DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Evaluation of USAID/Peru Poverty Reduction Alleviation Activity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

FINAL EVALUATION OF USAID/PERU POVERTY REDUCTION AND ALLEVIATION (PRA) ACTIVITY May 2008 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Weidemann Associates, Inc. FINAL EVALUATION OF USAID/PERU POVERTY REDUCTION AND ALLEVIATION (PRA) ACTIVITY FINAL REPORT Submitted by: Weidemann Associates, Inc. Submitted to: USAID/Peru Contract No.: Raise Plus IQC No. AEG-I-00-04-00010-00 Task Order No. 360 Period of Performance: February – May 2008 DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Weidemann Associates Inc. appreciates the extensive support and cooperation of all who participated and assisted in the conduct of this evaluation of the Peru Poverty Reduction and Alleviation (PRA) Project. Of particular note is the contribution of many companies, producers, communities and the Government of Peru who took the time to patiently explain their relationship with PRA and how it affected their lives and work, and in that process provided the team with an improved understanding of how the project functioned in the field. Many of these people traveled at their own expense to be able to meet with the evaluation team members. We thank them for their sacrifice. Our special thanks go also to the USAID/Peru staff for all their support in facilitating this study, for providing us with direction and assistance in obtaining the information needed to conduct the study, and in particular the contributions of Mr. Juan Robles, the Task Order CTO. We also thank the PRA project staff for their extra efforts to provide the contacts and introduction to the many community groups and clients that were interviewed by the evaluation team and to provide background information about the methodologies and activities of PRA. Our sincere appreciation to those who dedicated many extra hours to provide data that was requested by the evaluation team and many times to sort or filter the data in many different ways to illuminate operational aspects of PRA. In addition many thanks to Araly Muñoz of PRA and Ana Toledo for helping the team make the best use of their time. Arvin R. Bunker Robert C. Flick Jose Lazarte Farfan Alfredo P. Mendívil Luis Fernando Talavera Ballon Gladys Mónica Triveño Chan Jan List of Abbreviations and Acronyms AD Alternative Development (also referred by project name PDA) ADRA Adventista para el Desarrollo y Recursos Asistenciales CONFIEP Confederación Nacional de Instituciones Empresariales COP Chief of Party CTO Contracting Technical Officer ESC Economic Service Center FFS Farmer Field School GOP Government of Peru HCN Host Country National, i.e., a Peruvian IBRD World Bank IDB Inter American Development Bank IMF International Monetary Fund MEDA Mennonite Economic Development Agency MYPE Micro and Small Enterprise Development Project – USAID funded project to Competitiva strengthen the competitiveness of micro and small enterprise NGO Non-government organization PAT Poverty Assessment Tool PDA Programa de Desarrollo Alternativo (also referred to as AD) PRA Poverty Reduction and Alleviation RAISE Rural and Agricultural Incomes with a Sustainable Environment SOW Scope of Work T/TA Training/Technical Assistance UN United Nations and its agencies such as the FAO, UNDP, etc. USAID United States Agency for International Development Table of Contents Executive Summary........................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 6 Background..................................................................................................................................... 6 PRA’s Strategy and Focus .............................................................................................................. 8 Principal Findings ......................................................................................................................... 10 PRAs Direct and Indirect Impacts ............................................................................................ 10 Economic Service Centers ........................................................................................................ 18 PRA and Alternative Development .......................................................................................... 23 Assistance to Agriculture vs. Other Sectors ............................................................................. 24 Operational Issues..................................................................................................................... 28 Conclusions................................................................................................................................... 38 Recommendations......................................................................................................................... 40 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................ 41 Unresolved Issues ......................................................................................................................... 42 Annexes......................................................................................................................................... 44 Annex A: Contacts by the Evaluation Team............................................................................. 45 Annex B. Literature and References......................................................................................... 50 Annex C. Sales, Investments and Work Days Generated by Year by ESC.............................. 51 Annex D. PRA Active Clients 2008 ......................................................................................... 53 Annex E: PRAs 36 Largest Clients........................................................................................... 57 Annex F: Sector Analysis ......................................................................................................... 60 Annex G. Benefits Cost Ratio by Product ................................................................................ 75 Annex H: Examples of PRA and PDA Collaboration .............................................................. 76 Annex I: Evaluation SOW with Response to Questions........................................................... 79 Final Evaluation of USAID/Peru Poverty Reduction and Alleviation (PRA) Activity Executive Summary This report is an external evaluation of the Poverty Reduction Alleviation (PRA) Activity that was established under USAID/Peru Strategic Objective Number II, Increased Incomes of the Poor, as an outgrowth of the 1994 USAID/Peru Food Security Strategy. The Strategic Objective determined that food insecurity is principally a question of poverty, that poverty is concentrated in corridors where people have limited access to markets, and that low-labor productivity reflects inadequate investment in human and material capital as well as poorly developed public policies and institutions. Consequently, USAID/Peru adopted an approach to link poverty-stricken rural areas (economic corridors) to markets in cities in Peru and abroad. PRA began in September 1998 with an agreement between USAID and the Confederación Nacional de Instituciones Empresariales (CONFIEP), an institution representing private sector companies. CONFIEP was to apply a private business focus to optimize resource use in the economic corridors to reduce poverty through employment generation. The design expected that private businesses would implement creative market mechanisms to purchase inputs from the economic corridors. They would be supported by project established Economic Service Centers that were located in the economic corridors. It was expected that the business associates of CONFIEP would become the buyers. Implementation of PRA by CONFIEP did not meet Selection of chocolate beans in Ayacucho (VRAE): CAC VRA (Timoteo Vargas Aguilar, president; y Wilder expectations. In April 2002 Rocha, Manager) USAID asked Chemonics to become the full implementing institution. Chemonics was already providing technical advice, international consultants and monitoring and evaluation services to this project. This evaluation provides quantitative and qualitative analysis of the direct and indirect impact, cost effectiveness, and strengths and weaknesses of PRA-supported activities and operations. Five key areas were evaluated: 1) Direct and indirect impacts; 2) the role of Economic Service Centers (ESC); 3) the Weidemann Associates, Inc. Page 1 relationship between PRA and Alternative Development (AD, implemented by a project known as PDA); 4) the level of assistance to agriculture versus manufacturing and services sectors; and 5) operational issues. PRA Methodology PRA only provides assistance when a market-pull situation is identified. Market-pull means an identified buyer needs a specific product and has funds to pay for it. Typically, a company located in a city center, within or outside an economic corridor, requests PRA to assist in either sourcing products from the economic corridors, or finding buyers for products that are or can be produced in the corridors. When a request for assistance meets PRA feasibility
Recommended publications
  • Machu Picchu: the Salcantay Trek

