Parasitic Infections in Pirarucu Fry, Arapaima Gigas Schinz, 1822 (Arapaimatidae) Kept in a Semi-Intensive Fish Farm in Central

VETERINARSKI ARHIV 79 (5), 499-507, 2009

PParasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn ppirarucuirarucu ffry,ry, AArapaimarapaima ggigasigas SSchinz,chinz, 11822822 (AArapaimatidae)rapaimatidae) kkeptept inin a semi-intensivesemi-intensive ﬁ sshh farmfarm inin CentralCentral AAmazon,mazon, BrazilBrazil

CCleusaleusa SuzanaSuzana OliveiraOliveira AAraújoraújo1**,, AAnana LúciaLúcia GomesGomes1, MMarcosarcos TTavares-avares- DDiasias2, SSannyanny MariaMaria SSampaioampaio AndradeAndrade1, AAndréiandréia BBelem-Costaelem-Costa3, JJoãooão TitoTito BBorgesorges4, MMarietaarieta NNascimentoascimento QQueirozueiroz1, aandnd MegaraMegara BBarbosaarbosa1

1CCentroentro UUniversitárioniversitário NNiltonilton LLinsins ((UNINILTONLINS),UNINILTONLINS), LLaboratórioaboratório ddee ZZoologiaoologia AAplicada,plicada, MManaus,anaus, AAM,M, BBrasilrasil 2EEmbrapambrapa Amapá.Amapá. RodoviaRodovia JJuscelinouscelino KKubitschek,ubitschek, MMacapá,acapá, AAP,P, BBrasilrasil 3UUniversidadeniversidade FFederalederal ddoo AAmazonasmazonas ((UFAM),UFAM), DDepartamentoepartamento ddee CCiênciasiências PPesqueirasesqueiras ( DDEPESCA),EPESCA), CCampusampus UUniversitário,niversitário, SSetoretor SSul,ul, MManaus,anaus, AAM,M, BBrasilrasil 4FFUCAPI,UCAPI, FFundaçãoundação CCentroentro ddee AAnálise,nálise, PPesquisaesquisa e IInovaçãonovação TTecnológica,ecnológica, MManaus,anaus, BBrasilrasil

AARAÚJO,RAÚJO, C.C. S.S. O.,O., A.A. L.L. GOMES,GOMES, M.M. TAVARES-DIAS,TAVARES-DIAS, S.S. M.M. SS.. AANDRADE,NDRADE, A.A. BBELEM-COSTA,ELEM-COSTA, J.J. T.T. BORGES,BORGES, M.M. N.N. QUEIROZ,QUEIROZ, M.M. BARBOSA:BARBOSA PParasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn ppirarucuirarucu ffry,ry, AArapaimarapaima ggigasigas Schinz,Schinz, 11822822 (AArapaimatidae)rapaimatidae) keptkept inin a ssemi-intensiveemi-intensive fi sshh farmfarm inin CentralCentral Amazon,Amazon, Brazil.Brazil Vet. arhiv 79, 499-507, 2009. ABSTRACT SStudiestudies rregardingegarding pparasitearasite ffaunaauna iinn ffarmedarmed fi sshh aarere ooff ggreatreat rrelevanceelevance ttoo tthehe kknowledgenowledge ooff tthehe pparasitesarasites sspecies,pecies, aallowingllowing iinterferencenterference iinn ttheirheir pproliferationroliferation iinn oorderrder ttoo aavoidvoid eepizootiespizooties aandnd cconsequently,onsequently, eeconomicalconomical llosses.osses. ThisThis sstudytudy wwasas designeddesigned ttoo iinvestigatenvestigate tthehe pprevalencerevalence aandnd iintensityntensity ooff pparasitesarasites iinn ffryry AArapaimarapaima ggigasigas mmaintainedaintained iinn ppondsonds ooff a ssemi-intensiveemi-intensive fi sshh ffarmarm iinn AAmazonasmazonas SState,tate, BBrazil.razil. OOnn nnecropsy,ecropsy, 996.0%6.0% ooff AA.. ggigasigas wwereere ffoundound pparasitizedarasitized bbyy DDawestremaawestrema cycloancistrioidescycloancistrioides, DDawestremaawestrema cycloancistriumcycloancistrium ((Monogenoidea),Monogenoidea), TTrichodinarichodina sp.,sp., IIchthyobodochthyobodo sp.sp. (Protozoa),(Protozoa), CCamallanusamallanus tridentatustridentatus, TTerranovaerranova serrataserrata, GGoeziaoezia spinulosaspinulosa ((Nematoda)Nematoda) aandnd AArgulidaergulidae. HHowever,owever, DD.. cycloancistriumcycloancistrium, DD.. cycloancistrioidescycloancistrioides andand TTrichodinarichodina ffariaiariai werewere tthehe pparasitesarasites ooff ggreatestreatest iintensity.ntensity. TThishis sstudytudy iiss tthehe fi rrstst ttoo rreporteport pparasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn ffarmedarmed AA.. ggigasigas aandnd tthehe rresultsesults iindicatedndicated a hhighigh rrateate ooff iinfectionnfection tthathat mmightight lleadead ttoo iimportantmportant cchangeshanges iinn tthehe hhealthealth ooff tthehe hhosts.osts. KKeyey wwordsords: AAmazon,mazon, AArapaimarapaima ggigasigas, cculture,ulture, iinfections,nfections, pparasitesarasites

