Ilia Engineer 1971 16Th Anniversary Issue

Vol 17 No 1 Jun Jul

_Ilia Engineer 1971 16th Anniversary Issue

www.americanradiohistory.com RCA Engineer Staff

W. O. Hadlock Editor

J. C. Phillips Associate Editor Relax, John Q. Let's talk this over Miss Diane Juchno Editorial Secretary

Joan P. Dunn Design and Layout rsary issu priate to Mrs. Julianne Clifton pay tribute to you, the reader -contributor. Supported by your Editorial Representative Subscriptions and the Technical Publications editorial staff, you have made this publication uniq Consulting Editors in its class. Outstanding both in the variety and the quality of its content, the RC Engineer is a major forum for communication among members of the RCA profes- C. A. Meyer Technical Publications Adm., sional community. Electronic Components

C. W. Sall Technical Publications Adm., It is appropriate too, in these perplexing times, to give thought to another area of Laboratories communication; one which the RCA Engineer as an internal publication does not ,Strobl Technical Publications Adm. address directly. I refer to the need for each of us in the technical community to Corporate Engineering Services help put the layman at ease with technology so he can make informed decisions about its use. Editorial Advisory Board

In recent months this need has been starkly and, in a way, brutally highlighted. The P. A. Beeby VP, Technical Operations. spectacular successes of the space program, which displayed unprecedented tech Systems Development Division, Computer Systems cal virtuosity, drew responses from the public ranging from disbelief to near adulation. Almost simultaneously, engineers and scientists were shocked to find themselves J. J. Brant Staff VP, Industrial Relations-International and their disciplines held responsible for the great social concerns of our time. In and New Business the mind of an alarmed lay public, technology is responsible for the threat of instant the our ecology, the loss of our personal privacy, and in R. M. Cohen Mgr., Quality and Reliability annihilation, disruption of Assurance, Solid State Div. an unreasoning way even for the planet's incipient death. One direct consequence is the serious impact on engineering jobs resulting from the translation of these fear F. L. Flemming VP, Engineering, NBC into disruption of national programs. Television Network C. C. Foster Mgr., Technical Information We in the technical community must provide the structure to bridge the commun Services, RCA Laboratories cations gap. Missing from the now is a web of common personal structure strong G. Gander Manager, Consumer Products involvement -individual engineer working with individual layman -on everyday com- Adm., RCA Service Co. munity problems. This is one of the components needed to build confidence and W. R. Isom Chief Engineer, receptivity, without which there can be neither understanding nor acceptance of the Record Division much needed plans and remedies generated by our profession. L. R. Kirkwood Chief Technical Advisor, Consumer Electronics It is not enough for us to go on as before, narrowly applying our skills in search of technical solutions for technical problems. We must, in addition, respectfully ea C. H. Lane Div. VP, Technical Planning Electronic Components the mind of the society for whom the needed solutions are designed. There is cogent example of this need. Anticipating the inevitable obsolescence of subson P. Schneider VP, Engineering and air transport, a development program was devised to protect a major sector of the Leased Systems, Global Communications, Inc. U.S. economy that flourishes around the commercial aircraft industry. The study was terminated without reaching answers because our worried citizens and their legis- A. R. Trudel Director, Corporate Engineering Services lators were never taught the predictability of obsolescence, the cost of being unpre- pared, and the amount of organized hard work that lies behind the apparent magi F. W. Widmann Manager, Engineering of technical achievement. Professional Development Dr. H. J. Woll Division VP, The kind of personal communication demanded of us taxes the whole intellect. It Government Engineering

must become a part of our style of living. I think we owe a debt for our past neglect. We must pay the debt to earn our fellow citizens' understanding support.

Our cous The TIROS M (ITOS I) spacecraft shown on our front and back covers culminates more than a decade of successful meteorological satellite programs at the Astro Electronics Division. A. Schnapf, winner of this year's David Sarnoff Out- standing Achievement Award in Engineering for his "outstanding leadership of the TIROS meteorological satellite team," describes the program in some depth in this issue (p. 32). On the front cover, engineer Frank Scearce (center) and engineering specialists Paul Bizzaro (left) and Frank A. o ert ru , r rector Fels are preparing the spacecraft for testing. The Corporate Engineering Services back cover shows the spacecraft and its solar cell array in the integration and test area. In the photo Research and Engineering are Frank Fels and Frank Scearce. Photo credit: Camden, N.J. Dave Dallman, Astro Electronics Division.

www.americanradiohistory.com Vol. 17 No.1

June I July 1971 MCBa Engineer A technical journal published by To disseminate to RCA engineers technical ments in a manner that will promote the inter- RCA Corporate Engineering Services 2 -8, information of professional value Ta publish ests and reputation of RCA in the engineering in an technical Camden, N.J. appropriate manner important field To provide a convenient means by which developments at RCA, and the role of the engi- the RCA engineer may review his professional To a interchange neer serve as medium of of work before associates and engineering man- technical information between various groups agement To announce outstanding and un- RCA Engineer articles are indexed at RCA To create a community of engineering interest within the company by stressing usual achievements of RCA engineers in a annually in the April -May Issue and the interrelated nature of all technical contribu- manner most likely to enhance their prestige in the "Index to RCA Technical Papers." tions To help publicize engineering achieve- and professional status. Contents

