Ants of Christmas Island (Part 1)

Australasian Arachnology No. 76 Page 4

deserves special mention. Most of the th 17 International Congress of 168 species described in this work are Arachnology well documented and recognisable with the original illustrations. São Pedro, São Paulo (Brazil) Modern taxonomic studies of 5-10 August 2007 Australian Salticidae emerged 35 years ago. Proszynski (1971) catalogued http://www.ib.usp.br/~ricrocha/ISA17/ISA.htm salticid type material from major collections worldwide and verified the generic status of some of the species. The same author produced a two-volume atlas of diagnostic drawings (Proszynski 1984, 1987) and a catalogue (Proszynski 1990), all three of them eventually amalgamated into an online world catalogue of the Salticidae (Proszynski 2003). Davies and Zabka (1989) published a key to the 50 Australian genera of Salticidae with diagnoses and remarks on some species of uncertain taxonomic status. The interactive CD- Rom Spiders of Australia by Raven et al. (2002) was one of the latest contributions to include jumping spiders. Jumping spider (Araneae, In the last 20 years nearly 140 new Salticidae) taxonomy and species and 14 genera were described biogeography in Australia: (see Richardson and Zabka 2003; current state and future bibliography below), most of them by myself (9 genera and 109 species) and by prospects F.R. Wanless (4 genera and 25 species). Marek Zabka, Academy of Podlasie, Thus, the current list of Australian Siedlce, Poland, email: jumping spiders comprises 355 species in [email protected] 76 genera (8 of which are doubtful) (Richardson & Zabka 2003; Zabka, The history of Australian jumping unpublished data). These numbers, spider (Salticidae) research started in the however, are far from complete. Recent mid 19th century and resulted in a number field research and a review of major of papers, most of them by Karsch, C.L. Australian collections suggest an Koch, L. Koch, Keyserling, Simon and estimate of close to a thousand species Thorell. Of the early works (for a (Zabka, unpublished data). This estimate complete listing see Roewer (1955) and is based on pre-and post-revision species Bonnet (1955-1959)), the monumental numbers of some better-studied genera, Die Arachniden Australiens by L. Koch for example Holoplatys (7 and 37 species (1871-1881) and Keyserling (1881-1890) respectively) (Zabka 1991). Similar Australasian Arachnology No. 76 Page 5 numbers were confirmed for the Astieae salticid faunas worldwide. Julianne (Wanless 1988), Lycidas (Zabka 1987), Waldock (Western Australian Museum, Simaetha (Zabka 1994), Ocrisiona (Zabka Perth) is revising Maratus (over 20 1990) and Afraflacilla (Zabka 1993b). species) and the Lycidas chrysomelas- group (currently 17 species), while B. Recent major advances in salticid Richardson’s (CSIRO, Canberra) taxonomy in Australia were made taxonomic studies focus on revisions of possible by comprehensive biodiversity Prostheclina (in collaboration with myself) surveys conducted in particular by the and Servaea. Michael Rix (Western Australian Museum (Sydney), the Australian Museum, Perth) described the Queensland Museum (Brisbane) and the monotypic genus Judalana and some Western Australian Museum (Perth). follow-up projects in collaboration with These surveys resulted in copious and myself are currently being undertaken diverse material, mostly collected by [Editors comment: Sara Ceccarelli pitfall trapping (a method not applied by revised some species of the ant-mimicing early collectors). Some previously genus Myrmarachne as part of her Ph.D. unknown or rare genera such as Tauala, studies, see abstract on page 11]. Sondra, Pseudosynagelides, Zebraplatys and Paraplatoides proved quite common. Taxonomic research on Salticidae Not surprisingly, the richest taxonomic suffers from difficulties in relation to the data are available for areas near major uniformity and simplicity of the genitalia centres of arachnological research and and large intraspecific variation in those areas subject to their research morphological characters. Wayne activities (Richardson et al. 2006). In Maddison (University of British Columbia, contrast, some inland areas and most Vancouver) and co-workers showed that parts of topical Western Australia and the some systematic problems, mostly at the Northern Territory are still extremely family and genus level, could be solved poorly studied. employing molecular techniques (Maddison 1996, Hedin and Maddison Few scientific institutions currently 2001, Maddison and Hedin 2003). conduct taxonomic projects on Australian Salticidae. Barbara Patoleta, J. Modern biogeographical research that Gardzinska and myself work on the included Australian salticids was initiated genera Opisthoncus (some 30 species), by Main (1981a, 1981b, 1982). Cosmophasis (more than 20 new species Subsequent analyses based on more from Australia alone), Cytaea and on the complete data sets (including adjacent subfamily Dioleninae at the Academy of areas such as New Guinea, Fiji, New Podlasie (Siedlce, Poland). Our research Caledonia, and New Zealand) were also includes New Guinea, Fiji and New presented by Zabka (1990, 1991, 1993a), Caledonia. Dmitri Logunov (University of Zabka et al. (2002), Zabka and Patoleta Manchester) is working on the “Neon” (2004), Patoleta (2002) and Proszynski group, which actually comprises a (1996). Some aspects of island number of genera. The relationships biogeography were studied by Patoleta between representatives of Neon from the and Zabka (1999). Southern and Northern Hemispheres may Patterns of salticid distribution based be crucial for understanding the origin of on biotic and climatic parameters were Australasian Arachnology No. 76 Page 6 discussed by Richardson et al. (2006), while Harvey et al. (2000) and Churchill (1996, 1999) presented interesting contributions to the ecology and regional biogeography of spiders (including Salticidae) in Australia. Due to its long-term isolation and evolution of unique climates and biota, the Australian salticid fauna is highly diverse and many taxa represent endemic “prisoners” of the continent with only limited abilities to colonise more or less distant areas such as New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji or New Zealand (Zabka 1993a, Zabka et al. 2002, Patoleta 2002). No significant links to other southern (post-Gondwanan) faunas have so far been established, although very little research has been conducted on the fauna of Nothofagus and other wet temperate forest, especially in southern parts of the continent and Tasmania.

