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UNHCR-IOM, Bridging the Divide in Approaches to Conflict and Disaster

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UNHCR-IOM, Bridging the Divide in Approaches to Conflict and Disaster Bridging the Divide in Approaches to Conflict and Disaster Displacement: Norms, Institutions and Coordination in Afghanistan, Colombia, the Niger, the Philippines and Somalia ADVANCE VERSION Bridging the Divide in Approaches to Conflict and Disaster Displacement: Norms, Institutions and Coordination in Afghanistan, Colombia, the Niger, the Philippines and Somalia Authored by Sanjula Weerasinghe Copyright © UNHCR and IOM 2021 All rights reserved This document should be cited as: Sanjula Weerasinghe. Bridging the Divide in Approaches to Conflict and Disaster Displacement: Norms, Institutions and Coordination in Afghanistan, Colombia, the Niger, the Philippines and Somalia. 2021. UNHCR and IOM. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of UNHCR and IOM. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of UNHCR and IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. UNHCR and IOM do not make any warranties or representations, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy or completeness of this work. Under no circumstances shall they be liable for any loss, damage, liability or expense incurred or suffered that is claimed to have resulted from the use of this work, including, without limitation, any fault, error, omission, interruption or delay with respect thereto. FOREWORD In 2019, of the 50 countries with new internal displacements associated with conflict and violence, 45 also recorded new internal displacement associated with disaster. In a time of unprecedented displacement, complexity and interlinkages that too often result in protracted situations, it is essential to strengthen efforts to address risks, protection and durable solutions. Well-conceived and complementary laws and policies, grounded in national and subnational realities provide an authoritative and enabling environment to do so. They set out the rights of IDPs, identity roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders and dictate benchmarks against which progress and accountability is measured. Laws and policies also frame institutional mechanisms and influence their ability to adeptly and effectively prevent, respond to and solve diverse forms of displacement. In this context, this study explores themes that require deeper understanding and engagement. It seeks to advance discussions and reflection on legal, policy, institutional and coordination approaches to dealing with displacement associated with disasters, conflict and their interplay. It does this by examining instruments and mechanisms on internal displacement, disaster risk reduction, climate change and development in five countries: Afghanistan, Colombia, the Niger, the Philippines and Somalia. In each country, conflicts and disasters occur in distinct areas and overlap geographically, which means IDPs, governments and supporting actors are confronting the dynamic and evolving impacts of the dual challenges. Drawing on desk research and insights from practice, the study provides observations on these complex settings where governments, humanitarian, risk reduction, climate change and development actors must work together to prevent, mitigate, respond to and solve internal displacement. The implications and suggestions contribute to efforts to "bridge the divide" among national and subnational actors and relevant normative frameworks essential for addressing internal displacement. We hope this joint effort between IOM and UNHCR will be valuable to all stakeholders engaged in the critical task of developing, revising, promoting and implementing legal and policy instruments in countries affected by both conflict and disaster. Refined and complementary laws and policies are a crucial step in the path to achieving better outcomes on internal displacement. The evidence and observations in this study substantiate a range of issues to consider in countries facing conflict, disaster and associated displacement and we expect it to spark further discussion on concrete and context-specific guidance for States and supporting actors. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study is a joint effort between the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). It was undertaken within the framework of the GP20 Initiative, a three-year multi-stakeholder consultative process to implement the GP20 Plan of Action for Advancing Prevention, Protection and Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), launched in 2018 to mark the twentieth anniversary of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. GP20 focused on four interlinked priority areas for strategic, coordinated and collaborative action, namely: i) IDP participation; ii) national law and policy on internal displacement; iii) data and analysis on internal displacement; iv) protracted displacement and supporting durable solutions. The GP20 workstream on law and policy was led by the Global Protection Cluster’s Task Team on Law and Policy, which coordinates multi-stakeholder efforts to advocate for, promote and support State efforts in developing domestic and regional normative frameworks on the protection and assistance of IDPs and other populations affected by humanitarian crises. As GP20 concluded end of December 2020, the multi-stakeholder network continues to collaborate through GP2.0, which builds on the work of GP20 and its Plan of Action. GP2.0 serves as an informal community of experts and it provides a forum for the organization of joint events, research, exchanges of information and good practices on internal displacement. This study was undertaken with generous support from the Migration Resource Allocation Committee (MIRAC). Nathalie Goetschi (UNHCR) and Alice Sironi (IOM) provided overall coordination, support and feedback on the development and finalization of this report, together with Martina Caterina (UNHCR) and Lorenzo Guadagno (IOM). The author is grateful to the external experts who reviewed and provided feedback on the report and support throughout the process: Elizabeth Ferris (Georgetown University), Walter Kälin, Sarah Koeltzow and Atle Solberg (Platform on Disaster Displacement), Catherine-Lune Grayson-Courtemanche (ICRC) and representatives from the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. The preparation of this report benefited from the valuable assistance and support provided by many individuals and organizations. They include Madeline Garlick, Feblezi Huebi, Isabelle Michal, Valerie Svobodova, Nadine Walicki and Michelle Yonetani (UNHCR); Johan Grundberg (IOM); Leah Zamore (Center on International Cooperation); Angela Cotroneo and Alexandra Jeannette Ortiz (ICRC); Christelle Cazabat, Adrián Calvo-Valderrama, Bina Desai, Vincent Fung, Sylvain Ponserre and Chloe Sydney (IDMC); Tiziana Bonzon, Gabrielle Emery, Isabelle Granger, Kirsten Hagon, Giulio Morello and Ezekiel Simperingham (IFRC); Hannah Entwisle Chapuisat (Independent Consultant); Nina Birkeland (NRC); Juan Carlos Mendez (Platform on Disaster Displacement); Erika Pires Ramos (RESAMA); and Matthew Scott (Raoul Wallenberg Institute). The author acknowledges and thanks the many colleagues from IOM, UNHCR and other organizations for coordinating and facilitating informant interviews in the case study countries, sharing relevant documents and providing feedback on draft case studies. In Afghanistan, they include Ahmadi Gul Mohammad and Safie Mohammad Fahim (IOM), Angela Moore, Tahira Basharat and Mohammad Haroon (UNHCR) and Vanessa Di Giorgi (WHH). In Colombia, they include Jorge Alvarez, Ingrid Battiston and Catalina Ortiz (IOM) and Laura Echeverri and Adriana Buchelli (UNHCR). In the Niger, they include Peter Kioy (IOM) and Henri Serge Atsomautsy (UNHCR). In the Philippines, they include Hwahyun Kim, Kristina Carreon and Marco Chimenton (IOM) and Lindsey Atienza, Racmah Adam Abdula and Mohamed Abdel Wahab (UNHCR) and Pauline Caspellan (IFRC). In Somalia, they include Yuko Tomita, Laura Bennison and Maria Celeste Sanchez Bean (IOM) and Kristin Arthur and Christophe Beau (UNHCR). In addition, the author wishes to thank the many other individuals from IOM, UNHCR, ICRC, IDMC, IFRC and other organizations who shared data and documents, responded to information and feedback requests, facilitated interviews and provided expert inputs. The author is grateful to all the informants from governments, independent institutions, IOM, UNHCR, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, civil society and experts who generously shared their knowledge, expertise and time. TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 1 ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................... 13 TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS ............................................................................................ 14 I INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 17 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 17 1.2 Scope and objectives ............................................................................................................................
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