Editorial input Protecting privacy 2

Engineer and the Corporation Address to RCA shareholders -1971 R. W. Sarnoff 3

RCA Part V -the years 1966 -1971 Dr. J. Hillier 6

The inventor and his patent attorney "Why didn't you ask me ?" J. D. Lazar 13

MIT-RCA Research Conference W. O. Hadlock 18

Cover story Design and orbital performance of ITOS -1 (TIROS -M) A. Schnapf 32

General interest New low- voltage COS /MOS IC's offer 25 -ns speed and direct interfacing with saturated logic R. E. Funk 40

The human role in command and control systems of the 70's B. Patrusky 46

Assessment of queue formation in computer systems A. S. Merriam 49

New high impedance interphone amplifier J. L. Hathaway 54

Engineer and Society Engineers: what can you do for society? Dr. G. H. Brown 56

General interest Product analysis using a time -sharing computer R. E. Kleppinger 61

Holographic information storage and retrieval Dr. R. S. Mezrich 64

Inside Romania, 1970 Dr. J. I. Pankove 68

RUDI: a computer -controlled test -data acquisition and processing system B. Mangolds 72

ALSIM -a microprogram simulator S. O. Hong I S. P. Young 74

Thick -film ceramic circuits Ceramic integrated circuit development R. D. Snyder I J. W. Stephens 78

Joining operation for ceramic circuits -state of the art E. R. Skaw 81

Capacitors for ceramic integrated circuits J. H. Shelby 84

The advances of screen printed resistors T. R. Allington 87

The use of small computers for ceramic circuit production

I L. L. 90 C. A. Brombaugh M. Oakes I J. W. Stephnes Tretter

Flip -chip semiconductor devices for hybrid circuits B. A. Hegarty 95

Rheological properties of printing inks Y H. Wang 98

Notes Procedure for making triboelectric measurements E. C. Giaimo 102

H. 104 Classical Unijunction oscillator with a bootstrap T2L output. R. A. Mancini I G. Fairfax

Simple photo alarm does double duty J. F. Kingsbury 104

Departments Pen and Podium 105

Patents Granted i08

Dates and Deadlines 109

www.americanradiohistory.com editorial Protecting input Privacy

From handling the rapid financial trans- that information taken from various References a actions of the work -a -day world to sources can be merged into rather 1. Hillier, J., "The tyranny of numbers" RCA computing the complex trajectories of complete file- constituting a serious Engineer, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Oct -Nov 1968) Inside interplanetary spacecraft, computers op- threat to privacy.' Unless legal and tech- cover message. 2. Nader, R., "The dossier invades the home," erate as passive but powerful tools in nical restraints are imposed, informa- Saturday Review (April 17, 1971). the hands of skilled programmers and tion can be accessed and used without 3. Miller, A. R. The assault on privacy: com- engineers. The versatility of modern the individual's knowledge or permis- puters, data banks, and dossiers (University of Michigan Press; 1971). computers is being demonstrated in lit- sion.' 4. Consumers now have this right in credit trans- erally thousands of applications, from actions, as a result of the Fair Credit Report- effective on April 25, matching prospective mates to diagnos- ing Act, which became How do we know that information about 1971. But they still cannot control access to ing medical problems. information or the type of information no way the us is correct? The computer has stored. of tempering facts with judgment, time, 5. Wessler, J., Meyers, E., and Gardner, W. D., or changing conditions. When data are "Physical security . fact and fancies," The tremendous power of the computer Datamation (July 1, 1971). entered incorrectly, or modified due to to store and manipulate information will 6. Several of the technical problems are dis- continue to help us overcome what has machine error, no mechanism exists at cussed by Professors Fano and Selzer in this issue (pp 23 and 24). been called the "tyranny of numbers" in present to allow an individual to exam- modern society.' But as information sys- ine and insure the validity of his records.' tems mature and applications become more widespread, the strengths of the What guarantee does one have that computer become serious weaknesses stored information will be secure? Since when handling sensitive data about indi- the status and integrity of individuals viduals or organizations. and organizations in our society depends heavily on computer information, the destruction of data files could rep- People earn wages, save money, buy in- resent an unrecoverable loss. In addi- surance, apply for credit, pay bills, at- tion to possible inadvertent operational tend schools, pay taxes, join societies, losses, natural disasters (such as earth- subscribe to periodicals, and do hun- quakes and fires) and threats of destruc- dreds of other everyday tasks -giving tion by dissident groups have increased little thought to the consequence of this concern.' these actions. But certain aspects of each of these actions are stored some- where in separate data banks -and com- The solutions to some of these problems puters seldom forget. With the promise lie in effective legal measures and moni- of higher capacity memories (as high as toring procedures that impose reason- 10" bits) and improved data communi- able checks and balances on the access cations facilities, both public and private and application of information. But in interests are planning for the central addition, several innovative technical Future issues storage of vast quantities of machine - and operational measures are needed to The next issue of the RCA Engineer discusses protect privacy. Computer centers must optics and photochromics. Some of the topics to readable knowledge ... and virtually un- be covered are: limited access to other large stores. incorporate new techniques to protect information; multiple -user information Low -light-level color photography systems will have to be equipped with Holographic recording in crystals With the obvious advantages that come effective "locks" that prevent access to with such developments, several ques- data bases by unauthorized personnel.' Ideographic photocomposing tions have been raised regarding the Laser -beam imaging use of these mixtures of personal and stop -gap solutions have been underwater public data. Several Measuring optical properties proposed, but the final solution may re- Photochromic and cathodochromic materials quire a complete re- examination of the themes are Can we be sure that the privacy of sen- design of computer hardware and soft- Discussions of the following planned for future issues: sitive information will be maintained? ware systems, giving full consideration Most information being processed is to the many ways in which data networks, Solid state technology to some degree. The affect individuals, business organiza- likely to be private Computer peripherals government, industry, and individuals tions, and government agencies. are usually willing to share information Displays about themselves only to the extent that Advanced Technology Laboratories the information is useful to a particular We hope to explore this fascinating subject in Systems programming situation. However, it has already been future issues of the RCA Engineer; your corn - reactions are welcome. demonstrated, much to the chagrin of ments and Semiconductor memories and COS /MOS certain individuals and organizations, circuits

