Sobre Las Casas Kaufmann

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Sobre Las Casas Kaufmann ON THE KAUFMANN HOUSES. TWO DRAWINGS AND A SOBRE LAS CASAS KAUFMANN PHOTOGRAPH DOS DIBUJOS Y UNA FOTOGRAFÍA This article explores the Kaufmann family houses, their architects and the American world of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first, designed by Benno Janssen, is not widely known but it is fantastic because it is capable of creating a landscape where it does not exist. I love it. There, in its living room, is where Wright received the commission to build Fallingwater house. José Barbeito And finally, I would like to dedicate a few comments to the house built by Neutra, in order to balance the article. Wright could be the guiding thread. I have always thought that Fallingwater house has some aspects that are a bit forced and therefore, paradoxically, unnatural. I also believe that with this building Wright distances himself from the interests of European En 1885 los hermanos Kaufmann abrieron los Architecture, and is focused on Kaufmann’s Department Store en una de las mejo- more realistic problems, such as those of collective housing. res y más transitadas esquinas del centro de Pitts- burgh. Ese mismo año nacía Edgar Jonas Kaufmann que en 1913, cuatro años antes de que falleciera su padre Morris, quedaba ya a cargo del negocio fami- liar. Pittsburgh conocía entonces una extraordinaria prosperidad. Después de haber sufrido un calamito- so incendio y pasadas las penurias de la guerra civil, a partir de 1875 la concentración de la industria del acero y sus derivados favorece el crecimiento de va- rias de las mayores fortunas americanas. Apellidos como los Carnegie, los Frick, los Mellon y otros cuan- tos, van entonces a rivalizar para que su riqueza deje una huella duradera sobre la fisonomía de la ciudad, ambición que termina por desbordar la capacidad de los arquitectos locales. Habrá que buscar en las grandes ciudades de la costa otras firmas más pres- tigiosas como las de Henry Hobson Richardson -que construirá en el edificio de los Juzgados y la Cárcel de Allegheny County la última de sus obras maestras- o F1 Fotografía aérea de La las de George B. Post y Daniel H. Burnham cuyos ras- Tourelle, publicadas en Architectural Record, Julio cacielos comienzan pronto a modificar la silueta del 1930 centro urbano. N1 N1 Franklin Toker, Pittsburgh. An Urban Portrait En ese ambiente de euforia y opulencia, los alma- , Pennsylvania State University cenes Kaufmann pronto se quedan pequeños y el Press 1986 Sobre las casas Kaufmann José Barbeito El lugar CPA_02 P18 MAQUETA CPA.indd 18 20/07/11 13:07 arquitecto Charles Bickel añade en 1898 una nueva ala sin ocultar su dependencia hacia Richardson y la arquitectura comercial de Chicago. Dirigiendo ya el negocio Edgar J. Kaufmann, fue necesaria una nueva ampliación encomendada entonces a un prometedor arquitecto que hacía poco había abierto su propia ofi- cina en Pittsburgh, Benno Janssen. N2 Como los Kaufmann, también Janssen pertenecía a una familia de emigrantes alemanes. Él nació en St. Louis en 1874, y su relación con la arquitectura co- menzó al conseguir trabajo como delineante en la oficina de Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, la firma de Bos- ton heredera de los encargos del fallecido Richard- son. Más adelante, como tantos otros arquitectos americanos, quiso completar su formación en París, compatibilizando durante un par de años sus clases en l’Ecole des Beaux Arts con viajes de estudio que le familiarizaron con los estilos históricos europeos. Viollet-le-Duc había puesto de moda la racionalidad constructiva de las grandes catedrales góticas, pero verticalidad de las chimeneas N4. Ese fue el punto F2 Benno Janssen, La Tourelle la obra posterior de Janssen refleja su inclinación por de partida para la casa de los Kaufmann. (1924) las poderosas masas del románico, la claridad formal N2 Franklin Toker, Buildings of Pittsburgh, de la tradición clásica o la fluida relación con el pai- Punto de partida en cuanto al tono del lenguaje, Society of Architectural Historians, saje de las casas de campo inglesas. porque en cambio la composición es, en La Tourelle, Chicago 2007 mucho más sugerente. Janssen empieza por dividir el N3 Donald Miller, The A su regreso a los Estados Unidos, Janssen se trasladó programa en dos volúmenes claramente diferencia- Architecture of Benno Jansen, a Pittsburgh, abriendo en 1907 su propia oficina jun- dos, uno para la vivienda principal y el otro para alojar Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh 1997 to a Franklin Abbott, cuyas relaciones le permitieron los huéspedes y la servidumbre, dejando que la pieza entrar en contacto con alguno de los principales hom- del comedor sirva de unión entre ambos. A la casa se N4 Al retirarse en 1938, Janssen dejó como guía a bres de negocios de la ciudad, como los hermanos accede a través de un torreón circular, coronado por sus sucesores en la firma Mellon, Henry Clay Frick o Edgar J. Kaufmann. Éste les una empinada cubierta cónica. Esta sorprendente pie- un ejemplar del libro