Lewis Grassic Gibbon [1901-1935], Niger. the Life of Mungo Park

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Lewis Grassic Gibbon [1901-1935], Niger. the Life of Mungo Park NIGER THE LIFE OF MUNGO PARK BY LEWIS GRASSIC GIBBON EDINBURGH THE PORPOISE PRESS FIRST PUBLISHED IN I 934 BY THE PORPOISE PRESS I 33A GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH LONDON; FABER AND FABER LIMITED 24 RUSSELL SQUARE, W.C. I PRINTED IN SCOTLAND BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, GLASGOW ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TO COMPTON MACKENZIE PRELIMINARY NOTE I think I have read almost everything by or about Mungo Park-everything which still survives in print or manuscript. Two interesting letters from the Peebles days seem to have found their way to America, and, though I tried, I could trail them to no more definite locality. More exhausting was the experience of reading a certain private collection, and then being denied the right either to quote from it or to mention the owner's name ! This incident provided me with the interesting alternative of either cultivating a partial amnesia with regard to what I had learned, or of consciously bearing that information in mind and disregarding it as unim­ portant. I followed the latter course, recasting slightly the last third of this book. The Peebles and Colonial Office records have supplied certain negligible sidelights on exits and entrances, dates and departures. But the Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa, r795, I797, with an Appendix containing Geographical Illustrations of Africa, by Major Rennell ( 1799) and The Journal of a Mission in the Interior of Africa in r8o5, by Mungo Park ; to­ gether with other documents, official and private, relating to the same Mission ~· to which is prefaced an Account of the Life of Mr. Park ( 1815) remain thefons et origo of any 7 biography of Park. Most biographers, it is true, instead of looting these rich galleons of the requisite treasure, cower down in the shadow of their hulks, shamefacedly. I have been moved to no such shame. Similarly, in their acceptance of the explorer's view of his own rectitude in the conduct of the Second Expedition, I have found the attitude of other writers impossible. The worst example is T. B. Maclachlan in Mungo Park ( 1 8g8), the last attempt at a more or less full-length biography. A much better book is' H. B.'s' Life of Mungo Park (1835), sincere and serene in the conventions of camouflage peculiar to its age. Doubt has been thrown on the veracity of the account of the guide, Amadi Fatoumi, which did not come to light until six years after the close of the Second Expedition. I see no reason to doubt Fatoumi in the main details of his narrative, and have incorporated these details in this book without other acknowledgment of doubt or indebtedness than this. L. G. G. 1933 8 Mungo Park the elder farmed at Fowlshiels, four 1miles from Selkirk, a pleasant place, with the Y arrow below and the lour of N ewark across the valley. In summer this was a country of green and gold and the blue blur of heath, but in winter a frost-bitten stretch, with the sough of the wind raging down the valley of the Y arrow and turning its placid waters mottled-green and lapping its drifting mists against the grey whinstone wall of the Fowlshiels biggings. But for Mungo it is probable neither sun nor storm were agents of colourful scenic change : they were facts to be faced in his fight with the dour acres of Fowlshiels, ploughed with the wooden plough of those days, a sturdy figure, the ploughman, in the hodden grey that Burns had made the traditional garb of the land and period-even if economic fact had de­ signed a more enduring costume. The portrait of Mungo the elder is a mosaic, built up against the greens and greys of Fowlshiels, built up of casual references in the letters and allusions of his son, glossed and varnished in the references of the genteel biographers of an earlier day who sought for the origins of that son. He had the usual Scots passion for education-that passion com­ pounded of a belief that education meant power and knowledge and the ability to climb from the sodden 9 rees of the farms to the comfort of kirk and manse, compounded of that and a dour desire to beat the next man in an argument. It had, and has, some­ thing of the same quality, this Scots desire and pride in education, that the Chinese merchant has in almost exactly similar circumstances when he moils to make of his sons members of the literati, those who pass the Examinations and attain the ranks of the blessed. But Mungo went beyond the reach of most of his contemporaries, even to the extent of employing a private tutor for his