PROJECT REPORT on Third Party Inspection, Monitoring and Analysis of Bioremediation / Modular Treatment of drains discharging in Ganga / Yamuna in

Submitted to

State Mission for Clean Ganga National Mission for Clean Ganga Uttar Pradesh (SMCG- UP) Ministry of Jal Shakti Urban Development Department Government of

Submitted by

सीएसआईआर- भारतीय विषविज्ञान अनुसंधान संथान CSIR - INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India

Phone:+91-522-2621856, 2613357, 2628228 Fax:+91-522-2628227 [email protected] www.iitrindia.org

Contents

S. No. Title Page no.

I. Introduction 1 - 2

II. The project and its objectives 3 – 5

III. Drain Monitoring System- Uttar Pradesh 6 – 7

IV Treatment technologies 8 – 17

V. A Sample collection, transportation and preservation of 18 – 36 pre- and post- treated water samples

B Analysis of bacteriological parameters 37

C Analysis of physico-chemical parameters 37

D V- notch calculation 37 – 38

VI. Results 39 – 54

VII. Conclusion 55 - 56

List of tables

S. No. Title Page no. 1. Technology utilized for treatment of drains and respective firms 8

2. Technology and its principle 9

3. List of drains with MORE THAN 1 MLD discharge capacity 20 – 21 under each firm

4. List of drains with LESS THAN 1 MLD discharge capacity 22 – 24 under each firm 5. Comparative analysis of mean average of pH between Inlet and 39 Outlet samples 6. Comparative analysis of mean average of Dissolved Oxygen 41 (DO) between Inlet and Outlet samples 7. Comparative analysis of mean average of Total Suspended 43 Solids (TSS) between Inlet and Outlet samples 8. Comparative analysis of mean average of Biochemical Oxygen 45 Demand (BOD) between Inlet and Outlet samples 9. Comparative analysis of mean average of Chemical Oxygen 47 Demand (COD) between Inlet and Outlet samples 10. Comparative analysis of mean average of total coliforms 49 between Inlet and Outlet samples 11. Comparative analysis of mean average of fecal coliforms 51 between Inlet and Outlet samples 12. Comparative analysis of mean average of color between Inlet 53 and Outlet samples

List of graphs

S. No. Title Page no. 1. 1. Graphical representation of mean average performance of pH 40 of samples analyzed from December 2018 to June 2019 2. Graphical representation of mean average performance of 42 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of samples analyzed from February 2019 to June 2019 3. 2. Graphical representation of mean average performance of 44 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) of samples analyzed from December 2018 to June 2019 4.3. Graphical representation of mean average performance of 46 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of samples analyzed from December 2018 to June 2019 5. Graphical representation of mean average performance of 48 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of samples analyzed from March 2019 to June 2019 6. Graphical representation of mean average count of total 50 coliforms in samples analyzed from March 2019 to June 2019 7. Graphical representation of mean average count of fecal 52 coliforms in samples analyzed from December 2018 to June 2019 8. Graphical representation of mean average performance of 54 color of samples collected from December 2018 to June 2019 9. Graphical representation of post treatment percent reduction 55 in tested parameters

List of figures

S.no. Title Page no. 1.4. Stretch of river Ganga in Uttar Pradesh (map not to scale). 2

2. Flowchart depicting the work methodology adopted by CSIR- 4 IITR, Lucknow for Third Party Assessment. 3.5. Brief work plan of CSIR-IITR for Third Party Assessment. 5

4.6. Drain Monitoring System- Uttar Pradesh 7 5.7. Images illustrating the bioremediation treatment being done at 10 – 12 different drainage sites. 6. Images illustrating the natural attenuation based treatment being 13 – 14 done at different drainage sites. 7. Images illustrating the modular treatment being done at different 15 – 17 drainage sites. 8. Major sampling stations (cities) across the course of river Ganga 19 in Uttar Pradesh that were covered under the Third Party Inspection (TPI) (schematic map not to scale). 9. Photographs captured during sampling at drains located in 25 – 27 Prayagraj, Zamania, Ballia and Ghazipur by the team members of CSIR-IITR. 10. Photographs captured during sampling at drains located in 28 – 30 Saidpur, Jhunsi, Ramnagar, Prayagraj and Mughalsarai by the team members of CSIR-IITR. 11. Photographs captured during sampling at drains located in 31 – 33 Ghazipur, Shuklaganj, Farrukhabad and Mirzapur by the team members of CSIR-IITR. 12 Photographs captured during sampling at drains located in 34 – 36 Varanasi, Ghazipur, Mirzapur and Saidpur by the team members of CSIR-IITR. 13. a) Schematic diagram of triangular V-notch 38

b) Schematic diagram of rectangular V-notch 38

List of abbreviations

DO 8. Dissolved Oxygen

TSS Total Suspended Solids

BOD 9. Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD10. Chemical Oxygen Demand

