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Patagonia. Geopolítica Y Geoestrategia Para Su Desarrollo Que Para Acceder Al Título De

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Patagonia. Geopolítica Y Geoestrategia Para Su Desarrollo Que Para Acceder Al Título De IESE Instituto de Enseñanza Superior del Ejército Instituto Universitario Art. 77 – Ley 24.521 Escuela Superior de Guerra ―Tte Grl Luis María Campos‖ TESIS Título: Patagonia. Geopolítica y Geoestrategia para su desarrollo Que para acceder al título de Magíster en Estrategia y Geopolítica presenta el Maestrando Guillermo J. M. Gaudio Director de Tesis: Cnl.(R.) Mg. Justino Bertotto Buenos Aires, marzo 2006 1 A la memoria del Cnl .(R) José María Tisi Baña 2 INTRODUCCIÓN PLANTEO DEL PROBLEMA La Patagonia es una región de atraso relativo respecto del resto del país que no ha recibido, para revertirlo, la atención de las autoridades centrales por haber sido históricamente desvalorizada en su importancia geopolítica y estratégica. OBJETIVO GENERAL Resaltar la importancia estratégica y geopolítica de la Patagonia y determinar el valor de una alianza estratégica con Chile para lograr el desarrollo humano y el progreso económico de la región patagónica. HIPÓTESIS El atraso actual del desarrollo humano y económico de la Patagonia, (provocado por el aislamiento geográfico, la falta de integración regional, la dureza del clima, la falta de agua potable, la indiferencia política de los gobiernos centrales y determinados intereses opuestos a su desarrollo), puede ser revertido más fácilmente mediante una alianza estratégica con Chile. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 1) Contribuir a establecer prioridades estratégicas para el desarrollo de la Patagonia., preservando sus particularidades ecológicas. 3 2) Consolidar la nueva relación con Chile, distinta de la histórica, estableciendo una alianza estratégica, promoviendo el aprovechamiento del surgimiento económico del área Asia- Pacífico como motor de su desarrollo. 3) Transformar su aislamiento de debilidad en fortaleza. Patagonia. Su nombre devuelve ecos de repiques múltiples. Patagonia se asocia invariablemente a la inmensidad, y a las grandes soledades, a planicies inmensas, costas acantiladas, hermosos lagos y boscosos faldeos andinos, etc…En su nombre se conjugan la aridez y la exuberancia; la riqueza y la escasez; la belleza y el misterio. ¿Qué les pasó a los argentinos, que la tuvieron durante tanto tiempo olvidada? ¿Cuántos son los que aún no la tienen en cuenta? Muchos. Me atrevería a decir que cada vez son más. A medida que se agudizan los problemas cotidianos y la realidad agobia a los argentinos, éstos circunscriben el campo de sus preocupaciones a su entorno físico inmediato. Trabajar, comer, estar seguro, educarse y curarse las enfermedades pasan a ocupar la totalidad de la atención de esos ciudadanos y pocos pueden despejarse para advertir que el país está lleno de posibilidades y que aún muchas de sus regiones están esperando el momento de mostrar su verdadero potencial. La Patagonia es una de ellas. Pero este no es un problema que comenzó en nuestros días. Ya en el siglo XIX, pero por razones opuestas, acontecía lo mismo. La feracidad de la pampa húmeda, la riqueza que producía, actuaba como un gran resplandor que no permitía, a la mayoría de los habitantes, mirar más allá de sus límites. Demasiado preocupados en defender sus intereses, enfrentados entre sí en luchas fratricidas, pocos dirigentes nacionales se preocuparon por conservar dentro del territorio y patrimonio nacional, estas inmensas lejanías de los centros del poder. A pesar de eso, hubo muchísimos hombres que por tierra o por mar, se preocuparon de defender la soberanía argentina sobre estos confines. Sin necesidad de idealizarlos, sin dejar de considerarlos humanos, sin pretender que la defensa de la soberanía haya sido el único objetivo que los motivó, es imposible dejar de reconocerles el coraje y la audacia que tal empresa requería. El Ejército Argentino y la Armada Argentina tuvieron un papel destacado en tales empresas. 4 Al mencionar el coraje y audacia de estos últimos, debemos referirnos al coraje y la audacia que exhibieron los primeros que se atrevieron a pisarla. Según Antonio Pigafetta, (1) cronista del viaje de Fernando de Magallanes, esta expedición llegó el 31 de Marzo de 1520 a la bahía de San Julián. Allí desembarcaron y tomaron contacto con los aborígenes a los que Magallanes denominó Patagones. Estos aborígenes eran altos y corpulentos, y como la gente alta tiene los pies grandes, la leyenda atribuyó a esta característica la denominación que Magallanes encontró para ellos. Algunos agregaron a esa fantasía, la piel de guanaco con la que cubrían sus pies, haciéndolos aún más grandes. No fue así. Según demostró la filóloga argentina Maria Rosa Lida, (2) el nombre tiene otro origen. Magallanes era un hombre culto. Lo suficiente, por lo menos, para haber leído la novela ―Primaleón‖, donde el héroe captura al gigante ―Patagón‖. La misma Lida dice que, en la primera edición de la novela, del año 1512, hoy conservada en Cambridge, se habla de un