*Corresponding author: DDr.r. CleuzaCleuza SSuzanauzana ddee OOliveiraliveira AAraújo,raújo, CCentroentro UUniversitárioniversitário NNiltonilton LLins,ins, LLaboratórioaboratório ddee ZZoologiaoologia AAplicada.plicada. AAvenidavenida PProfessorrofessor NNiltonilton LLins,ins, 33259.259. PParquearque ddasas LLaranjeiras,aranjeiras, CCEP:EP: 669058-040,9058-040, MManaus,anaus, AAM,M, BBrasil,rasil, EE-mail:-mail: [email protected]@niltonlins.br

ISSN 0372-5480 Printed in Croatia 499 CC.. SS.. O.O. AraújoAraújo etet aal.:l.: PParasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn ppirarucuirarucu ffry,ry, AArapaimarapaima ggigasigas

IIntroductionntroduction TThehe AArapaimarapaima ggigas,igas, kknownnown asas pirarucu,pirarucu, iiss aann Ossteoglossiformeteoglossiforme fi sshh wwithith ddoubleouble bbreathing,reathing, wwhichhich iiss oonlynly ffoundound iinn SSouthouth AAmerica,merica, aandnd iinhabitsnhabits tthehe AAmazonmazon RRiveriver ddrainage,rainage, tthehe wwesternestern OOrinocorinoco aandnd tthehe rriveriver ssystemsystems ooff tthehe GGuianasuianas (QQUEIROZUEIROZ andand CRAMPTON,CRAMPTON, 11999999)).. TThishis fi shsh cancan rreacheach uupp ttoo tthreehree mmeterseters iinn llengthength aandnd 220000 kkgg iinn mmassass (QQUEIROZUEIROZ aandnd CCRAMPTONRAMPTON, 11999999) andand iiss a mmuchuch aappreciatedppreciated sspeciespecies wwithith ggreatreat aacceptancecceptance oonn tthehe BBrazilianrazilian AAmazonianmazonian mmarket,arket, bbeingeing rregardedegarded aass a ffoodood fi sshh ooff tthehe hhighestighest qquality.uality. HHence,ence, iitt iiss oonene ooff tthehe mmostost iimportantmportant sspeciespecies fforor tthehe ddevelopmentevelopment aandnd iimprovementmprovement ooff iintensiventensive aaquaculturequaculture iinn tthehe AAmazonianmazonian rregionegion (OONONO etet al.,al., 22003003 aandnd 22004004)).. DespiteDespite iitsts ggreatreat iimportancemportance ttoo tthehe AAmazonianmazonian ppeople,eople, llittleittle iiss kknownnown aaboutbout tthehe pparasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections ooff ffarmedarmed AA.. ggigasigas, bbecauseecause tthesehese sstudiestudies hhaveave bbeeneen ccarriedarried oout,ut, iinn ggeneral,eneral, iinn wwildild fi ssh.h. TThehe ppresenceresence ooff 2200 sspeciespecies ooff tthehe pparasitesarasites fforor ppirarucuirarucu hhaveave bbeeneen rreported.eported. TThreehree pparasitesarasites sspeciespecies aarere MMonogenoideas,onogenoideas, tthehe DDawestremaawestrema cycloancistriumcycloancistrium ((PricePrice aandnd NNowlin,owlin, 11967),967), DD.. cycloancistrioidescycloancistrioides ((Kritsky,Kritsky, BBoegeroeger aandnd TThatcher,hatcher, 11985)985) aandnd DD.. punctatumpunctatum, ((Kritsky,Kritsky, BoegerBoeger aandnd TThatcher,hatcher, 11985).985). SSixix sspeciespecies aarere NNematoda,ematoda, tthehe GGoeziaoezia sspinulosapinulosa DDiesing,iesing, 11939;939; PPhilometrahilometra ssenticosaenticosa BBaylis,aylis, 11927;927; CCamallanusamallanus ttridentatusridentatus DDrasche,rasche, 11884;884; GGnatostomanatostoma ggracilisracilis Diesing,Diesing, 11838;838; RRumaiumai rrumaiumai TTravassos,ravassos, 1960;1960; TTerranovaerranova serrataserrata DDrasche,rasche, 11884.884. TTwowo sspeciespecies aarere AAcantocephala,cantocephala, tthehe PPolyacanthorhynchusolyacanthorhynchus mmacrorhynchusacrorhynchus DDiesing,iesing, 11851851 aandnd PPolyacanthorhynchusolyacanthorhynchus rrhopalorhynchushopalorhynchus DDiesing,iesing, 11851.851. TTwowo sspeciespecies aarere CCestoda,estoda, SSchizochoeruschizochoerus lliguloidesiguloides DDiesing,iesing, 11850850 aandnd NNesolecithusesolecithus jjanickianicki Poche,Poche, 11922.922. ThreeThree sspeciespecies aarere TTrematoda,rematoda, tthehe CCaballerotremaaballerotrema bbrasilienserasiliense PPrudhoe,rudhoe, 11960,960, CC.. arapaimenseearapaimensee, Thatcher,Thatcher, 11980980 aandnd HHimasthlaimasthla piscicolapiscicola SStunkard,tunkard, 11960.960. OOtherther ttwowo sspeciespecies aarere BBranchiura,ranchiura, tthehe DDolopsolops discoidalisdiscoidalis BBouvier,ouvier, 11899899 aandnd ArgulusArgulus ssp.,p., whilewhile oonene ootherther sspeciespecies iiss CCopepoda,opepoda, tthehe EErgasilusrgasilus sp.sp. andand aanothernother iiss PPentastomidae,entastomidae, tthehe SSebekiaebekia sspp. (BBAYLIS,AYLIS, 1927;1927; KRITSKYKRITSKY eett aal.,l., 11985;985; TTHATCHERHATCHER, 11980980 aandnd 22006;006; GGOMESOMES, 22006006)).. MModernodern fi shsh farmingfarming wwithith hhighigh sstocktock fi sshh densitiesdensities aandnd iintensiventensive pproductionroduction uunitsnits pproviderovide iidealdeal cconditionsonditions fforor tthehe iinvasionnvasion aandnd ppersistenceersistence ooff a rrangeange ooff ppathogensathogens aandnd pparasitesarasites (MMARTINSARTINS etet al.,al., 22002;002; PPIAZZAIAZZA eett aall., 22006;006; LLEMOSEMOS eett aal.,l., 22007007)).. InfectionsInfections bbyy tthesehese ddisease-causingisease-causing aagentsgents rreduceeduce tthehe ssurvivalurvival ooff fi ssh,h, ccausingausing eeconomicalconomical llossesosses ttoo ffarmers.armers. HHence,ence, fi sshh ssusceptibilityusceptibility ttoo pparasitesarasites iiss a cconstantonstant cconcernoncern ooff ffarmersarmers wwhoho nneedeed ttoo ddecreaseecrease tthesehese pproblemsroblems aandnd iincreasencrease pproduction.roduction. TThehe iincrementncrement ooff pparasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn tthehe ccultureulture eenvironmentnvironment hhasas aalsolso bbeeneen aassociatedssociated wwithith tthehe llowow qqualityuality ooff wwaterater aandnd iinadequatenadequate mmanagement.anagement. AAllll tthesehese eenvironmentalnvironmental ffactorsactors hhaveave bbeeneen rresponsibleesponsible fforor hhighigh iinfectionnfection bbyy mmonogeneanonogenean ((72.9%),72.9%), PPiscinoodiniumiscinoodinium ppillulareillulare ((43.2%),43.2%), HHenneguyaenneguya ppiaractusiaractus ((34.2%),34.2%), IIchthyophthiriuschthyophthirius mmultiultifi lliisiis ((23.4%)23.4%) aandnd LLaerneaaernea ccyprinaceayprinacea ((11.9%)11.9%) iinn fi sshh cultivatedcultivated iinn tthehe SSoutheastoutheast rregionegion ooff BBrazilrazil (MMARTINSARTINS etet al.,al., 22002002)).. HHowever,owever, pparasiticarasitic iinfectionnfection rratesates iinn ffarmedarmed fi sshh iinn tthehe BBrazilianrazilian NNorthernorthern RRegion,egion, eespeciallyspecially fforor tthehe AA.. ggigasigas, aarere yyetet uunknown.nknown.