family. Where he came from there is no knowing, except from the soil, up out of its darkness with that horde of men oflike kind, the dour even-tempered peasants of Scotland. But when he settled at Fowlshiels he married a daughter of John Hislop of Tennis, a ' woman of great prudence and sense ',-else indeed she would not have survived, we may guess, the life that awaited her at Fowlshiels. There Mungo took her and installed her and proceeded to beget upon her in the three-roomed house with the brownstone walls a family of thirteen. The winds came down the Yarrow in winter, the springs came greening its banks and the dark clay rigs of Fowlshiels, summer broadened across and about them, autumn brought the flay of flails in the barns of Fowlshiels ; and throughout a space of twenty years, in the fashion of her time, Mistress Park went perpetually bowed in the ungracious lines of pregnancy, exercising that prudence and good sense as she might, and apparently not unsuccess- Io fully. Her son's biographers make of her a hand­ some personage, as they do of her consort : they were probably both constitutionally cold and cool, and treated to an unbroken silence discussion of those intimacies which produced their family. They re­ garded each other, no doubt, with that mixture of sardonic humour and iron tenderness that was of their life-quality-an attitude ground out in steel with the wear and moil of their years, its tenderness made up of sudden unloosenings of the bonds of sheer pity and compassion one for the other. For the matrix that produced Mungo Park, the now ruined whinstone house, mantled with ivy and set with a neat little tablet, is unconvincing enough unless one remembers the quality of his father and mother, and the life they led. To cram a family of thirteen, not to mention an altogether improbable maidservant, inside the compass of those narrow walls, and imagine it a winter night with the elder Mungo coming laired from the fields, the cruse-lamp with a murky splutter on the earthen floor and the plain walls, the scrubbed table and the shining dresser, is to reach to a type oflife now remote from anything in Scotland or outside the huts of the Esquimaux. It is to penetrate below the gentility of polite commentators and realise the changes of a hundred years that have made that life impossible, even as, in a fashion, they have made impossible the production of such personalities as the seventh child, the third son, who presently came to bless the union of the Parks of Fowlshiels. 11 It was an era and a district producing Scotsmen 2of note. The eighteenth century's sunset shone forth, and many Scotsmen spawned. Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, was born at Ettrickhall in I no, a year before the birth of the younger Mungo; John Leyden, the orientalist, was born at Denholm four years after him. And in that year 1771 a puny child, Waiter Scott, was born a few months before that September the 1oth when Mrs. Park's third son came through the humble portals of all birth into the daylight of Fowlshiels' dark kitchen. The family had thinned out. Three were already dead when Mungo arrived, and blinked his eyes, and waited throughout the months and years of babyhood the impingement of those multitudes of impressions upon his mind which were yet to make of him-such the play of chance-alien and different. The chickens came chirawking into the doorway and pecked at crumbs on the floor of the kitchen while he lay in his cradle and watched them, and blinked drowsy eyes, and was fed intermittently and efficiently by the handsome and prudent mother who was generally a whirlwind of energy engaged in baking, brewing, and washing, directing, darning, and scolding. The clamping feet of his father would wake him from sleep, and perhaps, though seldom, the touch of a rough-grained hand on his cheek. 12 But that unseldom, for it would have been gyped foolishness, and folk must work, and get on with their work, and see to the making of silver, and that all the bairns are well-rigged when they gang to the kirk of a Sabbath. Ofunnecessary affection, none. So young Mungo grew out of swaddling clothes into a thickly-breeched childhood. Because second­ sight in the Scots was a fiction not yet invented in the fertile shallow brain of that other Scot born in the same year as Mungo, the parents of the young Park neglected to foresee the curiosity of later generations in the acts and actions of their third son. But letters and biographies march the same phrases meticulously across his early childhood as across his later years. He was quiet, restrained, grave of de­ meanour, proper and shy-a fit subject, in fact, for the psycho-analysts as yet inapparent upon that un­ happy era.
