DOCSLIB.ORG

The Ebb and Flow of Tidal Barrage Development in Zhejiang Province

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80 (2017) 380–389 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser fl The ebb and ow of tidal barrage development in Zhejiang Province, China MARK ⁎ Ying Lia, Dong-Zi Panb, a Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, China b Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics and Estuary, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: China's major development and construction in utilization of tidal energy resources are concentrated in the area Renewable energy of Zhejiang Province. The development of tidal barrage in Zhejiang Province presented the ebb and flow trends. Ocean energy This paper introduced the resource status of tidal energy in Zhejiang Province. The five development stages of Tidal barrage tidal barrage technology and the profiles of tidal power plant (TPP) in operation were reviewed, and problems Tidal range and experiences were discussed. Some available future works for the development of tidal barrage were also Tidal power plant (TPP) proposed. The direction of utilizing tidal potential energy in the future is to update the generating units, improve construction skills and run optimization of operation in order to reduce costs and mitigate the impact on the environment. Actively exploring construction methods of medium to large-scale of TPPs are helpful to accelerate the utilization of tidal energy resources in Zhejiang Province and coastal areas in China. 1. Introduction earlier than other types of renewable energy [13]. The wide-range utilization of tidal energy in China began in the mild 50s of the 20th Tidal energy is a form of renewable energy generated by the century [14,15]. According to the relevant literature, over 100 TPPs periodic change in the ocean envelop of earth which results from the were built in China with a total capacity of 7638 kW [6]. Currently, gravitational interaction of Moon, Sun and Earth [1,2]. Tidal energy there are only two TPPs in operation, one is the Jiangxia Experimental includes potential energy and kinetic energy. Modern technology of TPP and another is the Haishan TPP [16]. These two stations were both harvesting the tidal energy center around two main methodologies, i.e. located in Yueqing Bay in Zhejiang Province, China. tidal barrage and tidal stream. Tidal barrages convert the potential China's major development and construction in utilization of tidal energy of the tides to electricity while tidal stream turbines use the energy resources are concentrated in the area of Zhejiang Province. kinetic energy of the tides. Tidal barrage technology utilizes a head Therefore, the review of the development of TPPs in Zhejiang Province difference between two bodies of water [3,4]. A typical tidal barrage is a is critical to understand the utilization history of tidal energy in China. wall, built across a bay or estuary to separate the water into two areas In this paper, the main subject is to give a comprehensive review of the when the tide flows in or out. The wall barricades the flow of the tide development of tidal barrage technology in Zhejiang Province, China. and creates a head difference. Turbines in the barrage generate In the next part of this paper, Section 2, a brief overview on the electricity by using the head difference. resource status of tidal energy in Zhejiang Province is presented. Then, Only a few large TPPs have been built around the world [5,6]. Such the five development stages of tidal barrage technology are summarized as the 240 MW tidal range facility at La Rance, France completed in in Section 3. Section 4 describes the profiles of TPP in operation, 1966 [7], the 1.7 MW tidal range station at Kislaya Guba, Russia including the Jiangxia Experimental TPP and Haishan TPP. completed in 1968 [8], the 4.1 MW Jiangxia Experimental TPP in Meanwhile, problems and experiences from the operating TPPs are Zhejiang Province, China in operation from 1980, the 20 MW also discussed. Section 5, conclusions are drawn and possible future Annapolis Royal Power Station in Annapolis, Canada completed in work is proposed. 1984 [9], and the 254 MW Sihwa TPP in South Korea completed in 2011 [10]. Table 1 listed most of the large power stations that run on 2. Resource status of tidal energy in Zhejiang Province tidal power around the world [11]. Many small TPPs were built with modest means in China in 1950s – 1970s as will be described below. Zhejiang Province is located on the southeast coast of China as Chinese people harness the power of tides originated with the tide shown in Fig. 1. Its shoreline twists and turns. According to the update mill [12]. The utilization of tidal energy to electricity in China starts results of Zhejiang Offshore Comprehensive Survey and Assessment ⁎ Correspondence to: Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics and Estuary, 50 East Fengqi Road, 310020 Hangzhou, China. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.-Z. Pan). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.122 Received 18 May 2016; Received in revised form 16 February 2017; Accepted 19 May 2017 1364-0321/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Y. Li, D.-Z. Pan Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80 (2017) 380–389 Table 1 Large power stations that run on tidal power around the world. Station Capacity Country Location Remark (MW) La Rance TPP 240 France 48°37′05″N, In operation from 1966 02°01′24″W Kislaya Guba TPP 1.7 Russia 69°22′37″N, In operation from 1968 33°04′33″E Jiangxia Experimental TPP 4.1 China 28°20′34″N, 121°14′25″E In operation from 1980 Annapolis Royal TPP 20 Canada 44°45′07″N, 65°30′40″W In operation from 1984 Strangford Lough SeaGen 1.2 United Kingdom 54°22′04″N, 05°32′40″W In operation from 2008 Uldolmok TPP 1.5 South Korea 34°32′07″N, 126°14′06″E In operation from 2009 Sihwa Lake TPP 254 South Korea 37°18′47″N, 126°36′46″E In operation from 2011 Bluemull Sound Tidal Stream Array 0.5 United Kingdom 60°41′01″N, 00°59′12″W Under construction from 2016 Meygen Tidal Project 398 United Kingdom 58°39′26.2″N, 3°7′1.5″W Under construction from 2015 projects, the length of Zhejiang coastline is 6715 km, comprised of 3. The development process of tidal barrage in Zhejiang 2218 km of mainland coastline and 4497 km of island coastline [17]. Province As shown in Fig. 2, the larger estuary and bay from north to south are Qiantang River Estuary, Hangzhou Bay, Yong River Estuary, The utilization of tidal energy in Zhejiang Province, similar to that Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay, Taizhou Bay, Jiao River Estuary, developed in China, mainly underwent five stages as follows. Yueqing Bay, Wenzhou Bay, Ou River Estuary, Feiyun River Estuary, and Ao River Estuary. 3.1. Tidal energy resources survey stage (1950s – 1960s) The tidal range increased from east to west in the bay and decreased from south to north in nearshore region. The annual mean tidal range In July 1958, due to the demand of rapid development in China of the southern bay was above 5 m, which of Zhoushan Islands was industrial and agricultural production, an upsurge of utilization of tidal – merely 3 3.5 m. After the tidal wave entering the bay, the tidal range energy was set off in the provinces near the coastal areas. Zhejiang often increases due to narrowing sections. For example, the tidal range Province emphasized on the Qiantang River for the development of of apex of Hangzhou Bay was twice more than the one at the mouth, tidal energy, carrying out a series of resources investigation. After the and the tidal range of apex of Yueqing Bay was 1 m higher than the one first national survey of tidal energy resources, including eleven larger at the mouth. The largest tidal range ever measured in Hangzhou bay estuaries and bays in Zhejiang Province, it estimated that the available was 9 m while over 8 m was measured in Yueqing Bay as well. installed capacity of tidal power is 9.16×106 kW, and the annual energy As the tidal range and tide storage area of the estuary and bay are output is 2.27×1010 kW h as stated in the Survey Report of Tidal considerable, there was a great potential for utilizing rich tidal energy energy Resources in Zhejiang Coastal Area [19]. in Zhejiang Province. According to statistics in research projects [18], In October 1958, National Tidal Energy Conference was held in China's available installed capacity of tidal power is 2.16×107 kW and 10 Shanghai, discussing mainly on the construction of the Qiantang River the annual energy output is 6.19×10 kW h, of which the Zhejiang Estuary TPP. In December 1959, as being the Qiantang River down- Province's available installed capacity of tidal power is 8.8×106 kW and 10 stream regulation project, Zhejiang Province's Zhapu TPP construction the annual energy output is 2.64×10 kW h, accounting for 40.7% and was listed in the national construction plan. In April 1960, National 42.6%, respectively. Science and Technology Commission (NSTC) and the Ministry of Electrical Power and Water Resources (MEW) held Qiantang River Estuary Comprehensive Regulation Conference, identified the major research tasks of tidal energy [20]. Fig. 1. Location of Zhejiang Province in China. 381 Download English Version: https://daneshyari.com/en/article/5482063 Download Persian Version: https://daneshyari.com/article/5482063 Daneshyari.com.
Recommended publications
  • Risk Factors for Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Zhejiang Province, China