500 Vet. arhiv 79 (5), 499-507, 2009 CC.. SS.. O.O. AraújoAraújo etet aal.:l.: PParasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn ppirarucuirarucu ffry,ry, AArapaimarapaima ggigasigas

TTherefore,herefore, tthishis ppaperaper pprovidesrovides iinformationnformation oonn tthehe pprevalencerevalence aandnd iintensityntensity ooff pparasitesarasites iinn ffarmedarmed AA.. ggigasigas ffryry iinn CCentralentral AAmazonia.mazonia. TThishis ccontributionontribution iiss nneededeeded fforor ddiseaseisease rresearchesearch aandnd mmanagementanagement pprogramsrograms tthathat ccouldould sserveerve aass a ttoolool ttoo mmonitoronitor aandnd aanalyzenalyze tthehe ccausesauses aandnd ttrendsrends iinn ddiseaseisease ooccurrencesccurrences aandnd eepidemiologypidemiology iinn NNorthernorthern BBrazil,razil, mmainlyainly iinn tthehe AAmazonasmazonas SState.tate. TThehe ddevelopmentevelopment ooff ttechniquesechniques fforor tthehe ccontrolontrol ooff pparasitesarasites ddependsepends oonn tthehe eepidemiologicalpidemiological aandnd ssanitaryanitary ddiagnosisiagnosis ooff tthehe ccultureulture eestablishments,stablishments, ssoo iitt mmayay bbee ppossibleossible ttoo iintervenentervene iinn aann eeffﬁ ccientient wwayay oonn tthehe pprocessrocess aandnd cconsequentlyonsequently iimprovemprove tthehe qqualityuality ooff tthehe ﬁ sshh pproduced.roduced.

