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Star Wars US Tools of Space Supremacy Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page iii Star Wars US Tools of Space Supremacy Loring Wirbel Pluto P Press LONDON • STERLING, VIRGINIA Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page iv First published 2004 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166–2012, USA www.plutobooks.com Copyright © Loring Wirbel 2004 The right of Loring Wirbel to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7453 2115 1 hardback ISBN 0 7453 2114 3 paperback Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Wirbel, Loring, 1957- Star wars : US tools of space supremacy / Loring Wirbel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–7453–2115–1 (HARDBACK) –– ISBN 0–7453–2114–3 (PAPERBACK) 1. Ballistic missile defenses––United States. 2. Astronautics, Military––United States. 3. Space weapons. 4. Space warfare. 5. Space surveillance––United States. 6. Militarism––United States. 7. United States––Military policy. 8. Military-industrial complex––United States. I. Title. UG743.W56 2004 358'.8'0973––dc22 2003015720 10987654321 Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Chase Publishing Services, Fortescue, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG, England Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England Printed and bound in Canada by Transcontinental Printing Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page v Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations vi Acknowledgements xi Preface xv Introduction 1 1 The Birth of Intelligence Policy and Space Use 8 2 Civilian and Military Space Policies, Post-Sputnik 19 3 Star Wars Part 1: Safeguard, ABM, and Intelligence Struggles in Space 30 4 Star Wars Part 2: The Reagan Arms Buildup 50 5 Intelligence Goes Real-Time 61 6 Military Space Policy, Post-Challenger 71 7 BMDO, ‘3+3’, and the New Missile Threat 85 8 ‘In Your Face From Outer Space’ 105 9 Permanent War 119 10 Reclaiming Multilateralism and Peace in Space 147 Resources 154 Notes 164 Index 168 Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page vi Acronyms and Abbreviations ABL Airborne Laser ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile AFSA Armed Forces Security Agency AFSC Air Force Space Command ALCOR ARPA-Lincoln (Labs) Coherent Observable Radar ALTAIR ARPA Long-Range Tracking And Instrumentation Radar AMSTE Affordable Moving Surface Target Engagement ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency ASAT Anti-Satellite AUV Autonomous Underwater Vehicle AWACS Airborne Warning And Control System BMDO Ballistic Missile Defense Organization BMEWS Ballistic Missile Early Warning System C4ISR Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance CALEA Communication Assistance to Law Enforcement Act CAOC Combined Air Operations Center CIA Central Intelligence Agency CMO Central MASINT Office COIL Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser COMINT Communications intelligence CONAD Continental Air Command CPIS Citizens for Peace In Space CSOC Consolidated Space Operations Center DARO Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DEFSMAC Defense Special Misile And Aeronautics Center DEW Distant Early Warning radar system DHS Department of Homeland Security DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DSCS Defense Satellite Communication System DSP Defense Support Program EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle vi Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page vii Acronyms and Abbreviations vii ELINT electronic intelligence EMP electro-magnetic pulse EOKA National Organization For Cypriot Struggle EPLF Ethiopian People’s Liberation Front ERIS Exoatmospheric Re-Entry vehicle Interceptor Subsystem ESA European Space Agency EXCOM Executive Committee FALCON Force Application and Launch from Continental US FAS Federation Of American Scientists FEWS Follow-On Early Warning System FIA Future Imagery Architecture FISC Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act FIST Fleet Imagery Support Terminal FOL Forward Operating Location GBS Global Broadcast System GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters GPALS Global Protection Against Limited Strikes GPS Global Positioning System GRACE Global Resource Action Center for the Environment HAPDAR Hard Point Demonstration Array Radar HARM High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile HEDI High Endo-atmospheric Defense Interceptor HUMINT human intelligence ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile ISA Intelligence Support Activity IUS Inertial Upper Stage JDAM Joint Direct Attack Munition JEDI Joint Expeditionary Digital Information Joint-STARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Reconnaissance System KH Keyhole LEO low-earth orbit MAE Metropolitan Area Exchange MASINT measurement and signature intelligence MDA Missile Defense