pueblo de salvajes a los que se denomina ―patagones‖. Tal novela era del género que se denominaba ―de caballería‖, y estas eran lectura obligada de aquellos expedicionarios que sabían leer y actuaban como estímulo en la búsqueda de aventuras. ¿Cuál de ambos fue el motivo por el cual Magallanes adoptó esa denominación? No importa. Lo importante es que Pigafetta estampó en sus mapas el nombre de Patagonia, y así quedó. Patagonia, es una parte de Argentina a la que podríamos denominar ―la recién llegada‖. Aunque siempre estuvo, no se la conocía. O mejor dicho, se llamaba en los primero mapas ―Tierra Incógnita‖. Es cierto que durante mas de trescientos años, como veremos, después que Magallanes la descubriera, se tragó todos los intentos de colonización que se intentaron (3). Muchos años más tarde, como decimos más arriba, en los siglos XVII y XVIII, el desierto estaba a las puertas de Buenos Aires y hacia el oeste el límite sur del Virreinato se ubicaba en el extremo norte de la Provincia de San Luís. Desde la línea imaginaria que unía Buenos Aires con Mendoza hacia el sur era dominio indígena. Imposible que la civilización avanzara sobre ella. Cuando se fue extendiendo la línea de fortines, estos no estaban inicialmente a más de cien kilómetros de Buenos Aires, y las expediciones que salían de la misma en búsqueda de la sal de las Salinas 5 Grandes debían armarse hasta con artillería para poder cumplir su cometido, cosa que no siempre lograban (4). Fue desde ese ―Mar del Norte‖, como se denominaba entonces al Atlántico Sur, desde donde comenzó a ser conocida la Patagonia. En 1519 Hernando de Magallanes reconoció sus costas y encontró en 1520 el paso al Pacífico que hoy lleva su nombre. Sebastián Elcano y Fray García de Loaisa en 1525 estuvieron en los hoy llamados Puerto Deseado, Puerto Santa Cruz y Río Gallegos. En 1535 Simón de Alcazaba también recorría y reconocía su litoral. Luego de haber tenido status de gobernación independiente, la Patagonia fue anexada entre 1554 y 1573 a Chile. Más tarde se la desvinculó de la misma para favorecer su colonización, pero ante el fracaso de los distintos intentos, cómo veremos, quedó como una región desocupada. Desde occidente y a través de los Andes llegaron al promediar el siglo XVI Jerónimo de Alderete y los hermanos Francisco y Pedro Villagra, que se adentraron en la hoy Provincia del Neuquén. Los siguieron don Diego de León y Juan Fernández, descubridores del lago Nahuel Huapi. La leyenda de la Ciudad de los Césares, motivó las excursiones de Hernandarias en 1605 y Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera en 1622. Difícilmente pueda encontrarse una fantasía tan poco aproximada a la realidad de la región. La leyenda de la ciudad de los Césares, a la que se describía abarrotada con oro, plata, joyas y piedras preciosas enloqueció por más de trescientos años a guerreros y frailes arrastrándolos, como si estuvieran fascinados, de un extremo al otro de la región. Se registran descripciones del año 1601 donde se los ve, a los Cesares, viviendo en casas de piedra y sirviéndose de vasijas de plata y oro. Pero habrá que esperar hasta 1789 para que se fundaran San Julián en la Provincia de Santa Cruz; San José en la Provincia de Chubut y Carmen de Patagones-Viedma en la desembocadura del Río Negro, en el norte de la hoy provincia homónima. Había habido un intento previo. En 1581 una gran expedición, al mando de Diego Flores de Valdés y Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa en calidad de ―Capitán General del Estrecho de Magallanes‖, intentó fundar dos poblados estables en esa vía de agua. Terminó en tragedia. Cavendish encontró en 1587 sólo tres sobrevivientes. Mil hombres y veinte barcos se perdieron en ese intento colonizador. 6 La Patagonia fue visitada por científicos, religiosos y aventureros. A ella llegaron diversos grupos humanos de los que debemos destacar la colonización galesa del río Chubut, por ser previa a la campaña del desierto del General Roca, ya que el primer contingente, integrado por religiosos practicantes conducidos por tres pastores, llegó en 1865. Capítulo aparte merecería las tensiones generadas entre España, Francia e Inglaterra por la posesión de las Islas Malvinas, finalmente en poder ilegítimo de esta última. Pero al no ser el objeto de este trabajo profundizar en el análisis de ese problema, como en ningún otro de soberanía, lo soslayaremos. Sólo diremos que esa competencia formó parte de la llamada cuestión del Pacífico, que involucraron no sólo a dichas islas sino también a la Patagonia y al Cabo de Hornos, dada la trascendencia estratégica que adquirieron con la posibilidad de la intensificación del tránsito marítimo entre el Atlántico Sur, el Pacífico y el Lejano Oriente. Esta es una parte de la historia de la Patagonia. No la más remota. La más remota tiene que ver con otras eras geológicas. Cuando en un principio estaba cubierta por el mar y centenas de siglos más tarde la cubrieron grandes forestas y la habitaban enormes mamíferos y dinosaurios que vivían en un clima tropical, obviamente totalmente distinto del actual.
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