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Effect of Inclusion of Nanofibers on Rolling Resistance And EFFECT OF INCLUSION OF NANOFIBERS ON ROLLING RESISTANCE AND FRICTION OF SILICONE RUBBER A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Chapin Hutama May 2019 EFFECT OF INCLUSION OF NANOFIBERS ON ROLLING RESISTANCE AND FRICTION OF SILICONE RUBBER Chapin Hutama Thesis Approved: Accepted: _______________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Interim Dean of the College Dr. Shing-Chung “Josh” Wong Dr. Craig Menzenmer _______________________________ ______________________________ Co-Advisor or Faculty Reader Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Jiang Zhe Dr. Chand Midha _______________________________ Co-Advisor or Faculty Reader Dr. Kwek-Tze Tan _______________________________ ______________________________ Department Chair or School Director Date Dr. Sergio Felicelli ii ABSTRACT With the rapid technology development these days, silicone rubber has become an important material to support our lives from house to industrial scale applications. Moreover, tire industries also considering the superior properties of silicone rubber in their product in applications that require high-temperature resistance to perform. This demand leads material science researchers to search for solutions by intensively studying the potential of nanotechnology to boost the mechanical performance of the materials to make them suitable to perform in extreme and specific conditions. Therefore, this research aims to explore an electrospinning method as a process to generate second phase materials with purpose to reinforce in a form of nanofibers into a room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber together with study of the mechanical properties of reinforced RTV silicone rubber such as rolling resistance and the static friction of the material. The reinforcement process by electrospinning method was conducted by using polyether-based thermoplastic polyurethane as the reinforcement material that exhibits excellent temperature flexibility, abrasion resistance and strength to reinforce directly to the liquid silicone rubber to generate several specimens with a different composition ratio of matrix and reinforcement phase in the composite. Furthermore, the experiment was carried out by observing the TPU infused into silicone rubber and measuring the rolling iii resistance properties by using a wooden roller based device inspired by the invention of Dr. Alan Gent [1] hardness test by following standard ASTM D2240, tensile test and static friction of the material by using the inclined surface coefficient (ASTM D4918) of friction tester to understand the influence of TPU on the RTV silicone rubber iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Shing-Chung “Josh” Wong, for the honor of letting me be a part of his research group and work under his direction, leadership, as well as guidance, knowledge, and wisdom, shared to me during my master’s degree. Secondly, I would like to thank Dr. Jiang Zhe and Dr. Kwek-Tze Tan as my committee member for being part of my academic journey, and wisdom during my master’s degree career in the mechanical engineering department. Moreover, I would like to thank Omar Ali Blandon and Dr. Manigandan Kannan, a mentor as well as a best friend who changed my life, giving me the opportunity for me pursuing my master’s degree as well as supports that are valuable to me to be an ideal person for my future. Furthermore, I would like to thank my close friends; Elisha Dale, Daryl George Philip, Joseph Elrassi, Chong Zhong, Jiawei Wu, and Xiaoxiao Liu for their valuable support during my college life. In addition, I would like to thank Juliani Soegandi and her family as well as Indonesian communities in Cleveland area for opening their hearts and take me as their own child and give me all the support and love during my stay in the United States. Lastly, I would like to thank my family for always being there in the most critical moments and being light on my path. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………..……...xv LIST OF GRAPHS……………………………..……………………………………....xvii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………...……...xix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….………1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………..3 2.1 Composite Overview……………………………………………………………..…...3 2.1.1 Particle-Reinforced Composites………………………………………………...…..6 2.1.1.1 Large-Particle Composites………………….……………………………..7 2.1.1.2 Dispersion-Strengthened Composite…………………………………...…9 2.1.2 Fiber Reinforced Composites……………………………………………………….9 2.1.2.1 Influence of Fiber Length………………………………………..…..…..10 2.1.2.2 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration…………………....….11 2.1.2.3 Continuous and Aligned Fiber Composites……………………….……..12 2.1.2.4 Discontinuous and Aligned Fiber Composites……………………….