www.americanradiohistory.com Address to RCA Shareholders -1971 an R. W. Sarnoff

In his address at the Annual Meeting of RCA Shareholders recently, Mr. Sernoff Corporation emphasized RCA's "strategy of balanced expansion and diversification .. . building upon RCA's strengths in electronics and marketing" and supplementing these by "selective response to worthwhile new business activities." The full text of his remarks is reproduced below with the thought that you, as a member of RCA's Technical Staff, will want to be fully aware of the principal aspects of the new RCA to which you are making a vital contribution.

Robert W. Sarnoff MY REPORT today is made against Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer` a background of moderate eco- RCA nomic gains that brighten the outlook New York, N.Y. for American industry in general and has successfully combined two careers in one -as a business executive and as a leading participant for RCA in particular. in public affairs. Mr. Sarnoff's business career spans more than 30 years in the information indus- Last year, we were hit hard not only try. Before assuming the Presidency of RCA in by the general business decline but January, 1966, Mr. Sarnoff was Board Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the National Broad- also by a long and costly strike. Al- casting Company. In his 18 years with NBC, he though our sales rose during the first was closely identified with major advances and in- quarter of this year, profit remained novations in the informational and educational programming of network television. Mr. Sarnoff's slightly below last year's comparable public service interests extend across a broad period. spectrum of educational, cultural and fund -raising activities. He is Chairman of the Board of Trustees We are now well into a new quarter of Franklin and Marshall College, a member of the Board of Overseers Visiting Committee of Harvard in which earnings should substantially College, a member of the Visiting Committee of the exceed those of a year ago. This im- Graduate School of Business Administration: Uni- provement should continue at a steady versity of California, Los Angeles, and a member of the Board of Visitors of the School of Public pace during the second half, resulting Relations and Communications of Boston Univer- in a much better year than 1970. sity. He is also a member of the New York Urban Coalition, serving with its Education Task Force. The reversal of the economic down- The organization was formed by business, government, and civil rights leaders to help meet the turn has been marked by evidence of crisis of urban life in such areas as employment, renewed consumer confidence, ex- housing, and education. Mr. Sarnoff is a Trustee pressed in rising sales of such durables of the Whitney Museum of American Art and former President of the Friends of the Whitney Museum; a as color TV and automobiles. Business Trustee of the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library investment plans have also shown a Corporation. He was National Co- Chairman of the moderate increase. American Red Cross Fund Campaigns for an unprecedented third term in 1966, and in May of that Continuation of these trends will set year was elected a member of the Board of Gov- ernors of the Red Cross. He is a Vice President of the stage for a strong economic per- he Greater New York Councils of the Boy Scouts formance in 1972, providing even fur- of America, and he served as Chairman of the Council's 1965 and 1966 corporation campaigns. ther gains for RCA. A significant re- Among other recent honors, Mr. Sarnoff in 1966 revival of buyer confidence will directly ceived the first Frederick Douglass Gold Medal stimulate our consumer electronics Award from the Urban League of Greater New York for "distinguished leadership toward equal oppor- business and our growing range of tunity and the fulfillment of the rights of man." In other products and services. the same year, he was decorated with the French Order of Arts and Letters for his contributions to There have been two particularly en- better understanding between France and the United States. In March, 1968, he was decorated couraging developments in recent as Commander in the Order of Merit of the Italian weeks. One is a substantial increase in government for furthering cultural understanding television set sales. The other is a con- between the United States and Italy; and in July of the same year the City of Florence honored him tinuing increase in commitments for with its Scroll of Honor and a Gold Medal for his broadcast advertising, which should efforts in support of the campaign for restoration of the Florentine art treasures damaged by flood in 1966. In February, 1970, Mr. Sarnoff was awarded the La Grande Medal of Vermeil by the City of Paris, France for his outstanding achievements in Reprint RE- 17 -1 -28 the field of communications. Address to Shareholders on May 4, 1971.

