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Contribution of a Private Poplar Industry in Chile to Sustainable Rural Development

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Contribution of a Private Poplar Industry in Chile to Sustainable Rural Development 12 Contribution of a private poplar industry in Chile to sustainable rural development J. Ulloa and L. Villacura Successful integration of the production and processing of poplar wood with agriculture and livestock raising, community development and care for the environment. CAF E CAF L A LAMO CAF El Alamo’s poplar plantations in autumn he Compañía Agricola y Forestal the aim of achieving a high-quality, El Alamo Ltda (the El Alamo homogeneous product in sufficient TAgricultural and Forest Com- quantities to meet the raw material pany Ltd, hereafter referred to as CAF requirements of the company’s and El Alamo) is an example of a large-scale other factories; private forest industry contributing to • use of the space between the planta- the social and economic development tion rows, as well as other available of the community where it is situated. land, for agricultural production dur- In its poplar plantations covering about ing the first two years after planting, 3 000 ha – the largest area planted with with the aim of maximizing land use poplar in Chile – CAF El Alamo has and increasing the cost-effectiveness adopted an integrated system for maxi- of the forest crop; mizing the use and rate of return of land • introduction of cattle, starting in the through forest, agricultural and live- third year after planting, mainly to stock production in harmony with the control weeds and undergrowth in natural and social environment. This the poplar plantations, which reduces involves: the costs of chemical and mechanical • a forest management system based weed control and the risks of fire and on the establishment, management, also improves soil fertility by adding Jaime Ulloa and Luis Villacura work for the protection and harvesting of forest organic matter. Compañía Agricola y Forestal El Alamo Ltda, plantations for roundwood, with The company has cultivated poplars Chile. Unasylva 221, Vol. 56, 2005 13 In CAF El Alamo’s whole range of ages from 1 to 14 years sustainable is found on the company’s land, with agrosilvopastoral production areas varying from 146 to 259 ha and system, cattle help an average area of roughly 215 ha per control weeds and age class. Two-thirds of the age classes undergrowth in the plantations, fertilize cover areas greater than 200 ha. the soil and also haul The plantations are established using harvested logs genetically improved planting material produced directly in the company’s 40 ha of nurseries (see Figure). Plan- tation management consists mainly of pruning, weed control and irrigation car- ried out between ages 0 and 13 years (Table 2). Pruning allows the production I of knot-free timber, while irrigation, J. L J. together with site-related factors, is a intensively since 1939 and has been particularly suited to farming, and the key to rapid growth. developing this sustainable agrosilvopas- area has therefore experienced the high- Essentially only previously harvested toral production system since its start. est level of human intervention in the areas are now planted, i.e. the company In July 2002, CAF El Alamo obtained country. The land is used mainly for engages in reforestation, not afforesta- certification from the Forest Stewardship agriculture and only occasionally for tion. This has led to a policy of very small Council (FSC) as a result of independent forestry. The high incidence of frosts land purchases, with future projections evaluations that demonstrated not only during the coldest months and the dry- of between 40 and 50 ha per year. the company’s efforts to support forest ness of the summer season are the main The company also grows eucalyptus conservation, but also the important role environmental constraints to agricultural and indigenous tree species, raises cat- that the company plays in the community activities. tle and carries out production and pri- and its overall commitment to sustain- The irrigation system that supplies mary processing of asparagus, maize able rural development. water for the poplar plantations is fed by and bilberry. the Longaví River and the Bullileo dam. BACKGROUND The irrigation system is divided into WOOD PRODUCTION CAF El Alamo is Chile’s largest producer 20 920 water shares or rights, 1 836.8 of Annual harvesting levels are determined of poplar wood, focusing particularly on which belong to CAF El Alamo, equiva- mainly by demand and by the availabil- roundwood production (3.2 m logs with lent to 8.8 percent of the total permanent ity of the forest resources. The annual diameters of 16 to 60 or 70 cm). Together water rights into which the Longaví river availability of timber for harvesting is with the Compañía Chilena de Fósforos