Recommended publications
  • Niger Valley Development Programme Summary of the Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
    Kandadji Ecosystems Regeneration and Niger Valley Development Programme Summary of the Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Language: English Original: French AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP PROJECT TO SUPPORT THE KANDADJI ECOSYSTEMS REGENERATION AND NIGER VALLEY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (P_KRESMIN) COUNTRY: NIGER SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) Mohamed Aly BABAH Team Leader RDGW2/BBFO 6107 Principal Irrigation Engineer Aimée BELLA-CORBIN Chief Expert, Environmental and Social SNSC 3206 Protection Expert Nathalie G. GAHUNGA RDGW.2 3381 Chief Gender Expert Gisèle BELEM, Senior Expert, Environmental and Social SNSC 4597 Protection Team Members Parfaite KOFFI SNSC Consulting Environmentalist Rokhayatou SARR SAMB Project Team SNFI.1 4365 Procurement Expert Eric NGODE SNFI.2 Financial Management Expert Thomas Akoetivi KOUBLENOU RDGW.2 Consulting Agroeconomist Sector Manager e Patrick AGBOMA AHAI.2 1540 Sector Director Martin FREGENE AHAI 5586 Regional Director Marie Laure. AKIN-OLUGBADE RDWG 7778 Country Manager Nouridine KANE-DIA CONE 3344 Manager, Regional Mouldi TARHOUNI RDGW.2 2235 Agricultural Division Page 1 Kandadji Ecosystems Regeneration and Niger Valley Development Programme Summary of the Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) Project Name : Project to Support the Kandadji Ecosystems SAP Code: P-NE-AA0-020 Regeneration and Niger Valley Development Programme Country : NIGER Category : 1 Department : RDGW Division : RDGW.2 1. INTRODUCTION Almost entirely located in the Sahel-Saharan zone, the Republic of Niger is characterised by very low annual rainfall and long dry spells. The western part of country is traversed by the Niger River, which is Niger’s most important surface water resource.
    [Show full text]
  • Biographical Description for the Historymakers® Video Oral History with James Earl Jones
    Biographical Description for The HistoryMakers® Video Oral History with James Earl Jones PERSON Jones, James Earl​ Alternative Names: James Earl Jones; Life Dates: January 17, 1931- Place of Birth: Arkabutla, Mississippi, USA Work: Pawling, NY Occupations: Actor Biographical Note Actor James Earl Jones was born on January 17, 1931 to Robert Earl Jones and Ruth Connolly in Arkabutla, Mississippi. When Jones was five years old, his family moved to Dublin, Michigan. He graduated from Dickson High School in Brethren, Michigan in 1949. In 1953, Jones participated in productions at Manistee Summer Theatre. After serving in the U.S. Army for two years, Jones received his B.A. degree from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in 1955. Following graduation, Jones relocated to New York City where he studied acting at the American Theatre Wing. Jones’ first speaking role on Broadway was as the valet in Sunrise at Campobello in 1958. Then, in 1960, Jones acted in the Shakespeare in Central Park production of Henry V while also playing the lead in the off-Broadway production of The Pretender. Geraldine Lust cast Jones in Jean Genet’s The Blacks in the following year. In 1963, Jones made his feature film debut as Lt. Lothar Zogg in Dr. Strangelove, directed by Stanley Kubrick. In 1964, Joseph Papp cast Jones as Othello for the Shakespeare in Central Park production of Othello. Jones portrayed champion boxer Jack Jefferson in the play The Great White Hope in 1969, and again in the 1970 film adaptation. His leading film performances of the 1970s include The Man (1972), Claudine (1974), The River Niger (1975) and The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars and Motor Kings (1976).
    [Show full text]
  • Tent Theatre
    when It• comes to " faces, we do.", pre ttywell. Have you been thinking about facial plastic surgery? Dr. David Randall offers the latest nl in surgical techniques as well as office treatments such as Botox®, Radiesse , Restylane®, Titan®, Pearl™ weekend laser peel, LimeLight™ IPL, ProWave™ laser hair removal and laser facial vein treatment. Call us to schedule a complimentary consultation or visit us on the web at www.springfieldent.com. featlI'i1g Norah Jones Dana KraI MchaeI BlmIe JoshGroban A FAIR TRADE STORE AND MORE! Ask us about: Fair Trade talks Fair Trade Fundraising Fair Trade Parties "7 .+5 Campbell www.~lobalf.ayre.com BT~ 9792 lam taking care ofmyself Rnd high-quality, personal care at an affordable cost at Planned Parenthood-for checkups, birth control, emergency contraception, testing and treatment for STDs, and more. OPEN ACCOUNTS ONLINE. It's never been easier, quicker or more convenient to open an account with Great Southern. Now you can apply online and open an account in minutes. Visit our web site today and start doing more with your money. www.greotsouthernbonk.com Greaf Soufllern (417) 895-4777 or 1-800-749-7113 FDii ~ L£HDEA . Missouri State. U N V E R S T Y Greetings Tent Theatre patron !!! Welcome to a new year of superb theatrical entertainment that will make you shout, tomp, and dream! Let's have fun!! For forty-six years Tent Theatre has upheld the tradition of excellence by entertaining the greater Springfield community with award winning productions, ranging from fresh new Broadway musical to timele cia ics .
