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The Classification of Lower Organisms
The Classification of Lower Organisms Ernst Hkinrich Haickei, in 1874 From Rolschc (1906). By permission of Macrae Smith Company. C f3 The Classification of LOWER ORGANISMS By HERBERT FAULKNER COPELAND \ PACIFIC ^.,^,kfi^..^ BOOKS PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA Copyright 1956 by Herbert F. Copeland Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56-7944 Published by PACIFIC BOOKS Palo Alto, California Printed and bound in the United States of America CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Introduction 1 II. An Essay on Nomenclature 6 III. Kingdom Mychota 12 Phylum Archezoa 17 Class 1. Schizophyta 18 Order 1. Schizosporea 18 Order 2. Actinomycetalea 24 Order 3. Caulobacterialea 25 Class 2. Myxoschizomycetes 27 Order 1. Myxobactralea 27 Order 2. Spirochaetalea 28 Class 3. Archiplastidea 29 Order 1. Rhodobacteria 31 Order 2. Sphaerotilalea 33 Order 3. Coccogonea 33 Order 4. Gloiophycea 33 IV. Kingdom Protoctista 37 V. Phylum Rhodophyta 40 Class 1. Bangialea 41 Order Bangiacea 41 Class 2. Heterocarpea 44 Order 1. Cryptospermea 47 Order 2. Sphaerococcoidea 47 Order 3. Gelidialea 49 Order 4. Furccllariea 50 Order 5. Coeloblastea 51 Order 6. Floridea 51 VI. Phylum Phaeophyta 53 Class 1. Heterokonta 55 Order 1. Ochromonadalea 57 Order 2. Silicoflagellata 61 Order 3. Vaucheriacea 63 Order 4. Choanoflagellata 67 Order 5. Hyphochytrialea 69 Class 2. Bacillariacea 69 Order 1. Disciformia 73 Order 2. Diatomea 74 Class 3. Oomycetes 76 Order 1. Saprolegnina 77 Order 2. Peronosporina 80 Order 3. Lagenidialea 81 Class 4. Melanophycea 82 Order 1 . Phaeozoosporea 86 Order 2. Sphacelarialea 86 Order 3. Dictyotea 86 Order 4. Sporochnoidea 87 V ly Chapter Page Orders. Cutlerialea 88 Order 6. -
Thesis Style Document
The environmental toxicology of zinc oxide nanoparticles to the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus Shona Aisling O’Rourke Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Heriot-Watt University School of Life Sciences January 2013 The copyright in this thesis is owned by the author. Any quotation from the thesis or use of any of the information contained in it must acknowledge this thesis as the source of the quotation or information. Abstract This thesis investigated the potential toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and bulk particles (both with and without organic matter (HA)) to the Californian Blackworm, Lumbriculus variegatus. The NPs and bulk particles in this thesis were characterised 133 using numerous techniques. ZnO NPs were found to be 91 ( 64) nm (median 322 (interquartile range)) and ZnO bulk particles were found to be 237 ( 165) nm (median (interquartile range)) by TEM. In the acute behavioural study (96 hour), ZnO NPs had a dose-dependent toxic effect on the behaviour of the worms up to 10mg/L whereas the bulk had no significant effect. This result, however, was mitigated by the addition of 5mg/L HA in the NP study whereas a similar addition enhanced the toxicity of the bulk particles at 5mg/L ZnO. In the chronic study (28 days), ZnO NPs and bulk particles were found to have a dose-dependent significant effect on the behaviour of the worms after 28 days, with NPs causing a significantly greater negative response than bulk particles at 12.5, 25 and 50mg/L ZnO. HA had no effect on the toxicity of either particle type in the chronic study. -
Gerhardt Tubifex HERA
Screening the Toxicity of Ni, Cd, Cu, Ivermectin, and Imidacloprid in a Short- Term Automated Behavioral Toxicity Test with Tubifex tubifex (Müller 1774) (Oligochaeta) Almut Gerhardt LimCo International, Ibbenbueren, Germany Address correspondence to Almut Gerhardt, LimCo International, An der Aa 5, D-49477 Ibbenbueren, Germany. P/F: 0049 5451 970390, E-mail: [email protected] Running Head : Screening Toxicity Test with Tubifex tubifex 1 ABSTRACT A new automated online toxicity test for screening of short-term effects of chemicals is presented using the freshwater oligochaete Tubifex tubifex in the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor™ (MFB). Survival and locomotory behavior of the worms were observed during 24 h of exposure to metals (Cd, Cu, Ni), pesticides (Imidacloprid), and pharmaceuticals (Ivermectin). The LC 50 values revealed increasing toxicity in the following order: Ni ( > 100 mg/l) < Cu (15.2 mg/l) < Cd (4.9 mg/l) < Ivermectin (1.8 mg/l) < Imidacloprid (0.3 mg/l). The EC 50 for locomotion showed a similar order of increasing toxicity: Ni (86 mg/l) < Cu (3.8 mg/l) < Ivermectin (2.0 mg/l) < Cd (1.1 mg/l) < Imidacloprid (0.09 mg/l). Toxicity was dependent on both concentration and exposure time. This could be demonstrated in 3d response models and proven in the statistical analysis showing a significant interaction term (C x T) for the experiments with Cu and Ni. T. tubifex proved to be very tolerant, but even then behavioral responses were more sensitive than mortality for Cu, Cd, and Imidacloprid. Key Words : multispecies freshwater biomonitor™, locomotion, EC 50 , LC 50 . 2 INTRODUCTION Freshwater Oligochaeta have long been used in aquatic biomonitoring, particularly in the classification of the trophic state of lakes and large rivers. -
Feeding Behaviour of Lumbriculus Variegatus As an Ecological Indicator of in Situ Sediment Contamination
Feeding behaviour of Lumbriculus variegatus as an ecological indicator of in situ sediment contamination Thesis submitted to the University of Stirling for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Philip Mark Williams Institute of Aquaculture January 2005 DECLARATION This thesis has been composed in its entirety by the candidate and no part of this work has been submitted for any other degree Candidate : Philip Williams 2 Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that the feeding behaviour of Lumbriculus variegatus may be significantly inhibited during exposure to toxic substances. The potential use of an in situ sediment bioassay, using L.variegatus post-exposure feeding inhibition as an endpoint, was investigated. The bioassay consisted of exposing animals in the field for a six-day exposure period and feeding rates were measured immediately afterwards over a twenty-four hour post-exposure period. The bioassay methodology developed in the laboratory produced a consistent baseline response that was reliable and repeatable. Endpoint sensitivity was demonstrated under laboratory conditions, where bioassay organisms exhibited delayed recovery from feeding inhibition after previous exposure to sediment-associated contaminants. The apparent insensitivity of the bioassay to sediment- associated metals means that the technique should only be used as part of a suite of bioassays that employ representative deposit feeders. The ecological relevance of the bioassay endpoint was also demonstrated by comparing short-term measures of post- exposure feeding inhibition with the longer-term effects of a toxicant on L.variegatus populations. The bioassay methodology was successfully adapted for in situ use. Post-exposure feeding inhibition was detected at contaminated field sites. -
Lumbriculus Variegatus: a Biology Profile (By C
Lumbriculus variegatus: A Biology Profile (by C. Drewes -- document last updated 9-04) http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/faculty/DrewesC/htdocs CULTURING WORMS: www.eeob.iastate.edu/faculty/DrewesC/htdocs/LVCULT.htm WORM SOURCES: www.eeob.iastate.edu/faculty/DrewesC/htdocs/WORMSO5.htm The freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus is not widely known to biologists but may be used to vividly illustrate a wide variety of biological phenomena such as: patterned regeneration of lost body parts, blood vessel pulsations, swimming reflex, peristaltic crawling behavior, giant nerve fiber action potentials, and sublethal sensitivity to pharmacological agents or environmental toxicants. This brief document provides general background information about Lumbriculus biology that is not generally available in biology or invertebrate zoology texts. Classification and Evolution Although superficially resembling tubifex worms, Lumbriculus is placed in the Order Lumbriculida, a group that is separate from both tubifex worms and earthworms, which are in the orders Tubificida and Haplotaxida, respectively (Jamieson, 1981): Phylum: Annelida Class: Oligochaeta Order: Lumbriculida Family: Lumbriculidae Genus sp: Lumbriculus variegatus Common names: California blackworms; blackworms; mudworms Evolutionary relationships between this group and other annelids are not well understood or agreed upon. Some biologists suggest that the Order Lumbriculida may be an early stem group in the oligochaete branch of annelid evolution. But interpretations are complicated by variability in the number and location of gonads in the Lumbriculidae, a feature common in worms that reproduce asexually by fragmentation. Lumbriculus Habitat, Lifestyle and Reproduction Lumbriculus is found throughout North America and Europe. It prefers shallow habitats at the edges of ponds, lakes, or marshes where it feeds on decaying vegetation and microorganisms. -
