15.12.2018 Final Print UGC Project Sebak Jana
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Cost, Efficiency, Equity and Quality of Higher Education in West Bengal University Grants Commission Sponsored Major Research Project rd (Project F.No.-5-81/2014 (HRP) Dated, 23 September, 2015) Submitted to University Grants Commission, New Delhi Principal Investigator Dr. Sebak Kumar Jana Department of Economics with Rural Development VIDYASAGAR UNIVERSITY Midnapore, West Bengal, India, Pin- 721102 2018 Cost, Efficiency, Equity and Quality of Higher Education in West Bengal (Project F.No.-5-81/2014 (HRP) Dated, 23 rd September, 2015) Major Research Project Sponsord by and Submitted to University Grants Commission, New Delhi (Project F.No.-5-81/2014 (HRP) Dated, 23 rd September, 2015) Principal Investigator Dr. Sebak Kumar Jana Professor of Economics Department of Economics with Rural Development Vidyasagar University Research Assistant Mr. Siddhartha Sankar Manna Deparment of Economics with Rural Development VIDYASAGAR UNIVERSITY Midnapore, West Bengal, India, Pin- 721102 2018 P a g e | i DECLARATION This is to state that the UGC Sponsored Major Research Project, entitled “Cost, Efficiency, Equity and Quality of Higher Education in West Bengal” (Project F.No.-5-81/2014 (HRP) Dated, 23 rd September, 2015), has been carried out by me as its Principal Investigator under the financial assistance from UGC, New Delhi. The work is based on my reading and understanding of the existing materials and on the data collected from primary survey. The books, articles, journals, newspapers and websites which I have used for this project are acknowledged at the respective place in this report. I further declare that the project report is my own work and research which I have carried out with the financial help from UGC, New Delhi under the Major Research Project Grant. Dr. Sebak Kumar Jana Principal Investigator of the Project Professor of Economics Department of Economics with Rural Development Vidyasagar University West Bengal India PIN-721102 P a g e | ii Acknowledgements It is my great pleasure to submit the Final Report of UGC sponsored Major Research Project entitled “Cost, Efficiency, Equity and Quality of Higher Education in West Bengal (Project F.No.-5-81/2014 (HRP) Dated, 23 rd September, 2015). The work searches for the present condition of higher education in the state of West Bengal by looking into some important parameters in higher education and attempts to find the major areas of concern in the higher education sector in the state. I must put forward my gratitude and thanks to University Grants Commission (UGC) for the kind approval and financial assistance towards this project which has given me the opportunity to learn various aspects in this field. I am grateful to Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, Vidyasagar University, Professor Ranjan Chakrabarti for his kind inspiriation and generous support for the project. I am thankful to Mr. Siddhartha Sankar Manna, Research Assistant of this project for his sincere involvement in the project. It is really difficult for me to prepare a complete list of the persons to whom I am indebted directly or indirectly for the project. I must acknowledge Mr. Adwaita Maiti, Mr. Tapas Payra and Mr. Pranjit Kr. Paul - M.Phil students of the Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, who have helped me much in compiling and analysing the data. I am also indebted to the Principals and teachers of different colleges from whom I have received enormous help. Some other persons to whom I am thankful are Dr. Asim K. Karmakar, Professor Santanu Ghosh, Mr. Devkumar Nayek. The secondary data has been accessed through different sources. I am indebted to the following Libraries – Vidyasagar University, Presidency College, ISI, National Library. I am also deeply indebted to the faculty members of the Department of Economics with Rural Development, Vidyasagar University to which I belong for extending co-operation whenever I required. I am also thankful to the officials of Vidyasagar University for their kind support for the project. Last but not the least the role of my family members in completing the work can in no way be neglected. Sebak Kumar Jana Principal Investigator of the Project Professor of Economics Department of Economics with Rural Development Vidyasagar University West Bengal India PIN-721102 P a g e | iii Page Contents No. Chapter 1: Introduction 1-30 1.1 Higher Education in India 1 1.1.1 Growth of Universities and Colleges in India 2 1.1.2 Enrolment in Higher Education in India 4 1.2 Higher Education in West Bengal 6 1.2.1 Growth of Higher Education Institutes in West Bengal 6 1.3 Policies and Recommendations in Higher Education in India 9 1.4 Literature Review 15 1.4.1 Public Expenditure on Higher Education 15 1.4.2 Efficiency of Education Institute 