    Risk Factors for Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Zhejiang Province, China

    Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2510.181699 Risk Factors for Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Zhejiang Province, China Appendix Appendix Table. Surveillance for carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitals, Zhejiang Province, China, 2015– 2017* Years Hospitals by city Level† Strain identification method‡ excluded§ Hangzhou First 17 People's Liberation Army Hospital 3A VITEK 2 Compact Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital 3A VITEK 2 Compact Hangzhou First People’s Hospital 3A MALDI-TOF MS Hangzhou Children's Hospital 3A VITEK 2 Compact Hangzhou Hospital of Chinese Traditional Hospital 3A Phoenix 100, VITEK 2 Compact Hangzhou Cancer Hospital 3A VITEK 2 Compact Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou 3A VITEK 2 Compact Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University 3A MALDI-TOF MS The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine 3A MALDI-TOF MS Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University 3A VITEK 2 Compact The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University 3A MALDI-TOF MS The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of 3A MALDI-TOF MS Medicine Hangzhou Second People’s Hospital 3A MALDI-TOF MS Zhejiang People's Armed Police Corps Hospital, Hangzhou 3A Phoenix 100 Xinhua Hospital of Zhejiang Province 3A VITEK 2 Compact Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital 3A MALDI-TOF MS Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 3A MALDI-TOF MS Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province 3A VITEK 2 Compact Zhejiang Hospital 3A MALDI-TOF MS Zhejiang Cancer
  • Book of Abstracts

    Book of Abstracts

    PICES Seventeenth Annual Meeting Beyond observations to achieving understanding and forecasting in a changing North Pacific: Forward to the FUTURE North Pacific Marine Science Organization October 24 – November 2, 2008 Dalian, People’s Republic of China Contents Notes for Guidance ...................................................................................................................................... v Floor Plan for the Kempinski Hotel......................................................................................................... vi Keynote Lecture.........................................................................................................................................vii Schedules and Abstracts S1 Science Board Symposium Beyond observations to achieving understanding and forecasting in a changing North Pacific: Forward to the FUTURE......................................................................................................................... 1 S2 MONITOR/TCODE/BIO Topic Session Linking biology, chemistry, and physics in our observational systems – Present status and FUTURE needs .............................................................................................................................. 15 S3 MEQ Topic Session Species succession and long-term data set analysis pertaining to harmful algal blooms...................... 33 S4 FIS Topic Session Institutions and ecosystem-based approaches for sustainable fisheries under fluctuating marine resources ..............................................................................................................................................
  • Barcode:3844251-01 A-570-112 INV - Investigation