    Machu Picchu: the Salcantay Trek

    Machu Picchu: The Salcantay Trek May 25 – June 4, 2020 (11 days in Peru) Join expert Himalayan trekking guide Cathy Ann Taylor on an off-the-beaten-path high altitude trek to the celebrated Inca ruins of Machu Picchu. You’ll trek through misty cloud forests and alongside brilliant blue lakes, with constant views of the glacier-draped peaks of the Cordillera Vilcabamba, a spectacular mountain range in the heart of the Andes cradling the sanctuary of Machu Picchu, the “Lost City of the Incas.” Much less traveled, higher and more rugged than the regular Inca Trail, this trek takes you across a variety of ecosystems, from alpine habitats with views of icy glaciers and the avalanche-swept slopes of Salcantay (20,574’) to lush bamboo forests, fruit orchards, and coffee plantations. And although the trek is challenging, you won’t go unrewarded. Instead of camping, you’ll end each day at a delightful mountain lodge, where you’ll dine on delicious international and local cuisine, soothe your weary muscles in a Jacuzzi, and sleep in a comfortable bed. The Incas never had it so good! TRIP DETAILS Strenuous6 days moderate to strenuous hiking; 10 nights hotels and lodges ITINERARY (You may need to leave the U.S. on May 24 depending on the routing in order to arrive in Cuzco on May 25.) Day 1, May 25Arrive in Lima, fly to Cuzco (11,200’) Fly to Cuzco, Peru, via Lima (you will need to depart the U.S. the previous day—most flights are overnight). You will be met upon your arrival in Cuzco (11,200’) and transferred to the Hotel El Mercado, a lovely renovated 18th-century colonial manor house located about three blocks from the main square.
  • On the Trail of the Incas. a Ride Through the Salcantay Mountains to the Foot of Machu Picchu 14 Nights; 7 ½ Days Riding: Start Cusco and End Lima

    On the Trail of the Incas. a Ride Through the Salcantay Mountains to the Foot of Machu Picchu 14 Nights; 7 ½ Days Riding: Start Cusco and End Lima