Suggested future research directions Photo: Megalastia mainae Zabka, 1995 1. Many areas of central, northern from the Mitchell Plateau, Kimberleys and western Australia are still blank (Western Australia). These salticids are spots from taxonomic, ecological and large; the male holotype has legs ranging biogeographical perspectives. from 29.5 – 45mm! 2. The study of Nothofagus forests Photo: Jiri Lochman (via J.M. Waldock) and other temperate rainforests may shed a new light on the origins of the Australian salticid fauna. Bibliography and suggested reading 3. The analysis of (micro) habitats, Bonnet P. 1955. Bibliographia Araneorum. biotic and climatic parameters may 2(1). Les Frères Douladoure, contribute to the knowledge on the Toulouse, 1-918. evolution of the fauna in the last 45 million years. Bonnet P. 1956. Bibliographia Araneorum. 4. Some large and difficult genera 2(2). Les Frères Douladoure, such as “Neon”, Servaea, “Lycidas” Toulouse, 919-1926. or Clynotis require revision, as their Bonnet P. 1957. Bibliographia Araneorum. affinities may be important for 2(3). Les Frères Douladoure, understanding the history of the Toulouse, 1927-3026. Australian fauna. Australasian Arachnology No. 76 Page 7

Bonnet P. 1958. Bibliographia Araneorum. Harvey M.S., Sampey A., West P.L.J. 2(4). Les Frères Douladoure, and Waldock J.M. 2000. Toulouse, 3027-4230. Araneomorph spiders from the southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Bonnet P. 1959. Bibliographia Araneorum. Australia: a consideration of 2(5). Les Frères Douladoure, biogeographic relationships. Records Toulouse, 4231-5058. of the Western Australian Museum Churchill T.B. 1996. Coastal heathland Supplement 61, 295-321. spiders: spatial distribution and Hedin M.C. and Maddison W.P. 2001. A biogeographic significance. Records combined molecular approach to of the Queen Victoria Museum and Art phylogeny of the jumping spider Gallery 103, 151-158. subfamily Dendryphantinae (Araneae, Churchill T.B. 1999. Measuring spider Salticidae). Molecular Phylogenetics richness: effects of different sampling and Evolution 18, 386-403. methods and spatial and temporal Koch, L. (1871-1881). Die Arachniden scales. Journal of Insect Conservation Australiens. Nach der Natur 3, 287-295. beschrieben und abgebildet. Volume Davies T.V. and Zabka M. 1989. 1. Bauer und Raspe, Nürnberg, pp. 1- Illustrated keys to the genera of 1271. jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) Keyserling, E. 1881-1883. Die Arachniden in Australia. Memoirs of the Australiens. Nach der Natur Queensland Museum 27, 189-266. beschrieben und abgebildet. Volume Gardzinska J. 1996. New species and 1. Bauer und Raspe, Nürnberg, pp. records of Astieae (Araneae: 1272-1489. Salticidae) from Australia and Papua Keyserling, E. 1886-1890. Die Arachniden New Guinea. Memoirs of the Australiens. Nach der Natur Queensland Museum 39, 297-305. beschrieben und abgebildet. Volume Gardzinska J. 2006. A revision of the 2. Bauer und Raspe, Nürnberg, pp. spider genus Ohilimia Strand, 1911 87-274. (Araneae: Salticidae). Annales Logunov D.V. 2000. A redefinition of the Zoologici 56, 375-385. genera Bianor Peckham & Peckham, Gardzinska J. and Zabka M. 2005. A 1885 and Harmochirus Simon, 1885, revision of the spider genus with the establishment of a new genus Chalcolecta Simon, 1884 (Araneae: Sibianor gen. n. (Aranei: Salticidae). Salticidae). Annales Zoologici 55, 437- Arthropoda Selecta 9, 221-286. 