Reflexiones Cognitivas Binarias Y Difusas Del Pensamiento Occidental En El Quijote

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Reflexiones Cognitivas Binarias Y Difusas Del Pensamiento Occidental En El Quijote Espejos y Espejismos: Reflexiones Cognitivas Binarias y Difusas del Pensamiento Occidental en el Quijote Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Rivas, Juan Carlos Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 20:08:21 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/238645 1 ESPEJOS Y ESPEJISMOS: REFLEXIONES COGNITIVAS BINARIAS Y DIFUSAS DEL PENSAMIENTO OCCIDENTAL EN EL QUIJOTE by Juan Carlos Rivas _____________________ Copyright © Juan Carlos Rivas 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN SPANISH In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Juan Carlos Rivas entitled “Espejos y espejismos: reflexiones cognitivas binarias y difusas del pensamiento occidental en el Quijote” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: June 21, 2012 Amy R. Williamsen _______________________________________________________________________ Date: June 21, 2012 Richard P. Kinkade _______________________________________________________________________ Date: June 21, 2012 Mónica Morales Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: June 21, 2012 Dissertation Director: Amy R. Williamsen 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Juan Carlos Rivas 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quisiera primero extender mi agradecimiento al Departamento de español y portugués de la Universidad de Arizona, especialmente al profesor Malcolm A. Compitello por todo su apoyo y confianza. Les agradezco también a todos los profesores de los cuales aprendí enormemente, en especial a los miembros de mi comité: los profesores Amy R. Williamsen, Richard P. Kinkade y Mónica Morales. Esta tesis no hubiera sido posible sin todo el conocimiento que compartieron conmigo, su ayuda, comprensión y paciencia. Particularmente, le quiero agradecer a la profesora Williamsen por su apoyo en uno de los momentos más difíciles de mi vida. Su comprensión, amabilidad, y el contagioso entusiasmo y optimismo que proyecta con su sonrisa me ayudaron a superar una etapa muy difícil. Le agradezco además a toda mi familia, especialmente a mis padres, José de Jesús y María del Rosario Rivas, quienes inculcaron en mí valores que me han ayudado a sobresalir. La bondad de mi mamá y la ética de trabajo de mi papá son cualidades que intento emular día a día. Les doy las gracias también a Roberto Mendoza y a Rosario Hall, quienes han compartido su amistad conmigo en este largo viaje hacia el doctorado. No podría finalizar sin expresar mi infinita gratitud hacia la persona más importante en esta ardua jornada, mi esposa de más de una década, María del Rosario A. Rivas. Ella ha sabido ser muy paciente en este largo recorrido lleno de encrucijadas. Me llama la atención siempre que lo necesito, aunque nunca me ha faltado su amor incondicional. Sus incomparables risas y sonrisas son el aliciente en todo lo que hago y me proveen de la fuerza y ánimo para seguir adelante. ¡Mil gracias güerita! 5 DEDICATORIA A la compañera eterna de mis aventuras, mi esposa y mejor amiga. También a nuestros dos angelitos, quienes nos hicieron inmensamente felices mientras estuvieron con nosotros—aunque no tuvieron la oportunidad de emprender el camino de sus propias aventuras. Fueron mi principal fuente de inspiración para completar esta tesis. Permanecerán por siempre en nuestra memoria. 6 ÍNDICE ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ 7 INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................. 9 CAPÍTULO 1: TERTIUM NON DATUR: CATEGORÍAS Y ESQUEMAS DUALISTAS DESDE ARISTÓTELES HASTA CERVANTES ........................................................... 21 CAPÍTULO 2: MARCO TEÓRICO: CATEGORIZACIÓN COGNITIVA DIFUSA Y (AMBI)VALENTE ........................................................................................................... 91 CAPÍTULO 3: TERTIUM DATUR: CATEGORIZACIÓN COGNITIVA DIFUSA Y (AMBI)VALENTE DESDE HERÁCLITO HASTA CERVANTES ............................. 206 CAPÍTULO 4: TERTIUM DATUR: CATEGORIZACIÓN COGNITIVA DIFUSA Y (AMBI)VALENTE EN EL QUIJOTE DE CERVANTES ............................................ 282 CAPÍTULO 5: AUTOR / TEXTO / LECTOR: FRONTERAS DIFUSAS ENTRE TRES ENTIDADES COGNITIVAS ......................................................................................... 408 CONCLUSIÓN ............................................................................................................... 532 OBRAS CITADAS ......................................................................................................... 543 7 ABSTRACT Humans seem to have a cognitive predisposition for perceiving different concepts in terms of opposite extremes, which in turn fosters an either / or mentality where only two contrary views are possible—tertium non datur. This tendency is also reflected in Don Quixote, where the arrangement of multiple and diverse elements through dualistic patterns is so prevalent, and represent such an essential structural characteristic, that it becomes Cervantes’s own ars poetica. However, once readers look beyond the apparent dichotomies, a higher degree of complexity emerges. We can debate whether Don Quixote is either crazy or sane using the Aristotelian aut / aut logic, but a different possibility would also be enlightening— tertium datur. This dissertation offers an alternative critical framework which combines cognitive theories of categorization and perception with the ideas of Heraclitus, Abelard’s Sic et Non, and Bart Kosko’s Fuzzy Thinking based on Lofti Zadeh’s Fuzzy Logic. Through the new fuzzy and (ambi)valent logic Don Quixote can be perceived simultaneously as crazy and sane—sic et non—since both possibilities are valid at the same time. This new approach reveals that Cervantes employs dualities—equal and opposing elements—not to simplify but rather to make us reflect and deepen our knowledge of the human condition. Thus, Don Quixote functions as a mirror (speculum) in numerous levels, since the text’s self-reflexive structure can in turn provoke reflections and interpretations ad infinitum. Chapter 1 of the dissertation explores the long tradition surrounding the use of dualities from classical antiquity to the Early Modern period from a binary perspective. 8 Chapter 2 establishes a theoretical framework based on a fuzzy and (ambi)valent cognitive categorization and perception. That framework is then applied in chapter 3 to the dichotomies explored in chapter 1, and then, in chapter 4, to the dualistic categories and schemata in Don Quixote. Chapter 5 analyzes the interconnectedness of cognitive entities which are typically studied separately: the author (Cervantes), the text (Don Quixote), and the readers (the critics), along with their respective contexts. Thus, this is both a critical / analytical study as much as a meta-analytical / meta-critical endeavor. 9 INTRODUCCIÓN “Rindióse Camila; Camila se Rindió” Cervantes, el Quijote (I, 34) A través de las distintas épocas históricas pareciera predominar la predisposición en los seres humanos de percibir y categorizar información en general en términos de oposiciones binarias. La influencia que el pensamiento de Aristóteles ha tenido y continúa teniendo en la cultura occidental es en parte responsable de este fenómeno. Hasta el día de hoy notamos que los medios de comunicación proyectan un mundo en donde pareciera que solamente existen dos polos opuestos en todo tipo de situación, sin dar opción a por lo menos una tercera posibilidad—tertium non datur. Es un mundo de buenos y malos en donde predomina la siguiente idea: o estás conmigo o estás en mi contra—Either / Or: aut / aut.1 Además, es un mundo en el cual nos vemos obligados a escoger entre una de las dos alternativas—aut sic aut non.2 Por ejemplo, aquí en Estados Unidos sólo hay que echar un vistazo a la cadena de televisión “Fox News” para enterarnos de lo malos que son los Demócratas y lo buenos que son los Republicanos. Sin embargo, si queremos ver
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