Tartu Ülikool Ja Põhjasõda Toimetaja: Lea Leppik

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Tartu Ülikool Ja Põhjasõda Toimetaja: Lea Leppik Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo küsimusi XXXIX TARTU ÜLIKOOL JA PÕHJASÕDA Toimetaja: Lea Leppik Keeletoimetaja: Monika Salo Resümeede tõlked: Luisa Tõlkebüroo Kolleegium: PhD Lea Leppik, Dr iur Marju Luts-Sootak, Dr (uusaja ajalugu) Olaf Mertelsmann, PhD Erki Tammiksaar, PhD Tõnu Tannberg, DSc Tõnu Viik, PhD Seppo Zetterberg (Jyväskylä Ülikool), cand hist Jüri Kivimäe (Toronto Ülikool) Küljendus: OÜ Intelligent Design / Atko Remmel Autoriõigus Tartu Ülikool, 2011 ISSN 0206-2798 ISBN 978-9985-4-0686-1 Kogumiku väljaandmist on toetanud sihtfinantseeritav teadusteema SF0180040s08 Kaanepilt: Fragment Põhjasõja-aegsest lendlehest, mis kirjeldas Narva lahingut aastal 1700 (TÜR) Sisukord Saateks 5 Artiklid Janet Laidla Sõja mõjust ajaloo kirjutusele varauusaegsel Eesti-, Liivi- ja Kuramaal 7 Impact of War on Early Modern Historiography in Estonia, Livonia and Courland 38 Janika Päll Põhjasõja peegeldusi Academia Gustavo-Carolina’s peetud ülistuskõnedes Karl XII-le: Olaus Mobergi „Oratio panegyrica” 40 Great Northern War as reflected in panegyrics to Karl XII at Academia Gustavo-Carolina: Olaus Moberg’s “Oratio panegyrica” 98 Katre Kaju Põhjasõja peegeldusi ühes toonases reisialbumis 100 Great Northern War as reflected in an autograph book from that time 121 Sirje Tamul Kapitulatsioon ja universitas: järjepidevus ja uued võimalused? 123 Capitulation and Universitas 141 Mariann Rammo Häving kui võimalus Põhjasõja mõju Tartu linnaruumi arenguloole ja identiteedile 143 Destruction as an opportunity. How the Great Northern War affected the Tartu urban environment development and identity 162 3 Ljudmila Dubjeva Põhjasõja, selle põhjuste, eelloo ning järelmõjude käsitlemisest Tartu ülikoolis XIX sajandi lõpus ja XX sajandi alguses töötanud ajaloolaste töödes 163 The Great Northern War, its background, causes and consequences as treated in the writings of the historians who worked at the University of Tartu in late 19th century and early 20th century 176 Muuseumikogud Tullio Ilomets Ajaloolisest klaasist Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo muuseumis 178 Historical laboratory glassware at the University of Tartu History Museum 202 Kroonika Leili Kriis Ülevaade muuseumi kogudesse aastail 2006–2011 laekunud materjalidest 204 Lea Leppik Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo muuseumi teadustöö 2006–2010 216 Terje Lõbu Näitused Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo muuseumis aastail 2006–2010 227 Urmet Paloveer Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo muuseumi üritused ja külastusstatistika 2006–2010 234 Reet Mägi Tartu tähetorn: teaduskeskusest hariduskeskuseks 243 Jaak Järv Tullio Ilomets kui nähtus 250 4 Saateks Käesolev „Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo küsimuste” number on järjekorras juba 39 ja sisaldab põhiosas artikleid, mis valmisid 2010 aasta det- sembris peetud konverentsi „Tartu Ülikool ja Põhjasõda” ettekanne- te põhjal Põhjasõda oli fataalse tähendusega nii siinsele piirkonnale kui Tartu ülikoolile Liivimaal lõppes sellega „vana hea rootsi aeg” ja Rootsi kuninga Gustav II Adolfi rajatud ülikool sulges 1710. aastal Pärnus oma uksed Selle taasavamist alistumislepingutes