mg/L milligrams per liter

MPN Most Probable Number

NPCC National Projects Construction Corporation Limited

NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

I. Introduction

The river (commonly called as Ganga) located in the northern part of India is a sacred river of the nation and holds a high cultural esteem among the Hindu population of the country. The river has its origin in the Western Himalayan ranges of Uttarakhand. Bhagirathi which is the source stream of Ganga joins with Alakhnanda at Devprayag, Uttarakhand from where the river further flows as Ganga. The river covers a distance of 2525 km before flowing into the Bay of Bengal. The main stem of the river passes through five major states, namely, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, , Jharkhand and West Bengal. In Uttar Pradesh, river Ganga travels approx. 1025 km and stretches from Bijnor to Ballia. Being a perennial river, Ganga and its tributaries are the main source of water for domestic as well as irrigation purposes for the North Indian states. The ever-increasing demand for development has resulted in water scarcity and water quality degradation throughout the basin. Nearly all of the sewage, rarely treated, from these settlements enter the basin’s waterways. In addition to these domestic and industrial pollutants, hundreds of human corpses are released into the river every day. Population pressures, paucity of investment in water quality infrastructure and a lack of empowerment of the people continue to contribute to the deteriorating state of this river. Along the entire stretch of river Ganga in Uttar Pradesh, various STPs, industrial as well as domestic drain discharge points are located that contribute towards degradation of the water quality of the river. Keeping in view of this alarming situation and the Kumbh Festival 2019 at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, the Government of India and U.P. Jal Nigam engaged several private firms for the treatment of drains falling in the river Ganga and Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh. Under the Centre's Namami Gange project, a host of measures for sanitation as well as checking the flow of sewer drains into the Ganga were put in place. This was done to ensure that the water quality of river is maintained during the world’s biggest congregation of humans and the masses receive clean water. Various technologies, such as bioremediation, phytoremediation and modular treatment were used for the treatment of drains. To ensure that the water being treated is worthy of being discharged into the river and meets the water quality standards CSIR-IITR was entrusted the responsibility of third party inspection and monitoring of the treatment plants that were set up on untapped drains from Farrukhabad to Ballia districts.

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II. The project and its objectives

CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, a constituent laboratory of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, was established in 1965. It is the only institute of toxicology in the country contributing towards cutting-edge research and innovation in toxicology with the motto “Safety to Environment and Health & Service to Industry”. CSIR-IITR has GLP Compliance Certification from NGCMA, Government of India. CSIR-IITR undertakes research in niche areas of toxicology including studying the impact of industrial and environmental chemicals on human health and ecosystem, and environmental monitoring of pollutants in air, water and soil. CSIR–IITR has been assessed and accredited by National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) in accordance with the standard ISO/IEC 17025:2005 “General requirements for the competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories” for its NABL Certified Biological and Chemical testing facilities. The scope of accreditation involves biological testing of drinking water and surface and ground water.

CSIR-IITR has expertise in conducting such water-related studies and several industry sponsored and government sponsored projects are being undertaken under this facility. CSIR-IITR was previously involved in the monitoring and in national programs for various rivers:

Ganga River 1986-1991 Ganga Action Plan Yamuna River 1989-1990 Yamuna Biomonitoring Plan (Indo- Dutch collaborative project) Gomti River 1993-2013 Gomti Action Plan Ganga River 2014-2015 Namami Gange Program

The present study involving the Third Party Inspection of various technologies implemented for the treatment of water from different drains discharging in Ganga River in Uttar Pradesh was sponsored by National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) through State Mission for Clean Ganga (SMCG).

The aim and objectives of the study are as follows:

AIM: Third Party Inspection, monitoring and analysis of bioremediation / modular treatment of drains discharging in Ganga / Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh

The major objectives of the study were: 1. Sample collection, preservation and transportation of pre- and post- treated water samples from treatment drains at 153 sites located in various districts across Uttar Pradesh: Farrukhabad (2),

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Fatehgarh (1), Ghaziabad (1), Unnao (1), Kanpur (6), Shuklaganj (4), Bithoor (7), Dalmau (9), Kunda (1), Manikpur (2), Prayagraj (36), Jhunsi (9), Mirzapur (14), Chunar (12), Ramnagar (5), Varanasi (3), Mughalsarai (2), Ghazipur (23), Saidpur (8), Zamania (3) and Ballia (1). 2. Analysis of bacteriological parameters: Total coliforms and fecal coliforms. 3. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters like pH, color, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS).

CSIR-IITR was engaged in the inspection, monitoring and analysis of water samples of drains falling in river Ganga and Yamuna after bioremediations / modular treatment done by various agencies. Teams with highly skilled personnel and best practices were constituted for the collection of samples from the drains discharging into river Ganga. The analysis was based on several physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. In addition to the analysis, the teams checked for the proper installation of V-notch at the outlet and calculated the discharge in MLD of each drain.

1-Preparation of sampling and logistics as per roaster

2-Communication of sampling plan to the Government personnel and to the In-charge of treatment plant

3-Collection of water samples for analysis; Record site conditions, GPRS coordinates, Dissolved Oxygen, V- notch measurements

4-Photography of the sites & uploading it in the drain monitoring App

5-Transport and preservation of samples

6-QA/QC check of the samples after they reach the nodal laboratory CSIR-IITR, Lucknow

7-Laboratory analysis of the samples

8-Review results and report preparation

Figure 2: Flowchart depicting the work methodology adopted by CSIR-IITR, Lucknow for the Third Party Assessment

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Sampling (0-3 days)

Five trained teams equipped with sample collection bottles, ice boxes, reagents and with safety gears will collect sample in the presence of one official from GoA Agency / NMCG and one representative from concerned company involved in the set up of treatment plant. Each bottle will be labeled with necessary information such as site, source, date, time and GPS coordinates. Samples will be sealed and stored as per standard approved APHA and BIS methods and will be transported at 4°C to laboratory for analysis. The teams will collect samples every week for more than 1 MLD and every 15 days for less than 1 MLD.