MMaterialsaterials aandnd mmethodsethods FFishish aandnd ccultureulture. A hundredhundred andand ttenen AA.. ggigasigas fryfry (17.1(17.1 ± 4.54.5 cmcm ooff llength)ength) wwereere ccollectedollected mmonthly,onthly, ffromrom MMayay ttoo AAugustugust 22006,006, ffromrom a ssemi-intensiveemi-intensive fi sshh ffarmarm iinn tthehe mmunicipalityunicipality ooff MManacapuru,anacapuru, AAmazonasmazonas SState,tate, BBrazil,razil, fforor pparasitologicalarasitological aanalyses.nalyses. PParasitologicalarasitological aanalyses.nalyses. AAfterfter tthehe fi sshh wwereere ccaptured,aptured, ttheirheir sskin,kin, fi nns,s, mmouthouth aandnd eeyesyes wwereere sscreenedcreened fforor tthehe vverierifi ccationation ooff mmacroscopicacroscopic llesions.esions. FForor pparasitologicalarasitological eexamsxams ooff ttheirheir sstomachstomachs aandnd iintestines,ntestines, tthehe oorgansrgans wwereere rremovedemoved aandnd pplacedlaced iinn PPetrietri pplateslates ccontainingontaining ddistilledistilled wwaterater aandnd tthenhen eexamined.xamined. A ssingleingle sscratchingcratching wwasas mmadeade bbetweenetween ttheirheir ccaudalaudal aandnd llateralateral fi nnss fforor tthehe qquantiuantifi ccationation ooff pparasitesarasites iinn tthehe ttegument.egument. AAllll tthehe ggillsills wwereere rremovedemoved fforor tthehe qquantiuantifi ccationation ooff MMonogenoidea.onogenoidea. TThehe mmethodologyethodology eemployedmployed fforor tthehe ccollectionollection aandnd fi xxationation ooff tthehe pparasitesarasites wwasas tthehe oonene ddescribedescribed bbyy EEIRASIRAS etet aal.l. ((2000)2000). A fi eeldld ooff tthehe llaminaamina ooff eeachach fi sshh aandnd ffreshresh ccollectedollected mmaterialaterial wwereere uusedsed ttoo eestimatestimate tthehe qquantityuantity ooff ttrichodinidsrichodinids iinn tthehe ttegumentegument aandnd ggills.ills. FForor tthehe qquantiuantifi ccationation ooff MMonogeneaonogenea iinn tthehe ttegument,egument, tthehe ttotalotal mmucusucus ccollectedollected wwasas uused.sed. AAllll tthehe pparasitesarasites wwereere qquantiuantifi eedd wwithith tthehe hhelpelp ooff a sstereomicroscopictereomicroscopic fforor tthehe eevaluationvaluation ooff tthehe pparasiticarasitic iindices,ndices, aaccordingccording ttoo tthehe rrecommendationsecommendations ooff BBUSHUSH etet al.al. ((1997)1997). TheThe pparasitearasite iidentidentifi ccationation ffollowedollowed TTHATCHER’sHATCHER’s rrecommendationecommendation ((2006).2006). PPhysical-chemistryhysical-chemistry pparametersarameters ooff tthehe wwaterater. IInn eeachach ccollection,ollection, ffromrom MMayay ttoo AAugustugust 22006,006, thethe ppotentialotential hhydrogenydrogen ((pH)pH) wwasas mmeasuredeasured wwithith ddigitaligital eequipmentquipment ((WTWWTW ppHH mmetereter mmodelodel DD-812).-812). TThehe ttemperature,emperature, eelectriclectric cconductivity,onductivity, ddissolvedissolved ooxygenxygen ((OD)OD) aandnd tturbidityurbidity wwereere aalsolso mmeasuredeasured wwithith ddigitaligital eequipmentquipment ((YSI-55).YSI-55). NNitrateitrate aandnd nnitriteitrite cconcentrationsoncentrations iinn tthehe ccultureulture ppondsonds wwereere ddeterminedetermined (BBOYDOYD andand TUCKER,TUCKER, 19921992)),, asas wwellell aass tthehe ttotalotal pphosphorushosphorus (CCLESCERILESCERI eett aal.,l., 11998998)).. TThehe llevelsevels ooff ttotalotal aammoniammonia wwereere ddeterminedetermined bbyy ccolorimetricolorimetric mmethodologyethodology (VVERDOUWERDOUW etet al.,al., 11978978) withwith aabsorbancebsorbance rreadingseadings iinn sspectrophotometerpectrophotometer ((AmershamAmersham PPharmaciaharmacia BBiotech,iotech, mmodelodel NNovaspecovaspec III).I). SStatisticaltatistical AAnalysisnalysis. TheThe ccorrelationorrelation bbetweenetween tthehe ttotalotal llengthength ooff tthehe fi sshh aandnd tthehe qquantityuantity ooff MMonogenoideaonogenoidea iinn iitsts ggillsills wwasas ttestedested tthroughhrough ssimpleimple llinearinear rregressionegression wwithith nnon-on- logarithmizedlogarithmized nnumbersumbers aandnd a ccononfi ddenceence iintervalnterval ooff 995%5% ((P<0.05)P<0.05) wwasas aassumed.ssumed.

