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Arago, François Jean Dominique. “Quelques nouveaux details sur le passage de la comète décou- verte dans le mois de Juillet 1819, devant le disque du soleil.” Annales de chimie et de phy- sique, série 2, 13 (1820), 104–110. —— .Oeuvres complètes. 17 vols. Paris: Gide et J. Baudry, 1854–1862, vol. 11. Aristotle. Metaphysics. Translated by J. H. McMahon. New York: Prometheus Books, 1991. —— .Meteorology. Translated by E. W. Webster. In The Complete Works of Aristotle. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984, vol. 1, 338a 20–338b 25. —— .On the Heavens. Translated by J. L. Stocks. In The Complete Works of Aristotle. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984, vol. 1, 268a 1–313b 20. Arrhenius, Svante. Worlds in the Making: the Evolution of the Universe. Translated by H. Borns. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1908. 253 254 Bibliography Baird, Davis. Thing Knowledge, A Philosophy of Scientific Instruments. Berkley: University of California Press, 2004. Barker, Peter. “The Optical Theory of Comets from Apian to Kepler.” Physics 30 (1993), 1–25. —— and Bernard R. Goldstein. “Realism and Instrumentalism in Sixteenth Century Astronomy: A reappraisal.” Perspectives on Science 6 (1998), 208–227. —— —— . “The Role of Comets in the Copernican Revolution.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 19 (1988), 299–319. Barrett, A. A. “Observations of Comets in Greek and Roman Sources before A.D. 410.” Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 2 (1978), 81–106. —— .“Aristotle and Averted Vision.” Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 4 (1977), 327. Baumgartner, Frederic J. “Sunspots or Sun’s Planets: Jean Tarde and the Sunspots Controversy of the Early Seventeenth Century.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 18 (1987), 44–54. Belton, Michael J. S. “Whipple’s Comet Model.” Astrophysical Journal, 525 (1999), 393–394. Benjamin, Franklin. Experiments and Observations on Electricity. Made at Philadelphia in America. London: Printed and sold by E. Cave, 1751. Bennet, J. A. “Cosmology and the Magnetical Philosophy, 1640–1680.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 12 (1981), 165–177. Bernard, E. E. “The Development of Photography in Astronomy (I.).” Science New series, 8, 194 (1898), 341–353. Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm. “Beobachtungen über die physische Beschaffenheit des Halley’schen Kometen und dadurch veranlasste Bemerkungen.” Astronomische nachrichten 13 (1836), 185–232. It is translated as “Observations concerning the physical nature of Halley’s Comet and resultant comments,” by Kanner (Leo) associates, for NASA and is catalogued as 1976, NASA TT F- 16726 at NASA’s archives. Biagioli, Mario. Galileo Courtier. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993. Biermann, L. “Kometenschweife und solare Korpuskularstrahlung.” Zeitschrift für Astrophysik 29 (1951), 274–286. al-Bīrūnī, Abū Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad. Kitāb al-Tafhīm li-Awā’il Sinā’t al-tanjīm. Translated by Ramsay Wright. London: Luzac & Co., 1934. Bobrovnikoff, Nicholas T. “Halley’s Comet in its Apparition of 1909–1911.” Publications of the Lick Observatory, 17, Part 2 (1931). Reprinted in Science 75 (1944), 359–360. —— .“The Discovery of Variable Stars.” Isis 33 (1942), 687–689. —— . “Physical Theory of Comets in the Light of Spectroscopic Data.” Review of Modern Physics 14 (1942), 164–178. Böhm-Vitense, Erika. Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Bond, G. P. Account of the Great Comet of 1858. Cambridge: Welch, Bigelow, and Company, 1862. Bork, Alfred. “Newton and Comets.” American Journal of Physics 55 (1987), 1089–1095. Boyer, Carl B. A History of Mathematics, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1989. Bradley, James. “A Letter from the Reverend Mr. James Bradley, Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford, and F.R.S. to Dr. Edmund Halley Astronom. Reg. &c. 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Nebulous Earth, The Origin of the Solar System and the Core of the Earth from Laplace to Jeffreys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. —— and W. F. Everitt. “Maxwell, Osborne Reynolds, and the Radiometer.” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 1 (1969), 105–125. Bryan, Margaret. A Compendious System of Astronomy, in a Course of Familiar Lectures, in which the Principles of that Science are clearly elucidated, so as to be intelligible to those who have not studied the Mathematics.… London: Printed by H. L. Galabian, for J. Wallis, and Wynne and Scholey, 1799. Buchwald, Jed Z. “Optics and the Theory of the Punctiform Ether.” Archive for the History of Exact Sciences 21 (1979), 245–278. —— . “Waves, Philosophers and Historians.” Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 2 vols. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992, vol. 2. —— .The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989. Burke-Gaffney, M. W. “Copeland and Lohse and the Comet, 1882 II.” Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 62 (1968), 49–51. Burney, Charles. An Essay Towards a History of the Principal Comets that have Appeared since the Year 1742. Including a particular Detail of the Return of the famous Comet of 1682 in 1759, according to the Calculation and Prediction of Dr. Halley. … With Remarks and Reflections upon the Present Comet. To which is prefixed, a Letter upon Comets, Addressed to the Late M. de Maupertuis written in the year 1742. London: Printed for T. Becket, and P. A. de Hondt, 1769. Burnham, Robert. Great Comets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Butler, Charles P. “The Spectrum of Halley’s Comet.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 84, 573 (1911), 523–526. Calder, Nigel. Comets: Speculation and Discovery. New York: Dover, 1980. Canby, Edward Tatnall. A History of Electricity. 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