    Barcode:3844251-01 A-570-112 INV - Investigation

    Barcode:3844251-01 A-570-112 INV - Investigation - PRODUCERS AND EXPORTERS FROM THE PRC Producer/Exporter Name Mailing Address A-Jax International Co., Ltd. 43th Fei Yue Road, Zhongshan City, Guandong Province, China Anhui Amigo Imp.&Exp. Co., Ltd. Private Economic Zone, Chaohu, 238000, Anhui, China Anhui Sunshine Stationery Co., Ltd. 17th Floor, Anhui International Business Center, 162, Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, China Anping Ying Hang Yuan Metal Wire Mesh Co., Ltd. No. 268 of Xutuan Industry District of Anping County, Hebei Province, 053600, China APEX MFG. CO., LTD. 68, Kuang-Chen Road, Tali District, Taichung City, 41278, Taiwan Beijing Kang Jie Kong 9-2 Nanfaxin Sector, Shunping Rd, Shunyi District, Beijing, 101316, China Changzhou Kya Fasteners Co., Ltd. Room 606, 3rd Building, Rongsheng Manhattan Piaza, Hengshan Road, Xinbei District, Changzhou City, Jiangsu, China Changzhou Kya Trading Co., Ltd. Room 606, 3rd Building, Rongsheng Manhattan Piaza, Hengshan Road, Xinbei District, Changzhou City, Jiangsu, China China Staple #8 Shu Hai Dao, New District, Economic Development Zone, Jinghai, Tianjin Chongqing Lishun Fujie Trading Co., Ltd. 2-63, G Zone, Perpetual Motor Market, No. 96, Torch Avenue, Erlang Technology New City, Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, China Chongqing Liyufujie Trading Co., Ltd. No. 2-63, Electrical Market, Torch Road, Jiulongpo District, Chongqing 400000, China Dongyang Nail Manufacturer Co.,Ltd. Floor-2, Jiaotong Building, Ruian, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China Fastco (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd. Tong Da Chuang Ye, Tian
  • The Chinese in Spain

    The Chinese in Spain

    The Chinese in Spain Gladys Nieto* ABSTRACT During the past 15 years, the Chinese migrant community in Spain has grown significantly. Originally a small and dispersed population, it now ranks fourth among the migrant groups from non-European Union (EU) countries. Its increasing presence in daily urban life is evident everywhere. Even though the Chinese community has a long history of settlement in Spain, the Spanish population still considers the Chinese as a closed and somewhat mysterious community. References to exaggerated stereotypes and prejudices regarding their activities and social organization can often be overheard in daily conversations. However, China, usually considered exotic and remote, has recently assumed greater importance in Spain’s foreign policy. Thus, the Spanish Government has drawn up the Asia-Pacific Framework Plan for 2000- 2002 as part of its international policy considerations, thereby extending its interests to include areas well beyond its traditional foreign policy focus on Latin America. The Government’s objectives are to expand its economic relations with Asia, to enhance trade and tourism with the area, expand the development cooperation with China, the Philippines, and Viet Nam – countries defined as top priorities for the Spanish Government – and to reinforce linguistic and cultural ties with these countries (Bejarano, 2002). In support of the Asia-Pacific Framework Plan, the Casa Asia (House of Asia) was estab- lished in Barcelona in 2002, an institution created to organize academic and artistic activities in order to promote the knowledge of the region among Spaniards, and to foster political, economic, and cultural relations with Asia. The Government intends to pursue two important objectives related to the increasing commitments it is seeking to establish with China, and which are also of relevance to the overseas Chinese as the principal social actors in- volved.
  • Rhinogobius Immaculatus, a New Species of Freshwater Goby (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Qiantang River, China

    Rhinogobius Immaculatus, a New Species of Freshwater Goby (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Qiantang River, China

    ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH Rhinogobius immaculatus, a new species of freshwater goby (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Qiantang River, China Fan Li1,2,*, Shan Li3, Jia-Kuan Chen1 1 Institute of Biodiversity Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 2 Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200090, China 3 Shanghai Natural History Museum, Branch of Shanghai Science & Technology Museum, Shanghai 200041, China ABSTRACT non-diadromous (landlocked) (Chen et al., 1999a, 2002; Chen A new freshwater goby, Rhinogobius immaculatus sp. & Kottelat, 2005; Chen & Miller, 2014; Huang & Chen, 2007; Li & Zhong, 2009). nov., is described here from the Qiantang River in In total, 44 species of Rhinogobius have been recorded in China. It is distinguished from all congeners by the China (Chen et al., 2008; Chen & Miller, 2014; Huang et al., following combination of characters: second dorsal-fin 2016; Huang & Chen, 2007; Li et al., 2007; Li & Zhong, 2007, rays I, 7–9; anal-fin rays I, 6–8; pectoral-fin rays 2009; Wu & Zhong, 2008; Yang et al., 2008), eight of which 14–15; longitudinal scales 29–31; transverse scales have been reported from the Qiantang River basin originating 7–9; predorsal scales 2–5; vertebrae 27 (rarely 28); in southeastern Anhui Province to eastern Zhejiang Province. These species include R. aporus (Zhong & Wu, 1998), R. davidi preopercular canal absent or with two pores; a red (Sauvage & de Thiersant, 1874), R. cliffordpopei (Nichols, oblique stripe below eye in males; branchiostegal 1925), R. leavelli (Herre, 1935a), R. lentiginis (Wu & Zheng, membrane mostly reddish-orange, with 3–6 irregular 1985), R.
  • 1 Testimony Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review

    1 Testimony Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review

    Date of the hearing: January 26, 2012. Title of the hearing: China’s Global Quest for Resources and Implications for the United States Name of panelist: Brahma Chellaney Panelist’s title and organization: Professor of Strategic Studies, Center for Policy Research, New Delhi. Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission China has pursued an aggressive strategy to secure (and even lock up) supplies of strategic resources like water, energy and mineral ores. Gaining access to or control of resources has been a key driver of its foreign and domestic policies. China, with the world’s most resource-hungry economy, is pursuing the world’s most-assertive policies to gain control of important resources. Much of the international attention on China’s resource strategy has focused on its scramble to secure supplies of hydrocarbons and mineral ores. Such attention is justified by the fact that China is seeking to conserve its own mineral resources and rely on imports. For example, China, a major steel consumer, has substantial reserves of iron ore, yet it has banned exports of this commodity. It actually encourages its own steel producers to import iron ore. China, in fact, has emerged as the largest importer of iron ore, accounting for a third of all global imports. India, in contrast, remains a major exporter of iron ore to China, although the latter has iron-ore deposits more than two-and-half times that of India. But while buying up mineral resources in foreign lands, China now supplies, according to one estimate, about 95 per cent of the world’s consumption of rare earths — a precious group of minerals vital to high- technology industry, such as miniaturized electronics, computer disk drives, display screens, missile guidance, pollution-control catalysts, and advanced materials.
  • Inland Fisheries Resource Enhancement and Conservation in Asia Xi RAP PUBLICATION 2010/22

    Inland Fisheries Resource Enhancement and Conservation in Asia Xi RAP PUBLICATION 2010/22

    RAP PUBLICATION 2010/22 Inland fisheries resource enhancement and conservation in Asia xi RAP PUBLICATION 2010/22 INLAND FISHERIES RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT AND CONSERVATION IN ASIA Edited by Miao Weimin Sena De Silva Brian Davy FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Bangkok, 2010 i The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ISBN 978-92-5-106751-2 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2010 For copies please write to: Aquaculture Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion, 39 Phra Athit Road Bangkok 10200 THAILAND Tel: (+66) 2 697 4119 Fax: (+66) 2 697 4445 E-mail: [email protected] For bibliographic purposes, please reference this publication as: Miao W., Silva S.D., Davy B.
  • Factory Address Country