Analysis of the samples (within 3-10 days upon sample receiving)

Samples will be analyzed for the bacteriological (Total coliforms and fecal coliforms) and physico-chemical (pH, DO, Color, BOD, COD and TSS) parameters as per the validated and approved BIS and APHA methods.

Report preparation (12-15 days)

Results will be analyzed and test reports will be prepared in prescribed format.

Report to be dispatched to SMCG (U.P.) (̴ 15 days)

Monthly report generation (̴ 30 days)

Project consolidated report with graphical data and figures, final report submission to NMCG/ SMCG/ website data portal (180 days)

Figure 3: Brief work plan of CSIR- IITR for the Third Party Assessment

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III. Drain Monitoring System- Uttar Pradesh

To ensure the transparency and quick assess of data, an Android application is designed to monitor the drains discharging wastewater/effluent in the Ganges in the state of U.P. It was made available through Google Play Store and was encrypted with Login ID and Password. The team members of CSIR-IITR accessed the app and used it on-site to provide the real-time monitoring details of the sample collection, photographs and date and time of the sampling of each sites.

Step 1 - After downloading the application from the Google Play Store, Login ID and password was entered.

Step 2 – This application works in the mobile device when the Global Positioning System (GPS) is turned on; GPS detects exact location of sampling sites. Lists of options are available after accessing the application.

a) Survey a drain b) Capture images c) Write remarks d) Help e) View reports f) Exit

Step 3 – On arrival to the sampling site, the team members of CSIR-IITR accessed the app and selected the option of “Survey a drain”. This option requires detailed information about the site such as (a) City Name, (b) Select a Drain, (c) V-notch status, (d) Discharge capacity of the drain in MLD, (e) Drain dimensions in length, width and height, (f) notch angle (ϴ) and (g) Screen installation at the site. The app has prefed dropdown menu of the names of cities and the drains that were under supervision. The CSIR-IITR team members uploaded the details of the sampling sites on the developed app. The application automatically updated the sampling date, time, latitude and longitude of the site. List of nodal officers of respective sites and their contact numbers were also available in the dropdown menu, whose presence/absence marked.

Step 4 - The last step was uploading of real time pictures, which were taken directly from the camera developed on the app and is was store directly to the server site. After entering submit button, the data was submitted to the server and can also accessed offline/ remotely.

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IV. Treatment Technologies

Nine different firms / agencies were involved in the treatment of the drains. The types of treatment provided by these firms were based on: bioremediation, natural attenuation based treatment and modular treatment.

Table 1: Technology utilized for treatment of drains and respective firms

S. Name of the Firm Type of Treatment No. of drains under treatment no. More than 1 Less than 1 MLD Drains MLD Drains 1. M/s Maple Orgtech India Bioremediation 6 47 Limited treatment 2. M/s Greenway Technologies, 23 19 Ghaziabad 3. NACOF, Hyderabad 4 20

4. GWRPL, Pune CSR-Fund 1 -

5. M/s JM Enviro Technologies 14 1 Pvt Limited, New Delhi 6. NPCC 7 -

7. CSIR- NEERI Natural attenuation 6 - based treatment 8. M/s Oraipl- Yojaka India Pvt Modular treatment 1 - Ltd

9. FVIL- Ingeo Contractor Pvt 3 1 Limited

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Table 2: Technology and its principle

S.no. Treatment Principle

1. Bioremediation Bioremediation treatment involved effective microorganisms treatment (EM) technology in treating the drains. The technology is based on the use of non- pathogenic microbial consortia (both aerobic and anaerobic) without any chemical constituents. The liquid concentrate is made by collecting and growing natural microorganism: lactobacillus, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria, excluding any pathogenic and genetically modified organisms that are harmful to living beings. When the solution is introduced to a polluted area, the microorganisms start feeding on the organic matter and multiply in the process and synthesize various enzymes that curb pollution. The solution is added both in liquid and solid bioinoculum form (mud balls) at multiple points of the drains. The EM microbes that were introduced in the process eat away the odour generating bacteria and E.coli, thereby resulting in the reduction of BOD, COD, TSS and improves water quality.

2. Natural The insitu treatment technology developed by CSIR–NEERI attenuation based treated the polluted water as it flows down the drains thereby treatment ensuring that pollution load does not reach the river. The treatment uses engineering tools to enhance the natural bioremediation processes wherein microbes and plants lead to biodegradation of organics and nutrient uptake respectively, cleaning the wastewater flowing through the drains.

3. Modular Modular treatment involves the use of Geosynthetic dewatering treatment tube (Geotube) which extracts the solid wastes from the waste going in the drain so that only water enters it. Geobag or non- woven geotextile bag is made out of porous synthetic fabric that is stitched from three sides and opens from one side. It helps in protecting rivers and other water bodies from erosion by developing an embankment and by filtering sludge from the waste water.

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BIOREMEDIATION TREATMENT

Chunar- Post Office North Drain

Prayagraj- Arail drain No. 2 (Kharkauni drain)

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Saidpur- Ward No.15 Malhiya basti drain

Mughalsarai- Ganda Drain

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Prayagraj- Baluaghat JCC Backside

Varanasi- Samneghat drain

Figure 5: Images illustrating the bioremediation treatment being done at different drainage sites.