….13 2.1.2.5 Discontinuous and Randomly Oriented Fiber Composites……………...14 vi 2.1.2.6 The Fiber Phase…………………………………………………………..14 2.1.2.7 The Matrix Phase……………………………………………………...…15 2.1.2.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites………………………………………….….15 2.1.2.8.1 Glass Fiber Composites………………………………………..15 2.1.2.8.2 Aramid Fiber Composites……………………………………...16 2.1.2.8.3 Carbon Fiber Composites……………………………………...16 2.1.2.9 Metal-Matrix Composites……………………………………………..…17 2.1.2.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites…………………………………………....18 2.1.2.11 Carbon-Carbon Composites…………………………………………….19 2.1.3 Processing of Composites………………………………………………………….19 2.2 Electrospinning Process…………………………………………………………...…21 2.2.1 Parameters………………………………………………………………………….23 2.2.1.1 Solution Parameters…………………………………………………...…23 2.2.1.1.1 Solvent……………………………………………………...….23 2.2.1.1.2 Concentration…………………………………………………..25 2.2.1.1.3 Viscosity…………………………………………………...…..26 vii 2.2.1.1.4 Molecular Weight……………………………………………...27 2.2.1.1.5 Surface Tension………………………………………………..28 2.2.1.1.6 Solution Conductivity………………………………………….30 2.2.1.2 Processing Parameters…………………………………………………...32 2.2.1.2.1 Voltage………………………………………………………....32 2.2.1.2.2 Taylor Cone and Jet Formation………………………………...33 2.2.1.2.3 Flow Rate……………………………………………………....34 2.2.1.2.4 Collector………………………………………………………..35 2.2.1.2.5 Collector Distance…………………………………………...…39 2.2.1.3 Environmental Parameters…………………………………………...…..40 2.2.2 Electrospinning Application…………………………………………………….…42 2.3 Silicone Rubber……………………………………………………………………....44 2.4 Plastics…………………………………………………………………………….…45 2.4.1 Polymeric Materials………………………………………………………………..46 2.4.1.1 Thermoplastic Material…………………………………………………..47 2.4.1.2 Thermosetting Plastics…………………………………………………...50 viii 2.4.2 Plastic Available to Designer……………………………………………………....50 2.4.2.1 Engineering Plastics…………………………………………………...…50 2.4.2.2 Thermosets……………………………………………………………….52 2.4.2.3 Composite………………………………………………………………..52 2.4.2.4 Structural Foam…………………………………………………………..53 2.4.2.5 Elastomers………………………………………………………………..54 2.4.2.6 Polymer Alloys…………………………………………………………..54 2.4.3 Semi-crystalline Plastics………………………………………………………...…56 2.4.3.1 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)……………………………………...56 2.4.3.2 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)…………………………….57 2.4.3.3 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)……………………………………..57 2.4.3.4 Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE)……………………………………....57 2.4.3.5 Polyproopylene (PP)……………………………………………………..58 2.4.3.6 Polyamides (nylon)……………………………………………………....58 2.4.3.7 Acetals……………………………………………………………………59 2.4.3.8 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)…………………………………….……59 ix 2.4.3.9 Thermoplastic Polyesters…………………………………………….…..59 2.4.3.10 Polyetheretherketone…………………………………………………...60 2.4.4 Amorphous Plastics………………………………………………………………..60 2.4.4.1 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)…………………………………………….....60 2.4.4.2 Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)…………………………………..….61 2.4.4.3 Polystyrene (PS)………………………………………………………….61 2.4.4.4 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)……………………………...….61 2.4.4.5 Polycarbonates…………………………………………………………...62 2.4.4.6 Polyethersulphone………………………………………………………..62 2.4.4.7 Modified Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO)…………………………………..63 2.4.5 Thermoplastic Rubbers………………………………………………………….....63 2.4.6 Thermosetting Plastics……………………………………………………………..65 2.4.6.1 Aminos………………………………………………………………...…66 2.4.6.2 Phenolics………………………………………………………………....66 2.4.6.3 Polyurethanes………………………………………………………….…66 2.4.6.4 Polyesters………………………………………………………………...67 x 2.4.6.5 Epoxides………………………………………………………………….67 2.4.7 Selection of Plastics………………………………………………………………..67 2.5 Existing Reinforced RTV Rubber Method…………………………………………..68 2.5.1 Polymer Solution Intercalation………………………………………………….…69 2.5.2 Melt Intercalation…………………………………………………………………..69 2.5.3 Surface Modification………………………………………………………………70 2.5.4 Ultrasonicatioon…………………………………………………………………...71 2.6 Rolling Resistance…………………………………………………………………...72 2.7 Hardness……………………………………………………………………………...76 2.7.1 Durometer………………………………………………………………………….77 2.8 Friction……………………………………………………………………………….79 2.8.1 Parameters………………………………………………………………………….81 2.8.1.1 Pressure…………………………………………………………………..81 2.8.1.2 Roughness……………………………………………………………..…82 2.8.1.3 Micro- Displacement…………………………………………………….83 2.9 Silicone Rubber in Industry……………………………………………………….…84 xi 2.9.1 Transportation……………………………………………………………………...85 2.9.1.1 Automotive…………………………………………………………...….85 2.9.1.2 Mass Transportation……………………………………………………...88 2.9.1.3 Aerospace-Aircraft…………………………………………………...…..88 2.9.2 Building and Construction…………………………………………………………89 2.9.3 Medical Industry………………………………………………………………...…91 2.9.4 Electronics……………………………………………………………………….…92 2.10 Silicone Rubber Product Failure…………………………………………………....93 2.10.1 Temperature………………………………………………………………………95
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