Vet. arhiv 79 (5), 499-507, 2009 501 CC.. SS.. O.O. AraújoAraújo etet aal.:l.: PParasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn ppirarucuirarucu ffry,ry, AArapaimarapaima ggigasigas

RResultsesults VVariationsariations iinn tthehe pphysicalhysical aandnd cchemicalhemical pparametersarameters ooff tthehe wwaterater ffromrom tthehe ccultureulture ppondsonds ofof AA.. ggigasigas ffryry areare ppresentedresented iinn TTableable 11.. TTableable 11.. PPhysical-chemicalhysical-chemical pparametersarameters ooff tthehe wwaterater ffromrom tthehe ppondsonds ooff AA.. ggigasigas ffryry

Parameters Minimum-Maximum Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 4.0-6.0 pH 5.1-6.6 Temperature (oC ) 28.0-32.0 Conductivity (μS/cm) 7.3-29.5 Turbidity (μT) 5.6-86.9 Total phosphorus (mg/L) 0.40-0.78 Ammonia (mg/L) 0.10-0.16 Nitrite (mg/L) 0.001-0.003 Nitrate (mg/L) 0.08-0.17

1800

1600 r=0.356;p<0.001 1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Monogenoidea number FFig.ig. 1.1. CorrelationCorrelation bbetweenetween tthehe nnumberumber ooff MMonogenoideaonogenoidea iinn tthehe ggillsills aandnd tthehe ttotalotal llengthength iinn ccultivatedultivated AA.. ggigasigas ffryry (n(n = 104)104)

502 Vet. arhiv 79 (5), 499-507, 2009 CC.. SS.. O.O. AraújoAraújo etet aal.:l.: PParasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn ppirarucuirarucu ffry,ry, AArapaimarapaima ggigasigas

A hundredhundred aandnd ttenen sspecimenspecimens ooff ppirarucuirarucu AA.. ggigasigas wwereere eexamined.xamined. IInn tthehe ttegument,egument, tthehe ggreatestreatest iintensityntensity aandnd ooccurrenceccurrence oobservedbserved wwereere ooff TTrichodinarichodina sp.sp. (Protozoa),(Protozoa), ffollowedollowed bbyy MonogenoideaMonogenoidea DD.. cycloancistriumcycloancistrium. HHowever,owever, inin tthehe ggillsills ttherehere wwasas ggreaterreater iintensityntensity aandnd ooccurrenceccurrence ooff MMonogenoideaonogenoidea DD.. cycloancistrioidescycloancistrioides andand DD.. cycloancistriumcycloancistrium, ffollowedollowed bbyy TTrichodinarichodina ssp.p. ((TableTable 22).).

TTableable 22.. PParasiticarasitic iindicesndices iinn eexaminedxamined AA.. ggigasigas ffryry fromfrom a ssemi-intensiveemi-intensive ﬁ sshh ffarmarm ffromrom tthehe mmunicipalityunicipality ooff MManacapuru,anacapuru, AAmazonasmazonas SState,tate, BBrazilrazil

Examined Parasitized Prevalence Intensity of Range of Mean Parasites Fish Fish (%) parasites parasites intensity Skin Monogenoidea 110 40 36.4 253 1-20 n. d. Trichodina sp. 110 76 69.0 2330 10-50 n. d. Argulidae 110 01 0.9 n. d. n. d. n. d. Ichthyobodo sp. 110 01 0.9 n. d. n. d. n. d.

Gills Monogenoidea 100 96 96.0 26906 1-1558 280 Trichodina sp. 110 43 39.1 640 10-50 n. d. Argulidae 110 03 2.7 n. d. n. d. n. d. Ichthyobodo sp. 110 21 19.1

Intestinal tract Nematoda Terranova serrata 110 3 2.7 17 3-10 5,6 Camallanus 110 5 4.5 23 2-10 4,6 tridentatus Goezia spinulosa 110 6 5.4 8 3-4 1,3 Larvae type IV 110 2 1.8 9 3-6 4,5

AAmongmong tthehe sspeciespecies ooff AA.. ggigasigas pparasites,arasites, tthehe nnumberumber ooff MMonogenoideaonogenoidea iinn tthehe ggillsills wwasas positivelypositively ccorrelatedorrelated ttoo tthehe ttotalotal llengthength ooff ﬁ sshh ((Fig.Fig. 11)) aandnd tthishis ccorrelationorrelation ccanan bbee ddescribedescribed bbyy tthehe eequationquation LLengthength = 116.0186.018 + ((0.004700.00470 * MMonogenoidea).onogenoidea). NNematodaematoda CCamallanusamallanus ttridentatusridentatus ((Drashe,Drashe, 1884),1884), GGoeziaoezia sspinulosapinulosa ((Diesing,Diesing, 11939),939), TTerranovaerranova serrataserrata ((Drasche,Drasche, 11884)884) aandnd ttypeype IIVV llarvaearvae ((TableTable 22)) wwereere ffoundound iinn tthehe iintestinesntestines aand/ornd/or sstomachstomachs ooff AA.. ggigasigas.

