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Nematoda:Rhabdochonidae) with Emendation of the Genus Spinitectus Fourment, 1883

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Nematoda:Rhabdochonidae) with Emendation of the Genus Spinitectus Fourment, 1883 This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly aa received 70-6746 CHRISTIAN, Frederick Adetokunbo, 1939- LIFE HISTORY STUDIES OF SPINITECTUS MICROSPINOSUS SP. N (NEMATODA:RHABDOCHONIDAE) WITH EMENDATION OF THE GENUS SPINITECTUS FOURMENT, 1883. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1969 Zoology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan LIFE HISTORY STUDIES OF SPINITECTUS MICROSF1NOSUS SP. N (NEMATODA:RHABDOCHONI DAE) WITH EMENDATION OF THE GENUS SPINITECTUS FOURMENT, 1883 DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Frederick Adetokunbo Christian, B.Sc., M.Sc. #*»*#** The Ohio State University 1969 Approved by ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wtshes to express his sincere thanks and appreciation to all the people whose help, kindness, cooperation and suggestions have made these studies possible. I am Indeed very grateful to my academic adviser. Professor J. L. Crltes for his helpful suggestions, patient assistance, unre­ lenting encouragement, and constructive criticism throughout the course of these studies. I also thank the reading committee, Professors Carl R. Reese and L. S. Putnam. Words will be inadequate to express my sincere appreciation to Mr. and Mrs. R. Seeds and family who spent their time, money, and energy to assist me in the col lection of the fish, LepomIs macrochIrus. from their privately-owned pond in North Ridge Township, Fairfield Co., Ohio. I wish to thank Messrs. Rennie and Ronnie Fowler for their assistance In the collection of the Asellus Intermedlus. I also wish to thank Messrs. R. Burnard, D. Radabaugh, A. White, and J. Zapotosky for taking the photographs of the nematodes, and Mr. Lawrence Negulesco for his ever ready help in the collection of the fishes. I wish to thank the Academic Faculty of Zoology, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, for giving me the opportunity to study here and for providing the facilities that made these studies possible. t| VITA July 8, 1939 ........... Born - Lagos, Nigeria December, 1962 ........ B.Sc., Allen and Benedict College, Columbia, S. C. 1963 - 1965 ...... Graduate Teaching Assistant and Associate, Biology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 1965 ................... M.Sc., Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 1965 - 1969........... Teaching Associate, Academic Faculty of Zoology, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Lanqeronla parva sp. n (TrematodatLecithodendrlIdae) from Rana pip lens with a Revision of the Genus Lanqeronia Caballero y et Bravo-Hollls, 1949." (Manuscript in Preparation) FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Zoology Studies in Invertebrate Zoology. Professor J. L. Crites Studies In Parasitology. Professor J. L. Crites Studies in Veterinary Parasitology. Professor F. Koutz Studies in Acarology. Professor G. W. Wharton Studies In Protozoology. Professor J. P. Kreler Studies in Medical Entomology. Professor C. Venard Ml TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................. H VITA ................................................... HI LIST OF T A B L E S .................................................. vl INTRODUCTION ..................................................... I HISTORICAL BACKGROUND................................... 4 History of the genus Spin!tectus ........................... 4 General Patterns and Life rflstories of Some Spiruroid Nematodes ................................. 13 MATERIALS AND M E T H O D S ............................................ 16 Examination of the Fish for Nematodes and Preparation of Nematodes for Study .......... ..... 17 Arthropods Used in the Trial Feeding Experiments .......... 19 Collection and Laboratory Rearing of Asellus Intermedius . 19 Definitive H o s t ............................................ 20 GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................ 22 Information on Egg Types of Spiruroid Nematodes .......... 22 The Larval Stages (=Juveniles or Postembryonlc Stages) . 23 THE LIFE HISTORY STUDIES OF SPINITECTUS SP....................... 25 Reproductive Habits ........................................ 25 Feeding and Infection Experiments ......................... 26 Description of the Eggs and Developmental Stages in the Life History S t u d i e s ....................... 29 Description of the Fully Mature Adults of Spinltectus sp. 37 Remarks on the Life H i s t o r y ............................... 43 Summary of the Life History Studies ............... 48 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE GENUS SPINITECTUS ..................... 