Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, Vol. 37, pp. 139-154, 2004

SHAKIRULLAH & MOHAMMAD IHSAN AFRIDI Directorate General Mines and Minerals North West Frontier Province

ABSTRACT: North West Frontier Province (NWFP)is considered to be a prospective geological domain for a variety of mineral potentials, Such as (i) Dimension stones (ii) Gemstones (iii) Industrial non-metallic minerals, (iv) Metallic minerals and (v) Fuel/Energy minerals. Occurrence of vast resources of ordinary stones for use in construction industry, are in addition to these. Major resources include marble, granite, gemstones, phosphate, nepheline syenite, limestone, clay, silica sand, soapstone, chromite and iron as well as metallic minerals including gold and base metals. Occurrences of coal have also been reported along a prospective belt in the southern part of N. W.F. P.

As an institutional reforms, the government of N. W.F. P, created the Directorate General Mines and Minerals (DGMM), in August 2001 by integrating the three mineral related agencies (i,e. Mineral Wing of Sarhad Development Authority, Mineral Wing of Directorate of Industries Commerce and Mineral Development and Inspectorate of Mines and Labor Welfare, in line with the National Mineral Policy, 1995). This is with the aim to provide one-window facilities to attract as well as to facilitate national and overseas investment in the mineral sector of the province.

~asedon the exploratory and developmental activities of the government of N. W.F.P, the DGMM has so far granted more than 1400 mining concessions under N.W.F.P Mining Concession Rules 1976. The DGMM has established GIS-RS laboratory as a tool for mineral information and management system. DGMM has also established a well-equipped Mineral Testing Laboratory (MZ) to facilitate the mineral sector in testing and analyses of samples including facilities for environmental research, related to mining industry.

Mineral industry of NWFP has tremendous potential to attract investment in exploration, development and mining. However, this warrants human resource development to have the capability .of environment-friendly development of mineral resources.

INTRODUCTION The province has an exceptional resources of semiprecious and precious stones, metallic With an area of about 74,521 km2, almost and non-metallic minerals, energy minerals 70% of the North West Frontier Province and industrial raw material. The mineral (NWFP) is occupied by mountainous terrains. potential of the province can contribute significantly to the socio-economic uplift of Investment friendly regulatory and fiscal the region with an enhanced contribution regimes are being introduced in the shape of towards the GDP of the country. Northern modified mining concession rules to facilitate part of the North West Frontier Province has and promote the investment in mineral sector potential for marble/granite, nepheline of.North West Frontier Province. syenite, phosphates, and gemstones, metallic minerals including gold and base metals and MINERAL POTENTIALS OF N. W.F.P. variety of other industrial minerals. Southern part of the N.W .F.P has extensive potential Mineral potentials of N.W.F.P are of rock salt, gypsum, coal, limestone and clay categorized into five sub-divisions: minerals in addition to the potential of hydrocarbons. Dimensional stones (marble, granite etc .) . Pursuance to implementation of National The gemstones (precious and semi Mineral Policy, 1995, as institutional precious). reforms, the Government of N .W .F .P, Metallic minerals including gold and base created the Directorate General Mines and metals, scheelite (tungsten ore) chromite Minerals (DGMM), N.W.F.P in August, and manganese etc. 2001 by integrating -the three mineral related Industrial minerals including soapstone, agencies (i.e., Mineral Wing of Directorate of feldspar, Nepheline-syenite, rock Industries Commerce and Mineral phosphate, cement grade limestone and Development, the Mineral Wing of Sarhad clay etc. Development Authority and the Inspectorate Fuel minerals i.e. coal, natural oil and of Mines), with the aim to provide one gas. window facilities to attract as well as facilitate national and overseas investment in the Dimension stones and marble resources mineral sector of the province. The The Dimension stones potential of North Exploration Promotion Division of the West Frontier Province, which include Directorate General Mines and Minerals marble, granite, serpentine and other stones, (DGMM) continued its activities for the are the vast potential of the province, exploration and development of mineral warranting systematic developmental resources of the province in regard to gold activities through involvement of local and and base metals in Chitral, Malakand and overseas investors (working group on Hazara regions besides exploration of minerals, 1978; Kazrni & Jan, 1997). emeralds and other gemstones resources, marble, granite and other dimensional-stones The estimated resource of marble in and the generation of Geo-Data relating to N. W.F.P is about 3.0 billion Tonne but so far mineral potential of North West Frontier no systematic exploratory coverage has been Province. extended. The potential marble bearing areas having variety of metamorphosed marble The Licensing Division has so far occurrences of different colors and shades are granted more than 1400 mining concessions being mined in prominent areas of Buner, for different minerals in the private sector, Swat, Mohrnand, Bajaur agency, Mulagori where the revenue recovery to the and Chitral (Fig. 1). At present about 80% of Government. Exchequers is about Rs. 140 marble production in raw form is being million per year. marketed to Punjab and Sindh for its value addition in the shape of marble tiles, table bottle necks, the DGMM has launched a tops and other decoratives. Although the comprehensive exploratory programme to private sector is involved in mining of marble scan the marble bearing areas, which are in I\J W.F.P, but for getting immediate return, amenable to block extraction and to reserve they resort to indiscriminate blasting for the same for systematic marble quarry recovery of marble lumps rather than development, with application of marble systematic marble blocks. To over come these cutting machinery etc.