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NATURAL ATTENUATION BASED TREATMENT (PHYTOREMEDIATION)

Jhunsi- Savitry Nagar Bazaar (New Jhunsi)

Jhunsi- Old GT Road Nala

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Jhunsi- Primary School, Ulta Kila

Jhunsi- Savitry nagar (New Jhunsi)

Figure 6: Images illustrating the natural attenuation based treatment being done at different drainage sites.

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MODULAR TREATMENT

Prayagraj- Mawaiya nala

Prayagraj- Mawaiya nala

.

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Prayagraj- Rajapur nala

Prayagraj- Salori nala (Amitabh Bacchan Culvert)

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Prayagraj- Mawaiya nala

Jhunsi- Lotey Haren nala

Figure 7: Images illustrating the modular treatment being done at different drainage sites

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V. A. Sample collection, transportation and preservation of pre- and post- treated water samples

The sampling was done as per IS 3025 (Part 1): Methods of Sampling and Test for water and wastewater (1987) and EPA guidelines: Regulatory monitoring and testing water and wastewater sampling (2007). Six different teams with trained professionals on water quality assessment were formed. They were responsible for the collection of samples as per the capacity of treatment plants i.e., weekly for more than 1 MLD drains and fortnight for less than 1 MLD drains. The team had two-three persons from CSIR-IITR, Lucknow for sampling and further processes. The sample containers for physico-chemical and microbiological analysis were cleaned as per the BIS Clause 3.3 Cleaning of Containers (3.3.1 and 3.3.1.3, respectively) given in IS: 3025-(Part 1), 1987 as per ISO-17025 specifications. For bacteriological analysis, the samples were collected in 100 ml of heat resistant, sterilized glass bottles whereas for physico-chemical parameters, the samples were collected in 1 litre of polypropylene plastic bottles as per BIS guidelines. The samples were labeled properly with date, place of collection, source and site details as per BIS specifications and NABL guidelines. Geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) were recorded for each sample on the sampling spot and the photograph/screenshot of the same was taken. Photograph of the sampling sites were also captured. After collection, the samples were transported and preserved as per the method mentioned in IS: 3025 (Part 1) under the Clause 3.5 Sample Preservation. The samples were immediately transferred to an ice box containing ice bricks to minimize changes to the sample as per guidelines. For transportation of the samples, the following measures mentioned in IS: 3025 (Part 1) under the Clause 3.8 Transportation of samples were adopted. i. The samples were collected aseptically in leak-proof sterilized glass bottles for bacteriological analysis and in plastic bottles for physico-chemical analysis to avoid breakage and were preserved to reduce degradation. ii. Samples were transported in an ice box keeping the temperature around 4ºC IS: 3025 (Part 1) under the Clause 3.5 Sample Preservation. iii. The glass bottles containing the samples for bacteriological tests were handled under aseptic conditions.

After reaching the laboratory, the samples were stored at 4°C in refrigerator till further analysis. Once the samples were received by the nodal laboratory, the samples were further proceeded for QC/QA. Throughout the sampling, NABL ISO/IEC 17025 guidelines as per BIS specifications were adopted by team members of CSIR-IITR. Best practices like sterilized bottles and sterilized reagents wherever

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needed were used. The technical person ensured that the bottles were intact, properly closed and they are under refrigerated conditions. Proper standards and positive controls were used wherever required.

Figure 8: Major sampling stations (cities) across the course of river Ganga in Uttar Pradesh that were covered under the Third Party Inspection (TPI) (schematic map not to scale)

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Table 3: List of drains with MORE THAN 1 MLD Discharge capacity under each firm

S. no. Drains Sampling Firms Type of stations treatment 1. Bisundarpur drains Mirzapur M/s Maple Bioremediation Orgtech India 2. Morcha ghar drain Limited 3. Ggoreshahid drain 4. Balaji temple 5. Khandawa 6. Basvariya drain 7. Ganga Vishu drain Shuklaganj M/s Greenway 8. Indira Nagar Drain Technologies, Ghaziabad 9. Manohar Nagar nala 10. Ravidas nagar nala 11. Shastri bridge nala Jhunsi 12. Basna nala Prayagraj 13. Ghaghar nala 1A (Sadiyapur drain) 14. Dariyabad Kakahraghat drain 15. Arail drain no. 2 (Kharkauni drain) 16. Ghaghar nala 1B 17. Sachcha baba Ashram drain 18. Sadiyapur 2 and Ghaghar nala overflow 19. Anzahi ghat Ghazipur 20. Stimer ghat 21. Collecter ghat 22. Dadri ghat 23. Sai mandir 24. DM Banglo 25. Bada Mahadeva (Gora bazar) 26. Bada Mahadeva (Adarsh bazar) 27. Ward no. 15 Malhiya basti drain Saidpur 28. Kankarwa drain Zamania 29. Karpurimai drain 30. Padva nala (Muraibagh) Shankar nagar Dalmau NACOF, Hyderabad 31. Kodra nala Jhunsi 32. Near Shankar ghat drain 2 nos. Prayagraj 33. Mahewa Pasi Tola drain no. 3 34. Assi drain Varanasi GWRPL, Pune