'Since this address, Mr. Sarnoff announced the election of A. L. Conrad as President, RCA Mr. Sarnoff continues as Chairman and Chief Execu- tive Officer. (See "News and Highlights" this issue.) www.americanradiohistory.com result in an improved fourth quarter ularly in consumer -oriented fields. But ing the Alaska long- distance telecom- Our communica- for NBC. This should lead to signif- it should not be allowed to obscure munications system. tions subsidiary is also seeking govern- icantly greater volume and profit in the diversification and expansion with- ment authority to establish and operate 1972. in RCA's traditional areas of business. a domestic communications satellite system. However, we are still contending with Actually, we are pursuing a flexible sluggish markets in other key areas, and balanced program that takes into In electronics, we are making the larg- history to estab- such as government sales, commercial account continuing change in technol- est investment in RCA lish a strong position in the computer systems, and solid -state electronics. ogy and markets, and emphasizes prof- industry. We made important progress it growth. in 1970. We continue to expect to While inflationary pressures have achieve profitability in the early '70s. eased somewhat, we must continue Our strategy involves three principal Far from being a diversion from our vigorous action to absorb multimillion - elements: traditional pattern, the computer busi- dollar increases in the cost of mate- ness involves electronics in its most Concentration on maximum profit po- rials, labor, and distribution. We are sophisticated form, embracing advanced tential in our most successful older bus- concepts of both communication and making substantial progress in our ef- inesses; information processing. In terms of forts to counter these effects of infla- Diversification internally by expanding technology, RCA has been trained for tion with programs stressing increased into new businesses with our existing this from the start-in digital commu- productivity, price adjustments, and technical and marketing resources; and nications, information theory, systems cost reductions. We have disposed of engineering, and pioneering work on Diversification externally by entry into the computer itself. a number of marginal or unprofitable businesses with high growth and profit lines. Surplus plant capacity has been potential, particularly in consumer - In services, we have entered a number reduced by closing facilities and con- oriented fields. of new technical and consumer markets. Among them are maintenance of solidating operations. Separate organ- Let me comment on progress to date airline reservation systems and a izations have been combined into sin- and on future prospects. recently established enterprise called gle administrative units. While these ServiceAmerica. The latter was de- steps respond to an immediate need, Much of RCA's past growth was gen- signed to meet an increasing nation- for all they also have long -range significance. erated by consumer electronics and wide need for quality service broadcasting. Recently, however, it brands of TV sets and other electronic Your company is being geared for became apparent that these activities home instruments. progress and profit in this new envi- were approaching a level of maturity Our intensified and expanded efforts ronment by enlarging its scope in both that limits their growth rate, quite in communications, computers, and traditional and new lines of business. apart from variations in the economy. services should provide considerable At last year's Annual Meeting, I indi- Nevertheless, these maturing busi- profit growth over the next five years. cated that our aim is to develop RCA nesses should continue to contribute as a multinational industrial enterprise We anticipate further internal diversi- substantially to future sales and earn- doing business primarily in diversified fication as new business opportunities ings. Only growth rate has consumer and commercial services their develop through the progress of tech- slowed. We intend to realize their and in computer-based information nology and changes in the market- maximum potential by efficient man- systems. place. agement, including appropriate invest- At last February's special meeting, ment in new technology and facilities. It should be evident by now that major there were some expressions of con- For example, we recently built a glass - emphasis is being placed upon build- cern at the changes this program en- making plant to supply a large share ing from RCA's original base in elec- tails. The comments reflected an ap- of our own requirements for color TV tronics and communications. It will parent belief that RCA is abdicating bulbs. And we are now creating a continue so in the future. At the same its strong position in electronics and Center for Industrial Design at Indian- time, your company must continue to communications as it diversifies into apolis to generate a flow of innovative. explore other fields of high profit po- other fields. I assure you such fears competitive, and profitable consumer tential in order to ensure long -term are groundless. electronic products. growth. This is the basis for the selec- Even after our recent entry into the Still, it is clear that the older activities tive external diversification that is the home furnishings business through alone cannot restore RCA's long -term third principal element in our strategy. Coronet Industries, nearly 75 per cent pattern of vigorous sales and profit Externally, we have sought entry into of our total revenue still comes from growth. It is necessary to supplement new areas of business related princi- electronics, communications, and in- them through diversification. Major pally to consumer products and ser- formation. RCA's principal role in the progress has been made in reshaping vices. RCA has had long experience in home remains the broadcast or re- the company in response to this need. the consumer market, in both manu- corded program and the instrument to Internally, we have diversified in our facturing and service operations. Ev- receive and reproduce it in picture or traditional areas of communications, ery index points to a larger, more sound. Our lifeblood is still over- electronics, and services. affluent, and more sophisticated popu- whelmingly electronics. lation. The prospect is for an increase In communications, our oldest activity, Selective acquisition has been a signif- we have entered the public telephone in this decade of more than 50 per cent icant part of our recent growth, partic- business by purchasing and moderniz- in real personal income and an ap-