Agency MIDAS Missile Defense Alarm System MIRV Multiple Independently-Targeted Re-Entry Vehicle MOL Manned Orbiting Laboratory MONET Multiple Wavelength Optical Network Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page viii viii Star Wars MUOS Mobile User Objective System NACA National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics NADGE NATO Air Defense Ground Environment NAI National Aerospace Initiative NAP Network Access Point NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO non-governmental organization NIMA National Imagery And Mapping Agency NMD National Missile Defense NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NORAD North American Air Defense Command N-POESS National Polar-Orbit Operational Environmental Satellite System NPR Nuclear Posture Review NRO National Reconnaissance Office NSA National Security Agency NSC National Security Council ORS Operationally Responsive Spacelift OSR Office Of Space Reconnaissance PACBAR Pacific Barrier Radar System PAVE PAWS PAVE = Air Force Program Name; Phased Array Warning System PNAC Project for a New American Century PRESS Pacific Range Electromagnetic Signature Study QDR Quadrennial Defense Review RADINT radar intelligence RAF Royal Air Force RLV Reusable Launch Vehicle RMA ‘revolution in military affairs’ RSOC Regional SIGINT Operation Center SAC Strategic Air Command SACEUR Strategic Air Command Europe SAGE Semi-Automatic Ground Environment SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty SAMOS Satellite and Missile Observation System SBIRS Space-Based Infrared System SBL Space-Based Laser SBR Space-Based Radar SDI Strategic Defense Initiative Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page ix Acronyms and Abbreviations ix SDIO Strategic Defense Initiative Office SDS Satellite Data System SIGINT signals intelligence SIPRNET Secret IP Router Network SLBM submarine-launched ballistic missile Sosus sound surveillance system STARS Strategic Target System START Strategic Arms Reduction Talks TCA Transformational Communications Architecture Tebac Telemetry and Beacon Analysis Committee TELINT telemetry intelligence TENCAP Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities THAAD Theater High Altitude Area Defense TMD theater missile defense TSAT Transformational Satellite UAV Unpiloted Aerial (Reconnaissance) Vehicle UCAV Unpiloted Combat Aerial Vehicle UHF ultra-high frequency VHF very high frequency WebTAS Web-enabled Timeline Analysis System WGS Wideband Gapfiller System WWMCCS Worldwide Military Command and Control System Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page x Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page xi Acknowledgements My understanding of the way military space networks interop- erate has been aided immensely by those scholars who make a point of sharing their work openly, including independent UK journalist Duncan Campbell, Jeffrey Richelson of National Security Archives, and John Pike of globalsecurity.org. It is particularly gratifying to work with those arms researchers who combine study with action. I have been very lucky to have lived in the same community and shared many ideas with Bill Sulzman, director of Colorado-based Citizens for Peace in Space. Through Bill, I have met many brilliant members of the Global Network and War Resisters League affiliates, including Bruce Gagnon, Mary Beth Sullivan, Karl Grossman, Michio Kaku, Dave Webb, Regina Hagen, Stacey Fritz, Alice Slater, Sheila Baker, Peter Lumsdaine, Carol Rosin, David Knight of CND, and many other activists working in local communities. Frida Berrigan and William Hartung have assembled fine resources at the World Policy Institute, and through Frida and Bill Sulzman I have met many brilliant people associated with the Nukewatch community, including John LaForge, Bonnie Urfer, Jerry Berrigan, and Molly Mechtenberg-Berrigan. My deepest respect goes to those who are willing to sacrifice personal freedoms to challenge space militarism: Lindis Percy and Anni Rainbow of the Campaign for the Accountability of American Bases; Helen John, Anne Lee, Wind Euler, and all the remarkable women of the WoMenwith Hill camp in Harrogate, UK; Sisters Carol Gilbert, Ardeth Platte, and Jackie Hudson of Jonah House; and of course, the many Colorado activists and members of CPIS, Pikes Peak Justice and Peace Commission, and Bijou Community, who are an endless source of inspiration on how to live one’s beliefs. xi Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page xii Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page xiii To Carol and Abby for their infinite patience and love Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page xiv Wirbel 00 prelims 8/10/03 16:31 Page xv Preface To many citizens concerned with matters of war and interna- tional relations, the notion of ‘weapons in space’ conjures futuristic images of
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