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Escuela De Ingeniería Estudio ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA ESTUDIO, PLANIFICACIÓN Y DISEÑO DE UNA RADIODIFUSORA EN AM PROYECTO PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TITULO DE INGENIERO EN ELECTRÓNICA Y TELECOMUNICACIONES JOSÉ LUIS SUÁREZ MONTALVO DIRECTOR: Ing. RAÚL ANTONIO CALDERÓN EGAS Quito, Noviembre 2001 DECLARACIÓN Yo, José Luis Suárez Mpntalvo, declaro bajo juramento que el trabajo aquí descrito es de mi autoría; que no ha sido previamente presentada para ningún grado o calificación profesional; y, que he consultado las referencias bibliográficas que se incluyen en este documento. A través de la presente declaración cedo mis derechos de propiedad intelectual correspondientes a este trabajo, a la Escuela Politécnica Nacional, según lo establecido por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, por su Reglamento y por la normatividad institucional vigente. José Luis Suárez Montaívo CERTIFICACIÓN Certifico que ei presente trabajo fue desarrollado por José Luis Suarez Montalvo, bajo mi supervisión. Ing. Antonio Calderón E. DIRECTOR DE PROYECTO AGRADECIMIENTOS Primeramente a Dios, por haberme permitido llegar a la culminación de mis estudios de ingeniería. A los miembros de mi familia, y en especial a mi queridísima madre por haberme dado la vida, sus consejos y su apoyo siempre, animándome a seguir adelante. A mi amada esposa, por su ayuda incondicional durante mis estudios y en la preparación de este trabajo. Al ingeniero Antonio Calderón E. por sus valiosas orientaciones y guía en la elaboración de este proyecto. A la Escuela Politécnica Nacional, a mis profesores y compañeros por haberme dado la formación que me permite ahora ser mejor ciudadano. A los miembros de la familia Iglesias García por toda la colaboración prestada, y en particular a José Luis Iglesias. DEDICATORIA mi adorada hija Marcela Carolina Suárez Iglesias , A mis futuros hijos. CONTENIDO CAPITULO 1: Aspectos Básicos de Radiodifusión AM 1.1 Teoría de Modulación de Amplitud 1.2 Sistemas Básicos de AM 1.3 Transmisores y equipos de radiodifusión de estado sólido 1.4 Circuitos transmisores 1.5 Mediciones y pruebas de fábrica del funcionamiento del transmisor 1.6 Monitoreo de frecuencia y modulación CAPITULO 2: La Estación de Radio AM 2.1 Formatos de servicio de la estación 2.2 Generación y tratamiento de la señal 2.3 Procesamiento de audio 2.4 Características de la construcción y distribución de ambientes CAPITULO 3: Alternativas Para Mejorar los Sistemas de Radiodifusión AM 3.1 Radiodifusión AM estéreo 3.2 Radiodifusión digital (DAB) 3.3 Radiodifusión AM de altas potencias 3.4 Radiodifusión AM direccional CAPITULO 4: Situación de la Radiodifusión AM en Quito 4.1 Estaciones de radiodifusión AM existentes en Quito 4.2 Marco legal de la radiodifusión en Ecuador 4.3 Norma técnica de radiodifusión AM 4.4 Formatos y requisitos necesarios para la concesión de frecuencias y autorización de instalación, operación y reformas CAPITULO 5: Conclusiones y Recomendaciones REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ANEXOS RESUMEN En este documento, que contiene cuatro capítulos, se presenta la descripción de aspectos fundamentales involucrados en la Radiodifusión AM, las alternativas para mejorarla y un análisis de su situación en la ciudad de Quito. El capítulo 1 contiene la descripción de los aspectos básicos de radiodifusión AM que tienen relación con la teoría de modulación de amplitud, los sistemas básicos de modulación AM, transmisores y equipos de radiodifusión de estado sólido relacionados principalmente con la modulación y amplificación en etapas previas, los circuitos transmisores en los que se señalan la generación y excitación de RF, amplificadores de potencia, sistemas de salida, sistemas de control y monitoreo; además se incluyen aspectos del funcionamiento del transmisor sobre los cuales se deben realizar mediciones y pruebas de fábrica. Para finalizar, se describen las técnicas y características del monitoreo de frecuencia y modulación. El capítulo 2 está dividido en dos partes. La primera describe la generación y tratamiento de la señal y se presentan los elementos y equipos fundamentales a utilizar, dentro de ios que se señalan las fuentes de audio, consolas, monitores de estudio, sistemas digitales de audio, antenas, torres y enlaces. Adicionalmente, en esta parte se incluye un subcapítulo relacionado con el procesamiento de audio. En la segunda parte se mencionan las características de la construcción y distribución de ambientes, en la que se señalan ios aspectos de planificación de la construcción, los elementos y sistemas de ingeniería a implementar, criterios de acústica, técnicas de control de ruido y, finalmente, se presenta una sugerencia de distribución de ambientes en la estación. El capítulo 3 presenta criterios generales de cuatro alternativas para mejorar los