SWN BLOCK BUNERBLOCI( SWABI BlOCK

Fig. 1. Map showing the investment targets of marble resources of NWFP,

141 The government of N.W.F.P is planning development for extraction of geometrical to organize the marble and granite mining blocks. The major belts of marble occurrences sector of N.W.F.P by providing basic identified in the province are those of four guidance to private sector for systematic parallel belts of marble (i.e, Reshun marble, exploration and development of marble and Shoghore marble, Gahiret marble and Shishi granite resources to ensure block extraction. Valley marble), having a potential of more The purpose is to avoid wastage of marble than 1000 million Ton. There is an extensive through indiscriminate blasting and to ensure marble belt of Mardan-Buner with vast extraction of geometrical shapes and sizes of potential of more than 1000 million Ton, marble blocks by using modern marble besides occurrences in Swabi area. Pink cutting machinery. That would entail value marble occurs as a hillock near Nowshera addition to marble in the shape of having an estimated resource of about 100 marblelgranite decoratives and the substantial million Ton. Other scattered occurrences of enhancement of foreign exchange revenue marble are those of Swat and Kohistan regions through exports. The private sector would be and southern part of N.W.F.P, having a advised by the Exploration Promotion potential of about 800 million Ton. The Division, DGMM for systematic development occurrence of marble in Bajaur, Mohrnand and and mining, based on the information to be Warsak areas of FATA are in addition to these generated about the potential of marble and marble resources. granite deposits/resources . The private sector would be invited to coordinate and cooperate The N. W.F.P has also vast potential of a with the DGMM for any assistance in variety of granite resources of different planning and exploitation of the marble shades and texture warranting systematic resources. exploration and evaluation of granite outcrops in the accessible localities. Quantitatively, To provide basic guidance to the private resources are rated in billion Ton (Fig. 2). parties, a pilot marble quarry has also been The term granite is here assigned to rocks proposed for development at any suitable harder than marble but amenable to extraction place at Buner with the application of modern of blocks and processing to cut and polished cutting machinery, as a training institute to be tiles and tops and other decoratives. The executed jointly by the publiclprivate sector. knowh outcrops of granite in N.W.F.P can be A systematic training programme would be categorized as the dark colored granites launched for skill development of the workers dominated by green shades. Mafic and and the staff of the private mining concerns. ultramafic rocks, also used as dimension stone, outcrops in Chitral, Swat and In order to achieve the above targets, the Kohistan, having a potential of more than a Exploration Promotion Division, DGMM , 500 million Ton. The accessible outcrops of N.W.F.P, is implementing the ADP funded green metabasites and dark coloured diabase PC-II scheme "geological survey and dikes in Chitral, Dir-Timergara, Swat and evaluation of marble and granite resources of Kohistan have a potential of about 1000 , N.W.F.PW. The main objective of the scheme million Ton (Fig. 2). The accessible outcrops is to generate the necessary geological data for of the light colored granites of Tirich Mir and evaluation of marble and granite resources in Karakorum BatholiWgranitoids in Chitral N. W. F. P and to establish a model geotechnical regiqn are estimated to 500 million tons (Fig. studies on selected prospects of marble and 2). Kohistan Batholith in Dir, Swat and granite outcrops amenable to quarry Kohistan, having suitable outcrops (1000 million tons) along the main roads, can be exploration: 1) Pegmatite-hosted beryl- lased for extraction of granite blocks and tourmaline-topaz-garnet clan, occurring development of quarries. About 1000 million within a linear domain of about 30 krns tons of Indian Mass granitoids in Swat, Buner between Garram Chishma and Kafirristan and Hazara regions can be utilized for further areas of Chitral, besides other occurrences in development and exploitation. Drosh and possibly emerald mineralization in the Shishi valley and 2) corrundum/rubby 2. Gemstone resources occurrences in Timergarah and Swat area, Geological environment of northern part along a geological domain of amphibolites, of N.W.F.P. is inferred for diversity of being a major belt should have vast potential precious and semi precious gemstone for similar gemstones (Kazmi et a]., 1990; potential (Fig. 3). Following belts have been Kazmi & 0 'Donoghue, 1990; Kazmi & Jan, identified as prospective target for gemstone