    On The Trail of The Incas. A ride through the Salcantay Mountains to the foot of Machu Picchu 14 nights; 7 ½ days riding: start Cusco and end Lima. Introduction Machu Picchu contains a great deal of stone steps, narrow passageways and it’s a UNESCO World Heritage site, all of which mean that it’s not riding territory! However, you can ride horses from the Sacred Valley, along narrow mountain trails that run through the Salcantay Mountains and emerge near the entrance to Machu Picchu. The trails we follow were originally carved out by the Incas and are part of the 14,000 mile network of Inca Trails that link northern Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador representing the area that was the Inca Empire. What makes this ride so special is the scenery and the sheer scale of the scenery: from the Sacred Valley you are surrounded by permanently snow-capped peaks, many of them are over 6,000 m. The views are simply stunning and to ride through this country is something very few people ever do. But it’s not all riding; we also explore some of the Inca sites in and around Cusco and a special treat is saved for last. On the final day we fly back to Lima and head to the beach to experience one of Peru’s hidden secrets, the Paso. The Paso shares a characteristic with the Icelandic Horse, it has that fifth gear and can tölt. The Paso is in wonderful contrast to the small, tough mountain horse we ride at altitude which are fit, love their work, are sure-footed - and have the most incredible stamina.
  • When Did the Incas Build Machu Picchu and Its

    When Did the Incas Build Machu Picchu and Its

    Radiocarbon, Vol 63, Nr 4, 2021, p 1133–1148 DOI:10.1017/RDC.2020.79 Selected Papers from the 1st Latin American Radiocarbon Conference, Rio de Janeiro, 29 Jul.–2 Aug. 2019 © 2020 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work. WHEN DID THE INCAS BUILD MACHU PICCHU AND ITS SATELLITE SITES? NEW APPROCHES BASED ON RADIOCARBON DATING Mariusz Zi´ołkowski1* • Jose Bastante Abuhadba2 • Alan Hogg3 • Dominika Sieczkowska1 • Andrzej Rakowski4 • Jacek Pawlyta4 • Sturt W Manning5 1Centre for Andean Studies at Cusco, University of Warsaw, Poland 2National Archaeological Park of Machu Picchu, Cusco, Peru 3Waikato Radiocarbon Laboratory, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand 4Division of Geochronology and Environmental Isotopes, Institute of Physics–CSE, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland 5Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA ABSTRACT. According to the classical chronology of the Inca State, the ascension to power of Pachacuti Inca took place around AD 1438 and the construction of Machu Picchu began by AD 1450–1460. However, the improvement in the accuracy of radiocarbon (14C) dating resulting from the application of Bayesian analysis has changed our view of the historical chronology.
  • Institutionalized Inequality in Peru

    Institutionalized Inequality in Peru

    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Spring 2009 The limits of democracy and economic growth: Institutionalized inequality in Peru Elizabeth Kyriacou University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Kyriacou, Elizabeth, "The limits of democracy and economic growth: Institutionalized inequality in Peru" (2009). Master's Theses and Capstones. 108. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/108 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Limits of Democracy and Economic Growth: Institutionalized Inequality in Peru BY Elizabeth Kyriacou BA in Political Science and International Affairs, University of New Hampshire, 2007 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Political Science May, 2009 UMI Number: 1466938 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
  • Salkantay Tour -Trekto Machu Picchu 5 Days / 4 Nights