Check List Lists of Species Check List 12(1): 1821, 4 January 2016 Doi: ISSN 1809-127X © 2016 Check List and Authors
12 1 1821 the journal of biodiversity data 4 January 2016 Check List LISTS OF SPECIES Check List 12(1): 1821, 4 January 2016 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.1.1821 ISSN 1809-127X © 2016 Check List and Authors Checklist of benthic macroinvertebrates of the Lago Pratignano (northern Apennines, Italy): an extremely rich ecosystem Ivano Ansaloni, Daniela Prevedelli, Matteo Ruocco* and Roberto Simonini University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, via Campi 213/d, 41125 Modena (MO), Italy * Corresponding authors. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: A checklist of the macroinvertebrates fauna 2000/60/EC (Water Framework Directive) as indicators of the Lago Pratignano is presented here. The Lago of the ecological status of waterbodies (CEC 2005). Pratignano is a small, natural water body of the high Local and national authorities protect most of the (1,307 m above sea level) Northern Apennines, Italy. mountain areas along the Apennines in Italy, but the It represents an important site for the conservation of few natural ponds are still under threat even if they endangered flora and amphibians, and its importance are within natural parks (Solimini et al. 2008). Some for the conservation of the macroinvertebrate fauna is information on the macrozoobethic community of small highlighted. The 82 taxa recorded make it an extremely water bodies is present for Europe (Boix et al. 2001; rich habitat. The most represented group was Diptera, Sahuquillo et al. 2007; Oertli et al. 2008; Céréghino et with 31 taxa, followed by Coleoptera, with nine, and al. 2012; Guareschi et al. -
Genome Size Diversity and Patterns Within the Annelida
Genome Size Diversity and Patterns within the Annelida by Alison Christine Forde A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Biology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Alison Christine Forde, January, 2013 ABSTRACT GENOME SIZE DIVERSITY AND PATTERNS WITHIN THE ANNELIDA Alison Christine Forde Advisors: University of Guelph, 2013 Dr. T. Ryan Gregory Dr. Jonathan Newman This thesis concerns genomic variation within the Annelida, for which genome size studies are few and provide data for only a handful of groups. Genome size estimates were generated using Feulgen image analysis densitometry for 35 species of leeches and 61 polychaete species. Relationships were explored utilizing collection location and supplementary biological data from external sources. A novel, inverse correlation between genome size and maximum adult body size was found across all leeches. Leeches that provide parental care had significantly larger genome sizes than leeches that do not. Additionally, specimens identified as Nephelopsis obscura exhibited geographic genome size variation. Within the Polychaeta, Polar region polychaete genomes were significantly larger than those of Atlantic and Pacific polychaetes. These studies represent the first exploration of leech genome sizes, and provide base evidence for numerous future studies to examine relationships between genome size and life history traits across and within different annelid groups. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been extraordinarily fortunate to have a strong support system during my undergraduate and graduate studies at the University of Guelph. A very sincere thank you goes to my advisor Dr. T. Ryan Gregory for his trust, leadership and guidance over the past few years, and for taking an interest in the lesser-loved leeches. -
Vernal Pool Report