Fig.2. Map showing the mining exploration targets of granites 143 Fig. 3. '~apshowing the explorationlmining targets of gemstones.

The Exploration Promotion Division for evaluation of the known gemstones (EPD) of DGMM, N.W.F.P initiated its resources as well as prospecting for new activities from development of the Mingora occurrences through implementation of a PC- Emerald Mines, in the year 1973-74 when it I1 scheme. was a part of the Sarhad Development Authority (SDA) in the year 2001. Presently The worldwide known famous Swat exploration and evaluation of Swat emerald emeralds, found along a linear belt of more belt, covering an area of about 2000 Km2, is than 50 kms, from Shangla-AIpuri in the east under process. Significant mineralization has to Shewa-Shamozai in the west. Further been recorded in Makhad and Charbagh areas extension of the same belt is reported from of swat. The department has also initiated Bajaur and Mohmand Agencies in the west. systematic exploration of the Chitral region The inferredlproven emerald deposits of 144 Mingora, Gujar Killi and Shamozai have the Shamozai emeralds in Swat, Katlang Topaz estimated resource of over 50 million carats, has been reserved for sizeable investment which are being placed for open auction for under 10 years mining leases in each case, sizeable investment. Carbonate-hosted topaz expecting the financiallrevenue receipts of of pink, yellow, white and other shades over Rs.500 million to the government occurs in MardanIKatlang areas. exchequers, besides development of the Geologically, the host rocks extends upto resources in private sector in addition to Buner area for about 40 Km. Ultrarnafic- socio-economic uplift of the remote areas of hosted peridote in Spat Kohistan, should have N.W.F.P. The other small gem bearing areas possible extension upto Jijal across the Indus are being explored and developed by river in the west for more than 30 krn. investment of local communities under small Metasediments-hosted corrundum (ruby and gemstone leaseholders to regularize illicit sapphire), in upper Kaghan valley of Hazara mining and marketing. This is also an division. The occurrences are possibly the approach towards exploration and extension of the famous Kashrnir ruby. Other identification of new discoveries of scattered occurrences of precious and semi- gemstones. precious gemstones in Buner upper Swat valley and elsewhere in the mountainous The Directorate General Mines and terrains of the region. Minerals is also implementing a PC-I scheme at its Mineral Testing Laboratory to establish The government of N.W.F.P is paying a Gems Testing Section and to facilitate special attention to the development of gemstone exploration, mining, value addition and resources and has constituted the N. W.F.P Gems trading the gemstones in the private sector. and Mineral Promotion Committee having Peshawar is the Hub of gem trading, mostly participation from both the public and private undertaking the business/marketing activities sector. The committee has formulated small-scale through smuggled raw gems from gemstone policy as an approach to explore and neighboring countries in local gem markets. develop, the gemstone potentials of the region. Small scale cottage units, established in the The DGMM has so far granted more than 40 main city area of Qisa Khawani and Nimak Mining Leases under the said policy. Mandi, Peshawar. To regularize the gem trade, the government has established the To further facilitate the small gemstone Gem and Gemological Institute of Pakistan lease-holders, the DGMM has initiated (GGIP) at Peshawar, which would ultimately implementation of two Public Sector be converted into a traininghalue addition Development Program (PSDP) funded projects institute besides the establishment of trade sponsored by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural center. Hopefully with these actions, the Resources, Islamabad. The main objective of the present level of export of gems worth about PC-I schemes, one each in Malakand and Hazara US$ 12 million would be enhanced to about regions, is to provide training for systematic US$ 100 million in a short span. prospecting and mine development. Under this programme, the staff of private mining concerns 3. Metallic mineral resources will be offered the necessary training for skill Northern part of N.W.F.P. is development in mining of gemstone. conceptually considered to be prospective for a variety of metallic minerals including gold The major emeralds and other gemstone and other precious metals (Fig. 4) (Ahrnad, deposits of Mingora, Gujar Killi and 1969; 1'983; Calkins et al., 1981; working Group on Minerals, 1978; Islam et al., 1993; gold and base metals identified in Chitral, Khan et al., 1982; Ashraf & Hussain, 1982; Malakand and Hazara regions. Presently,..the Miller et al., 1991; Badshah, 1983; WPIDC, Exploration Promotion Division (EPD) is 1970b; Shah, 1997; Shah & Moon, 2004; implementing a Public Sector Development Shams, 1995). The Exploration Promotion Program (PSDP) funded PC-I scheme of Division of DGMM has worked on various pilotibench scale studies on processing of ores localized mineral occurrences including for extraction of metals. The studies under the Malakand and Kohistan chromite; Besham scheme will also be helpful for assessment lead-zinc; copper in Drosh and Dir; tungsten, and exploitation of the small-scale antimony, iron, Iow tonnage-high grade gold occurrences of metallic minerals. identified in in Chitral and other exploration targets of N.W.F.P.

