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+Plus Indian Democracy and Governance Medios Y Despolitización 2/2016 Islamophobia and the Media +plus Indian democracy and governance Medios y despolitización Media Development is published quarterly by the World Association for Christian Communication 308 Main Street Toronto, Ontario M4C 4X7, Canada. Join the World Tel: 416-691-1999 Fax: 416-691-1997 Association for Christian www.waccglobal.org Communication! Editor: Philip Lee WACC is an international organization that pro- Editorial Consultants Clifford G. Christians (University of Illinois, motes communication as a basic human right, essen- Urbana-Champaign, USA). tial to people’s dignity and community. Rooted in Margaret Gallagher (Communications Consultant, Christian faith, WACC works with all those denied United Kingdom). the right to communicate because of status, identity, Robert A. Hackett (Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, or gender. It advocates full access to information and Canada). communication, and promotes open and diverse me- Cees J. Hamelink (University of Amsterdam, dia. WACC strengthens networks of communicators Netherlands). to advance peace, understanding and justice. Patricia A. Made (Journalist and Media Trainer, Harare, Zimbabwe). MEMBERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES Robert W. McChesney (University of Illinois, Membership of WACC provides opportunities to Urbana-Champaign, USA). network with people of similar interests and values, Samuel W. Meshack (Hindustan Bible Institute & to learn about and support WACC’s work, and to College, Chennai, India) exchange information about global and local ques- Francis Nyamnjoh (CODESRIA, Dakar, Senegal). tions of communication rights and the democratiza- Rossana Reguillo (University of Guadalajara, Mexico). tion of the media. Clemencia Rodriguez (Ohio University, USA). Ubonrat Siriyuvasek (Chulalongkorn University, WACC Members are linked to a Regional Associa- Bangkok, Thailand) tion for the geographic area in which they are based. Annabelle Sreberny (School of Oriental and African They receive regular publications, an annual report, Studies, London, United Kingdom). and other materials. Regional Associations also pro- Pradip Thomas (University of Queensland, duce newsletters. In addition, members are invited Brisbane, Australia). to participate in regional and global activities such as seminars, workshops, and webinars. Subscriptions to Media Development Individuals worldwide US$40. Full details can be found on WACC’s web site: Libraries and institutions in North America and www.waccglobal.org Europe US$75. Libraries and institutions elsewhere in the world US$50. CURRENT MEMBERSHIP RATES The contents of Media Development may be reproduced North America 40 USD (Personal) only with permission. Opinions expressed in the journal are not necessarily those of the Editor or of 120 USD (Corporate) WACC. Rest of the World 30 USD (Personal) Cover design: Brad Collicott 100 USD (Corporate) Published in Canada Student Rate 10 USD ISSN 0143-5558 2 Media Development 2/2016 VOL LXIII 1/2016 4 Editorial 33 Medios y despolitización Carlos A. Valle 6 How do the media fuel Islamophobia? 35 On the screen Afia Ahmed Chaudhry 37 Book review 11 Islamophobia in Europe Open Society Foundations 13 El elogio de la diferencia Daniel Prieto Castillo In the Next Issue The 3/2016 issue of Media 15 Negative media portrayal of Development will explore “Local Islam Media and Digital Frontiers”. Belinda F. Espiritu WACC Members and 20 Muslim resilience and the right Subscribers to Media Development are able to download and print a to communicate complete PDF of each journal or Aliaa Dakroury individual article. 24 New Zealand newspaper coverage of Islam and Muslims Shah Nister Kabir, 27 How Jerry Falwell Jr. is spreading Islamophobia Eboo Patel 30 Indian democracy and governance Vincent Rajkumar 3 Media Development 2/2016 • To publish corrections; EDITORIAL • To avoid using information likely to be harmful to national security or to endanger nternational principles of journalism ethics individuals. stress the duty of professional communicators I So much for the theory. In reality, media to seek truth and to provide fair and balanced practitioners are subject to the economic accounts of events and issues. With this in mind, constraints facing the industry in which they conscientious journalists try to serve the public work, to the demands of the market, and often to with honesty and integrity - the cornerstones of the dictates of government or corporate interests. their credibility. Editorial policies need to cater to a broad range The independence of news outlets rests of tastes so that “giving the public what they on high standards of accuracy, fact-checking, want” often becomes an argument for dubious, and impartiality. Their obligation is not