is divided. All of the company’s water determined based on factors such as S.A. (the Chilean Match Company) and rights are legally recognized, which has variety, plantation age and average subsidiaries, CAF El Alamo makes up been important for good community rela- diameter at breast height (DBH). The part of a consolidated industrial timber tions. annual harvest rate for the company’s group involved in the processing and The total forest holdings of CAF El poplar holdings is roughly 38 000 m3 of manufacture of wood products such as Alamo are about 3 235 ha, including timber. Protection zones, watercourses, high-quality safety matches, chopsticks, about 2 915 ha of forest plantations ice-cream sticks and paint stirrers made spread over 26 holdings located in the TABLE 1. CAF El Alamo’s forest from poplar wood for both the domestic VII Maule Region of Linares Province; holdings and international markets. 86 percent of the forest plantations are Land use Area The company’s forest estates are made up mainly of Populus hybrids. (ha) located in Chile’s central valley, between (Table 1). Poplar was chosen mainly Poplar (Populus spp.) 2 784.0 the coastal range and the Andes. The because of its growth characteristics Eucalyptus spp. 124.4 area has naturally fertile volcanic soil, and the qualities of its timber, such as Walnut (Juglans regia) 3.3 access to irrigation and a Mediterranean its white colour, absence of resin, rapid Conservation 115.6 climate, marked by cold, wet winters growth and short rotation. The plantation Other uses 207.9 and hot, dry summers. The climate is aims at an even age class distribution; the Total area 3 235.2 Unasylva 221, Vol. 56, 2005 14 General forest establishment and management plan Harvesting plantations Year 1 Genetic Nursery improvement multiplication between 182 and 210 ha, enables the sustainability of the company’s forest capital, while the difference between the real (140 ha) and theoretical (222 ha) annual felling rates makes it possible Establishment Hybrid production accumulate an annual balance of mature Clearing/cleaning/burning plantations. Tilling Year 0 COMMUNITY RELATIONS Levelling PROGRAMME Planting CAF El Alamo is a major social and Agricultural cropping economic player in the community of the Retiro municipality where it is situ- ated and is thus highly involved in the area’s development. In a survey of the area’s inhabitants, authorities and major Forest management landowners, more than 80 percent iden- Pruning tified strongly with the company, see- Weed control ing it as an indispensable cooperative Tilling element in the district’s development Irrigation Years 1 to 13 (Silvoterra, 2002). The municipality has an area of 827 km2 and a population of 19 700, of which 83.5 percent is rural. The past two TABLE 2. Management plan for the production of high-quality roundwood national censuses have shown that the population of the municipality is grow- Specification Practice ing at a rate below the national, regional Spacing and density 6 x 6 m, equivalent to 278 trees/ha and provincial rates. Some 37 percent of Cutting type 2 years in nursery, with 1 shoot per cutting the population lives in poverty, and the Cutting size 8 m in height primarily agricultural economy offers Depth of planting At least 80 cm few prospects to the area’s youth, as Pruning At the end of the 1st growth period Pruning height 2 to 3 heights, to obtain 7 m of knot-free trunk reflected in the negative net migratory Interplanting 1st and 2nd years: sowing of maize balance (–1.9 percent). Against this Tilling 2 to 3 times during the rotation background, CAF El Alamo is a source Weed control Yearly, both mechanized and chemical, and also with livestock of stable employment. Irrigation Gravitational furrow irrigation: once a month during the growth period Most of the company’s holdings are in rural areas of the municipality, where the trail networks and type of soil are all terms, the theoretical annual allowable people are engaged mainly in farming taken into account in the planning of cut is 222 ha per year. The company at and animal husbandry, and in general harvesting operations. present harvests 140 ha per year. With a live on isolated farms or in small hamlets Since the company practises clear- rotation age of 12 years and an average or clusters of houses. The urban popula- felling, the annual allowable cut is calcu- area of 222 ha per age class, there is an tion accounts for only 16.5 percent of lated on the basis of the relation between essentially complete supply in terms of the municipality’s total, concentrated the rotation age, the annual planting age classes. mostly in the villages of Retiro and rate and age class distribution. In these The annual planting rate, which varies Copihue; the company’s largest hold- Unasylva 221, Vol. 56, 2005 15 The plantation aims • training in environmental protection,
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