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Social Panorama of Latin America 2019 2019 Social Panorama of Latin America Thank you for your interest in this ECLAC publication ECLAC Publications Please register if you would like to receive information on our editorial products and activities. When you register, you may specify your particular areas of interest and you will gain access to our products in other formats. www.cepal.org/en/publications ublicaciones www.cepal.org/apps Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Mario Cimoli Deputy Executive Secretary Raúl García-Buchaca Deputy Executive Secretary for Management and Programme Analysis Laís Abramo Chief, Social Development Division Rolando Ocampo Chief, Statistics Division Paulo Saad Chief, Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)- Population Division of ECLAC Mario Castillo Officer in Charge, Division for Gender Affairs Ricardo Pérez Chief, Publications and Web Services Division Social Panorama of Latin America is a publication prepared annually by the Social Development Division and the Statistics Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), headed by Laís Abramo and Rolando Ocampo, respectively, with the collaboration of the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC, headed by Paulo Saad, and the Division for Gender Affairs of ECLAC, under the supervision of Mario Castillo. The preparation of the 2019 edition was coordinated by Laís Abramo, who also worked on the drafting together with Alberto Arenas de Mesa, Catarina Camarinhas, Miguel del Castillo Negrete, Ernesto Espíndola, Álvaro Fuentes, Carlos Maldonado Valera, Xavier Mancero, Jorge Martínez Pizarro, Marta Rangel, Rodrigo Martínez, Iskuhi Mkrtchyan, Iliana Vaca Trigo and Pablo Villatoro. Ernesto Espíndola, Álvaro Fuentes, Carlos Howes, Carlos Kroll, Felipe López, Rocío Miranda and Felipe Molina worked on the statistical processing. Valuable contributions and comments relating to different sections of the document were received from Simone Cecchini, Jorge Dehays, Andrés Gutiérrez, Javiera Muñoz, Lucía Scuro, José Suárez and María Elena Valenzuela. United Nations publication ISBN: 978-92-1-122030-8 (print) ISBN: 978-92-1-047954-7 (pdf) ISBN: 978-92-1-358267-1 (ePub) Sales No: E.19.II.G.6 LC/PUB.2019/22-P/Rev.1 Distribution: G Explanatory notes: Copyright © United Nations, 2019 - Three dots (...) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported. All rights reserved - A dash (-) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible. - A full stop (.) is used to indicate decimals. Printed at United Nations, Santiago - The word “dollars” refers to United States dollars, unless otherwise specified. S.19-01132 - A slash (/) between years (e.g. 2013/2014) indicates a 12-month period falling between the two years. - Individual figures and percentages in tables may not always add up to the corresponding total because of rounding. This publication should be cited as: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Social Panorama of Latin America, 2019 (LC/PUB.2019/22-P/Rev.1), Santiago, 2019. Applications for authorization to reproduce this work in whole or in part should be sent to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Publications and Web Services Division, [email protected]. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and to inform ECLAC of such reproduction. CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter I Persistent inequality in societies facing great uncertainties ........................................................................... 37 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 39 A. Recent trends in household income inequality............................................................................................... 39 B. Income inequality re-evaluated: estimates based on combined data sources ............................................. 44 1. Limitations of data sources and new methodologies to estimate inequality ......................................... 46 C. Social classes at the centre of the social inequality matrix .......................................................................... 50 1. Trends in socioeconomic stratification in Latin America ........................................................................ 51 2. The importance of education and employment in socioeconomic status ............................................... 59 3. Intersecting inequalities .......................................................................................................................... 69 4. The risk of falling into poverty owing to loss of labour income .............................................................. 72 5. Conclusions and research agenda ........................................................................................................... 77 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................... 78 Annex I.A1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 82 Chapter II Poverty in latin america: one of the critical obstacles to sustainable development ................................... 89 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 91 A. Income poverty trends..................................................................................................................................... 92 1. Poverty and extreme poverty at the regional level and by subgroups of countries ................................ 92 2. Poverty and extreme poverty by country ................................................................................................. 94 3. Poverty and extreme poverty by population subgroups ........................................................................ 100 B. Factors related to the recent poverty variations .......................................................................................... 107 1. Level and distribution of household income .......................................................................................... 107 2. Trends in the income sources of lower-income households ................................................................. 111 3. Possibility of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of no poverty .......................................... 115 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 117 Annex II.A1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 118 Chapter III Social spending: recent trends and financing needs for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 1 ...... 121 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 123 A. Social public spending in 2000–2018 ........................................................................................................... 124 1. Recent evolution of social spending in the region ................................................................................ 126 2. Per capita social spending ..................................................................................................................... 129 3. Social spending by function in the region ............................................................................................. 130 4. The distribution of functional social spending in the countries ............................................................ 132 5. Public social spending in broader institutional coverage than central government: selected countries .................................................................................................................................. 137 B. Estimated resources needed to close the poverty and extreme poverty income gap in Latin America by 2030 .............................................................................................................................. 139 1. Household resources needed to bridge poverty income gaps .............................................................. 139 2. Comparing resource requirements, social public spending, tax revenues, and levels of tax evasion and avoidance........................................................................................................................... 142 3. Estimates of the costs of achieving the Goal on poverty over a 10-year period through income transfers ....................................................................................................................... 144 C. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................... 147 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................................
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