www.americanradiohistory.com proximate doubling of discretionary a market that promises rapid growth and safety of the products of American income. and profitability over the next decade industry. Business can and must de- and beyond. Ahead is a growing ser- vote a significant part of its resources On this basis, we have taken RCA by vice contract business involving nu- and skills to the solution of these selective acquisition into a consider- merous basic home functions -food problems. RCA supports and has ini- ably broader segment of the consumer preparation, computerized banking tiated a number of programs in these market. We have added profitable sub- and shopping, television, technical areas of social responsibility. sidiaries in publishing, vehicle rentals, maintenance, and others. RCA is in We have encouraged RCA employees frozen prepared foods, real estate, and a strong position to compete effec- to take part in community pollution home furnishings. a market. tively in such control programs wherever we have new By the test of performance, these We are also moving forward world- plants and offices. Last spring, we expec- subsidiaries have exceeded our wide. The world electronics market launched the RCA Environmental Im- among RCA's most - tations. They are has become increasingly competitive. provement Program-an annual corn higher profitable investments, with a The growth of the industry in Europe pany -wide competition. It has inspired 1970 the rate of return on sales in than and Asia has generated new opportu- more than 10,000 RCA men and businesses. rest of our consolidated nities for a company with the skill, ex- women to participate in cooperative of And they contribute a larger share perience, and diversified base of RCA. projects with community neighbors corporate profit than the equity invest- and civic groups. ment they represent. Throughout the Consequently, we have established In urban affairs, RCA is participating recent economic downturn, they new facilities, subsidiaries, and joint in a number of programs, including showed a significantly higher growth ventures abroad. Recently, we opened improvement of housing in depressed rate than some of our older businesses. our first plant in the European Com- areas of Camden, N.J., and a renewal Moreover, they have brought to RCA mon Market factory in Belgium to -a program for the city's waterfront area new management expertise of immea- produce power transistors and related across from Philadelphia. surable value. Finally, they have in- devices for a market in which RCA creased our participation in the service already has a strong position. Other RCA's Consumer Affairs has operated sector of the national economy, which ventures are under consideration in at the top corporate and divisional lev- has been growing at a faster rate than the Common Market, since it offers a els for more than a year. It has proven manufacturing. Our marketing re- business potential comparable to that outstandingly effective as a channel of search studies strongly suggest that which has prevailed in the United direct communication for all our cus- each of these new fields will grow at a States. tomers. Its success has brightened rate above the Gross National Product RCA's reputation as a company that throughout the 1970s. Our activities abroad have started to stands behind the products and ser- generate significantly improved vol- vices it makes and sells. Our Purchaser We are far enough along with our new ume. In 1970, net sales of our foreign Satisfaction program, for example, has growth strategy to assess some of the rose nearly 23 per cent subsidiaries set a new industry standard in the results. Although the picture is partly 1969. remained low be- over Profit warranty terms covering our color TV obscured by the setback to the national improved cause of startup costs but sets. economy, it is still evident that the earnings are ahead. program has been working as intended. In summary, I believe that RCA is in The published results of our 1971 first - a stronger position now than at any During the past five years, RCA's total quarter operations were stated in ac- time in its 52 -year history. We have annual revenue has increased nearly cordance with the current trend of instituted a policy of change -not for $900 million. More than three -quarters accounting practice. After a 30 -year its own sake, but for the attainment of of this growth has been generated by interval, we have resumed including profit growth in a marketplace that increased The growth diversification. RCA's foreign subsidiaries in our con- differs substantially from any we have rate of these new activities outstripped solidated financial statements. The re- known. by a wide margin our more mature sult is a better reflection of the growing businesses. In fact, without the diver- multinational character of your com- It should be evident from the record sification of the past five years, we pany. that we are pursuing a strategy of bal- probably would have had virtually no anced expansion and diversification. sales growth and substantially lower In all our businesses -old and new, We are building upon RCA's existing profit. domestic and foreign -we are seeking strengths in electronics and in market- out and developing the special attri- ing. At the same time, we are seeking Today, RCA has greater growth po- butes that will attract customers to to supplement these activities by se- than ever. It has maintained tential RCA in preference to its competitors. lective response to worthwhile new its traditional strength in color tele- We are also giving priority to the obli- business opportunities. vision, broadcasting, and communica- gations that accompany the privilege tions while opening profitable new op- of doing business. I firmly believe that this program, in a portunities in electronic systems and climate of rapidly accelerating change, services. It has further broadened its Today, there is rising and outspoken will offer the opportunity for long- revenue base with entry into new con- public concern over environmental term sales and profit growth at a rate sumer- oriented businesses catering to pollution, urban blight, and the quality that will benefit all RCA shareholders.

www.americanradiohistory.com RCA Part V the years 1966 -71 Dr. James Hillier

During the years 1966 through 1971, RCA met the challenge of changing market conditions by a program of diversification in areas of high profit potential -particularly in service businesses-by the expansion of overseas activities, by the realignment of divisions, and by increased corporate marketing activities. RCA emerged, in this period, as a multinational company with industrial involvement on a worldwide scale. By the end of 1970, it had manufacturing and research activities in some 12 countries Throughout the 1966 -1971 period, RCA strengthened its position in the remote and marketing activities on all five continents. computing field with the Spectra 70/46 and 70/61. In 1969, RCA also marketed the large - scale Spectra 70/60 batch processor.