    [Show full text]
  • JBES-Vol10no2-P126-1
    J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2017 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 126-134, 2017 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Utilization of the West African manatee(Trichechus senegalensis) in the traditional medicine in Niger Boureima Boubacar*1,3, Amadou Oumani A2, Morou Boubé3, Mahamane Ali4, Yamba Boubacar5 1Executive Secretariat of the National Environmental Council for a Sustainable Development, Prime Minister’s Cabinet, Niamey, Niger republic 2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy and Environmental Sciences, Dan Dicko Dankoulodo University, Maradi, Niger republic 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Abdou Moumouni University, Niamey, Niger republic 4 Vice Chancellor, University of Diffa, Diffa, Niger republic 5Department of Geography, Faculty of Art and Human Sciences, Abdou Moumouni University, Niamey, Niger republic Article published on February 24, 2017 Key words: West African manatee, traditional medicine, manatee’s legislation, manatee’s usages, Niger Abstract River Niger constitutes the core backbone which supports the livelihoods of the local communities living along its banks. This study focuses on the utilization of the West African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) in the traditional medicine in Niger. It aims to assess the local medicinal knowledge and the various diseases cured using manatees’ parts. The study which was conducted in fifty (50) villages along the River Niger from Koutougou (Department of Ayorou) to Dole (Department of Gaya) enabled to characterize the different usages of the manatees’ parts in the treatment of diseases. The methods consisted of socio-economic surveys, personal interviews and visits to villages’ markets for data collection.
    [Show full text]
  • GULDEN-DISSERTATION-2021.Pdf (2.359Mb)
    A Stage Full of Trees and Sky: Analyzing Representations of Nature on the New York Stage, 1905 – 2012 by Leslie S. Gulden, M.F.A. A Dissertation In Fine Arts Major in Theatre, Minor in English Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Dr. Dorothy Chansky Chair of Committee Dr. Sarah Johnson Andrea Bilkey Dr. Jorgelina Orfila Dr. Michael Borshuk Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School May, 2021 Copyright 2021, Leslie S. Gulden Texas Tech University, Leslie S. Gulden, May 2021 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a debt of gratitude to my Dissertation Committee Chair and mentor, Dr. Dorothy Chansky, whose encouragement, guidance, and support has been invaluable. I would also like to thank all my Dissertation Committee Members: Dr. Sarah Johnson, Andrea Bilkey, Dr. Jorgelina Orfila, and Dr. Michael Borshuk. This dissertation would not have been possible without the cheerleading and assistance of my colleague at York College of PA, Kim Fahle Peck, who served as an early draft reader and advisor. I wish to acknowledge the love and support of my partner, Wesley Hannon, who encouraged me at every step in the process. I would like to dedicate this dissertation in loving memory of my mother, Evelyn Novinger Gulden, whose last Christmas gift to me of a massive dictionary has been a constant reminder that she helped me start this journey and was my angel at every step along the way. Texas Tech University, Leslie S. Gulden, May 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………ii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………..………………...iv LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………..v I.