de Lawrence Weaver, Houses and encargó por dos veces la ampliación de los almacenes. za, aislada y vacía en su interior, remite a un mundo Gardens by sir Edwin Lutyens, También la sede de la Young Men & Women’s Hebrew fantástico que enlaza con las románticas tradiciones Londres 1913. Así lo refiere Donald Miller y es el mejor Association (la familia Kaufmann era judía) y por últi- de la vieja Europa, y terminará por dar nombre a la testimonio de la admiración mo su propia residencia, conocida con el nombre de casa. Un tercer cuerpo será añadido después para aco- que sintió por el arquitecto británico La Tourelle. N3 F3 Planta de La Tourelle, Wright en la Tourelle publicadas en Architectural Record, Julio 1930 Edgar y su mujer, Liliane Kaufmann, habían prefe- rido hasta entonces alquilar alguna de las lujosas mansiones en los barrios que rodeaban el centro de Pittsburgh. Pero en 1923 se dirigieron a Janssen para que les levantara una casa unifamiliar en un amplio terreno recién adquirido dentro de una nue- va urbanización al norte de la ciudad. El arquitecto había consolidado su prestigio gracias a la construc- ción de importantes edificios comerciales e institu- cionales, aunque no se prodigaba demasiado en la arquitectura doméstica. Acababa sin embargo de levantar las instalaciones para los socios del Longue Vue Club, un exclusivo club de golf, en el que utilizó una arquitectura vernacular con ecos del románico normando. Sobre una disposición algo rígida, que dejaba entrever la influencia de Lutyens, se eleva- ban los sólidos volúmenes, desprovistos de cual- quier ornamentación, en los que el tratamiento ho- rizontal de las masas se contrastaba con la rotunda Sobre las casas Kaufmann José Barbeito El lugar CPA_02 P19 MAQUETA CPA.indd 19 20/07/11 13:07 ger el garaje y sobre él, lo que debía ser el estudio de cia y sin trabajo. Al menos su ego se ve algo reconfor- N5 Benno Janssen, What Architecture Has Meant to Me pintura del joven Edgar jr., más tarde convertido en un tado gracias a la alegría que le da la revista holandesa , The Charette, Pittsburgh 1947, apartamento para el chofer. Wendingen cuando decide dedicarle una serie de nú- citado en Miller (1997) meros monográficos. Es el reconocimiento oficial de “El uso de los materiales juega también una parte La independencia de las piezas se afirma gracias a la la deuda contraída con aquellas casas de Chicago que importante en la producción claridad de la geometría que las determina. Los mu- a principios de siglo deslumbraron los ojos europeos de la belleza. Esto es verdad especialmente en las bellas ros se atan a ella sin ninguna ambigüedad, y la falta al dejarles ver que la modernidad no era un inalcan- fábricas de piedra de los de aleros permite una continuidad con las cubiertas, zable sueño, sino una realidad ya construida. Mucho edificios de Inglaterra, Francia e Italia, que siempre afirmando unos volúmenes precisos y rotundos. Res- se le debía a Wright. Aunque en esta nueva mirada me han fascinado” ponden a una misma tipología, pero muestran va- no puede evitarse un aire de nostalgia, de homenaje N6 En 1916 se empezó a riantes en la línea de arranque de las cubiertas -muy hacia una obra que se da por concluida. N7 utilizar Bear Run para las baja en el edificio de servicios- y en la posición de vacaciones de los empleados de los almacenes, estableciéndose las chimeneas, perpendiculares a las cumbreras. De Sin embargo a Wright le queda todavía mucho por allí el Kaufmann’s Summer esa manera el conjunto refleja el orden de su lógica delante. Estabiliza su vida familiar emprendiendo una Club. Edgar y Liliane construyeron allí una pequeña constructiva sin renunciar a la variedad, consiguiendo nueva y estable relación con Olgivanna Hinzenberg, cabaña en 1921. Edgar Kaufmann , Fallingwater. A Frank la propia casa crear un paisaje donde sólo había una con la que contrae matrimonio en 1928. Y aborda los Jr. Lloyd Wright Country House, inexpresiva propiedad. Este es el principal reto que problemas económicos convirtiendo su propia per- Abbeville Press, Nueva York parece haberse planteado el proyecto, y los dibujos de sona en una sociedad mercantil, en la que invirtie- 1986 Janssen tratan de no dejar escapar ese efecto. Como ron sus amigos, lo que le permite recuperar Taliesin N7 En 1910 Wright cerró su todo paisaje busca sorprendernos: el arquitecto nos donde vuelve a instalarse con su nueva familia. Más primera etapa de Chicago. Se trasladó a Europa para enfrenta las caras cortas de los hastiales, donde la for- complicadas son las cosas en el terreno profesional. preparar la publicación de Ausgeführte Bauten ma se hace más expresiva y desplaza las piezas para Los únicos encargos que consigue le llevan hasta la , Wasmuth, Berlin 1911, un conjunto crear una silueta recortada, dominada por la diversi- lejana Arizona, a Phoenix para el Biltmore Hotel y a de láminas con las obras dad de cuerpos y los efectos visuales de su disposición Chandler, en pleno desierto para trabajar en un com- realizadas hasta la fecha que deslumbró a los jóvenes escalonada.
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