. Govern- Weaver from Gregory J. Ahart, June 6, 1979. ment Printing Office, July 1981). References ● 413

519 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Govern- sional Research Service, Estimating the Costs of ment Operations, OMB Interference with Federal Regulation, by J. Allen, Report No, 78- OSHA Rzdernaking, House Report No. 98-583, 205E, Sept. 26, 1978. Dec. 1, 1983 (Washington, DC: U.S. Govern- 527, U.S. Congress, Library of Congress, Congres- ment Printing Office, 1983). sional Research Service, A National Develop- 520. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Govern- ment Bank, by G. R. Meadows, and J. Mitrisin, ment Operations, Subcommittee on Manpower Report No. 79-89E, April 1979. and Housing, Office of Marzagernent and Budget 528. U.S. Congress, Library of Congress, Congres- Control of OSHA Rulemaking, Hearings, Mar. sional Research Service, lndustn”al Policy: An 11, 18, and 19, 1982 (Washington, DC: U.S. Ovemiew, by K. F. Winch, Report No. 80-221E, Government Printing Office, 1983), Dec. 4, 1980.

520a< U.S. Congress, House Committee on Govern- 529. U.S. Congress, Library of Congress, Congres- ment Operations, Subcommittee on Manpower sional Research Service, industrial Policy im- and Housing, OSHA Injury and Illness infor- plicit in Federal Business Credit Programs, N. mation System, Hearing, June 20, 1984 (Wash- A. Noto, Report No. 81-12E, Dec. 31, 1980. ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 530. U.S. Congress, Library of Congress, Congres- 1984) sional Research Service, OSHA Reform: An 520b. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Economic Analysis of the Occupational Safety Operations, Occupational Illness Data Collec- and Health Act, by M, J. Belle, Report No. 81- tion: Fragmented, Unreliable, and Seventy Years 162E, Aug. 6, 1981. behind Communicable Disease Surveillance, 531. U.S. Congress, Library of Congress, Congres- House Report No. 98-1144 (Washington, DC: sional Research Service, Deductions, Credits, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984). Exemptions and Exclusions in the Federal In- 521. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Interstate come Tax System, by E. S. Burstein, Report No. and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Over- 82-137E, Aug. 12, 1982. sight and Investigations, cost-Benefit Analysis: 532, U.S. Congress, Library of Congress, Congres- Wonder Tool or Mirage?, Committee Print No. sional Research Service, “Products Liability: A 96-lFC 62, December 1980 (Washington, DC: Legal Overview, ” by H. Cohen, Issue Brief No. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980). IB77021, oct. 7, 1982. 522. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Interstate 533. U.S. Congress, Library of Congress, Congres- and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Over- sional Research Service, “OSHA Reform: Dis- sight and Investigations and Subcommittee on mantlement or Overhaul?” by M. J. Belle, Issue Consumer Protection and Finance, Use of Cost- Brief No. IB81068, Sept. 30, 1982. Benefit Analysis by Regulatory Agencies, Joint 534. U.S. Congress, Library of Congress, Congres- Hearings, July 30, Oct. 10 and 24, 1979 (Wash- sional Research Service, “Industrial Policy in the ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 98th Congress,” by C. K. Brancato and K. F. 1980). Winch, Issue Brief No. IB83125, Nov. 3, 1983. 523. U.S. Congress, House Committee on the Judi- 535. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- ciary, Subcommittee on Administrative Law ment, Assessing the Effz”cacy and Safety of Med- and Governmental Relations, Regulatory ical Technologies (Washington, DC: U.S. Gov- Reform Act, Hearings, June 8,9,15, 16,22,23, ernment Printing Office, September 1978). 29, July 13, 14, 27, and 29, 1983 (Washington, 536. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984). ment, The Direct Use of Coal, OTA-E-86 524. U.S. Congress, House Committee on the Judi- (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing ciary, Subcommittee on Administrative Law Office, April 1979). and Governmental Relations, Regulatory 537. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- Reform Act—Supplement, Part 2 (Washington, ment, An Assessment of Oil Shale Technologies, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984). OTA-M-118 (Washington, DC: U.S. Govern- 525. U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, in- ment Printing Office, June 1980). dustrial Policy, Economic Growth and the Com- 538. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- petitiveness of U.S. Industry, Hearings, June 24 ment, Technology and Steel Industry Competi- & 30, July 13, 14, & 20, 1983 (Washington, DC: tiveness, OTA-M-I22 (Washington, DC: U.S. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983). Government Printing Office, June 1980).