    [Show full text]
  • Elizabeth A. Schor Collection, 1909-1995, Undated
    Archives & Special Collections UA1983.25, UA1995.20 Elizabeth A. Schor Collection Dates: 1909-1995, Undated Creator: Schor, Elizabeth Extent: 15 linear feet Level of description: Folder Processor & date: Matthew Norgard, June 2017 Administration Information Restrictions: None Copyright: Consult archivist for information Citation: Loyola University Chicago. Archives & Special Collections. Elizabeth A. Schor Collection, 1909-1995, Undated. Box #, Folder #. Provenance: The collection was donated by Elizabeth A. Schor in 1983 and 1995. Separations: None See Also: Melville Steinfels, Martin J. Svaglic, PhD, papers, Carrigan Collection, McEnany collection, Autograph Collection, Kunis Collection, Stagebill Collection, Geary Collection, Anderson Collection, Biographical Sketch Elizabeth A. Schor was a staff member at the Cudahy Library at Loyola University Chicago before retiring. Scope and Content The Elizabeth A. Schor Collection consists of 15 linear feet spanning the years 1909- 1995 and includes playbills, catalogues, newspapers, pamphlets, and an advertisement for a ticket office, art shows, and films. Playbills are from theatres from around the world but the majority of the collection comes from Chicago and New York. Other playbills are from Venice, London, Mexico City and Canada. Languages found in the collection include English, Spanish, and Italian. Series are arranged alphabetically by city and venue. The performances are then arranged within the venues chronologically and finally alphabetically if a venue hosted multiple productions within a given year. Series Series 1: Chicago and Illinois 1909-1995, Undated. Boxes 1-13 This series contains playbills and a theatre guide from musicals, plays and symphony performances from Chicago and other cities in Illinois. Cities include Evanston, Peoria, Lake Forest, Arlington Heights, and Lincolnshire.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Theatre Department Records Columbia College Chicago
    Columbia College Chicago Digital Commons @ Columbia College Chicago Finding Aids College Archives & Special Collections 2018 Guide to the Theatre Department Records Columbia College Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colum.edu/casc_fa Part of the Acting Commons, History Commons, Music Commons, and the Performance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Columbia College Chicago, "Guide to the Theatre Department Records" (2018). Finding Aids. 28. https://digitalcommons.colum.edu/casc_fa/28 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College Archives & Special Collections at Digital Commons @ Columbia College Chicago. It has been accepted for inclusion in Finding Aids by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Columbia College Chicago. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Guide to the Theatre Department Records, Columbia College Chicago SUMMARY INFORMATION: Repository: College Archives & Special Collections at Columbia College Chicago Source: Theatre Department Title: Theatre Department Records, Columbia College Chicago ID: 08.01.07 Date [inclusive]: 1953 - 2018 Physical Description: 13.82 Cubic Feet. Ten (10) record boxes, two (2) flat boxes Language of the Material: English Abstract: Known as ‘dramatic action’ in the 1890s, then ‘dramatic arts’ in the 1910s, Columbia College Chicago has been teaching theater since its founding. An institution established to teach oratory and expression, Columbia College Chicago has always placed emphasis on performance and stage work. The college purchased the 72 E. 11th Street building in 1980, where it has held most productions found within this collection. In 2017, the Getz Theatre and other performance spaces in the building were renovated, reopening in 2018, The theatre complex is now known as the Columbia College Chicago Getz Theatre Center, housing four performance spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • 12/17/76 - White House Staff Christmas Party” of the Betty Ford White House Papers, 1973-1977 at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 8, folder “12/17/76 - White House Staff Christmas Party” of the Betty Ford White House Papers, 1973-1977 at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Betty Ford donated to the United States of America her copyrights in all of her unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. <G""Ie 'Presufcnl:; i:nu{jt1rs. FOrd reques-6 tk pleasure ef3-_ourcomran!f ~-b a Chris-brnas Part3 for-tk whif:&}-{ouse Staff DYV Fi-ida!f ,'Decemher 17, 1J76 f-O'H'b 5:00 fo 7:00 o'cloc~ .. THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON December 16, 1976 FOR: MRS. FORD FROM: MARIA DOWNS SUBJECT: Christmas Party for the White House Staff -- Friday, December 17, 1976 - 5:00 p. m. Attached for your review and approval is the proposed scenario with attachment for the Christmas Party for the White House Staff. Thank you. THE WHITE HOUSE WASH INGTO N PRESIDENT FORD: Event: Christmas Party for the White House Staff Date/Time: Friday, December 17, 1976 5:00 p. m. - 7:00 p.