17 1.4.3 Equity in Higher Education 18 1.4.4 Quality of Higher education 22 1.4.5 Household Expenditure on Education 25 1.4.6 Policy Issues in Higher Education 26 1.5 Research Gap 29 1.6 Conclusion 30 Chapter 2: Objectives, Methodology and Data Source 34-39 2.1 Objectives of the Study 34 2.2 Methodology 35 2.2.1 Public Expenditure on Higher Education 35 2.2.2 Efficiency of Higher Education Institutes 35 2.2.3 Equity in Higher Education 36 2.2.4 Quality of Higher Education 36 2.2.5 Household Expenditure on Higher Education 37 2.3 Data Source 38 2.3.1 Secondary Data Source 38 2.3.2 Primary Survey 39 2.4 Conclusion 39 Chapter 3: Primary Survey: Study Area and Characteristics of the Households of 40-52 the Students Surveyed 3.1 Location of Surveyed Colleges 40 3.2 Course Wise Surveyed Students 41 3.3 Subject-wise and Level-wise Distribution of Surveyed Students 42 3.4 Institutions-wise Distribution of Surveyed Students 43 3.5 Information about Surveyed Colleges 44 3.6 Characteristics of the Households of Students Surveyed 46 3.6.1 Average Family Size and Education of the Households 46 3.6.2 Occupation of the Heads of the Households 46 3.6.3 Caste-wise Average Education Level 47 3.6.4 Religion-wise Average Education Level 47 3.6.5 Income Class-wise Average Education Level 48 3.7 Annual Income of the Households 48 3.7.1 Caste-wise Average Annual Income 48 3.7.2 Religion-wise Average Annual Income 49 3.7.3 Income Class-wise Average Annual Income 49 3.8 Income Group of the Households 49 P a g e | iv 3.8.1 Regional-wise Income Group of the Households 49 3.8.2 Caste-wise Income Group of the Households 50 3.8.3 Religion-wise Income Group of the Households 50 3.9 Income Group-wise Average Education Level of the Households 51 3.10 Conclusion 52 Chapter 4: Public Expenditure on Higher Education in West Bengal 53-68 4.1 Public Expenditure on Higher Education in West Bengal 53 4.1.1 Intra-Sectoral Resource Allocation to Education in West Bengal 53 4.1.2 Growth of Higher Education Expenditure in West Bengal 55 4.1.3 Plan and Non Plan Expenditure on Higher Education in West Bengal 57 4.1.4 Composition of Expenditure of Higher Education in West Bengal 58 4.1.5 Per Head Public Higher Education Expenditure 59 4.1.6 Relation between Higher Education Expenditure and NSDP in West 59 Bengal: A Time Series Analysis 4.2 State-wise Public Education Expenditure 65 4.2.1 State-wise Expenditure on Different Sectors of Education as 65 Percentage to GSDP 4.2.2 State-wise Elasticity and Growth of Higher Education Expenditure in 67 India 4.3 Conclusion 68 Chapter 5: Efficiency of Higher Education Institutions in West Bengal 69-82 5.1 Measurement of Efficiency of Higher Education Institutions 69 5.2 DEA Methodology 70 5.3 Measurement of Efficiency of Colleges 72 5.3.1 Variables for Measurement of Efficiency of Colleges 72 5.3.2 DEA Efficiency Results for Colleges 73 5.4 Measurement of Efficiency of Universities in West Bengal 76 5.4.1 Brief History of Eleven Universities Selected for the Analysis 76 5.4.2 Variables for the Universities under Consideration 78 5.4.3 DEA Efficiency Results of Selected Universities 80 5.5 Conclusion 82 Chapter 6: Equity Issues in Higher Education in West Bengal 83-122 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Institutional Distribution in West Bengal 83 6.2.1 Type-wise Distribution 83 6.2.2 Institutional Distribution: Specialization 84 6.2.3 Institutional Distribution Per Lakh Population 87 6.2.4 Private Institutes in Higher Education in West Bengal 88 6.3 Enrolment and Out-turn Pattern in Higher Education in West Bengal 89 6.3.1 UG and PG Enrolment in West Bengal 89 6.3.2 Comparison of Enrolment in Higher Education between West Bengal 92 and India 6.3.3 Level-wise Out-turn/Pass-out of West Bengal and India 93 6.3.4 Social Disparity in Out-turn 94 6.3.5 Enrolment in Private Unaided Institutes in West Bengal and India 94 6.4 Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) at Different Levels in Higher Education in West 95 Bengal 6.4.1 GER at Different Levels of Education 95 P a g e | v 6.4.2 Inter-state Inequality in GER 95 6.4.3 Gender-based and Social Differences in GER 98 6.5 Gender Parity Index (GPI) 101 6.6 Rural- Urban Disparity 103 6.7 Disparity Regarding Employment of Teachers 104 6.8 GER, GPI and PTR in West Bengal over Years 105 6.9 Ranks of West Bengal for Different Parameters of Higher Education 106 6.10 Comparison of West Bengal with Selected Four States 107 6.11 Inter-District Inequality in Higher Education in West Bengal 111 6.12 Technical and Vocational Education in West Bengal 114 6.12.1 Technical Education in West Bengal 115 6.12.2 Vocational Education 117 6.13 National Service Scheme (N.S.S.) 120 6.14 Determinants of Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education in 121 Different States of India 6.15 Conclusion 122 Chapter 7: Quality of Higher Education in West Bengal