Fig. 4. Map showing the exploration targets of gold and base metals.

146 The government of N.W.F.P with geological belt of Kohistan island arc technical assistance of Australia initiated sequence of northern part of N. W.F.P and 4) systematic exploration coverage, mainly nine selected targets of gold, lead, zinc and through drainage geochemical survey under other base metals over an accumulated area of the Gold Exploration and Mineral Analysis 1300km2 along the geological domains of

Project (GEMAP) of Australian aid in Chitral Indian plate in Swat and lower Hazara. , in the year 1992. Under this programme, the Pakistani geoscientists including exploration The Exploration Promotion Division geologists were acquainted with necessary (EPD) is in a process of systematic training in gold prospecting Australia as well documentation of the data generated through as on-site training in northern Pakistan (i.e., systematic exploration coverage of northern Chitral and Gilgit regions). part of N. W.F.P for gold and base metals for dissemination of the same among the Keeping in view the effectiveness of the investors for follow-up exploration of the GEMAP exploration, the Malakand and selected targets. In order to demonstrate Hazara region of the province were also follow-up exploration to a logical end, the subjected to the systematic exploration' 300 km2 top priority target of Mirkhani coverage as per pattern designed under the copper-gold anomalies were followed-up to GEMAP. As such the government of the stage of prospect identification and to N.W.F.P has now completed a first pass reach the source of gold mineralization. The exploration coverage of northern part of EPD has accordingly identified the porphyry N.W .F.P over an area of 40,000 la2,which style copper-gold mineralization in 75 km2 resulted into generation of expanded database area in Chitral. The gold values in volcanic for follow-up exploration of selected targets breccia- hosted mineralization range upto 80 g/t of gold and related metallic minerals of fhe in the said target of gold and metal anomalies. region. The data is interpreted into 34 targets areas of gold and base metals anomalies for 4. Industrial and non metallic mineral follow-up exploration and also to provide resources investment opportunities for the private These reserves include 1) fertilize grade sector, particularly overseas exploration and phosphate in Hazara, 2) glass and ceramic mining companies. grade nepheline syenite in Buner, 3) Cement grade limestone and clay in Banda Chashma, From north to south, the selected target Pezu, Lachi, Nizampur and Mardan area, 4) areas of gold and base metal anomalies in glass grade silica sand in Munda Kucha and N.W.F.P., based on geological domains are in southern area of N.W.F.P and 5) Langrial further categorized, as follows: 1) Six targets iron ore, Shirwan soapstone and other over an accumulated area of 1000 km2 for industrial minerals in N. W .F.P, (Fig. 6) follow-up exploration of gold, tungsten, lead, (Ahmed & Siddiqui, 1992; Ahmad, 1969; zinc and nickel along the Pamir Block in Kazmi & Jan, 1997; Khan & Ghazanfar, Chitral (Fig. 4), 2) five target areas of gold, 1966; Raza & Iqbal, 1977; Butt & Latif, copper, lead, zinc and silver as well as gold- 1992; Chemical Consultant, 1970; Mikrch, platinum suit along the Karakorum Block, 1976; Hasan & Ghaznavi, 1980; Khan & over an accumulated area of 800 km2, 3) Ahad, 1991). A list of major industries fourteen target areas over an accumulated proposed on mineral identified for area of 3000 km2 in Darosh-Chitral, Dir, investment in N.W.F.P, is reproduce as Timergara and Kohistan areas, along the under : a) Portland cement plant of 3000 tons per also be utilized for the extraction of alkali day capacity involving an investment of complexes and manufacturing of portland Rs.5 billion, one each on limestone and cement. clay deposits in Banda Chashma g) Establishment of chemical and refractory