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S. Drains Sampling Firms Type of no. stations treatment 35. Gola ghat nala Kanpur M/s JM Enviro Bioremediation 36. Satti Chaura Technologies Pvt Limited, 37. Guptaar ghat drain New Delhi 38. Ranighat drain 39. Dabka ghat nala 40. Budhiya ghat drain 41. Bhairoghat drain (Tokaghat) Farrukhabad 42. Hathikhaana nala Fatehgarh 43. Rambhag ghat drain Ramnagar 44. Nakki Drain Varanasi 45. Samne ghat drain 46. Railway drain Mughalsarai 47. Ganda drain 48. Kathar nala at the around of Ballia city Ballia 49. Dhimarpur drain Farrukhabad NPCC 50. City jail drain (Dakari drain) Unnao 51. Duar nala babaganj Kunda 52. ADA colony nala Prayagraj 53. Jondhwal ghat drain 54. Tv Tower nala 55. Sadar bazar nala 56. Old GT Road nala Jhunsi CSIR-NEERI Natural attenuation 57. Savitry nagar bazaar (New Jhunsi) based technology

58. Savitry nagar (New Jhunsi) 59. Kriya Yogashram 60. Primary School Ulta Kila 61. Lakadiya nala 62. Rajapur nala Prayagraj Fvil. Ingeo Modular 63. Mawaiya nala Contractor Pvt Treatment Limited 64. Lotey Haran nala Jhunsi 65. Salori nala (Amitabh Bacchan Culvert) Prayagraj M/s Oraipl- Yojaka India Pvt Ltd

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Table 4: List of drains with LESS THAN 1 MLD Discharge capacity under each firm

S. Drains Sampling Firms Type of no. stations treatment 1. Hanumanghat drain Mirzapur M/s Maple Bioremediation 2. Barahmiliah drain Orgtech India 3. District judge drain Limited 4. Irrigation colony drain 5. Chorawa 6. Balughat Kacha drain 7. Malhaya drain 8. Patengra (mansarovar) drain 9. Dargahshareef nala Chunar 10. Bhairamganj east nala 11. Bhairamganj west nala 12. Tekaur basti north 13. Tekaur basti south 14. Santoshi mata mandir 15. Post office south drain 16. Post office north drain 17. Gangeshwar nishad park drain 18. Balughat drain 19. Belbeer ghat drain 20. Choura mata drain 21. Balua ghat drain Ramnagar 22. Shakti ghat drain 23. Salotri ghat drain 24. Hanuman ghat drain 25. Harizan basti Ghazipur 26. Samshan ghat 27. Rui mandi 28. Budhava mahadeva 29. Mugal Pura 30. Posta ghat 31. Khirki ghat 32. Theri bazaar 33. Chetnat ghat 34. Gola ghat 35. Maksud ghat 36. Naupura

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S. Drains Sampling Firms Type of no. stations treatment 37. Afim factory colony Bioremediation 38. Mahala basti (Sikandpur) 39. Pear nagar 40. Jauharganj drain Saidpur 41. Rangmahal ghat drain 42. Mahaveer ghat drain 43. Sanghat drain 44. Pakka ghat drain 45. Budenath mahadeva ghat drain 46. Kot ghat drain 47. Gorawa drain Zamania 48. Laksmann ghat Bithoor M/s Greenway 49. Peshwa ghat Technologies, 50. Bhramawart Ghaziabad 51. Bhann drain 52. Gudhara ghat 53. Kalwari ghat 54. Lavkush ghat 1 55. Shivkuti drain No. 1 Prayagraj 56. Shivkuti drain No. 2 57. Baluaghat JCC Backside 58. Karela bagh drain 59. Ghaghar nala 1-A1 60. Dariyabad Pipalghat drain 61. Dariyabad Jogighat drain 62. Karelabagh drain A1 63. Karelabagh drain A2 64. Gangoli shivala drain Jhunsi 65. Small drain near primary school (IInd) 66. Vat vriksha drain 67. Nala between bada math and chota math Dalmau NACOF, 68. Busda ghat ka nala (Sherandajpur) Hyderabad 69. Shukla ghat ka nala (Sherandajpur) 70. Pathvari ghat ka nala (Tikaitganj) 71. Soarkh ghat muroop nala ghat (Tikaitganj)

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S. Drains Sampling Firms Type of no. stations treatment 72. Muskatpal nala Bioremediation 73. Shivala ghat nala 74. Raja Tiloi ghat nala (Gaora ghat) 75. Shankarghat colony drain (Near Prayagraj phaphamau bridge) 76. Mahewa ghat drain no. 1 77. Mahewa ghat drain no. 2 78. Yadawpur drain 79. Drain near Chachar nala 80. Drain near Arail ghat 81. Mahewa Pasi tola Drain 1 82. Mahewa Pasi tola Drain 2 83. Fort drain no. 1 84. Fort drain no. 2 85. Prathmik Vidyalaya Manikpur 86. Mallahan tola 87. Fuldera drain Ghaziabad M/s JM Enviro Technologies Pvt Limited, New Delhi 88. Arail road bridge nala Prayagraj FVIL Ingeo Modular Contractor Treatment

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Prayagraj - Sadar Bazar Nala

Prayagraj - Tv Tower Nala

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Zamania - Kankarwa Drain

Prayagraj - Rajapur Nala

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Ballia - Kathar Nala at the around of Ballia city

Ghazipur - D.M. Banglo

Figure 9: Photographs captured during sampling at drains located in Prayagraj, Zamania, Ballia and Ghazipur by the team members of CSIR-IITR.