APROGRAM designed to modernize location to serve as the future head - the company's identity was com- quarters for RCA's computer ac- pleted in 1969 with the changing of the tivities. corporate name from Radio Corpora- tion of America to RCA Corporation. Throughout the late '60s and early RCA's famed circular trademark with '70s, RCA continued to develop new its symbolic lightning flash was re- computers, peripheral equipment, and placed by a contemporary design in components to meet the accelerating which the three letters form a distinc- need for more versatile data process- tive single unit. ing systems. The Spectra 70/46 was introduced in 1967 and the large-scale In early 1970, RCA established an Spectra 70/61 two years later to serve Office of Consumer Affairs at the top the growing market for remote com- corporate level. It has responsibilities puting systems. These two remote for the safety and reliability of all computing systems were the first RCA Dr..ames Hillier RCA products and services and en- processors equipped with virtual mem- Executive Vice President sures that consumer interests receive ory, which means that the main com- Research and Engineering, RCA prompt attention at all levels of the puter memory can appear to be ex- studied at the University of Toronto, where he received a BA in Mathematics and Physics in company. panded almost limitlessly through a 1937, MA in Physics in 1938, and PhD in Physics series of auxiliary devices and specially in 1941. Between 1937 and 1940, Dr. Hillier An era came to an end on January while developed software. was a research assistant at the University of 7, 1970, when the Board of Directors Toronto, he and a colleague. Albert Prebus, designed and built the first successful high- resolu- accepted the resignation of General However, RCA did not concentrate tion electron microscope in the Western Hemi- David Sarnoff as Chairman of the entirely on remote computing. In 1969, sphere. Following this achievement, Dr. Hillier Board and a director of RCA. At the joined RCA in 1940 as a research physicist at the company marketed a large -scale Camden, N.J. Working with a group under the same time, the Board elected General Spectra 70/60 batch processor de- direction of Dr. V. K. Zworykin, Dr. Hillier designed Sarnoff the first Honorary Chairman signed to handle credit and reserva- the first commercial electron microscope to be in the Corporation's history. The made available in the United States. In 1953, he tions systems, automate production was appointed Director of the Research Depart- Board also adopted a resolution of control, and serve data banks. The ment of Melpar, Inc., returning to RCA a year appreciation, which stated, in part, following year, RCA introduced a new later to become Administrative Engineer, Research than any and Engineering. In 1955, he was appointed Chief that "more other man, David series of small- to medium -class corn- Engineer, RCA Industrial Electronic Products. In Sarnoff was the architect of RCA's puters -the RCA 2, 3, 6, and 7. Two 1957, he returned to RCA Laboratories as General rise to world leadership in electron- of these new processors also have Manager and a year later was elected Vice vir- President. He was named Vice President, RCA ics." General Sarnoff was succeeded tual memory. Research and Engineering, in 1968, and in Janu- by his son Robert W. Sarnoff. ary 1969 he was appointed to his present position. Dr. Hillier has written more than 100 technical papers and has been issued 40 U.S. patents. He Computer activities is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the By AAAS, the IEEE, an Eminent Member of Eta Kappa the end of 1970, RCA had made Nu, a past president of the Electron Microscope a greater investment in its computer Society of America, and a member of Sigma Xi. He operations than in any previous served on the Governing Board of the American Institute of Physics during 1964 -65. He has served venture. A major new peripheral - on the New Jersey Higher Education Committee equipment plant was opened in Marl- and as Chairman of the Advisory Council of the boro, Mass., in 1969. The following Department of Electrical Engineering of Princeton University. Dr. Hillier was a member of the Corn - year, the Marlboro facility was dou- merce Technical Advisory Board of the U.S. De- bled in size, and plans were announced partment of Commerce for five years. He was for a $16- million office JJI elected a member of the National Academy of building in that In 1970, Engineering in 1967 and is presently a member Reprint RE- 17 -1 -27 RCA introduced a new series of small- to medium -class computers of its Council. Final manuscript received April 30, 1971. -the RCA 2, 3, 6, and 7. 6

www.americanradiohistory.com Progress was also made in electronic position as the leading supplier of the composition systems. The speed of the triac, a new solid -state device that con- RCA VideoComp was increased ten- trols electrical operations with great fold in 1968, making it possible to set precision and extremely low power the text of a novel the size of War and consumption. These tiny components Peace in less than an hour. Two later were used in many consumer products, developments further enhanced its ca- including blenders, fans, and light pabilities: the ability to set complex dimmers. RCA triacs were also used in line drawings and then position the electronic scoreboards and in indus- drawings on a page together with text trial lighting applications. and the development of a program that The following year, RCA made good enables the system to produce halftone progress in the application of micro- photographs composed of small ideo- using silicon monolithic graphic characters. electronics, integrated circuits. The company also pioneered the use of integrated circuits Consumer electronics in consumer products and was the first The domestic color TV boom of the in the industry to adopt integrated cir- early and middle 1960s began to level cuits for automatic fine tuning in color off in 1967 as the industry matured. TV. RCA developed special COS /MOS Nevertheless, RCA maintained its lead- Solid -state components have replaced tubes integrated circuits for the aerospace in a large number of RCA color sets. This ership in color sales and total domestic photo shows RCA's solid -state modular chas- market in 1968, which gave the com- consumer electronics retail volume. In sis introduced in 1971. pany technological leadership in the 1969, computers began to be used to The company also produced Stereo 8 field of low- power, low -speed digital help design, produce, test, and market tape decks for car owners in the United integrated circuits. many RCA home entertainment prod- States. Four -channel sound in an eight - ucts. The company recognized the po- track cartridge configuration was in- In 1969, RCA developed a new, highly tential of the youth market by high- troduced in 1970, providing a new sensitive Silicon Target Vidicon lighting colorful portable models dimension in musical realism. through the combination of solid -state throughout its radio, phonograph, tape and electron -tube technology. The RCA reentered the modular phono- company also entered the digital dis- recorder, and television lines. graph field in 1969 and added new play market with a NUMITRON read- In 1970, RCA introduced one of the models in various price ranges the fol- out device bright enough to be read in most comprehensive consumer -war- lowing year. Late in 1970, RCA began sunlight. It can be used for gas -pump ranty programs in the industry and test marketing personalized stereo con - indicators, desk calculators, cash regis- instituted a multimedia advertising soles-an innovation that permitted ters, and automobile dashboards. In to campaign to promote AccuColor- the customer choose from among 1970, RCA expanded applications of more accurate, brighter color with ex- 432 possible combinations of cabinet, silicon power transistors to include stereo panded automatic control. speaker, and components. anti -pollution and vehicle safety sys- incorpo- Electronic components and tems. Solid -state components were solid -state devices rated in RCA color TV sets for the first In recent years, RCA designed, pro- Progress also was made in electron - time in 1968. By the end of 1971, these tube technology. In 1967, new phos- components will have replaced tubes, duced, and marketed thousands of different types of electronic building phors provided RCA color TV tubes other than the kinescope, in a large blocks for uses that ranged from color with far brighter highlights than had number of RCA color sets. possible. Two years TV to manned spacecraft. These were been formerly a The RCA line of tape recorders was also years of technological change in later, the Corporation developed TV twice as expanded in these years and ranges the electronics industry. The receiving new matrix color tube, RCA tube. from professional -type stereo recorders tube, one of the Corporation's oldest bright as any previous to popular, handheld cassette players. component lines, was slowly being replaced by products of the new solid - state technology. To coordinate activity in this field, RCA, in 1970, consolidated semiconductor activities into a Solid State Division. A new Solid State Technology Center was established at Somerville, N.J., as a focal point for semiconductor developments throughout RCA and in recognition of the need for a more intimate relationship between the RCA apparatus and sys- Throughout the five -year period, RCA tems producers and the producers of maintained its leadership in color sales. This photo shows color television receivers on integrated circuits. An enlarged view of test -circuit probes con- the assembly line at RCA's Bloomington, tacting integrated circuit wafer at the Solid Indiana, plant. In 1967, the Corporation reinforced its State Division. 7