    [Show full text]
  • FESTIVAL 46 January 14-18, 2014 KCACTF HAS GONE MOBILE! WELCOME REMARKS Welcome from the Chair of Region II
    FESTIVAL 46 January 14-18, 2014 KCACTF HAS GONE MOBILE! WELCOME REMARKS Welcome from the Chair of Region II Welcome to Festival 46 at West Chester University, PA. We gather to celebrate this KCACTF HAS magical thing that we love: the theatre! Immerse yourselves in the celebration - sit in on the Irene Ryan Scholarship Auditions. Partake of our newest event – the Musical Theatre Initiative. View your fellow students’ design and stage management work in the Design Expo. Challenge yourself and your friends with the Fringe Challenge. Join the Institute for Theatre Journalism and Advocacy and learn to write for and about theatre. Dare to try something new in a workshop or two. We’ve worked hard to make sure that there is something for everyone – so spread your wings, and celebrate theatre. A special thanks to Department Chair Harvey Rovine for opening the doors of West Chester University’s Department of Theatre and Dance, in the College of Visual and Performing Arts, to GONE MOBILE! Juliet Wunsch for serving as our Festival Host, and Andy Truscott for working tirelessly as our Festival Coordinator. If you see them, thank them, and celebrate the fruits of their labors. Finally, on a personal note, it’s been a pleasure serving as your Regional Chair for these past three years. It’s been great for me to see so many students and faculty passionate about their craft in our region, both in home institutions when I’ve been responding on the road, and at the Regional Festivals. So, for this week, I’d like to celebrate you! Elizabeth van den Berg Chair, KCACTF Region 2 Welcome from the President of West Chester University Welcome to West Chester University! We are very pleased to host the Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival for Region 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Performing Arts Theatre a Satire by Abram Hill
    Feb. 21 - Mar. 28, 1976 Proscenium Theatre PERFORMING ARTS THEATRE presents A SATIRE BY ABRAM HILL LOIS P. McGUIRE, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR 2355 E. 89th St. Cleveland, OH. 44106 (216) 795-7070 Authentic French Cui:;;ine In the Heart of Cleveland's Cultural Center 1140 Bellflower Rd. Cleveland, Ohio 231-4469 luncheon, dinner and after-theatre ON FALL & WINTER MERCHANDISE Exotic,/ndoor Plants For The Latest In Women's Apparel Featuring Fabulous "FUNKY" Fashions For All Your Special Occasions THE See THE GRAPEVINE First GRAPEVINE 20 COLONIAL ARCADE EUCLID AT 6th For men and women - In shoes, sandals and sabots. NATURAL 9 LEATHER ..........for people who '"~ · steeartl1~snoe GOODS J ;icke t s Sanda l s Boots ~ ONLYAT Belts 1•.;.::;;~;i..__-• WEST THE GREAT NORTHERN Baqs . BILL JONES LIGHT COMPANY One Berea Commons 1844 Coventry Road LEATHER SHOPS Berea, Ohio Cleveland Hts., Ohio 44118 1864 Coventry 15110 Detroit 826-1600 (216) 321-9303 Cleveland Hts. Lakewood 932-0141 ?'.' ~ 2119 Left to right standing: Terez Woods, Eva Withers, Gordon Parks, Augustine Alford. Seated left to rfght: Linda Flournoy, Norma Powell, Donald Wakefield, Deborah Stover, Diane Weaver. Left to-right standing: Donald White, Elnora Winslow, Chester Eberhardt, Mary Conley, Mickey Woods. Seated left to right: Marcia Evans, Calvin Levels, Yvetta Lockett, Milton Franklin. :-··=·-BIBB'S'":'.·=······ RECORDS FOR THE BEST IN D.J. service 15461 EUCLID AT TAYLOR 761-6265 13229 SUPERIOR AT EUCLID 761-6266 OPEN DAILY 10:30 a .m . .. 11 :00 p.m., HOLIDAYS 12-5 Charles E. Bibb, Sr. Proprietor We must come Ask together and unite! us. Compliments of • Checking Accounts MANDINGO'S • Savings Plans • Fast Cash Loans 12002 St.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Whedo'‐Aquaculture‐System in Malanville (North of Benin)