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Saidpur - Ward no. 15 Malhiya basti drain

Jhunsi - Primary School, Ulta Kila

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Ramnagar - Rambhag Ghat Drain

Prayagraj - Jondhwal Ghat Drain

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Mughalsarai - Ganda Drain

Prayagraj - A.D.A. Colony nala

Figure 10: Photographs captured during sampling at drains located in Saidpur, Jhunsi, Ramnagar, Prayagraj and Mughalsarai by the team members of CSIR-IITR.

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Ghazipur - Mahala Basti (Sikandpur)

Shuklaganj - Ravidas Nagar Nala

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Farrukhabad - Dhimarpur Drain

Saidpur - Rangmahal ghat Drain

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Mirzapur - Bisundarpur Drain

Ghazipur - Mugal pura

Figure 11: Photographs captured during sampling at drains located in Ghazipur, Shuklaganj, Farrukhabad, Saidpur and Mirzapur by the team members of CSIR-IITR.

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Varanasi - Nakkhi Drain

Ghazipur - Stimer Ghat

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Ghazipur - Posta Ghat

Ghazipur - Collecter Ghat

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Mirzapur – Khandawa

Saidpur - Pakka Ghat Drain

Figure 12: Photographs captured during sampling at drains located in Varanasi, Ghazipur, Mirzapur and Saidpur by the team members of CSIR-IITR.

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B. Analysis of bacteriological parameters: total coliforms and fecal coliforms

Tests for bacteriological parameters such as- total and fecal coliform was performed using multiple tube fermentation method as per BIS (2012); IS 10500: 2012 & APHA (2012). The enumeration of total coliform along with differential count of E.coli was also done using HiTouchTM E.coli / coliform count flexi plate supplied by HiMedia Laboratories. These plates are specially developed for microbial testing.

C. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters

Tests for physico-chemical parameters: pH, color, BOD, COD, and TSS were conducted in the laboratory using validated and approved methods by American Public Health Association (APHA) 22nd Ed. (2012) and Bureau of Indian Standards BIS, (2012) as per NABL guidelines. The DO was measured on site using a calibrated multi-parameter meter with probes. The validated test methods are also mentioned and provided along with the test reports. BOD: Method no. 5210-B TSS: Method no. 2540-D COD: Method no. 5220-C pH: Method no. 4500-H+ B Color: Method no. 2120B

D. V-notch calculation

For quantitative determination of the flow rate of effluent discharge from the drains, the team members of CSIR-IITR measured the head (h) and the notch angle (Ɵ) of the V- notch installed at the drains. Rectangular notches were installed only at drains located in Jhunsi, whereas at the rest of the drains, triangular notch was installed. Using the measurements, the discharge flow rate at each drain was calculated in MLD during each trip.

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Figure 13: Schematic diagram of (a) triangular V-notch, (b) rectangular V-notch

Discharge formula for (a) Triangular V-notch Q= 1.42 x tan of angle of V-notch x H power 2.5 where, Q= cum/sec Ɵ= Notch angle in degree H= m

(b) Rectangular V-notch Q= 1.8 x L x H power 1.5 where, Q= cum/sec L= Length of crest H= m

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V. Results

Table 5: Comparative analysis of mean average of pH between Inlet and Outlet samples collected from the drains treated by different firms

S. Firms pH of Inlet pH of Outlet no. samples samples 1. NPCC 7.68 7.24 (7.08 - 10.14) (6.82 - 7.46) 2. M/s JM Enviro Technologies 7.14 7.10 Pvt Limited, New Delhi (6.91 - 7.74) (6.95 - 7.39) 3. M/s Maple Orgtech India Limited 6.84 6.46 (6.57 - 7.16). (4.8 - 7.15). 4. NACOF, Hyderabad 6.75 6.55 (6.3 - 7.32) (4.05 - 7.53) 5. GWRPL, Pune CSR-Fund 6.99 6.9 (6.63 - 7.41) (6.7 - 7.20) 6. M/s Greenway Technologies, 6.98 7.07 Ghaziabad (6.82 - 7.12) (6.85 - 7.29) 7. M/s Oraipl- Yojaka India Pvt Ltd 7.33 6.77 (6.82 - 8.02) (3.73 - 8.07) 8. FVIL- Ingeo Contractor Pvt 7.08 6.35 Limited (6.89 - 7.35) (4.33 - 7.01) 9. CSIR- NEERI 7.27 7.29 (7.04 - 7.54) (7.03 - 7.64).

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Table 6: Comparative analysis of mean average of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) between Inlet and Outlet samples collected from the drains treated by different firms

S. Firms DO of Inlet samples DO of Outlet samples no. (mg/L) (mg/L) 1. NPCC 1.32 2.91 (0.89 – 1.71) (1.74 – 6.29) 2. M/s JM Enviro Technologies 1.22 1.50 Pvt Limited, New Delhi (0.58 – 2.17) (0.86 – 2.01) 3. M/s Maple Orgtech India Limited 1.19 1.83 (0.74 – 1.58) (1.11 – 2.6) 4. NACOF, Hyderabad 2.55 2.64 (0.94 – 3.98) (1.15 – 4.26) 5. GWRPL, Pune CSR-Fund 1.11 1.20 (0.65 – 1.76) (0.41 – 2.56) 6. M/s Greenway Technologies, 1.24 1.83 Ghaziabad (1.02 – 1.35) (1.48 – 2.38) 7. M/s Oraipl- Yojaka India Pvt Ltd 3.5 4.14 (2.2 – 4.5) (1.3 – 5.7) 8. FVIL- Ingeo Contractor Pvt Limited 1.04 1.77 (0.71 – 1.41) (1.23 – 2.34) 9. CSIR- NEERI 9.27 9.76 (0.98 – 2.77) (1.2 – 2.81) DO increased from February to June