sistemas de radiodifusión AM: radiodifusión AM estéreo, radiodifusión digital; radiodifusión AM de altas potencias y radiodifusión AM direccional. En el capítulo 4 se presenta la situación de la radiodifusión AM en Quito, señalando las estaciones existentes, el marco legal que rige a ia radiodifusión en Ecuador, los criterios que se utilizan en la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones como Norma Técnica y, como una guía, se señalan los requisitos y formatos a presentar en ios trámites de concesiones y autorizaciones. Este capítulo se refuerza con los'tres anexos dados al fina!, en los cuales se tiene información detallada con respecto al Marco Legal, la Norma Técnica y los Formatos que deben llenarse para solicitar asignación de frecuencias y autorización de operación, instalación y reformas a íos sistemas de radiodifusión. PRESENTACIÓN La radiodifusión AM es un sistema de telecomunicaciones que ha sido dejado atrás por los avances tecnológicos que se han implementado en otros sistemas y que han provocado una disminución en el interés por ella. En consecuencia, se tiene una pérdida de audiencia, llegando prácticamente a desperdiciarse la porción correspondiente del espectro radioeléctrico. El interés en este trabajo surgió básicamente de ahí, de la necesidad de recuperar este sistema y ofrecer una guía a todos quienes tengan relación con él. El estudio presentado en esta tesis contiene cuatro capítulos en los que se describen aspectos fundamentales de radiodifusión AM. Cada uno de los capítulos puede tener una ampliación y convertirse posteriormente en una tesis. Los capítulos 3 y 4 se presentan con proyección a profundizarlos en beneficio de las telecomunicaciones de nuestro país. Este estudio tiene su aplicación principal en dos áreas; primero, para ios ingenieros que se encuentran desarrollando sus labores en sistemas de radiodifusión y que requieren una guía para implementar un nuevo sistema o para mejorarlo; segundo, para ingenieros o estudiantes que se - dedican a la investigación en el campo de la radiodifusión y que tengan interés en planificar mejoras sustanciales a! sistema. El presente, facilita información actualizada sobre la estructura y funcionamiento de una estación en AM. Para quienes lo quieran aplicar en nuestro país, se presentan detalles de los procedimientos y trámites legales necesarios para el establecimiento y funcionamiento de estaciones de AM. La información dada, se respalda en los anexos. En las estaciones, normalmente, no se encuentra una distribución y ubicación interna, tanto de los equipos como de sus salas respondiendo a criterios técnicos sino más bien debidas a las restricciones del local disponible. En el capítulo 2 se presentan criterios de distribución y detalles relacionados con la acústica, aspecto muy importante en la generación de la señal a ser transmitida. Los lectores encontrarán, además, otros aspectos que serán de utilidad en proyectos o actividades relacionadas con la radiodifusión AM. En este documento se encuentran varias abreviaturas que corresponden a términos o conceptos técnicos relacionados, la equivalencia o significado de ellas se presenta al fina! del presente trabajo. PAGINA CAPÍTULO 1. ASPECTOS BÁSICOS DE RADIODIFUSIÓN AM. ................1 1.1 TEORÍA DE MODULACIÓN DE AMPLITUD........ ..................3 1.1.1 MODULACIÓN DE AMPLITUD ANALÓGICA... ....'... 4 1.1.2 MODULACIÓN DE AMPLITUD DIGITAL .................8 1.2 SISTEMAS BÁSICOS DE AM... ...............8 1.2.1 MODULACIÓN MÉTODO HEISING 9 1.2.2 MODULACIÓN CHIREIX"DEFASANDO" ..10 1.2.3 MODULACIÓN DEÁNODO CLASE B. ..............11 1.2.4 AMPLIFICADOR LINEAL DOHERTY DE ALTA EFICIENCIA PARA APLICACIONES DE ALTA POTENCIA..... 13 1.2.5 MODULACIÓN DE ÁNODO DE ANCHO DE PULSO ................15 1.2.6 MODULACIÓN."SCREEN-IMPEDANCE" DE ALTA EFICIENCIA.... ..19 1.3 TRANSMISORES Y EQUIPOS DE RADIODIFUSIÓN DE ESTADO SÓLIDO.... ....22 1.3.1 MODULADOR EN PASOS DE PULSOS "ASEA BROWN BOVERI" (ABB) ............24 1.3.2 MODULADOR EN PASOS DE PULSOS "CONTINENTAL ELECTRONICS CORPORATION" (CEC)...... ...............26 1.3.3 TRANSMISORES AMPFET"NAUTEL CORPORATION" .26 1.3.4 MODULACIÓN POLIFÁSICA DE ANCHO DE PULSO 28 1.3.5 MODULACIÓN POR PULSOS CODIFICADOS "HARRIS BROADCAST DIVISIÓN" SERIE DX........ .... ...31 1.3.6 SISTEMA DE POTENCIA LATERAL "KAHN"... 35 1.4 CIRCUITOS TRANSMISORES... 35 1.4.1 GENERADOR-EXCITADOR DE FRECUENCIA DE PORTADORA... ..36 1.4.2 AMPLIFICADORES DE POTENCIA DE RADIO FRECUENCIA..... ..............36 1.4.3 SISTEMAS DE SALIDA DE RF .............". 39 1.4.4 CONTROL Y MONITOREO DEL TRANSMISOR 40 1.4.5 FUENTES DE ENERGÍA DE ALTO VOLTAJE.. 42 1.5 MEDICIONES Y PRUEBAS DE FABRICA DEL FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL TRANSMISOR 43 1.5.1 RESPUESTA DE AUDIOFRECUENCIA ......; 44 1.5.2 INTERMODULACIÓN Y DISTORSIÓN ARMÓNICA DE AUDIO... .......45 1.5.3 RUIDO Y ZUMBIDO RESIDUAL
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