VERMONT WETLANDS BIOASSESSMENT PROGRAM An Evaluation of the Chemical, Physical, and Biological Characteristics of Seasonal Pools and Northern White Cedar Swamps Final Report June 2003 Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation and Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, Nongame and Natural Heritage Program Acknowledgements Many people have contributed significantly to the implementation of this project. Eric Sorensen of the Vermont Departmetn of fish and Wildlife and Jessica Rykken, Kara Lenorowicz, and Henry Bush ot he Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation have served as principal investigators. Jim Kellogg, Rich Langdon, Heather Pembrook, Steve Fiske, Doug Burnham and Alan Quackenbush of the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, and Mark Ferguson and Bob Popp of the Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife Nongame and Natural Heritage Program have contributed to all aspects of this project throughout its extended life. The Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation’s RA LaRosa Environmental Laboratory and Aquatec Biological Services provided chemical and biological analytical services respectively. Special thanks to Beth Alafat and Matt Schweisberg of USEPA Region 1 for their support and patience in the face of challenging delays in the completion of this project. And special thanks to landowners who allowed us access to their properties to conduct the critical field work associated with this project. Contacts for further information about this project are below. Doug Burnham Eric Sorensen VTDEC/WQD -
Cellular and Molecular Correlates of Neural Morphallaxis in Lumbriculus Variegatus
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR CORRELATES OF NEURAL MORPHALLAXIS IN Lumbriculus variegatus A Dissertation by VERONICA GISELLE MARTINEZ Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2005 Major Subject: Zoology CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR CORRELATES OF NEURAL MORPHALLAXIS IN Lumbriculus variegatus A Dissertation by VERONICA GISELLE MARTINEZ Submitted to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved as to style and content by: _____________________________ _______________________________ Mark J. Zoran Vincent M. Cassone (Chair of Committee) (Member) _____________________________ _______________________________ Sumana Datta Bruce B. Riley (Member) (Member) _______________________________ Vincent M. Cassone (Head of Department) May 2005 Major Subject: Zoology iii ABSTRACT Cellular and Molecular Correlates of Neural Morphallaxis in Lumbriculus variegatus. (May 2005) Veronica Giselle Martinez, B.A.; B.A., University of St. Thomas Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Mark J. Zoran Tissue regeneration has intrigued biologists since the eighteenth century. While regeneration has been studied in many species, the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing successful compensation for lost body parts are poorly defined. This dissertation examines the cellular and molecular correlates of a form of regeneration defined as morphallaxis. Morphallaxis does not involve cell proliferation, but instead relies on the reorganization of existing tissues to recover body structure and function. Morphallaxis is a mechanism used during segmental regeneration (i.e., head or tail replacement) by the aquatic oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. Here, morphallaxis of the nervous system is documented during segmental regeneration of Lumbriculus and during asexual reproduction. -
Autotomy Reflex in a Freshwater Oligochaete, Lumbriculus Variegatus
Hydrobiologia 406: 253–261, 1999. B. M. Healy, T. B. Reynoldson & K. A. Coates (eds), Aquatic Oligochaetes. 