DOCSLIB.ORG

Design of a Humanoid Neck Movements and Eye-Expression Mechanisms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Design of a Humanoid Neck Movements and Eye-Expression Mechanisms DESIGN OF A HUMANOID NECK MOVEMENTS AND EYE-EXPRESSION MECHANISMS Bachelor Degree Project in Product Design Engineering Level ECTS 22,5 hp Spring term 2012 Ana Navarrete Ortiz de Lanzagorta Supervisor: Ida-Märta Rhen Examiner: Peter Thorvald I ASSURANCE This project is submitted 2012.06.27 by Ana Navarrete to University of Skövde as a Bachelor Project in Integrated Product Development at the School of Technology and Society. I certify that all material in this Bachelor Degree Project, which is not my work has been identified and that no material is included for which, a degree has previously been conferred on me. Ana Navarrete I ABSTRACT This project aims to design and construct a 3D CAD model of a humanoid robot head; this means the mechanisms that simulate the motions of the neck, the eyes and the eyelids. The project was developed in collaboration with Cognition and Interaction Laboratory at the University of Skövde. From the literature review, it was found that most of the humanoid robots at the market are able to perform neck movements. The problem is that the neck motions today are not smooth as human neck and the movements of face details, such as the eyes and the mouth, are less developed. Only robots created for interaction research between human and robots allows for face expressions. However, the rest of the bodies of such robots are not as well developed as the face. The conclusion is that there is no humanoid robot that presents a full expression face and a well-developed body. This project presents new mechanical concepts for how to provide smooth humanoid neck motions as well as how to show expressions of the robots face. Three parts of the humanoid heads: the neck, the eyes and the eyelids were investigated. By examining different mechanical concepts used today two types of mechanisms were found: parallel and serial. In the neck the serial mechanism was chosen because the motion obtained is smoother. The eyes and the eyelids were designed with a serial mechanism due to the limitations of the space in the head. The three parts were built in to a 3D CAD program in order to test the entire head mechanism. This results in a head mechanism that enables smooth motion of the neck and provides enough degrees of freedom to simulate feelings due to eye expressions. II FOREWORD This Bachelor Degree Project has been held at the School of Technology and Society, at University of Skövde, during the spring term in 2012. There are a lot of people who have helped me during the project and I have to thank, especially: Ida-Märta Rhen, internal supervisor in this project, for the given help along these months, your useful advices and your feedback. Boris Durán, external supervisor in this project, for given the opportunity to work on this interesting and amazing project. Jose Ramón Navarrete, my father, for given possibility to be studying in Sweden and for the huge help provided in this project and in my life in general. III Table of contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Cognition & Interaction Lab (COIN) .................................................................................. 2 1.3 About the Challenge ............................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Aim ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Limitations .......................................................................................................................... 3 2. Theory Background ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Humanoid robots ................................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Robots heads ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Anatomical Data .................................................................................................................. 6 2.3.1 The Neck ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.3.2 The Eyes ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.3 The Eyelids ................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Actuators Mechanisms ........................................................................................................ 8 3. Method: Development process ............................................................................................ 10 3.1 The Front-End Process ...................................................................................................... 10 4. Neck Mechanism ................................................................................................................. 13 4.1 Specifications .................................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Actuators ........................................................................................................................... 13 4.3 Designing options .............................................................................................................. 14 4.3.1 Three-actuator neck .................................................................................................... 15 4.3.2 Two-actuator neck ...................................................................................................... 16 4.4 Development of the options .............................................................................................. 17 4.5 Concept selection .............................................................................................................. 20 5. Eye mechanism ................................................................................................................... 22 5.1 Specifications .................................................................................................................... 22 IV 5.2 Actuators and camera ........................................................................................................ 22 5.3 Designing options .............................................................................................................. 23 5.4 Development of the options .............................................................................................. 24 6. Eyelid mechanism ............................................................................................................... 26 6.1 Specifications .................................................................................................................... 26 6.2 Actuators ........................................................................................................................... 26 6.3 Designing options .............................................................................................................. 27 6.4 Development of the options .............................................................................................. 27 7. Final Model ......................................................................................................................... 29 7.1 Neck, eye and eyelid mechanism ...................................................................................... 29 7.2 Motions ............................................................................................................................. 30 7.2.1 The Neck .................................................................................................................... 30 7.2.2 The Eyes ..................................................................................................................... 31 7.2.3 The Eyelids ................................................................................................................. 32 7.3 Physical data ...................................................................................................................... 32 8. Economic analysis ............................................................................................................... 34 8.1 Financial Model ................................................................................................................ 34 8.2 Estimation of the costs ...................................................................................................... 34 9. Discussion and Recommendations ...................................................................................... 37 References ................................................................................................................................... 39 V Table of figures Figure 1 The measurements of a 4 years old child (Tilley, 2004) ................................................. 2 Figure 2 From left to right and from top to down: ASIMO, ICub, NAO, HRP-4, PINO and Quio, .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Figure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lower Body Design of the `Icub' a Human-Baby Like Crawling Robot
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Salford Institutional Repository Lower Body Design of the ‘iCub’ a Human-baby like Crawling Robot N.G.Tsagarakis M. Sinclair F. Becchi Center of Robotics and Automation Center of Robotics and Automation TELEROBOT University of Salford University of Salford Advanced Robotics Salford , M5 4WT, UK Salford , M5 4WT, UK 16128 Genova, Italy [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] G. Metta G. Sandini D.G.Caldwell LIRA-Lab, DIST LIRA-Lab, DIST Center of Robotics and Automation University of Genova University of Genova University of Salford 16145 Genova, Italy 16145 Genova, Italy Salford , M5 4WT, UK [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract – The development of robotic cognition and a human like robots has led to the development of H6 and H7 greater understanding of human cognition form two of the [2]. Within the commercial arena there were also robots of current greatest challenges of science. Within the considerable distinction including those developed by RobotCub project the goal is the development of an HONDA. Their second prototype, P2, was introduced in 1996 embodied robotic child (iCub) with the physical and and provided an important step forward in the development of ultimately cognitive abilities of a 2 ½ year old human full body humanoid systems [3]. P3 introduced in 1997 was a baby. The ultimate goal of this project is to provide the scaled down version of P2 [4]. ASIMO (Advanced Step in cognition research community with an open human like Innovative Mobility) a child sized robot appeared in 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: a Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye
    Running Head: THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 1 The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: A Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye Evan Sebastian A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2010 THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ David A. Titcomb, PT, DPT Thesis Chair ______________________________ David DeWitt, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Garth McGibbon, M.S. Committee Member ______________________________ Marilyn Gadomski, Ph.D. Assistant Honors Director ______________________________ Date THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 3 Abstract The human eye has been the cause of much controversy in regards to its complexity and how the human eye came to be. Through following and discussing the anatomical and physiological functions of the eye, a better understanding of the argument of origins can be seen. The anatomy of the human eye and its many functions are clearly seen, through its complexity. When observing the intricacy of vision and all of the different aspects and connections, it does seem that the human eye is a miracle, no matter its origins. Major biological functions and processes occurring in the retina show the intensity of the eye’s intricacy. After viewing the eye and reviewing its anatomical and physiological domain, arguments regarding its origins are more clearly seen and understood. Evolutionary theory, in terms of Darwin’s thoughts, theorized fossilization of animals, computer simulations of eye evolution, and new research on supposed prior genes occurring in lower life forms leading to human life.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
    Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails ­proficiency­in­communicating­with­healthcare­professionals­such­as­physicians,­nurses,­ or dentists.
    [Show full text]
  • Robot Mediated Communication
    UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND ROBOT MEDIATED COMMUNICATION: ENHANCING TELE-PRESENCE USING AN AVATAR HAMZAH ZIYAAD HOSSEN MAMODE 10/08/2015 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of the West of England, Bristol for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Environment and Technology University of the West of England, Bristol August 2015 Robot Mediated Communication: Enhancing Tele-presence using an Avatar “If words of command are not clear and distinct, if orders are not thoroughly understood, then the general is to blame.” – Sun Tzu (c. 6th century BCE) P-2 Robot Mediated Communication: Enhancing Tele-presence using an Avatar Declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University's Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate's own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of, others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. Signed: Date: P-3 Robot Mediated Communication: Enhancing Tele-presence using an Avatar Abstract In the past few years there has been a lot of development in the field of tele-presence. These developments have caused tele-presence technologies to become easily accessible and also for the experience to be enhanced. Since tele-presence is not only used for tele-presence assisted group meetings but also in some forms of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), these activities have also been facilitated.