448. Maddison W.P. 1996. Molecular Gardzinska J. and Zabka M. 2006. A approaches and the growth of revision of the spider genus Diolenius phylogenetic biology. In: Molecular Thorell, 1870 (Araneae: Salticidae). Zoology: Advances, Strategies, and Annales Zoologici 56, 487-433. Protocols (Ferraris J.D. and Palumbi Australasian Arachnology No. 76 Page 8

S.R., eds.). Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. Salticidae (Aranei) in the Hungarian 47-63. Natural History Museum, Budapest. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 44, 283- Maddison W.P. and Hedin M.C. 2003. 297. Jumpig spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae). Invertebrate Systematics Proszynski J. 1984. Atlas rysunkow 17, 529-549. diagnostycznych mniej znanych Salticidae. Zesz nauk WSR-P, Main B.Y. 1981a. Australian spiders: Siedlce, 177 pp. diversity, distribution and ecology. In: Ecological Biogeography of Australia Proszynski J. 1987. Atlas rysunkow (Keast A., ed.). Junk, The Hague, diagnostycznych mniej znanych Boston, London, pp. 808-852. Salticidae. Zesz. nauk. WSR-P, Siedlce, 172 pp. Main B.Y. 1981b. A comparative account of the biogeography of terrestrial Proszynski J. 1990. Catalogue of invertebrates in Australia: some Salticidae (Araneae). Synthesis of generalizations. In: Ecological quotations in the world literature since Biogeography of Australia. (Keast A., 1940, with the basic taxonomic data ed.). Junk, The Hague, Boston, since 1758. WSR-P, Siedlce, 366 pp. London, pp. 1057-1077. Proszynski J. 1992. Salticidae (Araneae) Main B.Y. 1982. Some zoogeographic of the Old World and Pacific Islands considerations of families of spiders in several US collections. Annales occurring in New Guinea. In: Zoologici 44, 87-163. Biogeography and Ecology in New Guinea (Gessitt, J.L., ed.). Junk, The Proszynski J. 1996. Salticidae (Araneae) Hague, Boston, London, pp. 583-602. distribution over Indonesian and Pacific Islands. Revue Suisse de Patoleta B. 2002. Analiza Zoologie, volume hors série 2, 531- zoogeograficzna faun pajakow z 536. rodziny Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) wysp Pacyfiku na Proszynski J. 2003. Salticidae (Araneae) przykladzie Nowej Kaledonii i Fidzi. of the World. Available at: [Zoogeographical analysis of the http://salticidae.org/salticid/main.htm. spider family Salticidae (Arachnida: (Verified 2 December 2006). Araneae) of the examples of New Raven R.J. 1984. Phiale crocuta Caledonia and Fiji]. PhD thesis, (Taczanowski, 1879), a Pacific University of Podlasie, Siedlce, salticid. Australasian Arachnology 16, Poland. 5-7. Proszynski J. 1971. Catalogue of Raven R.J., Baehr B.C. and Harvey M.S. Salticidae (Aranei) specimens kept in 2002. Spiders of Australia. Interactive major collections of the world. Identification to Subfamily Level. CD- Annales Zoologici 28, 367-519. ROM. CSIRO Publishing/Australian Proszynski J. 1983. Redescriptions of Biological Resources Study. types of Oriental and Australian Australasian Arachnology No. 76 Page 9