küll luba- ti, kuid teoks see järgneva sajandi jooksul ei saanud Artiklites on juttu nii sõja vahetust mõjust ülikoolile ja Tartu linnale kui ka Põhjasõja uurimisest ja käsitlemisest Tartu ülikoolis töötanud ajaloolaste töödes Põhjasõja poliitilised, sõjanduslikud ja majanduslikud aspektid on ka varem üsna põhjalikku käsitlemist leidnud, sündmuse vaimuajalooline tähendus pole eelnevate uurijate poolt sellist tähelepanu leidnud Alljärgnevates artiklites laiendavad uurijad allikate ringi ja esitavad nii mõnegi uue küsimuse Janet Laidla vaatleb sõja mõju ajalookirjutusele, võrreldes omava- hel Liivi sõja (1558-1583) ja Põhjasõja (1700-1721) aega Kui Liivi sõja perioodi on peetud kohaliku kroonikakirjutuse kõrgajaks, siis Põh- jasõda tõi küll teatava elavnemise ajalookirjutusse, kuid see polnud kaugeltki võrreldav Liivi sõjaga Autor annab laiahaardelise ülevaate kahe suure konflikti jäädvustamisest eri tüüpi kirjutistes ja kaalub põhjusi, miks Põhjasõda ei inspireerinud kirjutama sedalaadi suuri kroonikaid, nagu on teada Liivi sõja ajast Janika Päll on põhjaliku analüüsi alla võtnud ühe Academia Gusta- vo-Carolina retoorikaprofessori Olaus Mobergi (1653-1705) panegüü- rika kuningas Karl XII auks Panegüürika ehk ülistuskõne on väga spetsiifiline žanr oma kindlate mängureeglitega. Analüüsist nähtub, et kuigi kõnealune tekst ei pruugi sobida ajalooallikaks, sest on suu- res osas tuntud autorite pealt maha kirjutatud, annab see sügavama analüüsi tulemusena väga huvitava ettekujutuse, kuidas selline tekst kaasaegseid kuulajaid kõnetas ja mis oli selle tegelik eesmärk Katre Kaju võtab vaatluse alla ühe omaaegse reisialbumi Reisial- bumid on eestikeelses kirjanduses ja eesti kultuuriruumis seni üsna vähe käsitletud nähtus Vaadeldav reisialbum lubab huvitavat sisse- vaadet XVII-XVIII sajandi vahetuse Euroopasse ja ühe liivimaalase, Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo küsimusi XXXIX (2011) 5 SAATEKS nimelt tulevase Sangaste pastori Adam Andreae ülikooliõpingutesse ja suhtlusringi Sirje Tamul räägib ülikoolimõtte järjepidevusest ― sõjas suletud üli- koolist jäi idee, mis ootas oma aega, et siis 1802 aastal uuesti lõkkele puhutud saada Vahepealse arenguetapi puudumine lubas Tartu üli- kooli üles ehitada oma aja kõige moodsamaid printsiipe silmas pidades Sarnast mõtet näeme ka Mariann Rammo artiklis „Järjepidevus ja uued võimalused”, milles vaadeldakse Tartu linna füüsilist hävingut Põhjasõjas kui sündmust, mis lõi eeldused Tartu arhitektuuriliseks ümberkujundamiseks ja nii vaimses kui füüsilises mõttes (puudus linnamüür!) avatud ülikoolilinna identiteedi tekkeks XIX sajandil Ludmilla Dubjeva annab ülevaate sellest, kuidas käsitlesid Põhja- sõda ajaloolased, kes töötasid XIX sajandi lõpul ja XX sajandi algul Jur- jevi /Tartu Ülikoolis See oli aeg, mil venestuspoliitika foonil kerkis tä- helepanu alla ka Läänemereprovintside liitmine Vene riigiga 200 aasta eest Tolleaegsest Tartu ülikooli üldajaloo professorist Jevgeni Tarlest (1874-1955) kujunes hiljem tuntud nõukogude ajaloolane ja nõukogude ajal kõige laiemalt levinud Põhjasõja käsitlus, mis vormis mitme põlv- konna arusaamu, oli Jevgeni Tarle stalinismi vaimus kirjutatud töö Kogumiku muuseumikogudele pühendatud osas annab Tullio Ilomets ülevaate hiljuti muuseumi jõudnud mahukast laboratoorse klaasi kollektsioonist Selle kollektsiooni tallele panemine on