Vet. arhiv 79 (5), 499-507, 2009 503 CC.. SS.. O.O. AraújoAraújo etet aal.:l.: PParasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn ppirarucuirarucu ffry,ry, AArapaimarapaima ggigasigas

DDiscussioniscussion EEvenven tthoughhough iinn tthehe ppondsonds ooff ccultivatedultivated AA.. ggigasigas thethe pphysicalhysical aandnd cchemicalhemical pparametersarameters ooff tthehe wwaterater wwereere wwithinithin tthehe eexpectedxpected rrangeange ooff vvaluesalues fforor ttropicalropical sspecies,pecies, sseveraleveral pparasitesarasites wwereere ffound.ound. HHowever,owever, thethe iincrementncrement ooff pparasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn aartirtifi ccialial eenvironmentsnvironments hhasas bbeeneen aassociatedssociated wwithith llowow qqualityuality ooff wwaterater aandnd iinadequatenadequate mmanagementanagement (MMARTINSARTINS etet al.,al., 22002;002; SSILVA-SOUZAILVA-SOUZA etet al.,al., 2006;2006; PPIAZZAIAZZA eett aal.,l., 22006006)).. IInn ssemi-intensivelyemi-intensively ccultivatedultivated ppirarucuirarucu ffry,ry, ttherehere wwasas a hhighigh pprevalencerevalence ooff MMonogenoideaonogenoidea ooff tthehe DDawestremaawestrema aandnd TTrichodinarichodina ggender,ender, ffollowedollowed bbyy AArgulidaergulidae, IIchthyobodochthyobodo ssp.p. andand Nematoda.Nematoda. PParasitesarasites wwereere aalsolso rreportedeported iinn ootherther fi sshh sspeciespecies ccultivatedultivated iinn BBrazilrazil (MMARTINSARTINS etet al.,al., 22002;002; PPIAZZAIAZZA eett aall., 22006;006; LLEMOSEMOS eett aal.,l., 22007007)).. HHowever,owever, iinn tthehe sskinkin ooff A.A. ggigasigas tthehe hhigherigher pprevalencerevalence aandnd iintensityntensity wwereere ooff TTrichodinarichodina ssp.,p., followedfollowed bbyy MMonogenoidea,onogenoidea, wwhilehile iinn tthehe ggillsills iitt wwasas tthehe oopposite.pposite. PParasitesarasites wwithith a ddirectirect llifeife ccycle,ycle, ssuchuch asas thethe MMonogenoideaonogenoidea aandnd tthehe pprotozoanrotozoan pparasites,arasites, aarere mmoreore ooftenften ffoundound iinn ssluggishluggish eenvironments,nvironments, ssinceince tthesehese eenvironmentsnvironments aarere ffavorableavorable ttoo ttheirheir sspreadpread (PPAVANELLIAVANELLI etet aal.,l., 22004;004; SSILVA-SOUZAILVA-SOUZA etet al.,al., 22006006)).. Therefore,Therefore, tthehe hhighigh pprevalencerevalence aandnd iintensityntensity ooff iinfectionnfection bbyy MMonogenoideaonogenoidea aandnd TTrichodinarichodina ssp.p. protozoanprotozoan aarere ddueue ttoo tthesehese pparasites’arasites’ ppredilectionredilection fforor tthishis kkindind ooff eenvironment.nvironment. HHelmintheselminthes aarere a kkindind ooff pparasitearasite ffoundound iinn 770%0% ooff ssluggishluggish eenvironments,nvironments, ssinceince tthesehese eenvironmentsnvironments aarere vveryery ffavorableavorable ttoo tthehe pproliferationroliferation ooff pparasitesarasites wwithith a ddirectirect llifeife ccycleycle (PPAVANELLIAVANELLI etet aal.,l., 22004;004; TTAKEMOTOAKEMOTO etet aal.,l., 22004004)).. MMonogenoideaonogenoidea aarere uusuallysually cconsideredonsidered sspecipecifi c hhostsosts pparasitesarasites (TTAKEMOTOAKEMOTO etet al.,al., 22004;004; GGUIDELLIUIDELLI eett aal.,l., 22006;006; TTHATCHER,HATCHER, 22006006)).. TThishis sspecipecifi ccityity sseemseems ttoo gguaranteeuarantee hhighigh rratesates ooff pparasiticarasitic iinfectionnfection bbecauseecause tthehe pparasitesarasites ccanan iinvestnvest mmoreore iinn aachievingchieving hhighigh rratesates ooff aabundancebundance aandnd llessess iinn iimmunemmune ssystemystem eevasion,vasion, bbesidesesides hhavingaving bbetteretter mmechanismsechanisms fforor mmeetingeeting tthehe hhostost (GGUIDELLIUIDELLI eett aal.,l., 22006006)).. ThreeThree sspeciespecies ooff MMonogenoideaonogenoidea aarere kknownnown ttoo pparasitearasite tthehe AA.. ggigasigas ffromrom nnaturalatural eenvironments,nvironments, DD.. cycloancistrumcycloancistrum, DD.. cycloancistrioidescycloancistrioides aandnd DD.. punctatumpunctatum (KKRITSKYRITSKY etet al.,al., 11985985)).. HHowever,owever, inin AA.. ggigasigas fromfrom a ssemi-intensiveemi-intensive fi sshh ffarmsarms oonlynly DD.. cycloancistrioidescycloancistrioides andand DD.. cycloancistriumcycloancistrium wwereere ffound.ound. IInn tthehe ttegument,egument, oonlynly DD.. cycloancistriumcycloancistrium wwasas found,found, wwhilehile iinn tthehe ggillsills DD.. cycloancistrioidescycloancistrioides aandnd DD.. cycloancistriumcycloancistrium wwereere ffound.ound. PPossibly,ossibly, tthishis ppreferencereference bbyy eepidermispidermis ssuggestsuggests iinterspecinterspecifi c ccompetitionompetition iinn tthehe oorganizationrganization ooff tthesehese mmonogeneansonogeneans ccommunities.ommunities. AAccordingccording ttoo WHITTINGTONWHITTINGTON etet aal.l. ((2000)2000) monogeneansmonogeneans aarere pparasitesarasites tthat,hat, ooncence oonn tthehe hhostost eepidermis,pidermis, lliveive iinn iitsts pproducts,roducts, ee.g..g. mmucus.ucus. SSomeome ooff tthesehese pproductsroducts aarere ``àttractants’’àttractants’’ aandnd ttheyhey mmayay bbee aann iinhospitablenhospitable ssurfaceurface bbecauseecause ooff ttheirheir iimmunologicalmmunological aactivity.ctivity. TThehe cchemicalhemical ccompositionomposition ooff tthehe fi sshh sskinkin iiss kknownnown ttoo bbee sspecies-pecies- sspecipecifi cc,, aandnd a ppreliminaryreliminary aanalysisnalysis ooff tthehe cchemistryhemistry ooff ssomeome mmonogeneanonogenean aadhesivesdhesives iindicatedndicated ttheyhey aarere nnovelovel pproteinsroteins tthathat ddisplayisplay ssomeome ddifferencesifferences bbetweenetween pparasitearasite ffamiliesamilies aandnd sspeciespecies sskinkin pparasites,arasites, wwhichhich aarere kknownnown ttoo bbee sspecies-specipecies-specifi cc..