www.americanradiohistory.com In 1970, RCA developed transferred - "Bonanza," the world's most popular vations systems terminals at leading electron amplifiers, a new family of TV series, had an estimated weekly hotel and motel chains. The following multipurpose microwave solid -state audience of more than 400 million year, technical maintenance services devices. These devices, smaller and people in 83 countries. were extended for credit verification as simpler than the traveling -wave tubes, RCA Records, which became part of and airline reservations systems have applications in electronic coun- well as data communications equip- NBC in 1969, made a number of artis- termeasures; mobile, airborne, and tic and marketing advances during this ment. Also in 1970, RCA began to spacecraft communications; and radar period. The Philadelphia Orchestra lease teletype equipment for both and systems for weather and surveillance. and its distinguished conductor, Eu- computing communications uses. gene Ormandy, returned to the Red Broadcasting and recording Seal label. RCA's sound -track record- Global communications activities ing of "The Sound of Music" became The rapid expansion of world business Color ry ceased to be a novelty as CBS the best- selling album in the history of and the need for greater interaction and ABC followed NBC's lead into the industry, with sales of more than 13 among nations spurred the growth of full -color network programming. Tele- million copies by the end of 1970. Van global communications during the late vision became truly international in Cliburn's recording of Tchaikovsky's 1960s. To serve this need, RCA Global scope by 1967, when NBC arranged Piano Concerto #1 in B Flat Minor, Communications was operating more the first live color TV transmissions by was the first and only classical record than 2,500 channels of various band- satellite to England. to sell more than a million copies. widths by year -end 1970, nearly twice

NBC control room during live The "Tonight" show hosted by Johnny Carson, was At RCA Missile Test Project, computer specialists coverage of the Apollo mission one of many successful programs presented by NBC operate the Real Time Computer Systems, a vital in December, 1969. during this five -year period. part of the Range Safety function at Cape Kennedy. Throughout this period, the NBC -TV Commercial services as many as were in use five years Television Network attracted more Commercial and technical service vol- before. than any It advertisers other network. ume of the RCA Service Company The nature of the industry began to was also first in attracting better edu- reached new peaks each year between change during this period, with a cated and more affluent young adults, 1967 and 1970. New branches were pronounced trend toward increased the category most by advertis- prized added to the nationwide network of- use of telex and leased -channel ser- In in each of the years ers. addition, fering factory service to owners of vices. Part of the reason for this was 1970, NBC re- from 1967 through -TV RCA products, bringing the total to the development of new technological ceived more than any other awards 180 by the end of 1970. advances that permitted broad -based, broadcast organization: a total of tailor -made customer services at lower more than 620, including Emmy and Commercial TV service activities also costs. For example, in 1967, RCA in- Peabody awards. increased, largely because of the rising rate of conversions to color receivers troduced AIRCON, a unique remote NBC News covered the headline -mak- by such institutions as hospitals, nurs- computing application that permitted ing stories of these years -the wars in ing homes, and hotels. In 1970, RCA companies that have their own private Indochina and the Middle East, man's reduced the cost of these conversions teleprinting network to plug in to a first landing on the moon, and the as- by designing a color installation com- master computer for automatic relay sassinations of Martin Luther King and patible with existing black- and -white of messages. The following year, RCA Robert Kennedy. NBC Sports brought wiring. customers were able to use interna- simul- many of the top athletic events, includ- The Service Company also handled tional voice -grade channels for in and ing the New York Mets' victory the maintenance and installation for RCA taneous transmission of telegraph 1969 World Series and the New York commercial communications products voice, facsimile, and data communica- Jets' upset win in the 1970 Super and provided service for other man- tions over the same link. Bowl, into the nation's homes. ufacturers and large users of such In 1969, RCA inaugurated the Com- NBC expanded its overseas operations equipment. In 1969, it installed the puter Telex Exchange, which provides and, by the end of 1970, was providing hardware and provided remedial international telex communications programs to 114 nations. That year, maintenance for more than 3,000 reser- within seven seconds and reduces the 8