Richardson B.J. and Zabka M. 2003. Museum of Natural History (Zoology) Salticidae. In: The Australian Faunal 34, 83-124. Directory, Arachnida: Araneomorphae. Australian Biological Resources Wanless F.R. 1981. A revision of the Study, Canberra. Available at spider genus Cocalus (Araneae: http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi- Salticidae). Bulletin of the British bin/abrs/fauna/details.pl?pstrVol=ARA Mususeun Natural History (Zoology) NEOMORPHAE;pstrTaxa=8502;pstrC 41, 253-261. hecklistMode=1 (Verified 28 Wanless F.R. 1984. A revision of the December 2006). spider genus Cyrba (Araneae: Richardson B.J. and Zabka M. In press. A Salticidae) with the description of a revision of the Australian jumping new presumptive dispersing organ. spider genus Prostheclina Keyserling, Bulletin of the British Mususeun 1892 (Araneae: Salticidae). Records Natural History (Zoology) 47, 445-481. of the Australian Museum. Wanless F.R. 1984. A revision of the Rix M.G. 1999. A new genus and species spider subfamily Spartaeinae nom. n. of ant-mimicking jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae) with description (Araneae: Salticidae) from southeast of six new genera. Bulletin of the Queensland, with notes on its biology. British Mususeun Natural History Memoirs of the Queensland Museum (Zoology) 46, 135-205. 43, 827-832. Wanless F.R. 1987. Notes on spiders of Roewer C.F. 1955 [imprint date 1954]. the family Salticidae. 1. the genera Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis Spartaeus, Mintonia and Taxarella. 1940, bzw. 1954. 2. Band, Abt. b. Bulletin of the British Mususeun (Salticiformia, Cribellata) (Synonyma- Natural History (Zoology) 52, 107-137. Verzeichnis, Gesamtindex). Institut Wanless F.R. 1988. A revision of the royal des Sciences naturelles de spider group Astieae (Araneae: Belgique, pp. 927-1751. Salticidae) in the Australian region. Waldock J.M. 1995. A new species of New Zealand Journal of Zoology 15, Maratus from southwestern Australia 81-172. (Araneae: Salticidae). Record of the Zabka M. 1987. Salticidae (Araneae) of Western Australian Museum Oriental, Australian and Pacific Supplement 52, 165-169. Regions, I. Genera Clynotis and Tara. Waldock J.M. 2002. Redescription of Annales Zoologici 40, 437-450. Lycidas chrysomelas (Simon) Zabka M. 1987. Salticidae (Araneae) of (Araneae: Salticidae). Record of the Oriental, Australian and Pacific Western Australian Museum 21, 227- Regions, II. Genera Lycidas and 234. Maratus. Annales Zoologici 40, 451- Wanless F.R. 1978. A revision of the 482. spider genus Portia (Araneae: Zabka M. 1988. Salticidae (Araneae) of Salticidae). Bulletin of the British Oriental, Australian and Pacific Australasian Arachnology No. 76 Page 10

Regions, III. Annales Zoologici 41, Zabka M. 1993a. Salticidae (Arachnida: 421-480. Araneae) of New Guinea - a zoogeographic account. Bolletino dell' Zabka M. 1990a. Salticidae (Araneae) of Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Oriental, Australian and Pacific Naturali, Catania 26, 389-394. Regions, IV. Genus Ocrisiona Simon 1901. Records of the Australian Zabka M. 1993b. Salticidae (Arachnida: Museum 42, 27-43. Araneae) of Oriental, Australian and Pacific Regions, IX. Genera Afraflacilla Zabka M. 1990b. Remarks on Salticidae Berland & Millot 1941 and Evarcha (Araneae) of Australia. Annales Simon 1902. Invertebrate Taxonomy Zoologici Fennici 190, 415-418. 7, 279-295. Zabka M. 1991a. Salticidae (Arachnida: Zabka M. 1994. Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of Oriental, Australian and Araneae) of Oriental, Australian and Pacific Regions, V. Genus Holoplatys Pacific Regions, X. Genus Simaetha Simon 1885. Records of the Thorell. Records of the Western Australian Museum 43, 171-240. Australian Museum, 16, 499-534. Zabka M. 1991b. Salticidae (Arachnida: Zabka M. 1995. Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of Oriental, Australian and Araneae) of Oriental, Australian and Pacific Regions, VI. Mopsolodes, Pacific Regions, XI. A new genus of Abracadabrella and Pseudo- Astiae from Western Australia. synagelides - new genera from Records of the Western Australian Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Supplement 52, 159-164. Museum 30, 621-644. Zabka M. 2000. Salticidae (Arachnida: Zabka M. 1991c. Studium taksonomiczno- Araneae) of Oriental, Australian and zoogeograficzne nad Salticidae Pacific Regions, XIII: the genus (Arachnida: Araneae) Australii. Sandalodes Keyserling. Invertebrate Rozprawy 32, WSR-P Siedlce, 110 Taxonomy 14, 695-704. pp. Zabka M. 2001. Salticidae (Arachnida: Zabka M. 1992a. Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of Oriental, Australian and Araneae) of Oriental, Australian and Pacific regions, XIV. The genus Pacific Regions, VII. Grayenulla and Adoxotoma Simon. Records of the Paraplatoides - new genera from Western Australian Museum 20, 323- Australia. Records of the Australian 332. Museum 44, 167-183. Zabka M. 2002. Salticidae (Arachnida: Zabka M. 1992. Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from the Oriental, Australian Araneae) of Oriental, Australian and and Pacific Regions, XV. New species Pacific Regions, VIII. A new genus of Astieae from Australia. Records of from Australia. Records of the the Australian Museum 54, 257-268. Western Australian Museum 15, 673- 684. Zabka M. 2003. Salticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Oriental, Australian and Pacific Regions, XVII. Australasian Arachnology No. 76 Page 11

Paraphilaeus, a new genus from F. Sara Ceccarelli Australia. Annales Zoologici 53, 489- School of Tropical Biology 507. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Zabka M. and Gray M. 2002. Salticidae [email protected] (Arachnida: Araneae) from Oriental, Australian and Pacific Regions, XVI. Supervisors: Dr. R.J. Rowe, Prof. R.H. New species of Grayenulla and Crozier and Prof. R.R. Jackson (external) Afraflacilla. Records of the Australian Museum 54, 269-274. Mimicry in arthropods is seen as an Zabka M. and Gray M. 2004. Salticidae example of evolution by natural selection (Arachnida: Araneae) from Oriental, through predation pressure. The Australian and Pacific Regions, XVII. aggressive nature of ants, and their Huntiglennia – a new genus from possession of noxious chemicals, stings Australia. Annales Zoologici 54, 297- and strong mandibles make them 300. unfavourable prey for many animals. The resemblance of a similar-sized arthropod Zabka M. and Patoleta B. 2004. In search to an ant can therefore also protect the for southern jumping spiders mimic from predation. Myrmarachne is an (Araneae: Salticidae). Abstracts, III ant-mimicking salticid spider genus, Southern Connection Congress, Cape whose species associate closely with their Town. model ant species. The behavioural reactions of Myrmarachne to ants were Zabka M., Pollard S. and Anstey M. 2002. analysed, including instances when there Zoogeography of Salticidae (Arachnida: was contact between the spider and the Araneae) of New Zealand - first ant. In Townsville the salticid approach. Annales Zoologici 52, 459- Cosmophasis bitaeniata and one 464. Myrmarachne species associate with Zabka M. and Richardson B. 2004. The Oecophylla smaragdina workers. The jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) Myrmarachne mimics the ant visually, of different floristic formations in and Cosmophasis bitaeniata mimics the Australia. Abstracts, 16th International cuticular hydrocarbons of the O. Congress of Arachnology, Ghent, p. smaragdina worker ants. Cosmophasis 185. and Myrmarachne also mimic ants through certain types of behaviour, such

as the “antennal illusion” and bobbing the ------opisthosoma up and down. The behaviour of both salticids to O. smaragdina was PH.D. THESIS compared. This Myrmarachne was also ABSTRACT studied with a hemipteran mimic of O. smaragdina, Riptortus serripes, to see Dynamics of Salticid-Ant whether the salticid could discriminate between the potentially dangerous ant Mimicry Systems and its hemipteran mimic. The history of the evolutionary dynamics between