    Salkantay Tour -Trekto Machu Picchu 5 Days / 4 Nights

    Tel : +47 22413030 | Epost :[email protected]| Web :www.reisebazaar.no Karl Johans gt. 23, 0159 Oslo, Norway Salkantay Tour -TrekTo Machu Picchu 5 days / 4 nights Turkode Destinasjoner Turen starter 34705 Peru Cusco Turen destinasjon Reisen er levert av 5 dager Cusco Fra : NOK Oversikt he Cordillera Vilcanota is an impressive range of mountains which include the massive Salkantay snowcapped mountain (6,264 meters) and three others over 6000 meters that you will appreciate while on the Salkantay tour. Salkantay is an outstanding snow peak, located less than fifty miles northwest of the city of Cuzco in south central Peru. It is the highest mountain of the Cordillera Vilcabamba. Because of its proximity to the city, it is easily accessible and is climbed frequently. Reiserute Day 1: Cusco - Mollepata - Sayapata - Humantay Lake - Soraypampa Day 2: Soraypampa - Challway Day 3: Challway - Playa Sahuayaco - Santa Teresa Hot Springs Day 4: Santa Teresa - Lucmabamba - Llactapata - Hydroelectric - Aguas Calientes Day 5: Aguas Calientes - Macchu Picchu - Cusco The famous Salkantay Trek (or Salcantay Trek), named among the 25 best Treks in the World by National Geographic Adventure Travel Magazine, is a trek open to everybody, with no limitation on spaces or permits (at least for now). Connecting the city of Mollepata, Cusco with Machu Picchu, the Salkantay Trek is an ancient and remote footpath located in the same region as the Inca Trail where massive snowcapped mountains collide with lush tropical rain forests. Located less than fifty miles northwest of the city of Cusco in south central Peru by the Cordillera Vilcabamba and rising to 6271 meters above sea level (20574 ft) Mount Salkantay is an outstanding glacier-capped summit worshiped for thousands of years by locals.
  • Social Panorama of Latin America 2019

    Social Panorama of Latin America 2019

    2019 Social Panorama of Latin America Thank you for your interest in this ECLAC publication ECLAC Publications Please register if you would like to receive information on our editorial products and activities. When you register, you may specify your particular areas of interest and you will gain access to our products in other formats. www.cepal.org/en/publications ublicaciones www.cepal.org/apps Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Mario Cimoli Deputy Executive Secretary Raúl García-Buchaca Deputy Executive Secretary for Management and Programme Analysis Laís Abramo Chief, Social Development Division Rolando Ocampo Chief, Statistics Division Paulo Saad Chief, Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)- Population Division of ECLAC Mario Castillo Officer in Charge, Division for Gender Affairs Ricardo Pérez Chief, Publications and Web Services Division Social Panorama of Latin America is a publication prepared annually by the Social Development Division and the Statistics Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), headed by Laís Abramo and Rolando Ocampo, respectively, with the collaboration of the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC, headed by Paulo Saad, and the Division for Gender Affairs of ECLAC, under the supervision of Mario Castillo. The preparation of the 2019 edition was coordinated by Laís Abramo, who also worked on the drafting together with Alberto Arenas de Mesa, Catarina Camarinhas, Miguel del Castillo Negrete, Ernesto Espíndola, Álvaro Fuentes, Carlos Maldonado Valera, Xavier Mancero, Jorge Martínez Pizarro, Marta Rangel, Rodrigo Martínez, Iskuhi Mkrtchyan, Iliana Vaca Trigo and Pablo Villatoro. Ernesto Espíndola, Álvaro Fuentes, Carlos Howes, Carlos Kroll, Felipe López, Rocío Miranda and Felipe Molina worked on the statistical processing.
  • Framing Machu Picchu: Science, Photography and the Making of Heritage

    Framing Machu Picchu: Science, Photography and the Making of Heritage

    FRAMING MACHU PICCHU: SCIENCE, PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE MAKING OF HERITAGE By AMY ELIZABETH COX A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Amy Elizabeth Cox 2 To Kirk 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Research for this study was made possible by a doctoral dissertation improvement grant from the National Science Foundation’s Science and Society section and from Fulbright’s Institute for International Education. Preliminary research was conducted thanks to the generous funding from the University of Florida’s Center for Latin American Studies. Their encouragement and support through grants like the William E. Carter summer fellowship, Tinker travel grant and foreign language area studies grant, kept me motivated and exploring. My deep gratitude goes to those institutions and their staff. Many, many people have been involved in this research. First, I would like to thank all those individuals who shared their thoughts and ideas through interviews and more informal conversations. In particular, I owe an immense debt of gratitude to the members of COLITUR in Cuzco, Peru. From a professional standpoint, not only did COLITUR allow me to interview study participants in their offices, but I also participated in their new venture which encouraged the Cuzco’s local population to visit their own touristic sites. I spent two days in the pueblo of Lares with a group of “tour guides to be” and attended the Cruz Velacuy, a pilgrimage to various crosses in the town of Cuzco. Encouraging Cuzco’s population to visit the region’s attractions was a noble effort by COLITUR’s director to make tourism more equitable.
  • Young Lives: Peru Round 2 Survey