253 © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Autotomy reflex in a freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus (Clitellata: Lumbriculidae) Nalena M. Lesiuk1 & Charles D. Drewes2;∗ 1Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A. 2Department of Zoology and Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A. phone: (515)294-8061; E-mail: [email protected] (∗author for correspondence) Key words: autotomy, fragmentation, reflexes, nicotine, lumbriculid, blackworms Abstract A novel apparatus was developed that induced segmental autotomy in the freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. The apparatus delivered a quantifiable amount of focal compression to the dorsal body surface at a selected site along the worm. This resulted in a rapid and stereotyped autotomy sequence, beginning with formation of a lateral fissure in the body just anterior to the compression site. Formation of the fissure usually occurred 100– 200 ms after the onset of compression. Autotomy readily occurred in the absence of significant longitudinal tension at the autotomy site and in the absence of direct laceration of the body wall. Autotomy culminated in a complete, transverse separation and sealing of anterior and posterior body fragments with no apparent blood loss from either end. There was a direct relationship between the amount of compression and the probability of autotomy in both midbody and tail regions. However, there was a consistently greater probability of autotomy in tail versus midbody regions. Autotomy did not occur if the duration of compression was less than 77 ms. -
Annelids in Extreme Aquatic Environments: Diversity, Adaptations and Evolution
diversity Review Annelids in Extreme Aquatic Environments: Diversity, Adaptations and Evolution Christopher J. Glasby 1,2,*, Christer Erséus 3 and Patrick Martin 4 1 Natural Sciences, Museum & Art Gallery Northern Territory, PO Box 4646, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia 2 Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0810, Australia 3 Systematics and Biodiversity, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; [email protected] 4 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Taxonomy and Phylogeny, 29 rue Vautier, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: We review the variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral modifications that annelids have acquired to cope with environments either unsuitable for, or on the limits of, survival for most animals. We focus on polychaetes (excluding sipunculans and echiurans) and clitellates (oligochaetes and leeches) and source information mostly from the primary literature. We identified many modifications common to both polychaetes and clitellates, and others that are specific to one or the other group. For example, certain land-adapted polychaetes show reduction in nuchal organs, epidermal ciliation and receptor cells, and other coastal polychaetes use adhesive glands and glue-reinforced tubes to maintain position in surf zones, while oligochaetes, with their simple body plans, appear to be ‘pre-adapted’ to life underground. Modifications common to both groups include the ability to construct protective cocoons, make cryoprotective substances such as Citation: Glasby, C.J.; Erséus, C.; antifreeze and heat shock proteins, develop gills, transform their bodies into a home for symbiotic Martin, P. -
Ulletin of the Sheries Research :)Ard of Canada ~Vi,~Qa1biv
ulletin of the sheries Research :)ard of Canada DFO - Librar / MPO - Bibliothèque ~Vi,~qA1BIV 12039422 ------- ----------------------------~1~1~1~/~1~Ÿ~AA-------------------- . r' 4/~ W~An1i i M~ ' ~~/~ ~ f . a I r!^.- ~- ~ A 1 ti 1 1► / w~~1 A 1\ I ■ 1`~ ! ■ s`~F,37~+~~#?~~- ► A~1 ► . A. ~ ~ A`WN%1 h 1\ ~ ~~ ~d ~2"ï:iŸ.-~~ZY _ _ - ~~ ~.. ~ ~_ t.~J.J ~~-~R_~~ `_~ I .. L a-~~~.. .......... ... - _ _ _ _ _ • _ _ / , *1 ----- 111&11~71 V A - - - - - - - - - - Ar / _ .L I■ It \ - -- - - - - - - - - - - ► Â I~ I /rh ow- ."0% 1~i! h 'I 11111111% M A _ 14 M !U!b_b~- - - - - r/IÎ1U/ rr*IU/~ MA1/bvr !J a i •ji J I r t M~ i n 0 qi ! w 11! t ► /0 l!r loi P!/ t h r `t /~ , M~Mw t/`~ ► f/ ~/~~ P t i0di 1 O ty t r ■e : /at~■ i i~ f I :t~ : l :ti I ` w, w Fïstieries and Envi Canada Environment Canada Environnement Canada Fisheries Service des pêches and Marine Service et des sciences de la mer cC AA 1 N late 0 e.ev- 41 s s à■ • /8RA ' e FONT RUSSIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY Bulletins of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada are designed to assess and interpret current knowledge in scientific fields pertinent to Canadian fisheries. The Board also publishes the Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada in annual volumes of monthly issues, an Annual Report, and a biennial Review of in- vestigations. The Journal and Bulletins are for sale by Information Canada, Ottawa.