    Factory Address Country

    Factory Address Country Durable Plastic Ltd. Mulgaon, Kaligonj, Gazipur, Dhaka Bangladesh Lhotse (BD) Ltd. Plot No. 60&61, Sector -3, Karnaphuli Export Processing Zone, North Potenga, Chittagong Bangladesh Bengal Plastics Ltd. Yearpur, Zirabo Bazar, Savar, Dhaka Bangladesh ASF Sporting Goods Co., Ltd. Km 38.5, National Road No. 3, Thlork Village, Chonrok Commune, Korng Pisey District, Konrrg Pisey, Kampong Speu Cambodia Ningbo Zhongyuan Alljoy Fishing Tackle Co., Ltd. No. 416 Binhai Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo, Zhejiang China Ningbo Energy Power Tools Co., Ltd. No. 50 Dongbei Road, Dongqiao Industrial Zone, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang China Junhe Pumps Holding Co., Ltd. Wanzhong Villiage, Jishigang Town, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang China Skybest Electric Appliance (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. No. 18 Hua Hong Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu China Zhejiang Safun Industrial Co., Ltd. No. 7 Mingyuannan Road, Economic Development Zone, Yongkang, Zhejiang China Zhejiang Dingxin Arts&Crafts Co., Ltd. No. 21 Linxian Road, Baishuiyang Town, Linhai, Zhejiang China Zhejiang Natural Outdoor Goods Inc. Xiacao Village, Pingqiao Town, Tiantai County, Taizhou, Zhejiang China Guangdong Xinbao Electrical Appliances Holdings Co., Ltd. South Zhenghe Road, Leliu Town, Shunde District, Foshan, Guangdong China Yangzhou Juli Sports Articles Co., Ltd. Fudong Village, Xiaoji Town, Jiangdu District, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China Eyarn Lighting Ltd. Yaying Gang, Shixi Village, Shishan Town, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong China Lipan Gift & Lighting Co., Ltd. No. 2 Guliao Road 3, Science Industrial Zone, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, Guangdong China Zhan Jiang Kang Nian Rubber Product Co., Ltd. No. 85 Middle Shen Chuan Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong China Ansen Electronics Co. Ning Tau Administrative District, Qiao Tau Zhen, Dongguan, Guangdong China Changshu Tongrun Auto Accessory Co., Ltd.
  • Status of Freshwater Fish Biodiversity in the Yangtze River Basin, China

    Status of Freshwater Fish Biodiversity in the Yangtze River Basin, China

    Status of freshwater fish biodiversity in the Yangtze River Basin, China Jianhua Li College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China ABSTRACT Tere are over 1000 species in Chinese freshwater fish fauna, in which at least 717 species in 33 families inhabit rivers, along with a further 66 species spend part of their lives in rivers. The other species are mainly confined to esturine reaches, but they swim upsteam occasionally. According to the recently gathered information on freshwater fish biodiversity, 361 species are found in the Yangtze River Basin, of which 177 species are endemic to the Yangtze River. Pessimistically, 25 species in the Yangtze River Basin are listed as endangered species in the China Red Data Book for fishes. the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Regarding to the species richness patterns along the basin altitude gradient of total, non-endemic and endemic fishes were different, which non-endemic richness showed a significant decrease with increasing elevation, whereas endemic richness had a couple of peaks including a major peak at around 500-m and a minor peak at near 1800-m. Meanwhile, species density also presented two peaks at mid elevation zones for endemic and non-endemic fishes, such as 1500-2000m and 3500-4000m for endemic fishes, and 500-1000m and 3500-4000m for non-endemic fishes, respectively. In addition, structure of endemic fish assemblages in the upper Yangtze River was highly correlated with local topographic and geomorphic characteristics. The combined effects of pollution, habitat degradation and overexploitation have reduced fish stocks dramatically. Hydrological alterations are perhaps the largest threat to fish biodiversity in the Yangtze River Basin, such as dam construction and disconnection between river and its lakes.
  • Inquiry Into the Wenzhou Model of Industrial Development In

