The Ebb and Flow of Tidal Barrage Development in Zhejiang Province

Home , Jiao River (Zhejiang), Ou River (Zhejiang), Qiantang River, Yueqing

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80 (2017) 380–389

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

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ﬂ The ebb and ow of tidal barrage development in Zhejiang Province, China MARK ⁎ Ying Lia, Dong-Zi Panb, a Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, China b Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics and Estuary, China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: China's major development and construction in utilization of tidal energy resources are concentrated in the area Renewable energy of Zhejiang Province. The development of tidal barrage in Zhejiang Province presented the ebb and flow trends. Ocean energy This paper introduced the resource status of tidal energy in Zhejiang Province. The five development stages of Tidal barrage tidal barrage technology and the profiles of tidal power plant (TPP) in operation were reviewed, and problems Tidal range and experiences were discussed. Some available future works for the development of tidal barrage were also Tidal power plant (TPP) proposed. The direction of utilizing tidal potential energy in the future is to update the generating units, improve construction skills and run optimization of operation in order to reduce costs and mitigate the impact on the environment. Actively exploring construction methods of medium to large-scale of TPPs are helpful to accelerate the utilization of tidal energy resources in Zhejiang Province and coastal areas in China.

1. Introduction earlier than other types of renewable energy [13]. The wide-range utilization of tidal energy in China began in the mild 50s of the 20th Tidal energy is a form of renewable energy generated by the century [14,15]. According to the relevant literature, over 100 TPPs periodic change in the ocean envelop of earth which results from the were built in China with a total capacity of 7638 kW [6]. Currently, gravitational interaction of Moon, Sun and Earth [1,2]. Tidal energy there are only two TPPs in operation, one is the Jiangxia Experimental includes potential energy and kinetic energy. Modern technology of TPP and another is the Haishan TPP [16]. These two stations were both harvesting the tidal energy center around two main methodologies, i.e. located in Yueqing Bay in Zhejiang Province, China. tidal barrage and tidal stream. Tidal barrages convert the potential China's major development and construction in utilization of tidal energy of the tides to electricity while tidal stream turbines use the energy resources are concentrated in the area of Zhejiang Province. kinetic energy of the tides. Tidal barrage technology utilizes a head Therefore, the review of the development of TPPs in Zhejiang Province difference between two bodies of water [3,4]. A typical tidal barrage is a is critical to understand the utilization history of tidal energy in China. wall, built across a bay or estuary to separate the water into two areas In this paper, the main subject is to give a comprehensive review of the when the tide flows in or out. The wall barricades the flow of the tide development of tidal barrage technology in Zhejiang Province, China. and creates a head difference. Turbines in the barrage generate In the next part of this paper, Section 2, a brief overview on the electricity by using the head difference. resource status of tidal energy in Zhejiang Province is presented. Then, Only a few large TPPs have been built around the world [5,6]. Such the five development stages of tidal barrage technology are summarized as the 240 MW tidal range facility at La Rance, France completed in in Section 3. Section 4 describes the profiles of TPP in operation, 1966 [7], the 1.7 MW tidal range station at Kislaya Guba, Russia including the Jiangxia Experimental TPP and Haishan TPP. completed in 1968 [8], the 4.1 MW Jiangxia Experimental TPP in Meanwhile, problems and experiences from the operating TPPs are Zhejiang Province, China in operation from 1980, the 20 MW also discussed. Section 5, conclusions are drawn and possible future Annapolis Royal Power Station in Annapolis, Canada completed in work is proposed. 1984 [9], and the 254 MW Sihwa TPP in South Korea completed in 2011 [10]. Table 1 listed most of the large power stations that run on 2. Resource status of tidal energy in Zhejiang Province tidal power around the world [11]. Many small TPPs were built with modest means in China in 1950s – 1970s as will be described below. Zhejiang Province is located on the southeast coast of China as Chinese people harness the power of tides originated with the tide shown in Fig. 1. Its shoreline twists and turns. According to the update mill [12]. The utilization of tidal energy to electricity in China starts results of Zhejiang Offshore Comprehensive Survey and Assessment

⁎ Correspondence to: Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics and Estuary, 50 East Fengqi Road, 310020 Hangzhou, China. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.-Z. Pan). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.122 Received 18 May 2016; Received in revised form 16 February 2017; Accepted 19 May 2017 1364-0321/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Y. Li, D.-Z. Pan Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80 (2017) 380–389

Table 1 Large power stations that run on tidal power around the world.