D. I.Khan; Lachi-Kohat and Nizampur- grade industry utilizing the chromite Nowshera, Mardan-Katlang. The deposits resources of Malakand and Kohsitan are in the range of 600,200, 600 and 200 areas. This chromite may also be utilized million tons, respectively. for manufacturing of chrome magnesite b) Gypsum plaster and plaster board bricks by blending the same with the industries of 60,000 tons per year magnesite deposits of Abbottabad in capacity on about I50 million tons of Hazara. A refractory unit of 20,000 tons high grade gypsum in Kohat-Karak per year capacity can be designed for the ranges. The investment on the industries manufacturing of chrome magnesite is estimated to be approximately Rs.2 bricks. billion. h. Operation of National Fertilizer c) Soda ash caustic soda plant of 50,000 Corporation (NFC) plant and tons per year capacity on about 100 establishment of other fertilizer plants million tons rocks salts deposits in Kohat- basing the Hazara rock phosphates of Karak regions, involving an estimated about 20 million tons resources. investment of Rs ,800 million. d) Marble and granite tiles and decorative 5. Fuel mineral resources processing plants basing the marble and Amongst the fuel minerals, the occurrences of granite resources of Buner, Mardan, coal have been reported along a geological Chitral, Hazara and Kohistan regions. At horizon extending from Nizampur to Hangu least 10 units of 200,000 tons per year through Chirat, Dara Adam Khel and capacity each involving about Rs. 30 extending to the tribal belt along the border million investments can be established for with Afghanistan, (Fig. 5) (Gauhar, 1988; utilization of the marble and granite Kazmi & Jan, 1997). A number of resources of these areas. exploration licenses and leases have been e) Sheet glass manufacturing Industrial units granted to private parties for exploration and of 20,000 tons per year capacity basing development of coal resources in this the silica sand deposits of Pezu D.I.Khan particular belt. Another prospective belt lies and Munda Kuccha, Mansehra. The at Karak area where private parties have investment on the said industrial unit is developed localized operations. Prospection estimated to be approximately Rs .300 in the karak area has provided encouraging million. results. All the coal showings of the Karak, f) Glass and ceramic industry basing the Nowshera, Dara Adam khel and Hangu vast potential of nepheline syenite in areas are confined to the Paleocene strata. Buner area. A 30,000 tons per year Recently coal occurrences have been capacity plant may be proposed on the reported from Mansehra in Hazara region nepheline syenite having estimated appear to be an eastward extension of the reserves of 6,000 million tons. The same horizon. The coal belt, therefore, investment on the unit is. estimated to be warrant systematic studies for further Rs.50 million. The said resources may assessment of the same. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMWORK OF THE on exploration of gold and base metals, from DGMM FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION 40,000 sq Ecms of N.W.F.P. This data together with the exploration data on localized The Exploration Promotion Division of DGW occurrences of metallic and non-metallic has initiated systematic compilation of the data minerals will be compiled in conjunction with generated under the aforementioned exploration licensing / mineral tenement data for further activities. It, has been planned that all the processing of the same into mineral data manually documented data will be packages and dissemination of the data among systematically computerized by using the GIs the interested parties. This geodata wiIl be format. Accordingly, the DGMM is utilized as a tool to attract as well as to implementing the following schemes to create facilitate the private investment in the mineral a Geo-Database by using the data generated sector of the province.