    Inquiry Into the Wenzhou Model of Industrial Development In

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Insitutional Repository at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies From Inferior to Superior Products: An Inquiry into the Wenzhou Model of Industrial Development in China1 Tetsushi Sonobe, Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development, Tokyo 162-8677, Japan Dinghuan Hu Institute of Agricultural Economics, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China Keijiro Otsuka Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development, Tokyo 162-8677, Japan (May 2004) Running head: Wenzhou Model of Industrial Development 1 From Inferior to Superior Products: An Inquiry into the Wenzhou Model of Industrial Development in China Abstract Although the vitality of small private enterprises as the prime mover of the substantial economic growth in Wenzhou is widely recognized, empirical research investigating the development process of such private enterprises is useful. Based on a survey of enterprises producing low-voltage electric appliances, we find that the entry of a large number of new enterprises producing poor-quality products was followed by the upgrading of product quality and the introduction of new marketing strategies. Hence, we attempt to identify statistically the mechanisms underlying this evolutionary process of industrial development. JEL classification numbers: O12, P23 2 1. Introduction China’s substantial economic growth in the 1980s is attributable mainly to township- and village enterprises (TVEs) according to Chen et al. (1992), Jefferson et al. (1996), and Otsuka et al. (1998). However, the private sector emerged as the new engine of Chinese economic growth in the 1990s. The heartland of this private sector growth is Zhejiang Province, particularly in Wenzhou City as Zhang (1989), Nolan (1990), Dong (1990), Wang (1996), Li (1997), Zhang (1999) and Sonobe et al.
  • Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths

    Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths

    Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths August 2019 The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH a non-profit, federally owned enterprise, implementing international cooperation projects and measures in the field of sustainable development on behalf of the German Government, as well as other national and international clients. The German Energy Transition Expertise for China Project, which is funded and commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), supports the sustainable development of the Chinese energy sector by transferring knowledge and experiences of German energy transition (Energiewende) experts to its partner organisation in China: the China National Renewable Energy Centre (CNREC), a Chinese think tank for advising the National Energy Administration (NEA) on renewable energy policies and the general process of energy transition. CNREC is a part of Energy Research Institute (ERI) of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Contact: Anders Hove Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH China Tayuan Diplomatic Office Building 1-15-1 No. 14, Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing 100600 PRC [email protected] www.giz.de/china Table of Contents Executive summary 1 1. The Three Norths region features high water-stress, high coal use, and abundant grasslands 3 1.1 The Three Norths is China’s main base for coal production, coal power and coal chemicals 3 1.2 The Three Norths faces high water stress 6 1.3 Water consumption of the coal industry and irrigation of grassland relatively low 7 1.4 Grassland area and productivity showed several trends during 1980-2015 9 2.
  • China's Global Quest for Resources and Implications for the United

    China's Global Quest for Resources and Implications for the United

    CHINA’S GLOBAL QUEST FOR RESOURCES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES HEARING BEFORE THE U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JANUARY 26, 2012 Printed for use of the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission Available via the World Wide Web: www.uscc.gov UNITED STATES-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION WASHINGTON: 2012 i U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION Hon. DENNIS C. SHEA, Chairman Hon. WILLIAM A. REINSCH, Vice Chairman Commissioners: CAROLYN BARTHOLOMEW Hon. CARTE GOODWIN DANIEL A. BLUMENTHAL DANIEL M. SLANE ROBIN CLEVELAND MICHAEL R. WESSEL Hon. C. RICHARD D’AMATO LARRY M. WORTZEL, Ph.D . JEFFREY L. FIEDLER MICHAEL R. DANIS, Executive Director The Commission was created on October 30, 2000 by the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for 2001 § 1238, Public Law No. 106-398, 114 STAT. 1654A-334 (2000) (codified at 22 U.S.C. § 7002 (2001), as amended by the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for 2002 § 645 (regarding employment status of staff) & § 648 (regarding changing annual report due date from March to June), Public Law No. 107-67, 115 STAT. 514 (Nov. 12, 2001); as amended by Division P of the “Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003,” Pub L. No. 108-7 (Feb. 20, 2003) (regarding Commission name change, terms of Commissioners, and responsibilities of the Commission); as amended by Public Law No. 109-108 (H.R. 2862) (Nov. 22, 2005) (regarding responsibilities of Commission and applicability of FACA); as amended by Division J of the “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008,” Public Law Nol.