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Table 7: Comparative analysis of mean average of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) between Inlet and Outlet samples collected from the drains treated by different firms

S. Firms TSS of Inlet samples TSS of Outlet samples no. (mg/L) (mg/L) 1. NPCC 218.5 93.8 (70.8 - 364) (56.4 - 150) 2. M/s JM Enviro Technologies 345.6 83.7 Pvt Limited, New Delhi (223.5 - 473.9) (66.2 - 116.8) 3. M/s Maple Orgtech India 279.6 72.1 Limited (146.7 - 563.9) (49.7 - 112.9) 4. NACOF, Hyderabad 199.3 61.6 (128.8 - 284.7) (10 - 90.9) 5. GWRPL, Pune CSR-Fund 201.0 111.9 (160 - 242) (75.5 - 156) 6. M/s Greenway Technologies, 305.4 67.4 Ghaziabad (201 - 461.7) (52.5 - 91.7) 7. M/s Oraipl- Yojaka India Pvt Ltd 190.6 21.8 (86 - 259) (10 - 26) 8. FVIL- Ingeo Contractor Pvt 209.6 28.6 Limited (96.3 - 262) (15.7 - 48.3) 9. CSIR- NEERI 233.3 91.0 (122.1 – 356.3) (21.3 - 148.3)

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Table 8: Comparative analysis of mean average of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) between Inlet and Outlet samples collected from the drains treated by different firms

S. Firms BOD of Inlet samples BOD of Outlet samples no. (mg/L) (mg/L) 1. NPCC 69.3 32.2 (55.0 - 100.7) (30 - 34.8) 2. M/s JM Enviro Technologies 64.1 29.2 Pvt Limited, New Delhi (56.7 - 86.8) (25.6 - 36.0) 3. M/s Maple Orgtech India Limited 59.8 24.3 (52 – 83.1) (22.5 - 28) 4. NACOF, Hyderabad 63.1 26.7 (53.6 - 94.9) (17.3 - 31) 5. GWRPL, Pune CSR-Fund 66.9 33.7 (59.5 - 81.6) (31 - 37.4) 6. M/s Greenway Technologies, 65.7 25.7 Ghaziabad (55.9 - 102.2) (24.7 - 27.1) 7. M/s Oraipl- Yojaka India Pvt Ltd 75.0 14.0 (65.6 - 93.3) (6.3 - 20.8) 8. FVIL- Ingeo Contractor Pvt 77.0 13.9 Limited (69.2 - 108.2) (8.3 - 19.9) 9. CSIR- NEERI 63.5 27.8 (54.1 - 74.4) (20 - 30.1)

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Table 9: Comparative analysis of mean average of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) between Inlet and Outlet samples collected from the drains treated by different firms

S. Firms COD of Inlet samples COD of Outlet no. (mg/L) samples (mg/L) 1. NPCC 299.1 85.3 (236 - 460) (78.1 - 99.6) 2. M/s JM Enviro Technologies 331.2 94.2 Pvt Limited, New Delhi (241.8 - 573.2) (77.1 - 113.2) 3. M/s Maple Orgtech India Limited 258.0 74.7 (239.4 - 282.4) (50.7 - 107.3) 4. NACOF, Hyderabad 284.6 76.2 (244.8 – 390.8) (47.4 - 101.3) 5. GWRPL, Pune CSR-Fund 366.6 108.6 (234 - 720) (90.8 - 140) 6. M/s Greenway Technologies, 361.0 91.9 Ghaziabad (255.3 - 639) (76.7 - 113.4) 7. M/s Oraipl- Yojaka India Pvt Ltd 368.3 80.3 (232 - 720) (33.8 - 160) 8. FVIL- Ingeo Contractor Pvt 341.5 71.6 Limited (226 - 620) (62.4 - 93.5) 9. CSIR- NEERI 332.7 100.7 (236.5 - 606.6) (81.7 - 139.3)

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Table 10: Comparative analysis of mean average of total coliforms between Inlet and Outlet samples collected from the drains treated by different firms

S. Firms Total coliforms in Total coliforms in no. Inlet samples Outlet samples (MPN/100ml) (MPN/100ml) 1. NPCC 75964 63092.2 (73392 – 78000)) (59371 - 67142) 2. M/s JM Enviro Technologies 71579.5 58046.5 Pvt Limited, New Delhi (67983 - 75263) (52500 - 64347) 3. M/s Maple Orgtech India Limited 70545.5 58904.7 (68042 - 74055) (54148 - 62787) 4. NACOF, Hyderabad 72850.5 60202.7 (68750 - 76611) (54750 - 64944) 5. GWRPL, Pune CSR-Fund 67837.5 53075 (61000 - 73250) (35500 - 65000) 6. M/s Greenway Technologies, 71880 59251 Ghaziabad (67470 - 74003) (53770 - 62849) 7. M/s Oraipl- Yojaka India Pvt Ltd 70600 54862.5 (57000 - 81000) (32000 - 69250) 8. FVIL- Ingeo Contractor Pvt 74124.7 61347 Limited (70250 - 79333) (56875 - 69500) 9. CSIR- NEERI 69472.7 55154 (66600 - 74041) (48083 - 63083)