Fig. 5. Map showing the location of explorationhining targets of coal prospective areas of NWFP. 149 CEMmORADE

WAND-

SCW Fig. 6. Map howing the major mineral resources for investment in NWFP.

DGMM has also initiated acquisition of mineral testing facilities and the resource geological, mineral exploration data and persons were provided with necessary mapping work by the application of Remote training in Australia and in Pakistan. The Sensing techniques. The DGMM has laboratory has also gained the capabilities of established a well equipped Mineral Testing analyzing the environment-related samples Laboratory (MTL) at Industrial Estate, and studies, particularly in mining and Peshawar in order to facilitate the mineral mineral processing. The DGMM is also sector in conducting various types of tests and planning to further upgrade the laboratory studies of :mineral samples. This laboratory facilities to convert the same from ore grade WEupgra&& UIT&~+e Amtrditin -t~~~t~ explor_atioKgrade laboratory to facilitate ------assistance "Geological Exploration and the future foreign investment in analyzing the Mineral Analyses Project" (GEMAP) during exploration samples from selected minerals the period 1992-95. Under the programme, prospects of gold and base metals and the MTL was equipped with additional gemstones in northern N. W. F. P. In regard to the mineral licensing and minerals in NWFP (Table 1). Production details production in NWFP, the DGMM has so far of different minerals by the DGMM for the last 6 granted total of 1445 concessionaries on different years are given in Table 2.

TABLE 1. NUMBER OF EXPLORATION LICENSES AND MINING LEASES, INDICATING DIFFERENT CATEGORY OF MINERALS IN RESPECTIVE DIVISIONS OF THE PROVINCE Chitral Malakand Hazara Mardan Peshawar Kohat D.I. Khan Total Dimension 41 227 74 59 22 11 00 434 stone Metallic 13 7 39 26 03 06 094 minerals Non metallic 27 153 236 73 109 92 94 784 Gemstone 1 12 09 02 024 Coal 00 00 03 00 4 1 60 05 109 Total 082 399 361 134 198 166 105 1445