53 lv TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.) Page EMENDATION OF THE GENUS SPINITECTUS AND THE FAMILY RHABDOCHONI DA E .................................... 58 DESCRIPTION OF NEW S P E C I E S .................................... 60 M a l e ....................................................... 61 F e m a l e .......... 62 Discussion................................................ 63 SUMMARY ......................................................... 67 APPENDIX Plates and Explanation of Plates ......................... 71 REFERENCES C I T E D ....................... 90 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Species, Hosts and Geographical Distribution of the Genus Splnltectus................................ 9 2. Number of Species of Spln|tectus According to Countries . 12 3. Measurements of Splnltectus sp............................ 42 4. Outline of Life Cycle of Spin I tectus sp..................... 52 5. Comparison of Species of Splnltectus reported from Freshwater Fishes of North America ................... 66 vl INTRODUCTION This study was undertaken by the author at the suggestion of his Academic Adviser, Dr. J. L. Crites who observed the present Investiga­ tor's Interest In attempting to survey the helminth parasites of certain freshwater fishes In Ohio. Examination of many centrachld fishes from different counties In Ohio revealed the presence of some species of spiruroid nematodes belonging to the genus SpInltectus In the intestines of these fishes. A comprehensive review of the world literature shows that the works concerning genus Spin!tectus are predominantly taxonomlv. and ecological In nature except for a pioneering study by Gustafson (1939) on the life cycle of SpInItectus gracIlls. This, In Itself, is a very short note published as an abstract and details of this study are lacking. This study by Gustafson (1939), although meagre, is the only available Information on the life cycle of any of the described species of Spin!tectus. So, at the suggestion of the present Investigator's academic adviser, the present study was undertaken to elucidate the details of the life cycle of another species of the genus Spin Itectus. The genus Splnltectus erected by Fourment in 1883, belongs to the superfamfly Splruroldea, a group of parasitic nematodes that are known to require In their life cycles an arthropod Intermediate host I 2 and a vertebrate definitive host. Two species have been described for the genus Spin Itectus from North American freshwater fishes. These are S. gracilis Ward and Magath, 1917, and S. Carolina Hoi I, 1928. Anthony (1963) mentioned another four species but did not name or describe them. The two described species, S. gracilis and S^. Caro­ lina, have been reported from a large number of genera of North Ameri­ can freshwater fishes from many different localities In the United States and one specimen of S^. carol Ina has been reported from an amphibian host, Trlturus vlridescens by Hoi 1 In 1928. Review of world lit* “ature shows that 29 species have been described and named for the genus Spin!tectus. Of these only 26 are now considered valid. As mentioned above, no details of complete life cycle are known for any of these species. Gustafson (1939) found that mayfly larvae of the genera Hexagenea, Heptagenea, and Streptonoura may serve as Intermediate hosts of S_. gracl 11s, and he utilized the green sunflsh, Lepomls cyanellus as a definitive host. Yamagutl and Ntslmura (1944) found what they believed to be a specimen of the larva of Splnl tectus gig I Fuljlta, 1927 fr. a crus­ tacean host, Caridina denticulata. The above constitutes the only available Information concerning the life history studies of any of the known valid species of the genus Splnltectus. Therefore, the present study was undertaken In an effort to work out the details of the life history of S_. caroIina, the second described species from the North American freshwater fishes. In the course of this study, a l'~ge number of Bluegllls, Lepomls 3 macrochIrus, from different localities In Ohio were examined. A hitherto undescribed species of the genus Spin Itectus was encountered In the Intestine of these fishes and the author directed his efforts to working out the details of the life history of the new species encountered. The objectives of the present life history study therefore were: to find out what arthropod Intermediate hosts might be Involved in the life cycle; to describe the mode of Infestation by the nematode to both the Intermediate and definitive hosts; to describe the growth and development of the nematode In both hosts; to find out the length of time from one juvenile stage to the next, and egg to egg cycle; to study the host-paraslte relationship. The proper systematic position of the genus Spin Itectus has been a matter of differences of opinion. So, the present systematic position of this genus will be reviewed and the genus emended in the light of what is known concerning the described
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