NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE) Additional Key Words: Bamboo Feeders, Pronophiliti, Zetheriti
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GENERAL NOTES Journal of the Lepidopterists' SOciety 56( 4), 2002, 286-288 IMMATURE STAGES OF ETEONA TISIPHONE (NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE) Additional key words: bamboo feeders, Pronophiliti, Zetheriti. Immatures of most Neotropical Satyrinae are still her abdomen near a bamboo node (with or without poorly known or undescribed, The available informa new leaves) until she finds a suitable place to lay an tion (including some partial or incomplete descrip egg. This process is repeated another 4 to 6 times, tions) includes species of rather few genera that repre after which the female rests for some time before sent only a small fraction of the main sections of this laying additional eggs or moving to another bamboo subfamily (see Singer et aL 1971, Kendall 1978, Singer patch. et aL 1983, Young 1984, DeVries 1987, Sourakov 1996, The young larva eats part of the egg chorion, and af Pelz 1997). The present paper describes the immature ter some time starts to feed on the Ilew bamboo leaves. stages of Eteona tisiphone (Boisduval, 1836), a sub The larva rests along a bamboo leaf with the hcad usu montane Pronophiliti, in comparison with other ally towards the leaf apex, being perfectly hidden and known Satyrinae immatures. difficult to locate in the field. The larva is very active Study sites and methods. Adults and immatures when touched and usually wanders a lot when con of Eteona tisiphone were studied in the field in five fined in small dishes. different localities in SE Brazil: Alto da Serra, Description of early stages. The following de Paranapiacaba, Sao Paulo (1000-1100 m); Serra do scriptions are based on material reared from the Serra Japi, Jundiai, Sao Paulo (1100-1200 m); Santa Gene do Japi. All features of the immatures are very similar bra Forest Reserve, Campinas, Sao Paulo (600-650 in all additional locations. m); Campos do Jordao State Park, Campos do Jordao, Egg (Fig. 1a), Spherical, slightly truncated at base, Sao Paulo (1500- 2000 In); and Serra do Cristo, P090S with very fine reticulations (similar to minute pits de Caldas, Minas Gerais (l400 m), Immatures were when subjected to cross-lighting); light yellow, becom collected in the field; eggs were also obtained from ing more reddish with a dark cap (head capsule of fertile females confined in a plastic bag with leaves of growing larva) near eclosion. Height l.26 mm, diame the host plant. Larvae were reared in plastic contain ter l.14 mm, Duration: 6 days (n = 6). ers cleaned daily, with fresh plant material provided First instal" (Figs. 1b, 2). Head capsule dark brown, every two or three days (following Freitas 1991). Data with a pair of short scoli on vertex, and six pairs of reg were taken on behavior and development times for all ularly spaced spatulate setae. Head capsule width stages, and head capsules and pupal castings were 0.80-0.86 mm (n = 4); head scoli 0.14-0.12 mm (n = preserved, When there was sufficient material, imma 4). Body beige (light green after feeding), smooth, tures were fixed in Kahle (AVLF collection). Nomen with many poorly visible red longitudinal stripes, and a clature follows Miller (1968) modified by Harvey pair of short caudal filaments. Body chaetotaxy illus (J 991), who treated the group as a subfamily, and trated in Fig. 2. Maximum length 7 mm. Duration: downranked Miller's subfamilies and tribes to tribes 4- 5 days. and subtribes, respectively. Second instar. Head dark brown with light frons Host plants oviposition, and immature behav and two dark brown diverging scoli on vertex. Head iors. The host plants of Eteona tisiphone are bamboo capsule width 1.02-l.08 mm (n = 3); scoli 0.84- 0.90 species in the genus Chusquea (in mountain sites) and mm (n = ,3). Body slender, light green with many lon Merostachys (only in Campinas). Oviposition was ob gitudinal white stripes; caudal projections short. Maxi served many times in all study sites. mum length 12 mm. Duration: 4-6 days. Fernales usually lay eggs near midday, when the Third ins tar (Fig. Ie). Head the same as in previ temperature is high. Eggs are laid singly on the ous instar. Head capsule width l.36- l.50 mm (n = 4); shoot tips of growing stems of bamboos, indepen scoli l.60-l.80 mm (n = 4). Body dark green with a dent of their height above the ground (observed broad lateral longitudinal white stripe and many addi from 1 to 6 m high). Eggs are usually laid on young tional narrow light stripes; caudal projections medium branches without leaves; the larva would then feed long (similar to head scoli). Maximum length 16 mm. on the newly sprouting young leaves. The female Duration: 4-5 days. lands on the tip of the stem and touches the tip of Fourth