    Young Lives: Peru Round 2 Survey

    YOUNG LIVES COUNTRY REPORT Young Lives: Peru Round 2 Survey September 2008 Javier Escobal Patricia Ames Santiago Cueto Mary Penny Eva Flores YOUNG LIVES COUNTRY REPORT Young Lives: Peru Round 2 Survey September 2008 Javier Escobal Patricia Ames Santiago Cueto Mary Penny Eva Flores Young Lives, Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK Young Lives: Peru Round 2 Survey Report First published by Young Lives in September 2008 © Young Lives 2008 ISBN: 978-1-904427-38-4 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. All rights reserved. Reproduction, copy, transmission, or translation of any part of this publication may be made only under the following conditions: • with the prior permission of the publisher; or • with a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE, UK, or from another national licensing agency; or • under the terms set out below. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for teaching or non-profit purposes, but not for resale. Formal permission is required for all such uses, but normally will be granted immediately. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher and a fee may be payable. Available from: Young Lives Department of International Development University of Oxford 3 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TB, UK Tel: +44 (0)1865 289966 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.younglives.org.uk YOUNG LIVES: PERU ROUND 2 SURVEY REPORT Abstract This report presents initial findings from the second round of data collection in Peru between late 2006 and early 2007.
  • Salkantay 5 Days

    Salkantay 5 Days

    SALKANTAY TREK THE SAVAGE MOUNTAIN TREK TO MACHU PICCHU The grand andean experience The grand andean experience DESCRIPTION The Salkantay Trek to Machu Picchu is an alternative to the Inca extending over 260 km,. The snow-capped mountain Salkantay days of acclimatization before the trek is ideal for visiting the city of Trail and considered by most to be the best alternative route (and rises to 6271 MASL– 20574 FASL in height. It is an outstanding Cusco, its nearby Inca ruins, and the Sacred Valley of the Incas. maybe even better!). This magnificent trail is perfect for adventurers snowy peak, located less than fifty miles northwest of the city of who wish to become personally integrated in changing ecosystems Cusco in south-central Peru. Because of its proximity to the city, it is from one day to the next. You will walk through sweeping, magical easily accessible by car and it has been climbed by professional landscapes of a snowy mountain paradise to a tropical jungle where mountaineers since 1952. you will find a wide range of animals and medicinal plants and flower In order to complete the Salcantay Trek, you need to have a varieties. Witness with your own eyes a living, but ancient, culture in reasonable level of fitness, but age shouldn't be a barrier. The most remote villages hardly ever seen by foreigners! important thing is to be well-acclimatized to the altitude. The highest The Cordillera Vilcabamba is an impressive mountain range you will trek the entire time is (4, 650 MASL – 15092 FASL). Two ITINERARY SALKANTAY TREK TO MACHU PICCHU 5 Days | 4 Nights DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5 CUSCO | MOLLEPATA – SORAYPAMPA | SALKANTAY PASS - CHAULLAY | COLLPAPAMPA - LA LUCMABAMBA | LLACTAPATA – THE MOST IMPORTANT DAY – CHALLACANCHA – SORAYPAMPA HUAYRACMACHAY - CHAULLAY PLAYA - LUCMABAMBA HIDROELECTRICA – AGUAS MACHU PICCHU! (HUMANTAY LAKE) CALIENTES SALKANTAY THE SAVAGE MOUNTAIN TREK TO MACHU PICCHU TREKKING Treks&ExpeditionsSpecialists LIMA CUSCO SALKANTAY MOUNTAIN SALKANTAY LAKE 6,264 m.
  • Machu Picchu: the Salcantay Trek

    Machu Picchu: the Salcantay Trek

    Machu Picchu: The Salcantay Trek May 28 – June 7, 2018 (11 days in Peru) Join expert Himalayan trekking guide Cathy Ann Taylor on an off-the-beaten-path high altitude trek to the celebrated Inca ruins of Machu Picchu. You’ll trek through misty cloud forests and alongside brilliant blue lakes, with constant views of the glacier-draped peaks of the Cordillera Vilcabamba, a spectacular mountain range in the heart of the Andes cradling the sanctuary of Machu Picchu, the “Lost City of the Incas.” Much less traveled, higher and more rugged than the regular Inca Trail, this trek takes you across a variety of ecosystems, from alpine habitats with views of icy glaciers and the avalanche-swept slopes of Salcantay (20,574’) to lush bamboo forests, fruit orchards, and coffee plantations. And although the trek is challenging, you won’t go unrewarded. Instead of camping, you’ll end each day at a delightful mountain lodge, where you’ll dine on delicious international and local cuisine, soothe your weary muscles in a Jacuzzi, and sleep in a comfortable bed. The Incas never had it so good! TRIP DETAILS Strenuous6 days strenuous hiking; 10 nights hotels and lodges ITINERARY Day 1, May 28Arrive in Lima, fly to Cuzco (11,200’) Fly to Cuzco, Peru, via Lima (you will need to depart the U.S. the previous day—most flights are overnight). You will be met upon your arrival in Cuzco (11,200’) and transferred to the Casa Andina Private Collection, a lovely renovated 18th-century colonial manor house located about three blocks from the main square.
  • Peru 2013-14 with 20 Sherpas Reached the Top of Manaslu on 1 October, While 15 Climbers Including Six Foreigners Summited on 30 September