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Table 11: Comparative analysis of mean average of fecal coliforms between Inlet and Outlet samples collected from the drains treated by different firms

S. Firms Fecal coliforms in Fecal coliforms in no. Inlet samples Outlet samples (MPN/100ml) (MPN/100ml) 1. NPCC 29927.1 21524.4 (17485 - 37714) (12667- 29214) 2. M/s JM Enviro Technologies 31198.7 21989.0 Pvt Limited, New Delhi (24679 - 36857) (14779 - 26318) 3. M/s Maple Orgtech India Limited 29807.4 20916.5 (26163 - 32679) (17268 - 23287) 4. NACOF, Hyderabad 33266.1 21861.1 (24021 - 46000) (14290- 33740) 5. GWRPL, Pune CSR-Fund 29705.5 21386.2 (23750 - 34000) (15450- 26666) 6. M/s Greenway Technologies, 30001.5 21076.8 Ghaziabad (19711 - 34059) (16339- 27243) 7. M/s Oraipl- Yojaka India Pvt Ltd 30473.7 16530.5 (18000 - 37750) (1200- 27750) 8. FVIL- Ingeo Contractor Pvt 32977.7 19040.8 Limited (24500 - 41909) (14428- 21470) 9. CSIR- NEERI 31064.8 21559.5 (25625 - 35500) (18300 - 27000)

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Table 12: Comparative analysis of mean average of color between Inlet and Outlet samples collected from the drains treated by different firms

S. Firms Color of Inlet samples Color of Outlet no. (Hazen Unit) samples (Hazen Unit) 1. NPCC 67.06 41.01 (55.7 - 74.15) (27.14 - 55.61) 2. M/s JM Enviro Technologies 89.89 51.73 Pvt Limited, New Delhi (57.42 - 130.63) (29.49 - 79.51) 3. M/s Maple Orgtech India Limited 80.96 29.17 (62.24 - 112.39) (18.16 - 45.08) 4. NACOF, Hyderabad 51.17 18.67 (23.69 - 94.88) (5.46 - 45.87) 5. GWRPL, Pune CSR-Fund 65.81 50.77 (43.55 - 99.13) (36.26 - 84.3) 6. M/s Greenway Technologies, 108.57 43.28 Ghaziabad (69.76 - 202.9) (27.78 - 62.12) 7. M/s Oraipl- Yojaka India Pvt Ltd 48.10 9.81 (29.3 - 78.35) (1.28 - 15.85) 8. FVIL- Ingeo Contractor Pvt 36.57 11.69 Limited (16.88 - 56.47) (4.79 - 21.09) 9. CSIR- NEERI 48.96 20.37 (15.44 - 67.64) (4.18 - 30.86)

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VII. Conclusion

The inlet and outlet samples collected from December 2018 to June 2019 were tested for physico- chemical (pH, BOD, COD, TSS, DO and color) and bacteriological parameters (total and fecal coliforms). The firms involved in treating the drains adopted the following technologies namely: bioremediation, phytoremediation and modular (Geotube) technology. Out of the nine firms involved, six firms implemented bioremediation method; two firms implemented Geotube technique and one firm applied the natural attenuation based technology (phytoremediation).

Irrespective of the treatment used, the evaluation of the results revealed mass reduction in mean average performance for all the tested parameters. However, the treatment which depicted maximum reduction in values needs to be emphasized. To determine this, percent reduction was calculated post treatment using the mean average values of pH, BOD, COD, TSS, color and coliform count obtained by using the three treatment technologies.

Graphical representation of post treatment percent reduction in tested parameters (DO* = post treatment percent increment was calculated for DO)

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1. pH#: During the period of the study from December 2018 to June 2019, the mean average pH values of the inlet and outlet samples were found in the range of 6.5-9.0, thus indicating the alkaline nature of the waste water. 2. TSS#: Among all the three types of treatments, the percent reduction in TSS varied in the range of 60.9-87.4%. 3. BOD#: The percent reduction value of BOD was found in the range of 56.1-81.7%. Bioremediation (56.1%) and natural attenuation based treatment (56.2%) depicted similar reduction in the BOD values, whereas modular treatment resulted in 81% reduction. 4. COD#: Post treatment analysis revealed the percent reduction in COD ranges from 69.7-78.6%. 5. Total and fecal coliforms: Post treatment, the total coliforms was reduced by 18.1-20.6% whereas, fecal coliforms reduced by 29.9-43.9% from the initial readings. Though the treatments were able to reduce the coliforms load, the reduction exceeded the prescribed limit. 6. Dissolved Oxygen: Post treatment, calculated percent increment of DO was found to be in the range of 5.0–27.7%. 7. Color: The percent reduction calculated for color ranged within 49.3-74.6% from the initial readings, thereby, depicting decreased turbidity in the post treated samples.

# The assessment was based on the evaluation criteria for bioremediation of drains during demonstration period notified by NMCG wide F. No. – V- 174/Dir(T-II)/2017-18/NMCG dated November 9, 2018 available at URL: smcg-up.org (copy attached).

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