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An Integrated Approach for the Valorization of Cheese Whey

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An Integrated Approach for the Valorization of Cheese Whey foods Commentary An Integrated Approach for the Valorization of Cheese Whey Francisco J. Barba Nutrition and Bromatology Area, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; [email protected]; Tel.: +34-96-3544-972; Fax: +34-96-3544-954 Abstract: Taking into account the large amount of whey that is produced during the cheese pro- duction process and the constant demand by society for more sustainable processes, in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the circular economy concept, it is necessary to adapt two-unit operations into a single process, allowing us to not only valorize a part of the whey but the whole process, which is known as bioprocess integration. In this sense, the adaptation of different processes, for example, physicochemical (micro, ultra and nanofiltration) and fermentation, that are commonly used to obtain proteins, lactose and other compounds with different activities (antioxidant, antifungal, etc.) could be integrated to achieve a complete recovery of the cheese whey. Likewise, keeping in mind that one of the main drawbacks of cheese whey is the great microbial load, some innovative processing technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressures, electrotechnologies and ultrasound, can allow both the development of new foods from whey as well as the improvement of the nutritional and organoleptic properties of the final products prepared with cheese, and thus reducing the microbial load and obtaining a safe product could be incorporated in the cheese whey valorization process. Keywords: cheese; whey; valorization; innovative approaches; biorefining Citation: Barba, F.J. An Integrated Approach for the Valorization of Cheese Whey. Foods 2021, 10, 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ 1. Introduction foods10030564 Due to the recent efforts to increase sustainability at the agri-food level and in full correspondence with both the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the circular econ- Academic Editor: omy concept, there has been an increased growth in the interest to valorize the resources Theodoros Varzakas obtained during different food production processes [1,2]. Whey is the main by-product obtained by the dairy industry, representing a global Received: 3 February 2021 whey production of ~200 million tonnes (MT) [3–5], with ~40 MT being produced in the Accepted: 5 March 2021 European Union [6]. Although ≈50% of residual whey is being valorized as a source of Published: 9 March 2021 high-added-value compounds for the food or pharmaceutical industries, mainly proteins of high biological value, lactose, lactic acid and minerals, there is still a high proportion of Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral this whey that is wasted, thus promoting environmental pollution due to its high biological with regard to jurisdictional claims in oxygen demand and important organic load [7,8]. published maps and institutional affil- Thus, different research groups have studied potential strategies to valorize cheese iations. whey. A schematic representation of some of the different conventional and emerging applications of whey at the food level is shown in Figure1. As it is stated in the figure, cheese whey can be re-used inside the cheese factories to produce other fresh products such as, for example, cheese such as ricotta or brunost, and Copyright: © 2021 by the author. whey butter. Moreover, it has traditionally been used for feeding animals such as pigs, but Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. it is also used after specific processing for the feeding of calves and sheep [6,7,9]. This article is an open access article Cheese whey can also be directly used as a food ingredient or concentrated for protein distributed under the terms and powders [7]. In this sense, 50% of cheese whey production is used for the development of conditions of the Creative Commons food and feed products, with half of this amount being utilized directly in liquid form, 30% Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ as powdered cheese whey, 15% as lactose and side streams and the remaining amount as 4.0/). protein concentrates [6,10]. Foods 2021, 10, 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030564 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/foods Foods 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 6 Foods 2021, 10, 564 2 of 6 form, 30% as powdered cheese whey, 15% as lactose and side streams and the remaining amount as protein concentrates [6,10]. Figure 1. Conventional and emerging applications of cheese whey. Figure 1. Conventional and emerging applications of cheese whey. 2.2. Whey Whey Protein Protein Recovery Recovery DifferentDifferent physicochemical physicochemical processes processes have have been been used used to to obtain obtain protein-rich protein-rich concen- concen- tratestrates from from cheese cheese whey, whey, including filtrationfiltration processesprocesses such such as as microfiltration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration ultrafiltra- tionand and nanofiltration. nanofiltration. However, However, despite despite the the high high quality quality of theof the protein protein extracts extracts obtained, obtained, the thedeproteinized deproteinized part part still still presents presents contamination contamination due due to the to importantthe important lactose lactose content content (from (from3.60 to3.60 3.95%) to 3.95%) [11,12 [11,12].]. More More recently, recently, other other authors authors have have evaluated evaluated the the development development of ofnative native whey, whey, which which is is of of great great interest interest from from the the point point of of view view of of infant infant nutrition nutrition and and asas a a functionalfunctional foodfood ingredient, produced by the microfiltration microfiltration of of skim skim milk, milk, and and they they have have studiedstudied the the effect effect of of different different processes processes to to ob obtaintain whey whey powder, powder, such such as as standard standard thermal thermal pasteurization,pasteurization, membrane membrane concentration concentration and and spray spray drying, drying, to see to seehow how these these processes processes af- fectaffect the thequality quality of proteins, of proteins, observing observing that pasteurization that pasteurization keeps keepsthe proteins the proteins present present in the nativein the unchanged native unchanged whey [13]. whey As [mentioned13]. As mentioned before, the before, whey the obtained whey obtained after milk after micro- milk filtrationmicrofiltration is known is known as native as nativewhey. whey.It has Itdifferent has different nutritional nutritional and technological and technological ad- vantagesadvantages compared compared to tothe the whey whey obtained obtained after after cheese production.production. AmongAmong these these advan- ad- vantages,tages, the the greater greater release release of β of-casein β-casein should should be highlighted, be highlighted, as well as well as the as processing the processing at low attemperatures, low temperatures, thus avoidingthus avoiding protein protein denaturation denaturation [13]. [13]. WheyWhey proteins proteins have have been been shown shown to to promote promote the the activity activity of of glutathione glutathione peroxidase, peroxidase, aa keykey enzyme enzyme in in the the fight fight against against oxidative oxidative stre stressss [14]. [14]. Furthermore, Furthermore, lactoferrin lactoferrin represents represents betweenbetween 1 1and and 2% 2% of of the the total total proteins proteins presen presentt in in whey whey [15], [15], having having a a great great antioxidant antioxidant capacitycapacity and and being being able able to to scavenge scavenge free radicalsradicals duedue toto itsits sulfur-containingsulfur-containing amino amino acids acids in inits its structure structure and and the the chelation chelatio ofn transitionof transition metals metals [16 ,[16,17],17], as well as well as its as important its important antifungal anti- fungalactivity activity [18]. [18]. OtherOther studies studies utilized utilized cheese cheese whey whey as as a aheal healthythy alternative alternative source source of of protein protein [4]. [4]. For For instance,instance, whey whey proteins proteins comprise comprise approximatel approximatelyy 20% 20% of of total total bovine bovine milk milk proteins, proteins, thus thus beingbeing a agreat great and and balanced balanced source source of of essential essential amino amino acids acids [19]. [19]. In In this this sense, sense, some some authors authors have used cheese whey to increase the nutritional value of the final food products [20]. For example, adding whey proteins into breads that lack essential amino acids, lysine, Foods 2021, 10, 564 3 of 6 tryptophan and methionine can be a good strategy to improve the nutritional profile of the new developed food products. Moreover, whey protein concentrates improve the sensory quality of bread [21]. In addition, in recent studies, different researchers have investigated the addition of whey as a meat protein replacer in order to develop healthier meat products and evaluated its impact on the nutritional composition (moisture, fat, ash, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acid profile) and physicochemical properties (color, hardness, adhesiveness, elasticity, gumminess and chewiness) of the final meat products, obtaining interesting results from a nutritional and
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