instar (Fig. 1d). VelY similar to third instar, VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 287 FIG. 1. Early stages oj' Etcona tisiphone. a, egg; b, first instar; c, third instar; d, fourth instar; e, C, fifth instar; g, h, pupa (ventral, lateral ). with patterns in general darker than in previous in narrow dark stripes; caudal projections medium long. stars. Head capsule width 1.80-2.04 mm (n = 4); scoli Maximum length 40 mm. Duration: 9-10 days. 2.34-3.00 mm (n = 4). Maximum length 27 mm. Du Pupa (Fig. 19-h). Elongated, smooth, with long ration: 4-5 days. pointed ocular caps; light green with many whitish ar Fifth ins tar (Fig. Ie-f). Head light brown with lat eas. Total length 25 mm. Duration 9 days. eral area dark; a pair of long normally slightly diverg Discussion. Although it is widely accepted that ing scoli (convergent in one of two individuals from Eteona is a genus belonging to the Neotropical sub Paranapiacaba). Head capsule width 2.73-2.77 mm (n tribe Pronophiliti (Miller 1968, Brown 1992), its im = 3); scoli 3.74-3.90 mm (n = 3). Body slender, dark matures diverge greatly from all known Pronophiliti, green; a conspicuous lateral longitudinal white stripe whose larvae have short diverging horns and a short bi broadening towards the abdomen and many additional fid tail, and whose pupae are short and stubby with 288 JOURNAL OF THE L E PIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY project on Satyrinae biology and systematics (BIOTA FAPESP program, grants 98/05101-8 and 00/01484-1). I would like to thank Dr. Keith S. Brown Jr. for reading the manuscript, and the Fundac,;ao Jose Pedro de Oliveira for allOwing fieldwork in the Reserva Mata da anal Santa Genebra. pro leg AS A9 A10 proleg LITERATURE CITED BROWN, K. S. JR. 1992. Borboletas da Serra do Japi: Diversidade, habitats, recursos alimentares e varia<;ao temporal, pp. 142-187, 18 figs. In Morellato, L. P. C. (ed.), Hist6ria natural da Serra do Japi. Eeologia e preserva<;ao de uma area florestal no sudeste do Brasil. Campinas, Editora da Unicamp/Fapesp. DEVR fES, P. J. 1987. The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae. Princeton Uni versity Press, Princeton, New Jersey. DEVRfES , P. J., I. J. KITCHING & R. I. VA NE-WHIGHT. 1985. The sys tematic position of Antirrhea and Caemis, with comments on the higher classification of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera). Syst. Ehtomol. 10:11- 32. FREITAS, A. V. L. 1991. Variac;ao morfoI6gic.:a, cicio de vida e sis tematica de Tegosa claudina (Eschseholtz) (Lepidoptera, FIG. 2. Chaetotaxy (upper) and head capsule (front view) Nymphalidae, Melitaeinae) no Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. (lower) of the first instar larva of Eteana tisiphane. Rev. bras. Ent. 3.5:301---J06. HARVEY, D. J. 1991. Higher cl assification of the N ymphalidae (AppendiX B ), pp. 255- 273. In Nijhout, H. F., The develop short ocular caps (DeVries 1987, Sourakov 1996, Fe1z ment and evolution of butterfly wing patterns, Smithsonian 1997). In contrast to other Pronophiliti, the larvae of Press. Eteona have a pair of long horns and a medium bifid KE NDALL, R. O. J978. Larval foodplant, life histOlY notes and te m tail, and the pupa is slender with long ocular caps. This poral distribu tion for Splendeuptychia kendalli (Satyridae) from Mexico. J. Lepid. Soc. 32:86-87. makes Eteona different from most Neotropical Satyri LEE, J. -Y & y-c. CHANG. 1988. The illustrations of butterflies in nae (Singer et al. 1983, DeVries 1987, AVLF unpub Taiwan. Taipei: Taiwan Mus. pp. 72- 73. LEE , J.-Y & H.-Y WANG. 199.5. The illllstrations of butterflies on lished data from 59 species) , except perhaps some Kinmen and Mats u islands. Taipei: Taiwan Mus. pp. 14.5-147. Splendeuptychia (also a bamboo feeder) that also have LI, C. L. & B. Y ZHU. 1992. Atlas of C hinese butterflies. Shanghai: elongated larvae and pupae (AVLF unpublished). Shanghai Yuandong. 238 pp. MILLER, L. D. 1968. The higher classification, phylogeny and zoo Comparison of these immatures with the described geography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera). Mem. Am. Entomol. immatures of Zethera (Wolfe 1996), Penthem.a, and Soc. 24:iii + 174 pp. Neorina (Elymniini, Zetheriti) (Lee & Chang 1988, Li PELZ, V. 1997. Life history of Pedalioides parepa from Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Trop. Lepid. & Zhu 1992, Lee & Wang 1995, Wolfe 1996) shows 8(1):41-45. surprising similarities (especially in the individuals SINGER , M. C ., P. r. D EVRIES & P. R. EHRLICH . 1983. The Cissia with converging head scoli), except in the first ins tar confusa speCies-group in Costa Rica and Trinidad (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 79:101- 119. head capsule (smooth and without scoli in the known SINGEH, M. C .. P. R. EHRLICH & L. E. GILBERT. 1971. Butterfly Zetheriti).