only to salacious or inflammatory content. In such cases, inform the public, but to engage people in the freedom of expression is used as a camouflage for practice of good governance and to serve as a “anything goes” and satire can be confused with voice for those who have been denied a voice. incitement. Not everyone will agree with every editorial In recent years, and for a range of decision taken, but ethical standards help reasons, Islamophobia has “hit the headlines”. guide journalists and enable them to be held At times like these independent media have to accountable. be especially sensitive and vigilant and to take In short, the basic functions of the media in steps to present balanced coverage, to counter a democratic society are: discrimination and stereotyping, and to defuse • To encourage democratic choice by tension. clarifying complex issues, particularly in an Islamophobia has many causes. It can be age when information is the driving force deep-rooted historically, culturally, and socially. of economic advancement and global events It can take the form of an understandable impact people’s daily lives as never before; reaction to an act of terrorism or an irrational • To provoke public debate leading to greater prejudice towards migrants. It can reflect participation in important decisions; ignorance or a fear of the unknown. Often • To uncover abuses and campaign to rectify it is seized on by malcontents for political or them; economic advantage. In such situations, the role • To alert and mobilize public opinion to played by mass media, but also by community humanitarian causes/injustices; and social media, becomes crucial and, on • To promote political pluralism by occasion, a matter of life or death. publicising different views/ideological In “Islamophobia plays right into the hands approaches to certain issues; of Isis” (The Guardian 25 November 2015), Owen • To keep politicians and decision-makers Jones pointed out that: attuned to public opinion. Consequently, while totally impartial media “Some of the media’s attacks are beyond are neither possible nor desirable, it is essential: sinister. A Daily Mail cartoon provoked • To maintain a distinction between facts and understandable comparisons with 1930s opinion, reporting and analysis; Nazi propaganda after portraying gun-toting • To use only trained, professional reporters Muslim refugees entering Europe amid rats. It who are knowledgeable and who check is generally more subtle than that, of course. sources; But it helps create an atmosphere where • To explain issues without trivializing or anything goes; where bigotry seems officially sensationalizing; sanctioned and legitimised. Muslims become 4 Media Development 2/2016 seen as the enemy within, a fifth column, a Betts makes the point that: near-homogenous group defined by their “The simple fact is that European member hostility to western values – or indeed the states don’t really want to welcome Muslim west full stop. ‘Muslim’ becomes synonymous migrants. This has been explicit in the case with ‘extremist’ and ‘potential terrorist’.” of countries with vocal far-right parties and Many reputable (and responsible) media in central European countries with Christian outlets make a point of offering balanced views nationalist governments. But the liberal of Islam, Muslims, and the difficult situations in political elites of Western Europe have steered which they are caught up – for example the war clear of admitting that the biggest single in Syria, the Israel/Palestine conflict, Hindutva in barrier to coherent asylum and immigration India, and the struggle in Mindanao, Philippines. policies is public anxiety about Islam. Far- Others are deliberately inflammatory and right parties have pandered to these fears, provocative. stoking xenophobia.” The current crisis of Syrian refugees is a case in point, in which some media outlets Predominantly negative and racist have stoked public anxiety and intolerance reporting in the media strengthens an by reporting the words and deeds of certain increasingly dangerous anti-Muslim mind-set, politicians without offering more moderate or which reinforces stereotypes and leads to an sympathetic views. And then there is political escalation of violent attacks on Muslims. False or intervention. In “The Elephant in the Room: inaccurate stories about Muslims are routinely Islam and the Crisis of Liberal Values in Europe” used by far right groups to legitimise their “case” (Foreign Affairs, 2 February 2016) Alexander and to gain followers. The Internet is full of 5 Media Development 2/2016 forums using mainstream newspaper reports as “proof” that their intolerant views about Muslims How do the media are true. Silence, of course, is deadly. But some fuel Islamophobia? journalists are trying to persuade others to act more
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