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Brown Hairstreak Butterfly 17 Species Fact Sheet No. BROWN HAIRSTREAK BUTTERFLY 17 Worcestershire Wildlife Trust What do they look like? Classification This is the largest and brightest looking Kingdom: Animalia of the five native British hairstreak butterflies, with bright golden brown Phylum: Arthropoda underwings crossed with two white lines Class: Insecta and a prominent tail on the hind wing. Order: Lepidoptera The upper wings are a dull brown and Family: Lycaenidae rarely seen. Female upperwings have Genus: Thecla an orange band across the forewings. Species: T. betulae How else might I recognise one? The eggs look like small white sacks and are laid singly on blackthorn twigs, in the angles of one and two year old growth. Caterpillars are green, but unlikely to be found as they crawl into an emerging leaf bud as soon as they hatch. What does it eat? Males feed mainly on aphid honeydew, whilst females, and occasionally males, will also feed on flowers such as hemp agrimony, common fleabane and bramble. The caterpillars feed on the buds and fresh leaves of the blackthorn plant. Where does it live? The brown hairstreak is an elusive butterfly that spends most of its time high up in trees or hidden in hedgerows. It has disappeared from many regions due to the loss and neglect of woodlands and hedgerows. Why are they special to Worcestershire? This butterfly was once fairly widespread in England and Wales, but has disappeared from many regions, probably largely due to loss of habitat. It is found in greatest numbers in the south east and south west of England. Never all that common in the midlands, it is now confined to a small area of woodland in and around Grafton Wood in Worcestershire, and nearby woodlands. The populations at Grafton Wood are being Worcestershire Wildlife Trust monitored by counting eggs, and it appears that the numbers are more-or-less stable. Problems and solutions? The main threat facing this species is the destruction and inappropriate management of hedgerows. A brown hairstreak colony needs a long length of bushy hedgerow or woodland edge, and at least a third of this needs to be uncut in any one year to provide suitable habitat for laying eggs. Nowadays hedges are often cut every year by flail machines, which means that there is a lack of old blackthorn for the females to lay eggs on. At Grafton Wood volunteers are managing areas of blackthorn and nearby hedgerows to provide suitable habitat for the butterfly. Did you know? As few as one or two adult butterflies may emerge per kilometre of hedgerow, which means that it can be hard for males and females to find each other to mate. To get round this problem the butterflies congregate on a ‘master tree’ - usually an ash at the edge of woodland. Males perch high in the tree tops, and females fly to the ‘master trees’ as soon as they emerge. The caterpillars pupate in the ground, where it is thought that they are looked after by ants. The chrysalis attracts ants by ‘calling’ them with a chirruping noise. What can I do to help? Plant a hedge of blackthorn in your school grounds or at home. Allow it to grow untrimmed for several years, and then trim by hand every few years. Even if you don’t attract the brown hairstreak butterfly, if you allow the blackthorn to flower each year you will provide food for other insects. You can create a garden that will attract a wide range of butterflies. The Bishops Wood Centre Handbook contains advice on gardening for butterflies. (downloadable from www.bishopswoodcentre.org.uk ) Food Chain blackthorn brown hairstreak caterpillar great tit Find out more www.worcestershire.gov.uk/biodiversity, and click on View the Action Plans www.butterfly-conservation.org is the web site of Butterfly Conservation, and contains a range of information, guidance pictures etc. relating to butterflies At http://www.lincstrust.co.uk/facts/gardenbf.html you can find some details from the Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust on particular plants that are suitable for butterflies. Further copies of this factsheet can be downloaded from www.worcestershire.gov.uk/biodiversity Species Fact Sheet No. EUROPEAN OTTER 18 What do they look like? Classification Otters are large mammals up to one Kingdom: Animalia metre in length, including their strong muscular tails which are about one third Phylum: Vertebrata the length of the body. They are covered Class: Mammalia in thick fur, which is medium to dark Order: Carnivora brown on their backs, and they often Family: Mustelidae have a cream patch of fur under the chin. Genus: Lutra Otters can be confused with mink, which Species: L. lutra are smaller (cat-sized), and darker in colour. How else might I recognise one? Otters are shy animals that tend to come out at night (i.e. they are nocturnal) so they are difficult to see in the wild. The best clues to an otter’s presence are their droppings, footprints or mud slides. Otter droppings (called spraints) are black and tar-like when they are fresh. If you get close enough you may see individual fish bones and scales, and you will certainly notice the strong musky smell of fish - which is not actually that unpleasant! Spraints are used by otters to mark their home ranges, and so are usually found in prominent places such as boulders and bankside ledges. Mink droppings (scats) are in contrast twisted and smell very unpleasant. What do they eat? Otters are carnivores – i.e. they only eat meat. Most of their diet is fish, in particular eels. They will also eat salmon, trout, amphibians and even small mammals and birds. They hunt their prey by sight during short dives, using their whiskers to help find fish in murky water. An adult otter needs around 1kg of food a day. Where does it live? Otters need water and so live near lakes, streams, rivers, marshes or even the sea (especially in Scotland). Both male and female otters have individual home ranges where they hunt, rest and breed. Home ranges vary in size but can be as much as 40km of river bank. In its home range the otter needs a good supply of food, clean unpolluted water, secure resting sites (or holts) and undisturbed sites for breeding. Holts can be found in large cavities in bankside tree roots, in dense scrub and even rock cavities, reed and sedge beds. Why are they special to Worcestershire? Recent surveys carried out by Worcestershire Wildlife Trust have shown that otters are now present on all of the county’s major rivers. The strongest populations seem to be on the River Teme and middle Severn, but they do also appear to be spreading up the River Avon. Young otters have also been found, indicating that breeding definitely occurs in Worcestershire. Problems and solutions? Otters need clean water in which to live and find food to eat. Pollution of water courses and low water flows reduce the numbers of fish and eels for the otters to catch. Lack of suitable trees and scrub on the river bank where otters can create holts is also a problem. The loss of wetland areas adjacent to rivers, such as reedbeds, grazing marsh and wet woodland, has also reduced the area of suitable habitat where otters can breed. Otter numbers do however seem to be increasing again after the drastic falls of the 1970s. Did you know? Young otters stay with their mothers until they are over a year old, but otters in the wild don't generally live more than five years in total. What can I do to help? As otters are affected by poor water quality and low river flows, we can all help to look after this animal by minimising the quantity of water that we use, and using biodegradable detergents as much as possible. Food Chain water plant may fly trout otter Find out more www.worcestershire.gov.uk/biodiversity and click on View the Action Plans At www.abdn.ac.uk/mammal/facts.htm you will find a series of fact sheets produced by the Mammal Society, which includes the otter. Otters, by Paul Chanin, Whittet British Natural History Series Further copies of this factsheet can be downloaded from www.worcestershire.gov.uk/biodiversity.
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