    Peru 2013-14 with 20 Sherpas Reached the Top of Manaslu on 1 October, While 15 Climbers Including Six Foreigners Summited on 30 September

    290 T HE A LPINE J OURN A L 2 0 1 6 (8163m) was successfully summited by a 14-member team led by Daniel Lee Mazur on 30 September. Sadly, Austrian climber Zoltan Benedek died ANTONIO ‘SEVI’ GÓMEZ BOHÓRQUEZ while descending from camp 4. Benedek’s partner was rescued from camp 4 and was flown by helicopter from 6,800m. Both climbers were climbing without any support above base camp. Thirty-eight foreign climbers along Peru 2013-14 with 20 Sherpas reached the top of Manaslu on 1 October, while 15 climbers including six foreigners summited on 30 September. A further 38 climbers abandoned their summit attempts citing bad climbing conditions followed CORDILLERA BLANCA 2013 by a week-long deteriorating weather pattern. Boyan Petrov became the first Bulgarian to ascend Manaslu. On Nevado Ishinca (5530m), Carlito’s Way (D+, M5, 60°–80°, 480m) is a At least 73 climbers including 44 foreigners successfully summited possible new direct variation on the north-west face climbed on 5 June. Makalu in the period 1-3 October 2015. The ministry of tourism issued Carlos Esteban Pineda Beyer and Carlos Eduardo Solé Perozo arrived in permits to 106 climbers, representing 11 different expedition teams for the Huaraz at the end of May 2013. On 3 June, the Venezuelan Andeans crossed 2015 autumn season. the Quebrada Ishinca and slept in the refuge at c4350m. They arrived the Everest was quiet during the autumn 2015 season with only the 33-year- next day at the Mariscal Castilla refuge (4950m), which has been renamed old solo Japanese climber Nobukazu Kuriki on the mountain making Bivouac Longoni (Vivacco Longoni) after its restoration.
  • Equity in Health and Health Care in Peru, 2004–2008

    Equity in Health and Health Care in Peru, 2004–2008

    SECCIÓN ESPECIAL Equidad en los sistemas de salud / SPECIAL SECTION Equity in health systems Investigación original / Original research Equity in health and health care in Peru, 2004–2008 Margarita Petrera,1 Martín Valdivia,2 Eduardo Jimenez,1 and Gisele Almeida 3 Suggested citation Petrera M, Valdivia M, Jimenez E, Almeida G. Equity in health and health care in Peru, 2004–2008. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2013;33(2):131–6. ABSTRACT Objective. This study evaluates whether recent positive economic trends and pro-poor health policies have resulted in more health equity and explores key factors that explain such change. Methods. This study focuses on the evolution of measures of health status (self- reported morbidity) and use of health care services obtained from the 2004 and 2008 rounds of the Peruvian National Household Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Hogares). It concentrates on health inequalities associated with socioeconomic status and uses interquintile differences (gradient), concentration indices with and without needs-based adjustments, and decomposition analysis. Results. Findings show a low level of inequality in measures of health status, with a slightly pro-poor inequality in self-reported health problems and a slightly pro-rich inequality in self- reported chronic illness. Inequity in the use of curative services declined significantly between 2004 and 2008, while inequity in the use of preventive services increased slightly. Use of hospital and dental services remained unchanged during the same period. Conclusions. Limitations of self-reported morbidity measures probably underestimate the results of health inequalities across socioeconomic groups. Improved equity in the use of curative health services can be explained by a number of positive factors that occurred concurrently during the analysis—namely, increased mean household income, reduced economic inequality, the Juntos conditional cash transfer program, and gradual expansion of public health insurance, Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS).