UTC Energy Management Guidebook

U TC Energy Management Guidebook

UTC Energy A systematic approach Management Guidebook to formulating and implementing an effective energy management plan. Introduction Rising energy costs and global environmental concerns affect A systematic approach our business every day. Our response is to develop ever cleaner and more efficient solutions both for ourselves and to formulating and for our customers. Conserving resources and minimizing implementing an effective adverse impacts create competitive advantage in an environ- energy management plan mentally conscious marketplace. Every United Technologies (UTC) facility worldwide must take an active leadership role in reducing energy consumption, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Worldwide climate change is an environmental concern facing all of us. How society tackles this challenge will determine the quality of life for future generations. UTC is pleased to provide you with this Supplier Energy Management Guidebook. The Guidebook will provide you with a systematic approach to formulating and implementing an effective energy management plan. The Guidebook offers standard work processes developed by UTC facilities Carrier managers, along with standard practices adopted from the Hamilton Sundstrand Otis ANSI MSE 2005 Standard for Energy Management. Pratt & Whitney Sikorsky After you have implemented these practices, your site will have UTC Fire & Security taken significant steps in reducing your energy use, cost and UTC POwer impact on the environment. Contents

1 Introduction UTC Energy Management 16 Lighting Management Program Guidebook Efficiency Standards Operating Standards 4 Energy & Greenhouse Average Daily Electric Profile Best Practices Gas (GHG) Annual Electrical Profile Metrics Data Management Essential Elements of Energy 20 Compressed Air Management Program Data Management Efficiency Standards Electrical and Natural Gas Operating Standards Consumption and Cost Operating Cost Best Practices 7 Utility Rate Review Best Practices Management Program Annual Natural Gas 28 Boilers and Steam Consumption Profile Efficiency Standards Operating Standards Best Practices 8 Analyze Consumption Profiles Load Management Metrics Identification of Major Loads 34 HVAC Systems & Controls Management Program 11 Energy Procurement Market Rules Efficiency Standards Price Volatility Operating Standards Retro-commissioning Best Practices 14 “Shut-it-Off” Best Practices Metrics

38 Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

40 Building Envelope

42 Appendices 42 A: UTC Supplier Self-Assessment 43 B: Rules of Thumb 44 C: Conversion Factors 45 D: Glossary 46 E: Where to Get More Information 47 F: GHG Protocol Energy & Greenhouse Gas 4 / 5 Information from sources such as utility bills, utility meters, energy sub-meters, Consumption history should (GHG) Data Management published utility tariffs, energy supply contracts and external market updates be recorded and displayed will be used for four main purposes: 1. To establish a baseline by answering the questions: “How much energy do I currently use?” Average Daily Electric Profile “When do I use that energy?” “How much is that energy costing me?” kW 1,500

2. Establish a benchmark of optimal 1,250

“Energy Intensity” in kWh/sq. ft. or 1,000 mmbtu/unit of production. The first and most important 750 3. To establish the site’s GHG inventory 500

step in an energy and (see Appendix F), the summation of all 250 GHG management program GHG emissions generated by operating 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 is Data Management the business including energy consump- Time (Hour) tion and direct process emissions con- ⅷ Peak Day ⅷ Average Weekday ⅷ Average Weekend verted into carbon dioxide emissions

equivalent (CO2e). Annual Electrical Profile 4. To evaluate the ongoing effectiveness

of the energy management program to kWh (in thousands) Peak kW (in thousands) Collect 24 months enable quick diagnosis of the root cause 700 1.6 of any problem and timely implementation 612 1.4 of all utility of effective corrective measures. 525 1.2 437 1.0 consumption data 350 .8 262 .6 175 .4 87 .2

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

ⅷ kWh ⅷ Peak kW Energy Data Management (continued) Utility Rate Review 6 / 7 Essential Elements of Energy & GHG Data Management: Natural gas and electric utility companies offer Collect and record a 24-month history of Keep a detailed record of consumption rate structures (or tariffs) that vary according to all utility cost and consumption, including profiles (hourly for electric consumption, but not limited to electricity, natural gas daily for natural gas use) customer size and load profiles. and fuel oil Establish a budget and monthly Check the status of all Collect and report direct process emis- consumption projection and compare For example, many electric utilities offer Best Practices tariffs with one set of rates for on-peak utility accounts. Large sites sions for all six greenhouse gases in the projection with actual data with multiple meters may conformance with The Greenhouse Gas hours and another for off-peak hours. Request an annual rate Conduct a review of utility invoices, be paying service charges Protocol, a corporate accounting and These rate structures should be reviewed from the utility company for inactive meters checking for mistakes or misapplications reporting standard by the World Resource annually for suitability with your site’s Institute (WRI) and the World Business of tariffs that add cost specific consumption profile. Utility com- Review terms and condi- Review the status of utility Council for Sustainable Development Allocate energy cost by business unit (WBCSD). (see Appendix F) panies can usually compare the cost of tions of each rate structure company and/or govern- or department service for different tariffs by running a to make sure they apply ment-sponsored conserva- Keep a record of current energy supply tion programs. Programs computer program. may offer incentives for contracts and utility tariffs for each account Check accuracy of: It should be noted that rates change over investments in energy con- ▶ tax credits servation projects time due to government regulation and ▶ billed kW vs. actual kW market conditions. Site-specific require- ▶ power factor correction ments also change over time. So it makes penalties sense to review rate structures periodi- Electrical and Natural Gas Consumption, Cost and GHG Emissions ▶ credits for interruption riders cally, and particularly whenever the site Electric Natural Gas requirements change. Electric Natural GHG Gas GHG Unit Cost Emissions Unit Cost Emissions Utility Rate Review Annual Gas Consumption Profile Peak kW kWh Cost $/kWh metric tons MCF Cost $/MCF metric tons

January 980 431,520 $50,584 $0.12 186 3,690 $39,007 $10.57 201 $/kWh Cost (in thousands) February 966 458,640 $52,666 $0.11 197 3,175 $37,460 $11.80 173 0.10 60 50 March 945 445,200 $51,183 $0.11 191 3,107 $33,579 $10.81 169 0.08 April 1,001 417,120 $50,755 $0.12 179 1,654 $21,264 $12.86 90 40 0.06 May 1,115 430,800 $55,930 $0.13 185 1,030 $10,831 $10.52 56 30 0.04 June 1,191 546,240 $78,364 $0.14 235 502 $5,404 $10.76 27 20 July 1,398 596,880 $88,069 $0.15 257 345 $3,588 $10.40 19 0.02 10 August 1,140 509,760 $70,944 $0.14 219 603 $5,567 $9.23 33

September 1,130 440,500 $55,000 $0.12 189 752 $6,855 $9.12 41 Time of day JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC October 985 450,240 $48,254 $0.11 194 1,620 $18,385 $11.35 88 ⅷ Off Peak ⅷ Shoulder ⅷ On Peak November 852 442,080 $45,987 $0.10 190 2,878 $36,646 $12.73 156 December 855 411,840 $45,160 $0.11 177 4,012 $52,184 $13.01 218 Total 5,580,820 $692,896 $0.12 2,400 23,368 $270,770 $11.59 1,270 Utility rates should Review energy conservation rebate While reducing energy consumption and cost is important for maintaining financial and be checked and incentive programs offered by competitive strength, it is also important to make a company commitment to improving the environment by reducing greenhouse gases. Energy conservation is the best way to annually your local utility company accomplish that goal. Load Management 8 / 9 Effective Load Management requires a Sample Electric Bill strategic approach that includes analyzing load profiles, understanding equipment Demand Charge ($7.10 per kW) and then installing control strategies. One additional and very important activity $7.10 X 2100kW = $14,910 is monitoring. As with any continuous + A 15 minute peak in improvement process, ongoing monitoring Energy Charge ($.065 per kWh) or sub-metering must be employed to $0.065 X 350,000kWh = $22,750 electric demand (kW) can track progress. significantly increase your Total Electric Bill $37,660 electric bill for 12 months Analyze Consumption Profiles Energy consumption profiles should be Load Management reviewed and analyzed for cost drivers. A Analyze each cost component review of monthly energy data (natural gas kW 2,500 and electric) will show seasonal trends. A of your electric bill before you 2,000 review of consumption data in shorter take action 1,500 increments will illustrate key cost drivers. 1,000 500 Large natural gas accounts should Sample of Top 10 Electric Loads obtain daily consumption records Time (Hour) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Equipment Load Operation Large electrical accounts should obtain 1. Furnace 75kW 40hr/wk FORMATION OF SILICON CRYSTAL IN FURNACE hourly consumption records 2. Air Conditioner 60kW 60hr/wk This detailed energy data is usually available from utility companies and is invaluable 3. Air Compressor 50kW 168hr/wk Electric Load Management is a process Whatever you call it, this process is in understanding consumption patterns and 4. Lighting 48kW 70hr/wk of controlling electrical loads (manually or an effective approach to reducing cost drivers 5. Parts Washer 20kW 10hr/wk costs in two ways: 6. Welding 20kW 10hr/wk automatically) to minimize peaks. Load Identification of Major Loads By reducing demand at peak times, your 7. Forklift 10kW 08hr/wk Management is called many different things: site can earn credits, discounts, or rebates The next step in an effective Load 8. Hydraulic Testing 15kW 05hr/wk Load Shedding, Peak Shaving, Load from your electric utility company Management program is the identification 9. Oven 15kW 20hr/wk Limiting, Demand Response and Demand Electric bills typically include a demand of major energy consumers. A site survey 10. Overhead Crane 10kW 20hr/wk charge in addition to an energy charge should be completed and the operating Management just to name a few. (see “Sample Electric Bill,” next page). characteristics of the top 10 energy con- So by limiting peak demand (kW) on an sumers recorded. The cost of operation Some utilities have “Demand ongoing basis, you can reduce those for each piece of equipment should be monthly demand charges ($/kW). Since Response Programs” that offer demand charges can amount to 40 – calculated or measured and then recon- 50 percent of the electric bill, savings ciled with the total energy bill. incentive $ to customers that can can be substantial Typically, large energy consumers include: reduce electrical loads during chillers, boilers, air compressors, packaged peak conditions AC units, ovens, lights and process heating. Load Management (continued) Energy Procurement 10 / 11 Control Typical Electric Consumption Breakdown Once you have a thorough understanding of the consumption profiles and have 19% Production identified the equipment loads, you should 16% Lighting develop a control strategy to limit peaks 13% Environmental Labs and manage cost. Control strategies can be as simple as turning off equipment when a new peak is about to be set. Many sites employ 10% Heat treat a more complex control strategy utilizing 9% Paint Line an Energy Management System (EMS) to monitor and automatically shed 10% Chiller equipment when the demand (kW) hits 9% Compressed Air a programmed limit. 7% Fans 7% Heating World energy markets are extremely volatile and require constant monitoring

Sub-metering What Sub-Metering Will OFFSHORE NATURAL GAS AND OIL PLATFORM Enable You to Do You can’t control what you don’t measure. Electric Supply Chain Sub metering will give you the ability to Assign energy costs to specific departments better measure and, therefore, better Identify opportunities for potential manage energy use. A well designed energy efficiency improvements sub metering system will show exactly where and when energy is being used. Determine equipment and system efficiency The data will support and improve Quickly recognize performance Generation Transmission Local CONSUMPTION budgeting and cost allocation. It will problems in processes and equipment Distribution also validate savings from energy Uncover the causes of energy waste that conservation efforts. may otherwise go undiscovered under a To develop and implement an Deregulated markets allow the end user to choose competitive suppliers of electric Inexpensive portable equipment metering traditional metering and billing system power and natural gas. and monitoring devices can be used in Provide information necessary to develop effective energy procurement lieu of fixed submetering. effective RFPs (Requests for Proposal) or strategy, you first have to under- In order to execute a successful pro- the competitive energy market curement project we need to address Validate the accuracy of utility bills stand how the market works. two main areas of importance: Market rules Price volatility Energy procurement (continued) 12 / 13

Market Rules Price Volatility Energy markets around the local utility and take Market volatility is the norm. Fixed Price Supplier selection is the world are in various service from a competi- Consequently, you could supply contract critical. End users should stages of deregulation. tive supplier, you cannot pay significantly higher A flat fixed price contract, work with suppliers that In some regions natural switch back to the utility prices if procurement this option provides offer pricing options that fit budget certainity gas markets are deregu- company for service. projects are not man- their consumption profile lated (open competitive Therefore, you must aged. Energy suppliers in Block and index and will provide market markets) while electric strive to clearly under- competitive markets offer supply contract price transparency. A markets remain regulated stand the market rules. a variety of products. For A combination of fixed site-specific consumption monopolies. In other regions example, in electric power and floating pricing, this profile and local market In all cases, only a portion option provides some the reverse is true. markets suppliers offer: conditions will dictate of the total cost is deregu- budget certainty while which product is best for The rules for participating lated or competitive. In allowing the end user Real-time pricing your site. in the deregulated com- electric markets, the to make adjustments to Market rules vary by location supply contract real-time price signals petitive market vary by generation component is With this option energy and frequently change location. For example, competitive, while the prices float or vary with Layered supply contract in some locations, only transmission and distribu- real-time markets. This is ▶ Customized layered large customers can tion charges remain sometimes referred to as supply contracts to match participate in the open regulated and are billed index pricing facility needs market. In others every- by the local distribution one can participate (large company. In natural gas industrials, small com- markets, the natural gas mercial and residential and interstate pipeline Time-of-Day Electric Rates customers). In some charges are competitive,

markets, once you leave while the local distribution Usage MW remains regulated. $ $ $

Natural Gas Supply Chain $ $$$$ $

OFF-PEAK ON-PEAK OFF-PEAK

Time of day Commodity Interstate Local consumption production transport Distribution “Shut-it-Off” 14 / 15 Best Practices Protecting our environment Design and display posters starts at home… and continues at work. that encourage participation from all employees

Review manufacturing equipment operating Changing to more requirements and investi- energy-efficient gate E-Stop features practices and products protects the environment where we work Display “Shut-it-Off” and live. instructions with pictures

As a partner with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s ENERGY STAR® program, we’re committed to protecting Establish a factory energy the environment through energy efficiency. In 2006, American consumers and businesses prevented the team and schedule depart- greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to 25 million vehicles by using less energy. Learn more at www.energystar.gov. An effective “Shut-it-Off” program ment “energy treasure hunts” afterhours to look EPA Energy Star has energy is a great way to engage for opportunities to shut awareness posters for your use. employees in conservation efforts down or set back systems

and save money Consider a competition Electrical Demand Comparison among workgroups or departments to decrease kW 6,000 energy usage 5,000

4,000 The simplest and most effective Site managers should initiate an effort to Install motion sensors to evaluate the operating requirements for turn off lights when rooms 3,000 way to save energy is to Shut Off all equipment and assign responsibility are unoccupied 2,000 equipment that is not needed. for ensuring that equipment is turned off 1,000 at the end of the work day. Electric utility Install time clocks on exhaust Manufacturing equipment, office meters and building energy management fans to turn them off during 1 AM 3 AM 5 AM 7 AM 9 AM 11 AM 1 PM 3 PM 5 PM 7 PM 9 PM systems can easily monitor daytime and unoccupied hours equipment and building services ⅷ Normal Profile ⅷ Holiday Profile night time consumption to track the This chart illustrates the savings potential that Install electrical interlocks equipment should all be shut off or effectiveness of “Shut-it-Off” efforts. a “Shut-it-Off” program can realize. The green between manufacturing (●) line depicts the electrical consumption An effective equipment and support put in idle mode when not needed. profile for this site during a typical weekend. equipment (fans and pumps) “Shut-it-Off” The orange (●) line depicts the consumption Electric consumption profile after the site facilities managers program engages profiles should be Analyze detailed electrical promoted “Shut-it-Off” in advance of a holiday profiles and identify all weekend. “Shut-it-Off” is a program that all employees reviewed and efforts loads operating during everyone can contribute to and the savings made to eliminate waste non-manufacturing hours are significant. Lighting 16 / 17 Fortunately, with the continual emer- Lighting Cost of Ownership gence of technologies that improve lighting efficiency, we have the opportu- 90% Energy nity to reduce the costs and consump- 1% Recycling

tion with reasonable payback. 6% Material As the chart indicates, energy is by far 3% Labor the largest cost component of a lighting system—comprising 90 percent of that cost. Consequently, effectively managing lighting energy usage can help bring Source: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/Lighting.pdf overall costs down considerably.

Lighting Management Program Lighting Efficiency Comparison

Maximize Lighting System Efficiency Light Emitting Diode (LED) ▶ Utilize the most efficient lighting system Modern lighting systems use components available: ballasts, bulbs Fluorescent Tube 40 to 50 percent less energy than and fixtures High Pressure Sodium (HPS) conventional lighting systems Meet standard light levels for various Compact Fluorescent (CFL) working environments Ceramic Metal Halide Control Lighting Incandescent ▶ Institute manual shutoff programs to turn Efficiency (Lumens/Watt) 20 40 60 80 100 the lights off at the end of workday. Whenever possible deploy sensors and Reducing the energy consumed by other controls to automatically turn off lighting is crucial to a successful energy lights in unoccupied areas management program. Lighting is a Lighting System Recommended Light Levels major energy drain, consuming 25 to 30 Efficiency Standards Area Foot Candles Lux percent of the energy used to run a Efficiency varies by light source. The Open Office Plan 20–50 200–500 following chart compares the efficiency Conference Rooms 50–70 500–700 typical commercial building. Lighting also of various light sources. Common lamp Hallway 10–20 100–200 types are organized into families based Cafeteria 20-50 200–500 adds to air conditioning costs. on the technology used to produce light. Each lamp offers a tradeoff between Warehouse/Storage 5–10 50–100 efficiency, lamp life and quality of light. Manufacturing 30–50 300–500 Lighting systems should be selected to Parking Lots 2 20 meet the needs of the specific activity (office, shop floor or warehouse). Lighting (continued) 18 / 19

Best Practices Metrics Sample Factory Floor Lighting System: The following are proven The following is a checklist Use task lights to minimize Re-circuit shop floor lights 250 fixtures cost and energy savings of action-items you can the need for overhead to turn off lights in areas 2 x 4 fixture 4 lamps/fixture standard bulb, best practices that can lighting while still providing that do not work 2nd or implement to document standard ballast provide significant sav- adequate light levels for 3rd shifts and measure your prog- ings. Each item should be specific tasks and activities ress in reducing energy 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. Mon – Fri (16 hrs/day, 80 hrs/wk) reviewed and evaluated Replace all incandescent costs and consumption 7 a.m. to 2 p.m. Sat (7 hrs/wk) for implementation. Install bi-level lighting in lights with compact fluores- associated with lighting. a warehouse cent lamps These procedures should 0.085 $/kWh average cost per kWh ▶ Warehouse lighting can be followed on a regular Install automated controls often be lowered during such as time clocks, motion Instruct housekeeping staff basis, not just when an Operating Cost Calculator: hours of low traffic. Motion to shut off lights immediately sensors, occupancy sen- sensors can be used to energy audit is scheduled. sors and building automa- after cleaning an area Operating cost = (Number of fixtures) x (kW/fixture) x tion systems return lights to full bright- ness whenever someone Document connected light- (hrs/year) x (cost/kWh) enters the space Consider LED fixtures for ing load (watts per square Review all new lighting various applications foot) and foot candle levels Example designs for maximum including exit signs and for each area (office, shop efficiency Use bi-level lighting controls exterior lighting floor and warehouse) to accommodate areas with 250 fixtures x [188 watts/fix./1000watts/kW] x 87hrs/ natural light Review the Best Practice wk x 52wk/yr x $0.085/kWh = $ 18,073 per year Use photo cell and time clock Appoint “cell leaders” ▶ In areas with natural light, list for applicable energy controls on exterior lighting responsible for turning use electric lighting only efficiency improvements off shop floor lights after where necessary. Install and develop a plan for each shift independent lighting control implementation systems for these areas Control the operating hours of the lighting system manually or automatically Compressed Air 20 / 21 Compressed air systems systems at your site. The Total Cost of Ownership also consume a lot of diagram below highlights electricity—as much as some of the components 82% Electricity 9% Equipment and 25 percent of what an of a typical compressed Installation entire facility consumes. air system where these The cost of the electricity opportunities exist. Fixing 9% Maintenance to run a compressed air system leaks, avoiding system is the largest inappropriate uses of portion of total system compressed air, eliminat- cost—82 percent. ing excessive pressure settings, using state of Fortunately, there are the art controls and numerous opportunities Source: U.S. Department of Energy maintaining the systems for reducing waste and for peak performance increasing the efficiency can collectively save 20 of the compressed air A 100 HP air compressor to 50 percent. costs up to $60,000 per year to operate. Up to 50 percent is Compressed Air System wasted (DOE) Add Real-Time monitoring capabilities to manage and control your compressed Compressed air systems are integral to the air system. operations of most industrial facilities— providing power for tools, equipment, and a broad range of processes—so much so that compressed air is considered industry’s fourth utility after electricity, gas and water. Compressed Air (continued) 22 / 23

Compressed Air Monitor and record compressed air Compressed Air Compressed Air Management Program system pressure and air flow over time Efficiency Standards Operating Standards ▶ Keep track of system performance to The following activities should be part of identify inefficiencies. Track any improved Compressed air efficiency is the ratio Ideally, compressed air system capacity any strategy to reduce compressed air performance attributable to system of energy input to energy output.2 The should match the load. Put another way, system energy consumption and costs: enhancements industry norm for comparing compres- supply should match demand. One way sor efficiency is expressed in terms of to accomplish this match is to deploy Document your compressed air system, Develop and implement a control strategy to maximize system efficiency bhp/100 acfm (brake horse power per controls, such as flow pressure controls, including the supply side capacity and to maintain system pressure and ensure demand side requirements ▶ Compressed air system controls are actual cubic feet per minute) at a com- intended to optimize the supply (volume pressor discharge pressure of 100 psig that compressor output does indeed ▶ It’s essential to know exactly what your 2 compressed air system consists of and and pressure) of compressed air with (pounds per square inch gauge). What- match system demand. Typically, com- what the system is expected to do. On the the system demand. A well conceived and ever standards or measurements you pressed air is generated and stored at one supply side (compressors and air treat- implemented control strategy can help use, put a monitoring system in place pressure and then released at a lower accomplish this goal by shutting off ment), determine what equipment you to record the performance of your pressure. The result is the ability to satisfy have and the generating capacity of that unneeded compressors and delaying the activation of additional compressors until compressed air system. peak demands while preventing other equipment. On the demand side (distribu- compressors from coming on line when tion and storage systems and end-use they are needed equipment), determine how much com- not needed, thereby saving energy. The Develop and implement a well-defined goal is to maintain a consistent overall pressed air you need, and at what level of leak management system Excess air quality, as well as load and pressure system pressure as close as possible to ▶ 20 to 50 percent of the compressed air pressure requirements. For analysis purposes, it is production in a facility can be lost to 5 PSI above the low pressure alarm set helpful to create a block diagram of your leakage. Leaks cause pressure drops that wastes energy point. As noted earlier, leaks can cause system. It is also important to measure adversely affect tool performance and pressure drops that affect system efficien- your baseline and calculate your energy production processes. Leaks force you to cy and performance. Therefore, com- use and costs so you can establish run compressed air systems longer to current performance and cost levels and pressed air systems should be checked make up the difference, thereby shorten- for leaks at least once a year. compare them to future levels ing the life of the system. An effective leak management program can reduce leaks to less than 10 percent of compressor output1 1 U.S. Department of Energy: “Improving Compressed Air System Performance.” 2 U.S. Department of Energy: “Packaged Compressor Efficiency Ratings.” Compressed Air (continued) 24 / 25

Compressed Air Operating Cost Leak Management The operating cost of a compressed air system is much more than the Compressed air leaks are a significant waste of cost of the equipment. It can take 7 to 8 hp of electricity to produce energy. For example, a compressor operating at 1 hp of air force. The annual energy cost of running a compressed air 100 psi 24 hrs/day with a single 1/8˝ air leak costs system is affected by several variables, including the horsepower (hp) you over $3,600/year at .08 $kWh.2 of the compressor, motor efficiency, electric utility rates ($/kWh) and the hours of operation. See formula below to calculate operating cost. Compressed Air Cost Calculator Operating cost ($) = (hp) x (0.746) x (electric rate) x (hours) Annual Cost of Air Leaks Orifice Diameter (Inches) quick rule of Motor efficiency Upstream 1/16 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 thumb: Psig $1.25/day/hp Another variable is the percentage of time that the system runs at a 70 $677 $2,707 $10,829 $24,366 $43,317 $67,683 $97,464 $132,659 given operating level and the percentage of time it runs fully loaded.1 80 $757 $3,028 $12,111 $27,249 $48,443 $75,693 $106,998 $148,358 Accordingly, the following formula can be used: 90 $837 $3,348 $13,392 $30,133 $53,570 $83,703 $120,532 $164,057 100 $917 $3,669 $14,674 $33,017 $58,696 $91,713 $132,066 $179,767 Operating cost ($) = (hp) x (0.746) x (electric rate) x (hours) x (% time) x (% full load) 110 $997 $3,969 $15,956 $35,900 $63,822 $99,722 $143,600 $195,456 Motor efficiency 120 $1,077 $4,309 $17,237 $38,784 $68,949 $107,732 $166,134 $211,166

Here’s an example: Let’s say you have a 200 hp compressor that Cost of energy = $0.0800 per kWh requires 215 bhp. The system operates 6,800 hours a year, running fully loaded 85 percent of the time with a motor efficiency of 95 per- Compressor efficiency = 4CFM per Bhp cent, and the rest of the time at 25 percent of full load with a motor Motor efficiency = 0.925 efficiency of 90 percent. For the purpose of this example, let’s say that the electrical rate is $0.08/ kWh.1 Here’s how to calculate the costs: Operating cost when fully loaded (85% of the time)

(215 bhp) x (0.746) x ($0.08/kWh) x (6,800 hrs) x (0.85) x (1.0) = $78,067 Increasing system efficiency 0.95 and eliminating leaks will PLUS lower the cost of running a Operating cost when partially loaded (15% of the time) compressed air system

(215 bhp) x (0.746HP/KW) x ($0.08/kWh) x (6,800 hrs) x (0.15) x (0.25) = $3,635

0.90

Annual energy cost: $78,067 + $3,635 = $81,702. 1 U.S. Department of Energy: “Determine the Cost of Compressed Air for Your Plant.” 2 U.S. Department of Energy: “Improving Compressed Air System Performance.” Compressed Air (continued) 26 / 27

Best Practices Fluctuating Compressed Air Problem The following proven best practices can Identify and eliminate Eliminate inappropriate choke points uses of compressed air High-demand help maximize compressed air system Without Flow Pressure Controller efficiency, minimize energy losses, and ▶ A choke point is a blockage ▶ Compressed air is one of devices should in the piping. Such blockages the most expensive Total reduce energy consumption and the Compressor cause drops in pressure sources of energy in an include a local Capacity costs associated with system operation. ▶ Reduce the operating industrial facility. Com- storage tank pressure to the lowest level pressed air is appropriate for some applications and to absorb peak Nominal Create a block diagram of possible. “Shop air” at 100 Compressor processes, but is not a Pressure your compressed air system psi is rarely required and air demands higher pressure results in cost efficient source of Minimum ▶ If you periodically add on to both higher energy use/cost power for others. Inappro- Acceptable your system, it is possible Pressure and higher leakage rates priate uses for com- that you are building addi- pressed air include such tional inefficiencies into the processes as cooling, With Flow Pressure Controller system every time you add Use cooler intake air Eliminate unnecessary vacuuming, drying, mixing Total a component or sub-system hose runs ▶ Compressors operate Compressor and atomizing. NOTE: For Capacity ▶ The shortest and most processes requiring a more efficiently when the efficient distance between delivery pressure of 25 source of intake air is clean Measure the baseline use of and cool. Put another way, air and calculate your two points is a straight PSI or less, you are better Nominal line. Unnecessary hose it takes less energy to Compressor current energy consumption off using a blower, rather Pressure and cost runs, particularly hoses than compressed air compress cool air than warmer air. An effective ▶ Measure and track energy that wind and curl impede approach is to use outside Minimum consumption, pressure, the efficient flow of com- Acceptable Use filters with the lowest air for compressor intake Pressure flow and temperature pressed air and cause pressure drops pressure drop available that is able to deliver the re- ⅷ System Demand ⅷ System Pressure ⅷ Storage Pressure Consider deploying multiple Work with a compressed quired quality of air smaller compressors rather air specialist to establish Identify and eliminate leaks ▶ Filters are necessary than one large compressor an effective compressor as part of a leak manage- throughout a system to control strategy ment program ensure that clean air ▶ With multiple compressors available, you can control ▶ Since 1965, Sullair (a UTC ▶ Conduct a leak audit at reaches the end-use company) has been least once a year application. Inefficient or the system to activate or recognized around the dirty filters clog the sys- shut down compressors tem and cause pressure only as they are needed, world as an innovator and Design closed loops One 1/4˝ open nozzle used leader in rotary screw drops, while forcing the thereby reducing unneces- and eliminate dead-head sary energy consumption compression technology. piping systems system to consume more for employee cooling is Sullair offers air system energy to compensate for ▶ In a piping system with those pressure drops. roughly equivalent to 15 hp solutions to help com- a dead end, users at the Install interlocks and Using the right psi filter pressed air users reduce end of the line receive solenoid valves that shut of compressed air and inspecting regularly energy cost and improve reduced pressure. By off air when equipment can help reduce this form productivity by analyzing, contrast, creating a piping is not running of inefficiency managing and controlling loop enables the system ▶ This, too, avoids consum- compressed air systems to deliver equal pressure ing energy when it is not to everyone along the line. necessary to do so Be careful when adding on to your system not to 1 North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental create a dead end Assistance: “Energy Efficiency in Air Compressors.” Boilers and Steam 28 / 29 Ideally, a facility should deploy the most needed and at the capacity required. fuel efficient boilers available. While See “Best Practices” for tips on mini- most boilers are designed for one specific mizing loss and maximizing boiler kind of fuel, boilers can be configured for performance. Numerous opportunities dual fuel operation. This is an important exist to save energy, reduce consump- consideration, as fuel costs vary. Efforts tion and maximize boiler efficiency. must also be taken to maintain and oper- The following diagram illustrates areas ate boiler systems and components as (highlighted in green) in a typical steam- efficiently as possible. A broad range of generating facility where savings oppor- sophisticated control systems exist to tunities exist. improve the efficiency of boiler operation and deploy heat energy only when

Standby steam losses due to leakage and heat loss should never exceed 5 percent of Burner Controls boiler production Burner controls help maintain boiler efficiency Maximizing boiler efficiency is an essential component of any energy management program. Boilers & Steam (continued) 30 / 31

Boiler/Steam Boiler Efficiency Standards Boiler Operating Standards Management Program The overall efficiency of a boiler is mea- Boiler efficiency is also A key to minimizing energy costs and The following activities should be part of sured by dividing the gross output affected by such factors as: consumption associated with boilers is any strategy to reduce boiler/steam energy energy by the input energy. One of the Standby losses—for to match the boiler capacity to the load costs and usage: key indicators of boiler efficiency is example, energy losses required. The following are some ways “combustion efficiency,” or how well a that occur when a pilot to match boiler output to the load: Obtain Boiler Certification from local boiler burns fuel and transfers the heat. flame is burning, consum- state authorities Combustion efficiency is stated as a ing energy, at times when Install multiple smaller ▶ Boilers must be certified as being in proper percentage equal to 100 percent minus no heat is needed from boilers working condition according to local state the boiler guidelines and regulations. Certification system losses measured at full load. Only operate boilers that is also required by insurance providers. Boilers are rated and compared by their Short cycling losses— are needed for a given load Typically, each state government has a input fuel consumption or horsepower for example, when a boiler is at a given time and shut department responsible for processing (hp) as measured by Btu/hr. One boiler first cycled on, the surfaces them down when they are of the boiler are cooler, and not needed certification request applications, conducting hp = 33,250 Btu/hr. inspections, and issuing certifications therefore, additional energy is consumed in order to bring Install controls to ensure Measure and document system efficiency, the boiler up to combustion complete, clean combustion at varying loads performance and maintenance on a Boiler Efficiency Standards conditions. The result is regular basis lower combustion efficiency ▶ This activity should be a part of every facility’s Equipment Size of Energy standard operating procedures Input Rating Efficiency Condensate return— condensate is a by-product Gas-fired 300,000 Btu/h 80% minimum Parallel positioning Define current and future heating needs or more combustion of heat transfer in a steam boiler controls can that are affected by your facility’s boilers efficiency system; steam that has condensed still has value save 5 percent to ▶ Heating needs are a combination of space Oil-fired 300,000 Btu/h 83% minimum 7 percent of fuel heating and industrial process require- as hot water and should be or more combustion 2 consumption ments. It is unlikely the space requirements efficiency returned to the boiler in your facility will change much over the years. However, as technology evolves and processes change, so too will the heat energy requirements for those processes. Well thought-out estimates can help you determine the number, kind, and capacity of boilers you will need in the future. Match- Hot water reset controls ing boilers to need minimizes cost and energy waste can save 14 percent of Employ state-of-the-art controls heating cost ▶ Control systems help ensure that boilers work efficiently and reliably and only generate the amount of steam or hot water needed for any given time period and any given process

1 Source: SoCalGas: “Gas Boilers Guideline.” 2 Armstrong Steam and Condensate Group: “Steam…Basic Concepts.” Boilers & Steam (continued) 32 / 33

Best Practices Metrics The following is a checklist The following proven best Replace larger boilers with Periodically inspect con- Monitor and minimize boiler practices can help maxi- multiple boilers Boilers must densate station vents for blow-down through proper of action-items you can excessive plumes water management. Install mize boiler efficiency, ▶ Use multiple boilers to be monitored implement to document minimize heat/energy supply a common load ▶ Excessive condensate can an automatic blow-down and measure your progress central system losses, and reduce energy and sequence them to regularly reduce heat transfer. It’s in reducing energy costs ▶ Solids can accumulate in consumption and the costs match load requirements important that the traps and consumption associ- and vents be designed to a boiler and form sludge, associated with boilers. open in order to drain the which impedes heat ated with boilers. These Seasonally adjust hot water transfer. Such solids can procedures should be temperature setpoints Inspect and check all condensate and close to automatic control systems retain the steam also damage pipes, steam followed on a regular basis, Burn alternate fuels to take ▶ In parts of the country advantage of fluctuating and valves to ensure traps and process equip- not just when energy where weather and tem- proper operation ment. These impurities fuel costs peratures change signifi- Consider heat recovery to audits are scheduled. ▶ must be blown down by ▶ Fuel markets are volatile, When operating correctly, preheat boiler make-up water cantly from season to control systems greatly discharging some water and costs change all the ▶ To maximize efficiency and Track monthly energy season, there are savings improve the efficiency of from the boiler to a drain. time. Be aware of which save energy, use heat consumption and cost data opportunities resulting boiler operation. Therefore This must be done in a pre- fuels are most cost effec- from adjusting temperature recovered from the boiler it is imperative to make sure cisely controlled manner to Provide maintenance tive at any point in time setpoints according to to preheat make-up water and be prepared to take these controls, such as avoid wasting water and history outdoor temperatures temperature controls and heat—hence the need for advantage of potential fuel Measure, document, and Measure and monitor cost savings by being able valves, are working properly a properly working auto- record boiler efficiency and 1 winter peak load and to burn alternate fuels Use control systems to matic blow-down system automatically control and/or performance on a regular summer base load BTUs Establish and implement a interlock boilers and pump- basis and utilize that informa- steam trap program per square foot Shut off boilers when not ing systems to provide the tion to improve system Inspect the entire system needed proper amount of steam for efficiency for leaks, defective valves Monitor combustion and flanges, and corroded ▶ It is a costly proposition to each process Put excess steam to use ▶ Only by taking frequent, efficiency generating power with piping and components, generate steam, heat, and ▶ Control systems help regular measurements and pump seal or packing hot water when they are ensure a reliable, safe, Carrier micro-turbines documenting the results can you accurately gauge ▶ Leaks, corrosion, and other not needed efficient supply of steam. defects in a boiler/heating Control the flow rate of the boiler performance over And, for processes requir- system waste heat and ing a continuous supply of induced draft and forced time and spot potential Optimize boiler staging to draft fans by installing energy. A program of regular maximize efficiency and avoid steam, controls help inefficiencies. One helpful variable-speed drives monitoring tactic is to inspection is necessary to System maintenance part-load inefficiencies ensure that the steam identify these deficiencies ▶ Fans enable the flow of install steam meters to ▶ Operate boilers with supply is uninterrupted impacts system efficiency. steam through the system. track heating needs and correct them in order to capacity that matches the Deploying variable fans prevent further losses and Poorly maintained boilers required load inefficiencies helps adjust the flow rate As part of regular inspection are far less efficient than Steam traps to meet changing load and maintenance proce- require requirements dures, check, test and Insulate all bare steam pipes well maintained boilers calibrate the devices that and valves. Inspect system maintenance measure pressure, tempera- insulation on a regular basis Maximize the return of all and repair as needed condensate to boiler ture and flow for efficient ▶ Proper insulation ▶ An effective method of ▶ Be sure to keep logs of all prevents loss of heat, operation improving power boiler data from these devices and steam, and energy plant energy efficiency is instruments and regularly to increase the conden- review it to identify ineffi- 1 ciency trends sate return to the boiler 1 U.S. Department of Energy: “Energy Tips – Steam.” HVAC Systems & Controls 34 / 35 HVAC Management Program

Document system compo- Static Pressure nents (size and location) Optimization – in VAV air systems, this application Perform preventive mainte- will monitor VAV damper nance to ensure operating position and dynamically efficiency reset duct static pressure Use the full capabilities of setpoint to the minimum you building automation required to meet actual system to control HVAC airflow requirements based systems, lighting systems on current building load and other facility equipment and ambient conditions. The same can be done for Time of Day Scheduling – chilled water and hot water a simple application to set distribution systems back heating and cooling Preventive maintenance setpoints, and control Variable Frequency Motor lighting during unoccupied Drives (VFD’s) – pump and Preventive maintenance practices can improve system time periods (nights, week- fan motors above 5 HP are enhances system reliability ends, holidays) often great candidates for efficiency and save costs a VFD that will modulate the and efficiency and extends Demand Controlled motor speed when condi- without sacrificing comfort Ventilation – a strategy to tions allow the life of the equipment modulate ventilation air Thermogram of heating ducts volume based on occupan- Once you have selected cy and/or indoor environmental conditions. Reduc- the most energy efficient equipment for your appli- Every building has one or more chillers, ing ventilation air when not Heating, Ventilating and required to support occu- cation and can program/ boilers, cooling towers, or pumps, or pancy will significantly monitor its operation from Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems packaged equipment and air handling reduce costs to condition a Building Automation equipment. These systems are essential hot or cold outside air to System the best thing to meet indoor air conditions account for 20 to 30 percent for providing adequate comfort levels for do is review OEM (original of the total energy consumed building occupants and proper tempera- Daylighting Control – equipment manufacturer) ture/humidity conditions for sensitive using photocells and occu- operations and mainte- in industrial buildings. processes. Preventive maintenance best pancy sensors, it’s easy to nance documents for a full reduce artificial lighting practices can maintain system efficiency schedule of recommended and save costs without sacrificing comfort. significantly when sufficient daylight exists, or when service and preventive spaces are unoccupied maintenance procedures. HVAC Systems & Controls (continued) 36 / 37

Best Practices

Establish a preventive Replace constant-volume Use Variable Frequency maintenance program for air-handling systems with all HVAC equipment VAV-variable air volume Drives (VFDs) on all large systems

pumps, fans and towers (5 Whenever possible use hp and above) cooling tower water to Establish an occupancy provide free cooling for schedule and shut off all process and air condition- equipment during unoccu- ing needs pied hours

Chillers Cooling Towers Packaged Equipment Air Handling Establish a cooling tower Install a heat exchanger Equipment Well maintained chillers can What’s important What’s important water quality program to to recover heat from eliminate algae and rust exhaust air use up to 20-25 percent ▶ Keep a good operation log ▶ Regularly scheduled What’s important less energy to produce the & maintenance record inspections at each ▶ Regularly scheduled same amount of cooling ▶ Regularly scheduled oper- seasonal start-up inspections and maintenance Install back-draft dampers ating inspections (cooling and heating) on fans discharging to the What’s important What to focus on Use Free Cooling outdoors to eliminate ▶ Water treatment What to focus on infiltration when fans are off ▶ Keep a good operation log ▶ Keep heating and cooling whenever possible! & maintenance record What to focus on ▶ Keep condenser and coils clean for maximum ▶ Keep the tower clean evaporater coils clean for heat transfer Shut off pumps when not ▶ Regularly scheduled oper- maximum heat transfer ating inspections to maximize heat transfer ▶ Check coils for leaks The efficient, proper required capability ▶ Ensure proper refrigeration ▶ Replace filters often ▶ Annual inspections and charge operation and longevity of clean up ▶ Ensure motor drive belts to reduce static pressure Metrics are adjusted properly ▶ Replace filters a minimum and to maintain proper a water cooling system of four times per year to depend on ensuring the What to focus on ▶ Keep the fan blades clean air flow Maintain an equipment maintain proper air flow ▶ Keep tubes (water cooled for proper operation ▶ Keep drive belts maintained quality of the water to inventory list chillers) and coils (air cooled ▶ Proper operation of tower ▶ Keep drive belts maintained and properly aligned prevent corrosion and Install programmable chillers) clean fan and water-level controls and properly aligned ▶ Clean intake plenum of dirt other damage that can controls to maintain time ▶ Ensure refrigerant charges ▶ Good water treatment to ▶ Clean, lubricate and adjust and debris adversely affect system dampers for proper operation and temperature set-points are optimized (not too much, reduce biological growth ▶ Inspect fan; lubricate and performance.1 not too little) and to keep the concen- ▶ Repair air leaks in ductwork clean as needed Maintain an HVAC mainte- ▶ Regular inspections & cali- tration of suspended solids to prevent air from escaping nance log including a bration of chiller controls within acceptable limits to non-conditioned areas Control cooling tower fans refrigerant maintenance log with variable speed controls ▶ Ensure spray nozzles or a two-speed motor and details of annual aren’t clogged inspection Complete an HVAC audit every three years Retro-commissioning restores HVAC system efficiency

1 U.S. Department of Energy: “Water Efficiency: Cooling Tower Management.” Combined Heat and Power 38 / 39 What to focus on

Packaged or “modular” Base electrical load, current CHP systems are available and long term forecast Heat Rate: for commercial and light Base thermal load, current Denotes the industrial applications. and long term forecast amount of These small systems, ranging in size from 20 kW Future electrical rates heat required (at least 5 year projection) to 650 kW produce to generate electricity and hot water Future natural gas rates from waste heat. Typically, (at least 5 year projection) power cogeneration systems are Environmental benefits (BTU/kWh) designed to match the Local utility or state sites’ hot water or steam incentives requirements and not the Combined Heat and Power electrical requirements. Electric utility company Spark Spread: interconnect requirements The best applications for Difference (CHP): The simultaneous cogeneration systems Cogeneration system generation of electrical power are facilities that always maintenance cost between and usable heat have a need for hot water Natural Gas or steam. Various technical factors cost and Clean Emissions: such as utility rates, site Power Cost Compared with traditional thermal and electrical combustion power plants, a requirements, and electrical Cogeneration or Combined Heat and A typical CHP application single UTC PureCell 400: load profile all contribute to includes one of the follow- the viability of a cogenera- Produces 400kW of elec- Power (CHP) are broadly defined as the ing technologies to drive tion system. A feasibility tricity and approximately study should be conducted an electrical generator: 1,700,000 Btu’s of heat simultaneous generation of electrical per hour by an expert who will power and heat. Compared to conventional Combustion turbine evaluate site requirements Reciprocating engine and appropriate CHP options. UTC Power, Carrier systems, CHP significantly increases Micro turbine and Pratt & Whitney Power efficiency (up to 85 percent) by utilizing Fuel cell Systems have extensive experience in CHP system heat produced by electric generators. Size in kW output is development and opera- usually the determining tion featuring Fuel Cells, factor in technology Micro-Turbines and Gas selection. Turbine technologies. Building Envelope 40 / 41 What to Focus On Building envelope improvements are most cost-effective when they are Best Practice: conducted as part of new construction Perform a thermal scan or retrofit initiatives. of the roof to check for Upgrade insulation levels as part of other projects (e.g., new construction, re-roofing) damaged insulation Check insulation for condensation and water penetration, replace as needed. Insulation is ineffective once it becomes wet Building envelope Much of a building’s heat Insulate roof voids. The integrity of the thermographic study roof should be maintained each time the losses and gains occur roof is penetrated through the roof, so there Maintain window and door seals to are often significant eliminate drafts Install double- or triple-glazed windows energy-savings opportunities with low-emissive (low-E) glass related to roof efficiency. Install double-spaced automatic doors in areas where external doors are frequently left open Install plastic secondary door curtains Infrared thermographic Image inside delivery doors The integrity of the Therefore, the insulating properties of the roof, doors, and windows should all Use thermal scans to test the integrity of building insulation building envelope has a be maintained to minimize energy use. wet The three major contributors to energy Establish a roof management plan dry dramatic impact on the inefficiency in the building envelope are: Minimize solar heat gain through the use of window film or window shades energy required to heat Infiltration of hot and cold air and cool the building. Solar radiation Heat loss through windows, walls, floors Control image, wet sections marked for removal and roofs Appendix A: Appendix B: 42 / 43

UTC Supplier Self-Assessment Rules of Thumb Fan Energy 100-1500 CFM per HP Suppliers will be asked to complete a self-assessment questionnaire Fan Energy 400 CFM per ton of air conditioning that includes the following UTC EH&S minimum expectations: Typical Lighting Design 1–2 watts per square feet Chiller Size 300–400 square feet per ton Chiller Water 2.4 GPM per ton (10°F Rise) I. Does the facility provide safe working Condenser Water 3 GPM per ton (10°F Rise) conditions for all employees, customers Chiller Electric Input 0.5–0.8 kW per ton Chillers & Pumps & Towers 0.7–1.0 kW per ton and contractors? Domestic Hot Water Temperature Setpoint 105°F Steam Absorbers 18 lbs. steam per ton II. Does the facility adhere to all applicable Boiler Hot Water Reset Controls Saves 14% of annual heating cost national, regional, state and local laws Compressed Air Operating Costs $1.25 to $1.60 per HP per day and regulations governing Environment, Health, and Safety? Common Energy Equations Sensible Air Conditioning BTU/hr. = CFM X 60 min/hr. X .075 lb./cubic feet X.24 BTU/lb. X ∆T BTU/hr. = 1.08 X CFM X ∆T III. Does the facility operate in a manner Latent Air Conditioning BTU/hr. = 60 min/hr. X .075 lb./cubic feet X CFM X ∆H that minimizes the impact to the BTU/hr. = 4.5 X CFM X ∆H Water Heating/Cooling BTU/hr. = GPM X 60 min/hr. X 8.33 lb./gal. X 1 BTU./lb./°F X ∆T environment? BTU/hr. = 500 X CFM X ∆T Electric Power kW = 0.746 X HP/Motor Efficiency IV. kW = amps X volts X 1.73 X Power Factor X Motor Efficiency Does the facility limit the use of natural (3 phase) 1000 resources and promote sustainable Brake HP = amps X volts X 1.73 X Power Factor X Motor Efficiency (3 phase) natural resource practices? 746

V. Are EH&S values and expectations as in Natural Gas Conversions UTC Supplier Expectations I through IV, 1 CF (cubic foot) = Approximately 1,000 BTU’s or similar, communicated to employees 1 CCF = 100 CF = 1 Therm 1 Therm = 100,000 BTU’s = 100 CF = 0.1 MCF and suppliers? 1 MCF = 1,000 CF = 10 therms = 1 decatherm 1 MCF = 1 million BTU’s = 1MMBTU 1 MMCF = 1,000,000 CF = 1 billion BTU’s Appendix C: Appendix D: 44 / 45

Conversion Factors Glossary These units multiplied by...... this factor will...... convert to these units Electric demand ECM Gal #6 Fuel Oil 0.1463 MCF Natural Gas Instantaneous electric load by site or Energy conservation measure equipment (kW). The amount of demand $/Gal #6 Fuel Oil 6.833 $/MCF Natural Gas Foot-candle (fc) registered on your electric meter. $/MCF Natural Gas 0.1463 $/Gal #6 Fuel Oil Unit of measurement for illuminance Horsepower (electric) 0.746 Kilowatts AFUE (1 fc =1 lumen/SF). Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency Greenhouse Gas Lumen 0.001496 Watt indicated as a percentage. AFUE tells Heat exchanger – A device used to Lumen/sq ft 1 Foot-candles you how much energy is being transfer heat from one medium to Lux 0.0929 Foot-candles converted to heat. another (e.g., air to air, air to water). Bar 14.5038 PSI British thermal unit (Btu) Kilowatt-hour (kWh) – Electrical energy Barrels (oil, US) 42.0 Gallons (US) The amount of heat required to raise usage rate used for utility bills—One the temperature of one pound of water Horsepower 2545 Btu/hr thousand watts per hour. Kilowatt-hrs 3414 Btu (Site) one degree Fahrenheit; equal to 252 calories. It is roughly equal to the heat Lux – S.I. unit of illuminance. It is equal Boiler Horse Power (BHP) 33,475 Btu/hr of one kitchen match. to one lumen per square meter. Degrees Centigrade F = (C x 1.8) + 32 Degrees Fahrenheit Combustion efficiency MMBtu – A unit of one million British Degrees Fahrenheit C = (F - 32) x 0.555 Degrees Centigrade This measure represents the amount thermal units. Gallons (Brit) 1.2009 Gallons (US liq) of fuel energy extracted from flue gases. SEER – The seasonal energy efficiency Gallons (Brit) 4.546 Liters It is a steady state measure and does ratio is a measure of the cooling not include boiler shell losses or blowdown Gallons (US) 3.7854 Liters efficiency of air conditioner or heat losses. The losses identified in this Gallons (US) 0.83267 Gallons (UK) pump. The higher the SEER number, efficiency calculation are the stack losses. the more efficient the system is at Therm 100,000 Btu Stack losses are an indication of the converting electricity into cooling power. Gallons (US) 3.7854 Liters amount of energy remaining in the flue Gallons (US) 0.83267 Gallons (UK) gases as they exit the boiler. VAV – Variable air volume. Air flow is varied to match heating and cooling loads. EER Also called VFD (variable frequency drive) Energy efficiency ratings (EER) measure or VSD (variable speed drive). the efficiency with which a product uses energy to function. It is calculated by dividing a product’s BTU output by its wattage (kW). Appendix E:

Where to Get More Information Online Energy Conversion Calculator: http://www.onlineconversion.com/energy.htm United Technologies Corporation is a diversified company that provides a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE): http://www.doe.gov broad range of high-technology products and services to the global aerospace U.S. DOE Best Practices: and commercial building industries. Its http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices businesses include Carrier heating, air- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Climate Change: conditioning and refrigeration solutions; http://www.epa.gov/climatechange Hamilton Sundstrand aerospace and U.S. Green Building Council’s Green Home Guide: industrial systems; Otis elevators and http://www.greenhomeguide.org and www.greenbuild365.org escalators; Pratt & Whitney engines; Sikorsky helicopters; and UTC Fire & World Resources Institute (WRI): Security systems. The company also http://www.wri.org operates a central research organization that pursues technologies for improving the performance, energy efficiency and cost of UTC products and processes.

Appendix F: www.Carrier.com www.hamiltonsundstrand.com The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, www.otis.com www.pw.utc.com A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard www.sikorsky.com Greenhouse Gas Protocol WRI-WBCSD www.utcfireandsecurity.com

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N20), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), www.utcpower.com Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6):

The World Resource Institute and World Business Council for Place the recycle and forestry logos Sustainable Development flush left in this position. developed a corporate accounting and reporting standard for

The World Resource Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development developed a corporate accounting and reporting standard for GHG inventory. www.wri.org United Technologies Building Hartford, Connecticut 06101 U.S.A. www.utc.com

Carrier Hamilton Sundstrand Otis Pratt & Whitney Sikorsky UTC Fire & Security utc Power