526. U.S. Comzress.V, Librarv, of Corwress,“, Conzres-“ 539, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- 414 . Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

ment, The Implications of Cost-Effectiveness 549, U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Finance, Analysis of Medical Technology (Washington, Subcommittee on Savings, Pensions, and Invest- DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, August ment Policy, Promotion of High-Growth Indus- 1980). tries and U.S. Competitiveness, Hearings, Jan. 540. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- 19-20, 1983 (Washington, DC: U.S. Govern- ment, The Implications of Cost-Effectiveness ment Printing Office, 1983). Analysis of Medical Technology, Background 550. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Labor and Paper #I: Methodological Issues and Literature Human Resources, Occupational Safety and Review (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Health Improvements Act of 1980, Hearings, Printing Office, September 1980). Apr. 15, 17, and 25, 1980 (Washington, DC: 541. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980). ment, Impacts of Applied Genetics: Micro- 551. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Labor and Organisms, Plants, and Animals, OTA-HR-132 Public Welfare, Report No. 91-1282, Oct. 6, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 1970 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Print- Office, April 1981). ing Office, 1970). 542, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- 552. U.S. Department of Commerce, “Opportunities ment, Assessment of Technolo~”es for Determin- and Strategies for U.S. Textile Machinery Man- ing Cancer Risks From the Environment, OTA- ufacturers to Improve Their Competitive Posi- H-138 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government tions in Domestic and Foreign Textile Markets, Printing Office, June 1981). 1980-1985, ” September 1980. 543. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- 553. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the ment, U.S. Industrial Competitiveness: A Com- Census, County Business Patterns, 1981: United parison of Steel, Electronics, and Automobiles States (Washington, DC: U.S. Government (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Printing Office, 1982). Office, July 1981) 554. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of In- 544. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- dustrial Economics, U,S. Industrial Outlook: ment, Technology Transfer at the National in- Prospects For Over 300 industries, 25th ed. stitutes of Health, OTA-TM-H-1O (Washington, (Washington, DC: January 1984). DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 555. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and 1982). Welfare, “Estimates of the Fraction of Cancer 545. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- in the United States Related to Occupational ment, Strate~”es for Medica2 Technology Assess- Factors, ” typescript (Bethesda, MD: National ment (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Cancer Institute, National Institute of Environ- Printing Office, September 1982). mental Health Sciences, National Institute for 546. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- Occupational Safety and Health, Sept. 15, ment, Technologies and Management Strate~”es 1978), reprinted in Quantification of Occupa- for Hazardous Waste Control (Washington, tional Cancer: Banbury Report 9, R. Peto and DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March M, Schneiderman (eds. ) (Cold Spring Harbor, 1983). NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1981). 547. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- 556. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- ment, The Role of Genetic Testing in the Pre- ices, Promoting Health/Preventing Disease— vention of Occupational Disease, GPO Stock Objectives for the Nation (Washington, DC: No. OTA-BA-194 (Washington, DC: U.S. Gov- Government Printing Office, 1980), ernment Printing Office, April 1983). 557. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- 547a. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- ces, Committee to Coordinate Environmental ment, The Information Content of Premanufac- md Related Programs (CCERP), The Occupa- ture Notices, Background Paper, OTA-BP-H-I7 tional Cancer Risk Subcommittee, On Occupa- (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing tional Cancer Estimation: Report of the Oc- Office, April 1983). wpational Cancer Risk Subcommittee of the 548. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess- Department of Health and Human Services ment, Commercial Biotechnology: An Interna- ~ommittee to Coordinate Environmental and tional Analysis, GPO Stock No. OTA-BA-218 ?elated Programs, typescript (Cincinnati, OH: (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing WOSH, Nov. 4, 1984) Office, January 1984). 558. J.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- References 415

ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease 568. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Wel- Control, “Results of Blood Lead Determinations fare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Among Workers Potentially Exposed to Lead— Control, National Institute for Occupational United States,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Safety and Health, “Occupational Safety and Report, Apr. 29, 1983. Health Implications of Increased Coal Utiliza- 560, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Wel- tion,” (Rockville, MD, Dec. 1s, 1977). fare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease 569. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Wel- Control, National Institute for Occupational fare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Safety and Health, Criteria for a Recommended Control, National Institute for Occupational Standard: Occupational Exposure to Crystalline Safety and Health, An Evaluation of Occupa- Silica, HEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 75-120, tional Health Hazard Control Technology for 1974. the Foundry Industry, DHEW (NIOSH) Publica- 561, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Wel- tion No, 79-114, 1978. fare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease 570. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Control, National Institute for Occupational Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Dis- Safety and Health, “Recommended Standard for ease Control, National Institute for Occupa- Occupational Exposure to Vinyl Chloride, ” ex- tional Safety and Health, A Nationwide Sw-uey cerpts from M. Key, Director, NIOSH, memo- of the Occupational Safety and Health Work randum to J. Stender, Assistant Secretary of La- Force, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-164 bor, Mar. 11, 1974. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 562. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Wel- Office, July 1978). fare, Centers for Disease Control, National In- 571. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and stitute for Occupational Safety and Health, En- Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Dis- gineering Control and Work Practices Manual, ease Control, National Institute for Occupa- HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-179, 1976. tional Safety and Health and U.S. Department 563, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Wel- of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Ad- fare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease ministration, Current Intelligence Bulletin 28: Control, National Institute for Occupational Vinyl Halides–Carcinogenicity, DHEW (NIOSH) Safety and Health, Recommended Industrial Publication No. 79-102, Sept. 21, 1978. Ventilation Guidelines, HEW Publication No. 572, U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- (NIOSH) 76-172, 1976. ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease 564 U.S. Department of Health, Education and Wel- Control, National Institute for Occupational fare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, Control, National Institute for Occupational “A Strategy for the Respiratory Protection Re- Safety and Health, National Occupational Haz- search Program, ” typescript, 1980. ard Survey, 1972 - 1974, vol, I, Survey Man- 573. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- ual, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 74-127 ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease (Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH, 1974). Control, National Institute for Occupational 565 U.S. Department of Health, Education and Wel- Safety and Health, Update of the Literature: fare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Crystalline Silica, 1980. Control, National Institute for Occupational 574. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- Safety and Health, National Occupational Haz- ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease ard Suruey, 1972- 1974, vol. 11, Data Editing Control, National Institute for Occupational and Data Base Development, DHEW (NIOSH) Safety and Health, Manual of Safety and Health Publication No. 77-213 (Cincinnati, OH: Hazards in the School Science Laboratories NIOSH, 1977). (Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH, 1980). 566 U.S. Department of Health, Education and Wel- 574a U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- fare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Occupational Haz- Safety and Health, Summary of NIOSH Recom- ard Survey, 1972-2974, vol. 111, Survey Anal- mendations for Occupational Health Standards ysis and Supplemental Tables, DHEW (NIOSH) (Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH, November 1980), Publication No. 78-114 (Cincinnati, OH: 575 U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- NIOSH, 1977). ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease 416 . Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

Control, National Institute for Occupational 583. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- Safety and Health, Assess- ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease ment: Coal Liquefaction, Vol. Ii—Assessment, Control, National Institute for Occupational DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-132 (Wash- Safety and Health, “Leading Work-related Dis- ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, eases and In juries,” Morbidity and Mortality 1981). Weekly Report, 32:24-26, 32, Jan. 21, 1983. 576. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- 584, U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Symposium Proceedings: Safety and Health, NZOSH Program Plan by Control Technology in the Plastics and Resins Program Areas: Fiscal Year 1983, GPO stock Jndustry, DHHS (NIOSH) 81-107 (Washington, No. 661-089 (Washington, DC: U.S. Gover- DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, January nment Printing Office, February 1983). 1981), 585. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- 577. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease ices, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “Comments to OSHA for Safety and Health, Proceedings of Symposium Docket H-160: Health Standards: Methods of on Occupation Health Hazard Control Technol- Compliance,” typescript, June 1983. ogy in the Foundry and Secondary Non-ferrous 586. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- Smelting Industries, DHHS (NIOSH) Publica- ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease tion No. 81-114, August 1981. Control, National Institute for Occupational 579. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- Safety and Health, Registry of ‘Toxic Effects of ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Chemical Substances: 1981-82 Edition, DHHS Control, National Institute for Occupational (NIOSH) Publication No. 83-107 (Cincinnati, Safety and Health, Mission Statement: National OH: NIOSH, June 1983). Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 587. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- (Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control, ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease 1982). Control, National Institute for Occupational 580. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- Safety and Health, Engineering Control of Oc- ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease cupational Safety and Health Hazards: Recom- Control, National Institute for Occupational mendations for Improving Engz”neen”ng Practice, Safety and Health, “Respirator Information Education, and Research, Summary Report of Notice on MSA Powered Air Purifying Respi- the Engineering Control Technology Workshop rator, Mine Safety Appliance Co., Pittsburgh, Technical Panel (Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH, July PA, Model Numbers: 463354, 466607, 466608, 1983). Approval Number TC-21C-M6° (Atlanta: Na- 588. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- tional Institute for Occupational Safety and ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Health, Nov. 15, 1982). Control, National Institute for Occupational 581 U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- Safety and Health, NIOSH Report on Occupa- ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease tional Safety and Health for Fiscal Year 1982 Control, National Institute for Occupational Under Public Law 91-596, GPO stock No. 659- Safety and Health, Report on Occupational 096-1026 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Safety and Health for FY 1982–Under Public Printing Office, September 1983). Law 91-596 (Washington, DC: Government 590. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- Printing Office, 1983). ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease 582. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- Control, National Institute for Occupational ices, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Safety and Health, NZOSH Program Plan by Control, National Institute for Occupational Program Areas: Fiscal Years 1984-89, DHHS Safety and Health, Division of Physical Sciences (NIOSH) Publication No. 84-107, February and Engineering, Overview-The Division of 1984. Physical Sciences and Engineering, NIOSH in- 591. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- ternal document (Cincinnati, OH: 1983). ices, Public Health Service, National Center for References ● 417

Health Statistics, Current Estimates From the 605. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- National Health Intemiew Survey, various tistics, Back lnjun”es Associated with Lifting, years. Bulletin No. 2144 (Washington, DC: U.S. Gov- 592. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Wel- ernment Printing Office, August 1982). fare, Public Health Sewice, National Center for 606. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- Health Statistics, PersonsInjured and Disability tistics, Occupational injuries and Illnesses in the Days by Detailed Type and Class of Accident, United States by Industry, 1982, Bulletin No. United States, 1971-72, January 1976. 2164 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Print- s93. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- ing Office, January 1983). ices, Public Health Service, National Center for 607. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- Health Statistics, Vital Statistics of the U. S., tistics, “Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in 1977. 1982, ” typescript, press release, Nov. 4, 1983. 595. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- 608. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- ices, Public Health Service, National Toxicology tistics, Occupational injuries and Illnesses in the Program, National Toxicology Program; Fiscal United States by Industry, 1982, Bulletin No. Year 1984 Annual Plan, NTP-84-023 (Research 2196 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Print- Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Pro- ing Office, April 1984). gram, February 1984). 609. U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and 596. U.S. Department of Labor, Assistant Secretary Health Administration, “Respiratory Protective for Policy, Evaluation, and Research (ASPER), Devices,” Code of Federal Regulations, vol. 30, An Interim Report to Congress on Occupational part 11. Diseases, Washington, DC, June 1980. 610. U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and 597. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- Health Administration, Mine Safety and Health tistics, “Comparison of 1974 NSC and BLS Advisory Committee, Respirator Research Sub- Death Estimates, ” typescript, n.d. committee, “Respirator Certification, ” type- 598. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- script, Jan. 27, 1982. tistics, Accidents involving Eye injuries, Report 611. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety No. 597 (Washington, DC: Government Print- and Health Administration, “Air Contami- ing Office, 1980). nants, ” Code of Federal Regulations, vol. 29, s99. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- sec. 1910.1000(e). tistics, Accidents Involving Face Injuries, Report 612. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety No. 604 (Washington, DC: Government Print- and Health Administration, “Occupational ing Office, 1980). Noise Exposure, ” Code of Federal Regulations, 600. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- vol. 29, sec. 1910.95(b)(l). tistics, Accidents Involving Head Injuries, Re- 613. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety port No. 605 (Washington, DC: Government and Health Administration. “Respiratory Pro- Printing Office, 1980), tection,” Code of Federal Regulations, vol. 29, 601. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- sec. 1910.134(a)(l). tistics, Accidents Involving Foot injuries, Report 614. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety No. 626 (Washington, DC: Government Print- and Health Administration, Division of Statis- ing Office, January 1981). tical Studies and Analysis, “Occupational Fatali- 602. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- ties Among Workman’s Compensation Claims, tistics, Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1980. 1972, ” typescript, n.d. 603. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- 615. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety tistics, Work-related Hand Injuries and Upper and Health Administration, “Emergency Tem- Extremity Amputations, Bulletin No. 2100 porary Standard for Exposure to Vinyl Chlo- (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, ride, ” Federal Register 39:12342, Apr. 5, 1974. 1982). 616. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 604. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- and Health Administration, “Vinyl Chloride— tistics, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the Proposed Standard, ” Federal Register 39:16896, United States by Industry, 1980, Bulletin No. May 10, 1974. 2130 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Print- 617. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety ing office, April 1982). and Health Administration, “Standard for Ex- 418 . Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

posure to Vinyl Chloride, ” Federal Register 630. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 39:35890, Oct. 4, 1974. and Health Administration, press release, Aug. 618. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 25, 1982. and Health Administration, “Recordkeeping Re- 631. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety quirements under the Occupational Safety and and Health Administration, Regulatory Impact Health Act of 1970,” revised, 1978. and Regulatory Flexibility Assessment of the 619, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety Proposed Standard on Servicing Single-Piece and Health Administration, “A Comparison of Rim Wheels, September 1982. Occupational Injury Rates, ” typescript, Febru- 632. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety ary 1978. and Health Administration, press releases: Sept. 620, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 24 and 30, 1982. and Health Administration, “Exposure to Coke 633. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety Oven Emissions,” Federal Register 41:46742- and Health Administration, “Scheduling System 46790, Oct. 22, 1976. for Programmed Inspections, ” Instruction No. 621, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety CPL 2.25C, Oct. 1, 1982. and Health Administration, Benefi”ts Analysis 634. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety for the Proposed Federal Standard Regulating and Health Administration, “Educational/Scien- Conveyors, 1980. tific Diving, ” Federal Register 47:s33s7, Nov. 622. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 26, 1982. and Health Administration, Final Regulatory 635< U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety Analysis of the Hearing Conservation Amend- and Health Administration, Field Operations ment, January 1981. Manual, revised 1983. 623. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 636. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Occupational and Health Administration, OSHA: Meeting its Safety and Health Statistics of the Federal Gov- Mandate, 1983. ernment, CY 1979, Publication No. (OSHA) 637. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 2066, January 1981. and Health Administration, “Response to Sub- 624. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety committee Questionnaire, ” in Regulatory and Health Administration, General Industry Reform Act—Supplement, Hearings Before the OSHA Safety and Health Standards, Publica- Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Gov- tion No. (OSHA) 2206, Revised, June 1981. ernmental Relations, House Committee on the 625, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety Judiciary, U.S. Congress, Serial No. 25, Part 2, and Health Administration, “Occupational Noise 1983. Exposure; Hearing Conservation Amendment; 638. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety Final Rule” Federal Register 46:4078-4179, Jan. and Health Administration, “Occupational Ex- 16, 1981. posure to Inorganic Arsenic, Supplemental 626. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety Statement of Reasons,” Federal Register 48:1865, and Health Administration, Regulatory Impact Jan. 14, 1983. and Regulatory Flexibility Analysis for the Lead 639. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety Standard/Revised Supplemental Statement of and Health Administration, “Health Standards; Reasons and Amendment of Final Rule, October Methods of Compliance, ” Federal Register 1981. 48:7473-7476, Feb. 14, 1983.

627. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 640< U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “scheduling System and Health Administration, “Occupational for Programmed Inspections, ” Instruction No. Noise Exposure; Hearing Conservation Amend- CPL 2.25B, Oct. 1, 1981. ment; Final Rule, ” Federal Register 48:9738- 628. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 9758, Mar. 8, 1983. md Health Administration, Draft Regulatory 641, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety Impact Analysis and Regulatory Flexibility and Health Administration, “Occupational Ex- Analysis of the Hazard Communication Pro- posure to Cotton Dust, ” Federal Register posal, March 1982. 48:26962, June 10, 1983. 629 U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 642. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “Employer Abate- and Health Administration, “Occupational Ex- ment Assistance, ” Instruction No. CPL 2.53, posure to Ethylene Dibromide, ” Federal Regis- July 15, 1982. ter 48:45956- 46003, oct. 7, 1983. —

References ● 419

643. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety nancial Incentives (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, and Health Administration, “OSHA Head 1982). Thorne G. Auchter Comments on 1982 BLS 657. Victor, R. B., Cohen, L. R., and Phelps, C. E., Data on Job-Related Injuries and Illnesses, ” press Workers’ Compensation and Workplace Safety: release, Nov. 4, 1983. Some Lessons From Economic Theory (Santa 644. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety Monica, CA: Rand, 1982). and Health Administration, “OSHA Lowers 658. Viscusi, W. K., “The Impact of Occupational Targeting Figure for Safety Inspections, ” press Safety and Health Regulation, ” Bell Journal of release, Nov. 8, 1983. Economics 10(1):117-40, spring 1979. 64.5. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 658a, Viscusi, W, K., Employment Hazards (Cam- and Health Administration, “OSHA Head Re- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980). ports Greatly Improved Worker Protection 659. Viscusi, W. K., “Presidential Oversight: Con- Before Congressional Subcommittee, ” press re- trolling the Regulators, ” Journal of Policy Anal- lease, Nov. 9, 1983. ysis and Management 2(2):157-73, 1983. 646. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 660, Wallick, F., The American Worker: An En- and Health Administration, “Guidelines for dangered Species (New York: Ballantine Books, Noise Enforcement, ” Instruction No. CPL 2- 1972), republished with additional material 2.35A, Dec. 19, 1983. under the title Don’t Let Your Job Kill You 647. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety (Washington, DC: Progressive Press, 1984). and Health Administration, “Occupational Ex- 661. Wallingford, K., Tight Building Syndrome— posure to Asbestos, ” Federal Register 49:14116- Appraches to in Non-Indus- 14145, Apr. 10, 1984. tn”al Workplaces, Presentation to Conference of 648. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety State Sanitary Engineers, 1983 Annual Meeting, and Health Administration, “Consultation Bloomington, MN, May 11, 1983. Agreements, “ Federal Register 49:25082-25100, 662, Walters, N. K., quoted in “Ned Walters hangs June 19, 1984. up his hard hat, ” Dupont News, p. 6, March 649. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 1983. and Health Administration, Federal Register 663. Warner, K. E., and Luce, B. R., Cost-Benefit 49:25734-25809, June 22, 1984. and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health Care 650. U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Informa- (Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press, tion, “Secretary Donovan Comments on 1981 1982). BLS Data on Job-Related Injuries and Illnesses, ” 664, Warner, K. E., Technology and Handicapped press re]ease, Nov. 17, 1982. People, Background Paper #l: Mandatory 651. U.S. Department of Treasury, Office of Tax Passive Restraint Systems in Automobiles, re- Analysis, The Use of Tar Subsidies for the Cost port prepared for the Office of Technology As- of Compliance with Safety and Health Regula- sessment, U.S. Congress (Washington, DC: U.S. tions (Washington, DC, 1981) Government Printing Office, September 1982). 652. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office 665. Weeks, J. L., and Fox, M., “Fatality Rates and of Research and Development, Office of Ex- Regulatory Policies in Bituminous Coal Mining, ploratory Research, Office of Strategic Assess- United States, 1959-81, ” American Journal of ment and Special Studies, Anticipating U.S. Public Health 73(11):1278-1280, November industrial Changes—implications For the Enui- 1983. ronrnent (Washington, DC: in press). 666. Weinstein, J. W., “Big Business and the Origins 653. U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation, “Environ- of Workmen’s Compensation, ” Labor History mental Monitoring Plan Guidelines, ” Feder~l 8(2):156-74, spring 1967. Register 48:46676, Oct. 13, 1983. 667. Weinstein, J. W., The Corporate Ideal in the 654. United Steelworkers of America u. Marshall, Liberal State; 1900-1928 (Boston: Beacon Press, 647 F.2d 1189 (D.C, Cir., Aug. 15, 1980). 1968). 655. Van Cott, H. P., and KinKade, R. G., (eds. ), 668. Whiting, B., Deputy Assistant Secretary for Oc- Human Engineen”ng Guide to Equipment Design cupational Safety and Health, testimony before (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Re- Office, 1972). sources, U.S. Congress, Mar. 21, 1980. 656, Victor, R. B., Workers’ Compensation and 669. Wiedenbaum, M. L., and DeFina, R., The Cost Workplace Safety: The Nature of Employer Fi- of Federal Regulation of Economic Activity, Re- 420 ● Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace

prim No. 88 (Washington, DC: American Enter- 679 Wood, W. C., “Putting a Price on Radiation, ” prise Institute, May 1978). [oumal of Policy Analysis and Management 670. Wiedenbaum, M. L., ‘The Costs of Government 2(2):291-95, winter 1983. Regulation of Business,” a study prepared for 680. Worrall, J. D., “An Analysis of Some Aspects the Subcommittee on Economic Growth and of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Draft Interim Stabilization, Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Report to the Congress on Occupational Dis- Congress (Washington, DC: U.S. Government eases, ” April 1980, in “Statement of the Alliance Printing Office, Apr. 10, 1978). of American Insurers Before the Senate Labor 671. Wiener, F., ‘The Vinyl Chloride Threat and the and Human Resources Committee, ” A. Maison- Response of Government, Industry and Labor” pierre, Aug. 26, 1980. in Protecting People at Work, J. MacLaury (cd. ) 681. Worrall, J. D., “Compensation Costs, Injury (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Rates, and the Labor Market,” in Safety and the Office, 1980). Work Force, J. D. Worrall (cd.) (Ithaca, NY: ILR 672. Wilcher, F. E. Jr., President, Safety Equipment Press, 1983). Institute, personal communication, Aug. 23, 682. Worrall, John D., (cd. ) Safety and the Work 1983. Force: Incentives and Disincentives in Workers’ 673. Wilmes, D. P. “Respirator Usage: A Rational Compensation (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1983). Program, ” Hazardous Materials Management 683. Young, J. L., Percy, C. L., Asire, A. J., et al., loumal 2(2):18-26, January-February 1981. Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the United 674. Wilmes, D. P., “Respirator Usage: A Rational States, 1973-77, National Cancer Institute Program, Part II,” Hazardous Materials Man- Monograph No. 57 (Bethesda, MD: National agement Journal 2(3):28-32, March-April 1981. Cancer Institute, 1981). 674a. Wilmes, D. P., personal communication, De- 684. Zabetakis, M., Safety Manual No. 4: Accident cember 1983. Prevention, Mine Safety and Health Adminis- 675. Wingate, R., comments on draft report, letters, tration (Washington, DC: 1975). Nov. 4, 1983, Jan. 11 and 27, 1984. 685. Zeckhauser, R., and Nichols, A., ‘The Occupa- 676. Wischer, F. E., Jr., “Statement of the Safety tional Safety and Health Administration—An Equipment Institute, Presented to the Respira- Overview,” in Study on Federal Regulation, Ap- tor Research Subcommittee of the Mine Health pendix to Volume VI, U.S. Congress, Senate Research Advisory Committee,” Jan. 4-5, 1982. Committee on Governmental Affairs (Washing- 677. Witt, M., and Early, S., “The Worker as Safety ton, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, De- Inspector, ” Working Papers, pp. 21-29, cember 1978). September-October 1980. 686. Zohar, D., Cohen, A., and Azar, N., “Pro- 678. Wolfe, S. M., and Abrams, L., 1983 Suney of moting Increased Use of Ear Protectors in Noise Fourteen Union Occupational Safety and Health through Informational Feedback, ” Human Fac- Programs (Washington, DC: Public Citizen, tors 22(1):69-79, 1980. Health Research Group, January 1984).