    [Show full text]
  • Italia Milano Roma Mondo Speciale Tefaf Berlino Londra New York Parigi Vienna SUPPLEMENTO DI «IL GIORNALE DELL’ARTE» N
    A cura di Franco Fanelli Questo mese (Arte contemporanea e Gallerie) 146 mostre Anna Maria Farinato (Arte antica) in 72 città Laura Giuliani (Archeologia) Walter Guadagnini (Fotografia) di 15 Paesi «IL GIORNALE DELL’ARTE» | MARZO 2020 IL GIORNALE DELLE MOSTRE Italia Milano Roma Mondo Speciale Tefaf Berlino Londra New York Parigi Vienna SUPPLEMENTO DI «IL GIORNALE DELL’ARTE» N. 406 MARZO 2020 / SOCIETÀ EDITRICE ALLEMANDI N. 406 MARZO 2020 / SOCIETÀ SUPPLEMENTO DI «IL GIORNALE DELL’ARTE» Un fotogramma del video «Nova» (2019) di Cao Fei. Cortesia (2019) di Cao Fei. Un fotogramma del video «Nova» dell’artista e di Vitamin Creative Space e Sprüth Magers. Dal 4 marzo al 17 maggio l’artista progetto espositivo per le Serpentine cinese presenta un nuovo Galleries di Londra. BOLOGNA GRESSONEY-SAINT-JEAN PISTOIA VENARIA REALE IL GIORNALE DELLE MOSTRE ITALIA Bologna Tutti insieme a casa Ricomposto il Polittico Griffoni, perla del Quattrocento emiliano «Santa Lucia» di Francesco del Cossa, Washington, Bologna. La riscoperta di un capola- National Gallery of Art. voro è la realizzazione di un evento In alto, Cecilia Cavalca che resterà probabilmente irripetibi- e Mauro Natale «Nudo femminile di schiena» (1735 ca) di Pierre Subleyras e, sotto, il logo della mostra le. Nell’epico racconto di un «ritorno a casa», nel mistico ritrovarsi di quel Così, in una mostra vo- Venaria gruppo di santi eleganti e solenni, una lutamente concentrata squadra di campioni spirituali «ricon- e filologica, dove a in- vocata» dopo quasi 300 anni, c’è, infat- cantare è, come sempre ti, il sapore dell’impresa memorabile. dovrebbe essere, la rara Tra Barocco e C’è, insomma, aria di festa, a Bologna, qualità degli originali, nell’accogliere questa mostra, «La ri- l’unica concessione alla Neoclassicismo scoperta di un capolavoro.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Body Design of the 'Icub' a Human-Baby Like Crawling Robot
    Lower Body Design of the ‘iCub’ a Human-baby like Crawling Robot N.G.Tsagarakis M. Sinclair F. Becchi Center of Robotics and Automation Center of Robotics and Automation TELEROBOT University of Salford University of Salford Advanced Robotics Salford , M5 4WT, UK Salford , M5 4WT, UK 16128 Genova, Italy [email protected] G Metta G. Sandini D.G.Caldwell LIRA-Lab, DIST LIRA-Lab, DIST Center of Robotics and Automation University of Genova University of Genova University of Salford 16145 Genova, Italy 16145 Genova, Italy Salford , M5 4WT, UK [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract – The development of robotic cognition and a which weights 131.4kg forms a complete human like figure greater understanding of human cognition form two of the [1]. At the University of Tokyo which also has a long history current greatest challenges of science. Within the RobotCub of humanoid development, research efforts on human like project the goal is the development of an embodied robotic child robots has led in recent times to the development of H6 and (iCub)with the physical and ultimately cognitive abilities of a 2 H7. H6 has a total of 35 degrees of freedom (D.O.F) and ½ year old human baby. The ultimate goal of this project is weighs 55Kg [2]. Within the commercial arena there were to provide the cognition research community with an open also robots of considerable distinction including those human like platform for understanding of cognitive developed by HONDA. Their second prototype, P2, was systems through the study of cognitive development.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Realization of a Humanoid Robot for Fast and Autonomous Bipedal Locomotion
    TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Mechanik Design and Realization of a Humanoid Robot for Fast and Autonomous Bipedal Locomotion Entwurf und Realisierung eines Humanoiden Roboters für Schnelles und Autonomes Laufen Dipl.-Ing. Univ. Sebastian Lohmeier Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Maschinenwesen der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Udo Lindemann Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Heinz Ulbrich 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Horst Baier Die Dissertation wurde am 2. Juni 2010 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Maschinenwesen am 21. Oktober 2010 angenommen. Colophon The original source for this thesis was edited in GNU Emacs and aucTEX, typeset using pdfLATEX in an automated process using GNU make, and output as PDF. The document was compiled with the LATEX 2" class AMdiss (based on the KOMA-Script class scrreprt). AMdiss is part of the AMclasses bundle that was developed by the author for writing term papers, Diploma theses and dissertations at the Institute of Applied Mechanics, Technische Universität München. Photographs and CAD screenshots were processed and enhanced with THE GIMP. Most vector graphics were drawn with CorelDraw X3, exported as Encapsulated PostScript, and edited with psfrag to obtain high-quality labeling. Some smaller and text-heavy graphics (flowcharts, etc.), as well as diagrams were created using PSTricks. The plot raw data were preprocessed with Matlab. In order to use the PostScript- based LATEX packages with pdfLATEX, a toolchain based on pst-pdf and Ghostscript was used.
    [Show full text]
  • DAC-H3: a Proactive Robot Cognitive Architecture to Acquire and Express
    Preprint version; final version available at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems (Accepted) DOI: 10.1109/TCDS.2017.2754143 1 DAC-h3: A Proactive Robot Cognitive Architecture to Acquire and Express Knowledge About the World and the Self Clément Moulin-Frier*, Tobias Fischer*, Maxime Petit, Grégoire Pointeau, Jordi-Ysard Puigbo, Ugo Pattacini, Sock Ching Low, Daniel Camilleri, Phuong Nguyen, Matej Hoffmann, Hyung Jin Chang, Martina Zambelli, Anne-Laure Mealier, Andreas Damianou, Giorgio Metta, Tony J. Prescott, Yiannis Demiris, Peter Ford Dominey, and Paul F. M. J. Verschure Abstract—This paper introduces a cognitive architecture for I. INTRODUCTION a humanoid robot to engage in a proactive, mixed-initiative exploration and manipulation of its environment, where the HE so-called Symbol Grounding Problem (SGP, [1], [2], initiative can originate from both the human and the robot. The T [3]) refers to the way in which a cognitive agent forms an framework, based on a biologically-grounded theory of the brain internal and unified representation of an external word referent and mind, integrates a reactive interaction engine, a number of from the continuous flow of low-level sensorimotor data state-of-the art perceptual and motor learning algorithms, as well as planning abilities and an autobiographical memory. The generated by its interaction with the environment. In this paper, architecture as a whole drives the robot behavior to solve the we focus on solving the SGP in the context of human-robot symbol grounding problem, acquire language capabilities, execute interaction (HRI), where a humanoid iCub robot [4] acquires goal-oriented behavior, and express a verbal narrative of its own and expresses knowledge about the world by interacting with experience in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Surgical Excision of Eyelid Lesions Reference Number: CP.VP.75 Coding Implications Last Review Date: 12/2020 Revision Log
    Clinical Policy: Surgical Excision of Eyelid Lesions Reference Number: CP.VP.75 Coding Implications Last Review Date: 12/2020 Revision Log See Important Reminder at the end of this policy for important regulatory and legal information. Description: The majority of eyelid lesions are benign, ranging from innocuous cysts and chalazion/hordeolum to nevi and papillomas. Key features that should prompt further investigation include gradual enlargement, central ulceration or induration, irregular borders, eyelid margin destruction or loss of lashes, and telangiectasia. This policy describes the medical necessity requirements for surgical excision of eyelid lesions. Policy/Criteria I. It is the policy of health plans affiliated with Centene Corporation® (Centene) that surgical excision and repair of eyelid or conjunctiva due to lesion or cyst or eyelid foreign body removal is medically necessary for any of the following indications: A. Lesion with one or more of the following characteristics: 1. Bleeding; 2. Persistent or intense itching; 3. Pain; 4. Inflammation; 5. Restricts vision or eyelid function; 6. Misdirects eyelashes or eyelid; 7. Displaces lacrimal puncta or interferes with tear flow; 8. Touches globe; 9. Unknown etiology with potential for malignancy; B. Lesions classified as one of the following: 1. Malignant; 2. Benign; 3. Cutaneous papilloma; 4. Cysts; 5. Embedded foreign bodies; C. Periocular warts associated with chronic conjunctivitis. Background The majority of eyelid lesions are benign, ranging from innocuous cysts and chalazion/hordeolum to nevi and papillomas. Key features that should prompt further investigation include gradual enlargement, central ulceration or induration, irregular borders, eyelid margin destruction or loss of lashes, and telangiectasia. Benign tumors, even though benign, often require removal and therefore must be examined carefully and the differential diagnosis of a malignant eyelid tumor considered and the method of removal planned.
    [Show full text]
  • Magic Icub: a Humanoid Robot Autonomously Catching Your Lies in a Card Game
    Magic iCub: a humanoid robot autonomously catching your lies in a card game Dario Pasquali Jonas Gonzalez- Francesco Rea Giulio Sandini Alessandra Sciui RBCS & ICT Billandon RBCS RBCS CONTACT Istituto Italiano di RBCS Istituto Italiano di Istituto Italiano di Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia & DIBRIS, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Tecnologia Tecnologia Università di Genova Tecnologia & DIBRIS, Genova, Italy Genova, Italy Genova, Italy Genova, Italy Università di Genova [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Genova, Italy [email protected] ABSTRACT Games are often used to foster human partners’ engagement and 1 Introduction natural behavior, even when they are played with or against Historically, robots always fascinated the public, entertaining the robots. Therefore, beyond their entertainment value, games audience. Indeed, the first recorded example of humanoid robot represent ideal interaction paradigms where to investigate natural was a robotic musical band meant to entertain the guests of an human-robot interaction and to foster robots’ diffusion in the Arabian king [1]. Nowadays, robots can have a role not only in society. However, most of the state-of-the-art games involving task-oriented research or industrial applications, but also in the robots, are driven with a Wizard of Oz approach. To address this field of entertainment. e concept of Entertainment Robotics limitation, we present an end-to-end (E2E) architecture to enable refers to any robotic platform and application not directly useful the iCub robotic platform to autonomously lead an entertaining for a specific task, but rather meant to entertain and amuse magic card trick with human partners.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Coverage Article: Billing and Coding: Removal of Benign Skin Lesions (A57044)
    Local Coverage Article: Billing and Coding: Removal of Benign Skin Lesions (A57044) Links in PDF documents are not guaranteed to work. To follow a web link, please use the MCD Website. Contractor Information CONTRACTOR NAME CONTRACT TYPE CONTRACT NUMBER JURISDICTION STATE(S) CGS Administrators, LLC MAC - Part A 15101 - MAC A J - 15 Kentucky CGS Administrators, LLC MAC - Part B 15102 - MAC B J - 15 Kentucky CGS Administrators, LLC MAC - Part A 15201 - MAC A J - 15 Ohio CGS Administrators, LLC MAC - Part B 15202 - MAC B J - 15 Ohio Article Information General Information Article ID Original Effective Date A57044 09/26/2019 Article Title Revision Effective Date Billing and Coding: Removal of Benign Skin Lesions 09/26/2019 Article Type Revision Ending Date Billing and Coding N/A AMA CPT / ADA CDT / AHA NUBC Copyright Retirement Date Statement N/A CPT codes, descriptions and other data only are copyright 2018 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. Applicable FARS/HHSARS apply. Current Dental Terminology © 2018 American Dental Association. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2019, the American Hospital Association, Chicago, Illinois. Reproduced with permission. No portion of the AHA copyrighted materials contained within this publication may be copied without the express written consent of the AHA. AHA copyrighted materials including the UB-04 codes and descriptions may not be removed, copied, or utilized within any software, product, service, solution or derivative work without the written consent of the AHA. If an entity Created on 11/07/2019. Page 1 of 18 wishes to utilize any AHA materials, please contact the AHA at 312-893-6816.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Eyebrow Elevation and Height of The
    ORIGINAL http://dx.doi.org/10.14730/aaps.2014.20.1.20 aaps Arch Aesthetic Plast Surg 2014;20(1):20-25 Archives of ARTICLE pISSN: 2234-0831 Aesthetic Plastic Surgery The Relationship Between Eyebrow Elevation and Height of the Palpebral Fissure: Should Postoperative Brow Descent be Taken into Consideration When Determining the Amount of Blepharoptosis Correction? Edward Ilho Lee1, Nam Ho Kim2, Background Combining blepharoptosis correction with double eyelid blepharoplasty Ro Hyuk Park2, Jong Beum Park2, is common in East Asian countries where larger eyes are viewed as attractive. This Tae Joo Ahn2 trend has made understanding the relationship between brow position and height of the palpebral fissure all the more important in understanding post-operative re- 1 Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor sults. In this study, authors attempt to quantify this relationship in order to assess College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; whether the expected postoperative brow descent should be taken into consider- 2Gyalumhan Plastic Surgery, Seoul, Korea ation when determining the amount of ptosis to correct. Methods Photographs of ten healthy female study participants were taken with brow at rest, with light elevation and with forceful elevation. These photographs were then viewed at 2×magnification on a computer monitor and caliper was used to measure the amount of pull on the eyebrow in relation to the actual increase in vertical fissure of the eye. Results There was a positive, linear correlation between amount of eyebrow eleva- tion and height of the palpebral fissure, which was statistically significant. Brow ele- vation increased vertical fissure, and thereby aperture of the eye, by 18%.
    [Show full text]