olnud osa Ilometsa elutööst ning see kajastab parimal viisil XIX-XX sajandi keemiateaduse ajalugu Tartus ja maailmas Õrn ja keeruline labo- riklaas sümboliseerib ühtlasi suurepäraselt Ilometsa kui Tartu üli- kooli tulihingelise ja professionaalse muinsushoidja tegevust Kroonika osas väärtustab akadeemik Jaak Järv Tullio Ilometsa elutööd seoses tema 90 sünnipäevaga Siin on ka traditsioonilised ülevaated Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo muuseumi viimase viie aasta tegevu- sest, kogude laekumisest (peavarahoidja Leili Kriis), teadustegevu- sest (teadusdirektor Lea Leppik), näitustest (näituste ja ürituse osa- konna juhataja Terje Lõbu), avalikest üritustest (projektijuht Urmet Paloveer) ja projektist, mille tulemusena sai teoks Tähetorni avamine muuseum-külastuskeskusena 2011 aasta aprillis (Reet Mägi) Lea Leppik, koostaja 6 ARTIKLID Sõja mõjust ajaloo- kirjutusele varauusaegsel Eesti-, Liivi- ja Kuramaal1 JANET LAIDLA MA, TÜ ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut „Mõistan, et vaevalt võiks leiduda kedagi, kes praegusel ajastul, pä- rast nii paljusid sõdu ja veresaunu selles provintsis, tahaks ette võt- ta kogu Liivimaa neljasaja viiekümne aastase ajaloo…”2 Vastupidi kroonik Dionysius Fabriciuse ilukõnelisele sissejuhatusele oli nii mõ- nigi vaimulik ja diplomaat leidnud vajaliku olevat kirjutada üles kas 1 Artikkel on valminud ETF uurimistoetuse 8205 toel. 2 Dionysius Fabricius, Liivimaa ajaloo lühiülevaade, tõlk Jaan Unt (Tartu: Johannes Esto Ühing, 2010), 45 Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo küsimusi XXXIX (2011) 7 JANET LAIDLA kogu Liivimaa või vähemalt viimase suure sõja ― silmas on peetud Liivi sõda ― sündmused.3 Enamasti pandi varauusaegsetesse ajalooteostesse kirja valitud epi- soodid ning kõikide muude märkimisväärsete juhtumuste kõrval (ku- ningate valitsusajal peetud sõjakäigud, seletamatud loodusnähtused ja tulekahjud) väärisid sõjasündmused vaieldamatult ülesmärkimist Varauusajal hinnati ja tõsteti esile ajalugu kui elu õpetajat Minevi- kusündmusi kirjutati üles tulevastele põlvedele õpetuseks ja meelespi- damiseks Peale hingevagaduse õppisid riigijuhid ajaloost valitsemis- kunsti ja kõrgemad sõjaväelased varasematest lahingutest strateegiat tulevaste sõdade tarbeks Varauusaja kontekstis kirjutati ka oma kaasaegsele publikule, kellele vahendati sündmusi nii käsikirjas kui ka üha enam trükitud kujul Tolle ajajärgu inimeste uudistejanu on toonitanud paljud kommunikatsiooni ajalugu uurivad teadlased 4 Eelnevat silmas pidades on arusaadav, et XVI sajandi lõppu, st Vana-Liivimaa kokkuvarisemise järgset ja Liivi sõja5 aegset perioodi peetakse Liivimaa kroonikakirjutuse kõrgajaks Katri Raik on selli- selt pealkirjastanud oma doktoriväitekirja „Eesti- ja Liivimaa kroo- nikakirjutuse kõrgaeg XVI sajandi teisel poolel ja XVII sajandi algul” ja selles sisalduva esimese artikli 6 Nõnda jagab Raik oma eelkäijate arvamust Ka Sulev Vahtre nimetab Vana-Liivimaa kokkuvarisemi- se järgset perioodi ajaloobuumiks 7 Liivi sõja tõttu sattus piirkond 3 Millest Fabricius oli ilmselt ka ise teadlik, sest ta on tõenäoliselt kasutanud mitut neist, näiteks Tilmann Bredenbachi kroonikat. Paraku on Fabricius võrreldes mõne teise tema kaasaegsega kehv viitaja 4 Vt nt Joad Raymond, kes märgib, et küsimus „Mis uudist?” võis
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