504 Vet. arhiv 79 (5), 499-507, 2009 CC.. SS.. O.O. AraújoAraújo etet aal.:l.: PParasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn ppirarucuirarucu ffry,ry, AArapaimarapaima ggigasigas

IInn AA.. ggigasigas, tthehe llevelevel ooff ggillill iinfectionnfection bbyy DD.. cycloancistrioidescycloancistrioides aandnd DD.. cycloancistriumcycloancistrium iincreasedncreased aalonglong wwithith tthehe bbodyody ggrowthrowth ooff tthehe hhosts.osts. SSimilarly,imilarly, ootherther sstudiestudies hhaveave ddescribedescribed tthehe ccorrelationorrelation bbetweenetween tthehe hhostost llengthength aandnd iitsts pparasitearasite llevelevel (SSASALASAL etet al.,al., 11999;999; MMARQUESARQUES aandnd CCABRAL,ABRAL, 22007007)).. TThehe pparasitearasite rrichnessichness ooff sspecipecifi c mmonogeneansonogeneans ccorrelatesorrelates ppositivelyositively wwithith hhostost bbodyody ssizeize aandnd sspecipecifi c mmonogeneansonogeneans aarere ffoundound oonn llargerarger fi sshh (SSASALASAL etet al.,al., 11999999)).. TThus,hus, hhostsosts withwith a llongong llifeife eexpectancy,xpectancy, ssuchuch aass tthehe AA.. ggigasigas, maymay pproviderovide a mmoreore sstabletable eenvironment,nvironment, nnotot ssubjectubject ttoo ssuddenudden cchanges.hanges. IInn aaddition,ddition, tthehe iincreasencrease iinn hhostost ssizeize sseemseems ttoo bbee llinkedinked wwithith tthehe iincreasencrease iinn aavailablevailable nnichesiches fforor ccolonization.olonization. InIn thethe CCamallanidaeamallanidae ffamilyamily tthehe iintermediaryntermediary hhostsosts aarere nnotot oobligatory.bligatory. SSpeciespecies ffromrom tthehe CCamallanidaeamallanidae aandnd AAnisakidaenisakidae ffamiliesamilies ccanan uusese sseveraleveral pparatenicaratenic oorr ttransportransport hhostsosts uuntilntil ttheyhey rreacheach ttheirheir ddeefi nnitiveitive hhostost aandnd ccompleteomplete ttheirheir ddevelopment.evelopment. TTherefore,herefore, fi sshh ccanan bbee eeitherither ddeefi nnitiveitive oorr iintermediatentermediate hhostsosts fforor tthesehese pparasites.arasites. GG.. spinulosa,spinulosa, TT.. serrataserrata aandnd CC.. ttridentatusridentatus wwereere ffoundound iinn tthehe sstomachstomachs aand/ornd/or iintestinesntestines ooff AA.. ggigasigas ffromrom ssemi-emi- iintensiventensive ccultures.ultures. HHowever,owever, tthehe pprevalencerevalence aandnd iintensityntensity ooff tthesehese pparasitesarasites wwereere ssmallermaller tthanhan tthehe oonesnes ddescribedescribed fforor tthishis ssameame hhostost iinn tthehe nnaturalatural eenvironmentnvironment (GGOMESOMES etet al.,al., 22006006)).. IInn aaddition,ddition, PP.. rrarusarus, aanothernother NNematodaematoda pparasitearasite kknownnown ttoo iinfectnfect tthehe AA.. ggigas,igas, wwasas notnot oobservedbserved hhere.ere. TTherefore,herefore, tthehe rresultsesults ssuggestuggest eeitherither a llowow ffrequencyrequency oorr tthehe aabsencebsence ooff iinfectiousnfectious fformsorms iinn tthehe ccultureulture wwhenhen ccomparedompared ttoo tthehe nnaturalatural eenvironment.nvironment. TToo cconclude,onclude, tthishis sstudytudy iiss tthehe fi rrstst ttoo rreporteport pparasiticarasitic iinfectionsnfections iinn ffarmedarmed AA.. ggigasigas. TThehe rresultsesults iindicatedndicated a hhighigh pprevalencerevalence aandnd aabundancebundance ooff mmonogeneanonogenean DD.. cycloancistrioidescycloancistrioides aandnd D.D. cycloancistriumcycloancistrium andand pprotozoarotozoa TTrichodinarichodina ssp.p. wwhichhich mmightight lleadead ttoo iimportantmportant cchangeshanges iinn tthehe hhealthealth sstatustatus ooff ffarmedarmed fi sshh aandnd ccauseause eepizooties,pizooties, rresultingesulting iinn eeconomicconomic llossesosses forfor aquaculture.aquaculture. HHigherigher pparasiticarasitic iinfectionnfection mmayay bbee ffavoredavored bbyy tthehe hhotot aandnd hhumidumid cclimatelimate ooff tthehe AAmazonianmazonian rregion,egion, aass wwellell aass bbyy aaggregationggregation bbehaviorehavior tthathat iiss ccommonommon iinn ffryry AA.. ggigasigas. Therefore,Therefore, tthehe hhighigh sstocktock ddensityensity dduringuring fi sshh rrearingearing ffacilitatesacilitates tthehe qquickuick sspreadpread ooff pparasitesarasites aandnd ssevereevere ddiseaseisease ooutbreaksutbreaks ccanan ooccurccur iinn tthehe fi sshh ffarms.arms. ______Acknowledgements TThishis wworkork wwasas supportedsupported bbyy a GGrantrant ffromrom CConselhoonselho NNacionalacional DDesenvolvimentoesenvolvimento CCientíientífi ccoo e T Tecnológicoecnológico ((CNPq,CNPq, GrantGrant # 557108/2005-5),557108/2005-5), BBrazil.razil.