Station Capacity Country Location Remark (MW)

La Rance TPP 240 France 48°37′05″N, In operation from 1966 02°01′24″W Kislaya Guba TPP 1.7 Russia 69°22′37″N, In operation from 1968 33°04′33″E Jiangxia Experimental TPP 4.1 China 28°20′34″N, 121°14′25″E In operation from 1980 Annapolis Royal TPP 20 Canada 44°45′07″N, 65°30′40″W In operation from 1984 Strangford Lough SeaGen 1.2 United Kingdom 54°22′04″N, 05°32′40″W In operation from 2008 Uldolmok TPP 1.5 South Korea 34°32′07″N, 126°14′06″E In operation from 2009 Sihwa Lake TPP 254 South Korea 37°18′47″N, 126°36′46″E In operation from 2011 Bluemull Sound Tidal Stream Array 0.5 United Kingdom 60°41′01″N, 00°59′12″W Under construction from 2016 Meygen Tidal Project 398 United Kingdom 58°39′26.2″N, 3°7′1.5″W Under construction from 2015 projects, the length of Zhejiang coastline is 6715 km, comprised of 3. The development process of tidal barrage in Zhejiang 2218 km of mainland coastline and 4497 km of island coastline [17]. Province As shown in Fig. 2, the larger estuary and bay from north to south are Qiantang River Estuary, Hangzhou Bay, Yong River Estuary, The utilization of tidal energy in Zhejiang Province, similar to that Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay, Taizhou Bay, Jiao River Estuary, developed in China, mainly underwent five stages as follows. Yueqing Bay, Wenzhou Bay, Ou River Estuary, Feiyun River Estuary, and Ao River Estuary. 3.1. Tidal energy resources survey stage (1950s – 1960s) The tidal range increased from east to west in the bay and decreased from south to north in nearshore region. The annual mean tidal range In July 1958, due to the demand of rapid development in China of the southern bay was above 5 m, which of Zhoushan Islands was industrial and agricultural production, an upsurge of utilization of tidal – merely 3 3.5 m. After the tidal wave entering the bay, the tidal range energy was set off in the provinces near the coastal areas. Zhejiang often increases due to narrowing sections. For example, the tidal range Province emphasized on the Qiantang River for the development of of apex of Hangzhou Bay was twice more than the one at the mouth, tidal energy, carrying out a series of resources investigation. After the and the tidal range of apex of Yueqing Bay was 1 m higher than the one first national survey of tidal energy resources, including eleven larger at the mouth. The largest tidal range ever measured in Hangzhou bay estuaries and bays in Zhejiang Province, it estimated that the available was 9 m while over 8 m was measured in Yueqing Bay as well. installed capacity of tidal power is 9.16×106 kW, and the annual energy As the tidal range and tide storage area of the estuary and bay are output is 2.27×1010 kW h as stated in the Survey Report of Tidal considerable, there was a great potential for utilizing rich tidal energy energy Resources in Zhejiang Coastal Area [19]. in Zhejiang Province. According to statistics in research projects [18], In October 1958, National Tidal Energy Conference was held in China's available installed capacity of tidal power is 2.16×107 kW and 10 Shanghai, discussing mainly on the construction of the Qiantang River the annual energy output is 6.19×10 kW h, of which the Zhejiang Estuary TPP. In December 1959, as being the Qiantang River down- Province's available installed capacity of tidal power is 8.8×106 kW and 10 stream regulation project, Zhejiang Province's Zhapu TPP construction the annual energy output is 2.64×10 kW h, accounting for 40.7% and was listed in the national construction plan. In April 1960, National 42.6%, respectively. Science and Technology Commission (NSTC) and the Ministry of Electrical Power and Water Resources (MEW) held Qiantang River Estuary Comprehensive Regulation Conference, identified the major research tasks of tidal energy [20].