TABLE 2. YEAR-WISE MINERAL PRODUCTION IN TONS FOR THE YEAR 1998-2004 - Mineral Commodity 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-0 1 200 1-02 2002-03 2003-04 Barites 3756 2253 385 1 2542 3161 1032.825 Bentonite China Clay Coal Chromite Dolomite Feldspar Fuller Earth Fire Clay Gypsum Granite Hornblendite Limestone Laterite Marble Manganese Magnesite Phosphate Quartz Quartzite Red Oxide Rock Salt Soapstone Silica Sand Slate Stone Shale Clay Serpentine 2230 795 1018 2483 213 1 1155 151 CONCLUSIONS training courses in coordination with public and private sectors. N.W.F.P. is endowed with inexhaustible ii. Need of market oriented trainings to resources of a variety of mineral resources. stake holders of mineral sector by To utilize these resources, public sector use of appropriate facilities 1 departments has to contribute in proper technology. exploration, evaluation and development on iii. Vocational training of the supporting updated lines. technical staff under partnership of In order to take benefits of the mineral the public and private sectors. potential, development of the resources iv. Centralized database of the need to be associated with the Human geotechnical professionals for a Resource Developmenr particularly for categorized record of expertise and value addition to the commodities to their interface with international ensure environment friendly development experts. on sustainable basis. ~eliableassessment of the resources will Systematic data generation and its lead to an affective planning for documentation on sustainable basis to development of the mineral sector. demonstrate mineral potential Capacity Building of the resource persons i. Advanced geological exploration to is needed on priority bases to meet the facilitate geological mapping leading requirement of the mining industry and to conceptual and genetic modeling market. of mineral prospects. In order to demonstrate mineral potential, ii. Systematic geological mapping and air- a systematic data generation and its born geophysical survey to facilitate documentation on sustainable basis is mineral exploration coverage including needed on priority bases. resource mapping. Reforms are needed in the fiscal and iii. Systematic mineral exploration regulatory structure for creation of coverage by adopting appropriate investment climate for environment-friendly techniques, leading to identification development of the mineral resources. of follow up exploration and mlning targets. RECOMMENDATIONS iv. Creation of mineral Geo-database to facilitate an effective management of To develop a progressive mining culture, mineral resource by the department following issues are to be addressed on priority concerned. Avoid duplication of bases. In order to attract private investment in research and generation of geo-data mineral sector, the fiscal and regulatory by different departments. framework is to be reshaped to provide incentives to the local mineral investors. Creation of investment climate for environment-friendly development of mineral resources 1 - Capacity - Wlding - of- the- eresource persons to meet the requirement of the 1.- - Effectkc disseminat-ie~- efaineral mining industry data as source of information and i. Designing of curriculum for graduate demonstration of mineral potential to and postgraduate studieslresearch by the attract as well as facilitate academia for conducting specialized investment. ii . Formulation of investment and Gauhar, S.H.,1988. Coal in NWFP. Geol. environment friendly regulatory Surv. Pak., Unpubl. Rep., 5p. framework related to minerals. Hasan, M.T. & Ghazanavi, M.I., 1980. iii , Redressal of local issues with regard Phosphate deposits of Hazara Division, to property and mineral rights. NWFP, Pakistan. Geol. Surv. Pak., iv . Competitive fiscal regime to attract Rec.50:24. investors in the mineral sector. Islam, N., Khan, S.N., Khan, W. & v. Provision of loan and development Marzhan, J ., 1993. Economic Mineral funding for viable mineral projects. Deposits of Pakistan. Geol. Surv. Pak., vi. Persistency and consistency in Unpubl. Rept., 72. policies related to mineral Kazrni, A.H., Khan, M.S., Khan, LA., development and its harmonization Fatrni, S.F. & Fariduddin, M., 1990,. with the human resources Coal resources of Sind, Pakistan. In: development. Significance of the Coal Resources of Pakistan (A.H. Kazmi & R.A. Siddiqui, REFERENCES eds.). Geol. Surv. Pak. U.S. Geol. Surv. Quetta, 27-61. Ahmad, Z., 1969. Directory of Mineral Kazmi, A.H. & O'Donoghue, M., 1990. Deposits of Pakistan. Geol. Surv. 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Production of Mikrch, F., 1976. Nordkap, nepheline major minerals of Pakistan. Geol. Surv. syenites als Rohstaff fur die gass Pak., Inf., Rel., 512, 28, industrie. Silicate J., 15(5): 174-176. Calkins, J.A., Jarniluddin, S., Bhuyan, K. & Miller, D.J., Loucks, R.R. & Ashraf, M., Hussain, A., 1981. Geology and mineral 1991. Platinum-group element resources of the Chitral-Partsan area, mineralization in the Jijd layered Hindu Kush Range, northern Pakistan. ultrarnafic-mafic complex, Pakistan U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap. 716-G, G1- Himalaya. Econ. Geol., 86: 1093- 1 102. G33. Raza, H.A. & Iqbal, M.W.A., 1977. Mineral Chemical Consultants, 1970. Economic prospects Deposits. In: Stratigraphy of Pakistan of Hazara magnesite. Report prepared for (Shah, S.M.I. ed.). Geol. Surv. Pak., West Pak. Indust. Devel. Corp. by Mem. 12: 98-120. Chemical Consultants (Pakistan) Ltd., Shah, M.T. & Moon, C.J., 2004. Lahore, 117. 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