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AARAÚJO,RAÚJO, C.C. S.S. O.,O., A.A. L.L. GOMES,GOMES, M.M. TAVARES-DIAS,TAVARES-DIAS, S.S. M.M. SS.. AANDRADE,NDRADE, A.A. BBELEM-COSTA,ELEM-COSTA, J.J. T.T. BORGES,BORGES, MM.. NN.. QUEIROZ,QUEIROZ, M.M. BARBOSA:BARBOSA Parazitske invazije mlađi pirarucu Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822 (Arapaimatidae) držane u poluintenzivnim farmama u središnjoj Amazoni u Brazilu. Vet. arhiv 79, 499-507, 2009. SSAŽETAKAŽETAK IIstraživanjestraživanje pparazitskearazitske ffauneaune nnaa ffarmamaarmama rribaiba oodd vvelikogaelikoga jjee zznanačeenjanja zzaa nnoveove sspoznajepoznaje o pparazitskimarazitskim vvrstamarstama jjerer oomogumogućuujeje uupletanjepletanje u nnjihovojihovo rrazmnožavanjeazmnožavanje s cciljemiljem ssprjeprječaavanjavanja ppojaveojave eepizootijapizootija i ssmanjenjamanjenja pposljediosljedičnnihih ggospodarskihospodarskih ššteta.teta. OOvovo iistraživanjestraživanje ppoduzetooduzeto jjee u ssvrhuvrhu oodredređiivanjavanja pprevalencijerevalencije i iintenzitetantenziteta pparazitaarazita u mmlalađi vvrsterste AArapaimarapaima gigasgigas držanedržane nnaa ppoluintenzivnimoluintenzivnim jjezerskimezerskim ffarmamaarmama u ddržaviržavi AAmazonamazona u BBrazilu.razilu. PPriri rrazudbiazudbi jjee uustanovljenostanovljeno ddaa jjee 996,0%6,0% AA.. ggigasigas bbiloilo ppozitivnoozitivno nnaa pparazitearazite DDawestremaawestrema ccycloancistrioidesycloancistrioides, DDawestremaawestrema cycloancistriumcycloancistrium (Monogenoidea),(Monogenoidea), TTrichodinarichodina ssp.,p., IIchthyobodochthyobodo sp.sp. (Protozoa),(Protozoa), CCamallanusamallanus ttridentatusridentatus, TTerranovaerranova serrataserrata, GGoeziaoezia sspinulosapinulosa ((Nematoda)Nematoda) i AArgulidaergulidae. IIpak,pak, nnajajčeeššće ddokazaneokazane vvrsterste pparazitaarazita bbileile ssuu DD.. cycloancistriumcycloancistrium, DD.. ccycloancistrioidesycloancistrioides i TTrichodinarichodina ffariaiariai. U istraživanjuistraživanju ssee pprvirvi pputut iizvješzvješćuujeje o pparazitimaarazitima u ffarmskiarmski ddržaneržane AA.. ggigasigas, a rrezultatiezultati ggovoreovore o vvisokojisokoj sstopitopi iinvadiranostinvadiranosti šštoto mmožeože ddovestiovesti ddoo zznatnihnatnih pporemeoremećaajaja zzdravljadravlja ddomaomaćiina.na. KKljuljučnnee rrijeiječii:: Amazona,Amazona, AArapaimarapaima ggigasigas, kkultura,ultura, pparazitiaraziti

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