    Description and Improvement of the ‘Whedo’‐Aquaculture‐System in Malanville (North of Benin) DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DES NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN DOKTORGRADES DER BAYERISCHEN JULIUS‐MAXIMILIANS‐UNIVERSTITÄT WÜRZBURG VORGELEGT VON MELANIE E. HAUBER GEBOREN IN SINGEN AM HOHENTWIEL WÜRZBURG May 2011 Eingereicht am: Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Th. Dandekar 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. K. Eduard Linsenmair 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. J. Tautz Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am: Gewässer, ihr seid diejenigen, die uns Lebenskraft geben. Helft uns Nahrung zu finden, so dass wir andere mit großer Freude betrachten können. (Rama Kishan Sharma) TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF TABLES 12 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 15 CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND STUDY SITE 1. THE PRESENT STATE OF THE WORLD FISHERY 18 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF FISH AS PROTEIN SOURCE, ESPECIALLY IN AFRICA 19 3. FISHERY – IMPORTANCE TO THE POPULATION AND THREATS TO ITS SUSTAINABILITY 22 4. AQUACULTURE 24 4.1 DEFINITION 25 4.2 HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE 25 4.3 AQUACULTURE – HOPE OR THREAT TO NATURAL RESOURCES? 26 4.4 WHAT KIND OF AQUACULTURE IS APPROPRIATE FOR SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA? 28 4.5 IMPORTANCE OF SMALL‐SCALE FISH FARMING 29 5. CURRENT INFORMATION ON THE STUDY SITE 31 5.1 BENIN 31 5.2 MALANVILLE 32 6. PERSPECTIVES AND OUTLINE OF THE THESIS 34 7. REFERENCES 37 CHAPTER II ECOLOGY OF THE WHEDO­AQUACULTURE­SYSTEM 1. INTRODUCTION 42 1.1 NOTES ON THE STUDY AREA AND THE RIVERS NIGER AND SOTA 42 1.1.1 CLIMATE 42 1.1.2 HYDROLOGY 43 1.1.3 LAND USE 44 2.
    [Show full text]
  • HGDPC a Subsidiary of Gloria Dei Foundershistoric Gloria Dei (Old Swedes’) (Old Swedes’) Church Preservation Corporation Philadelphia Spring 2020
    Historic Gloria Dei (Old Swedes’) Preservation Corporation The Historic Gloria Dei Preservation Corporation HGDPC A Subsidiary of Gloria Dei FOUNDERSHistoric Gloria Dei (Old Swedes’) (Old Swedes’) Church Preservation Corporation Philadelphia Spring 2020 The Perils of the Sea 1 FOUNDERS Magazine HERE’S WHAT’S INSIDE Spring 2020 About the Author: Michael Schreiber is a writer living in Queen Village. He has served on the Historic Gloria Dei Preservation Corporation board since 2017. Many of his articles on the history of Philadelphia and Early America appear on his website www.philahistory.org. A LETTER FROM THE CHAIR PIRATES IN PHILADELPHIA 3 Candace Roberts discusses our recent projects and 13 During the early 19th century, just as today, pirates initiatives and looks toward preserving Gloria Dei were often considered romantic heroes in the public for future generations. eye. PHILADELPHIA'S RICH MARITIME HISTORY 17 LOST ON THE PILOT BOAT ENOCH TURLEY 4 Through most of the 18th century, many Charles D. Schellenger, a pilot who helped guide congregants of Gloria Dei Church were actively seagoing vessels through the Delaware River, lost involved in Philadelphia's maritime culture. his life during one of these missions. LOST OFF THE LOUISIANA COAST 20 THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE SS POET 7 Capt. James and Josephine Stewart, husband and In our second curated exhibit, we explore the wife, lost their lives together at a barrier island that mystery behind the 1980 disappearance of the SS is mostly underwater today. Poet and honor its crew. LOST IN AFRICA 21 WHY WE MAPPED OUR CHURCHYARD 8 Capt. Henry Sharp and Capt.
    [Show full text]