www.americanradiohistory.com possibility of error. Another new ser- the technical quality of Tv transmis- U.S. spacecraft. Another RCA camera vice, Interpolated Voice Data, allows sions by a margin of two to one. RCA flew on Apollo 8, man's first voyage two -way voice conversation on a cir- also continued to be the prime supplier to the vicinity of the moon. On later cuit at the same time that data flow at of multiple- antenna systems for Tv Apollo missions, RCA was responsible high speeds in both directions. During broadcasting. In 1970, two tower an- for the rendezvous and landing radars pauses in conversation, the circuit in- tennas were installed on the 100 -story that helped guide the astronauts in the stantly switches from the voice mode John Hancock Center in Chicago, and LM to and from the lunar surface, as to data transmission. Also in 1969, the an agreement was signed to construct well as the attitude and engine control Executive Hot Line was opened be- an antenna stack atop Mt. Sulro for assemblies that aided them in making tween New York City and San Juan, San Francisco TV stations. pinpoint landings on the moon. The allowing a businessman in his Man- RCA technology was also part of the RCA LM communications system hattan office to immediate establish new age of aviation. Most of the major enabled the astronauts to maintain associate contact with an in Puerto airlines, including Pan Am and TWA, continuous voice contact with earth, Rico of merely by lifting the handset selected RCA weather radar for instal- and the VHF communications /ranging special his telephone. lation in their new fleet of Boeing 747 system kept the LM in constant touch jets and other aircraft. The TWA with the Command Module when the Commercial and industrial products order, placed in 1968, was the largest two spacecraft were separated in flight. The market for broadcasting equip- single purchase of weather radar Two RCA countdown computers at ment expanded in the late 1960s under equipment in airline history. h addi- Cape Kennedy provided critical

CTRONIC TELEGRAPH SYSTEM

The global communications industry began RCA continued to be the leading suppler to the broad- In 1968, an RCA -built 41/2-pound TV to change in the late 1960s, with a trend cast industry. This RCA broadcast equipment is installed camera was carried aloft during the toward increased use of telex and leased - in a new UHF station in Trenton, N.J. first mannec Apollo flight. Dick Dun- channel services. Shown above is Globcom's phy of Astro- Electronics Division Electronic Telegraph System. demonstrates the camera. the impetus of increasing conversions tion, RCA navigation /communications ground support for the moon missions, of Tv stations to color, a strong replace- systems were standard equipment on monitoring 3,000 functions of the ment market, and the opening of new many business and commercial jets. Saturn 5 rockets prior to launch. UHF stations. However, after three RCA also has played a key role in In other areas, RCA expanded its mo- consecutive peak years, domestic book- developing spacecraft and systems for bile two -way radio line in 1970 with ings waned in 1970 largely because the nation's unmanned space program. medium -priced systems designed to disappointing general business condi- RCA power supply and communica- serve the growing communications tions resulted in a decline in Tv adver- tion equipment was aboard all three needs of small businesses. tising revenue, forcing broadcasters to Lunar Orbiter spacecraft that, in 1967, defer purchases of major equipment. completely mapped the lunar surface. Space and defense Throughout this period, RCA contin- The company was also the nation's ued to be the leading supplier to the When astronaut Neil Armstrong leading developer of meteorological broadcast industry. In 1968, for exam- stepped from the Apollo 11 Lunar satellites. By year-end 1970, more than ple, 55 UHF stations went on the air Module onto the magnificent desola- 1.5 million television pictures had RCA for the first time, and RCA provided tion of the moon, his -produced been returned from space by RCA - transmitting equipment for more than man -pack radio was his electronic link built satellites. most of them from half of them. The company strength- to home. It carried his historic first TIROS /ESSA weather satellites. In 1970, ened its leadership that year with the words across 225,000 miles of space to the first two in a series of RCA -built introduction of the TK -44A camera, the world and on to posterity. nos satellites were placed in earth which can take acceptable color pic- The radio was only one of the impor- orbit. These larger, more sophisticated, tures at only 15 footcandles, a light tant RCA contributions to the Apollo second -generation spacecraft provided level too low for reading. Within two program during the five -year period. improved coverage of the earth's years, it became the best -selling cam- weather systems. In 1968, a tiny TV camera designed era in the industry. and built by the company for the In another program, operational tran- In 1969, the Corporation introduced a Apollo 7 mission sent back the first sit satellites built for the Navy 30 -kW UHF transmitter that improved live pictures of astronauts aboard a provided ships at sea with the most 9

www.americanradiohistory.com largest company in this field, became a wholly owned subsidiary of RCA. By the end of December, 1970, 150,000 cars and trucks were operated by Hertz and its licensees in the United States and 107 foreign countries. Hertz service was available at nearly 3,000 locations in more than 1,900 cities. Hertz and its subsidiaries also leased and rented construction, commercial, and industrial equipment and operated parking and exposition facilities.

Late in 1968, Hertz unveiled a new service approach for the air traveler- the Sky Center at the Huntsville, Ala., jetport, where transportation, lodging, business, banking, and recreational The advanced vidicon camera system (AVCS) facilities, all operated by Hertz, are developed for NASA by RCA for the Nimbus Research and development programs in weather satellite was the predecessor of the housed under one roof. In 1970, ar- laser technology and holography led to and products. The photo AVCS system used on several advanced TIROS for Hertz many new concepts operational missions throughout the late 1960s rangements were completed shows one method used for constructing a and early 1970s. In the photo, Mort Shepetin of to build and operate a hotel /motel hologram. An argon laser beam (top, left) the Astro- Electronics Division is preparing the enters an optical obstacle path where it is tri -camera unit for calibration. complex at the Jacksonville, Fla., air- split into two beams by a half -silvered mirror port. and sent along separate paths to become the accurate navigational aid in history. object and reference beams required to produce a hologram. The beam on the left is the RCA scientists and engineers also de- Overseas, Hertz reached an agreement object beam and can be seen to diverge veloped the power and data storage with Soviet officials in 1969 to make into a cone just before it strikes the object (a transparency) to be holographed. systems for NASA's experimental auto rental available in several major but also the evaluation meteorological Nimbus satellite, and Russian cities. Earlier that year, Hertz and products of technical achievements made else- NASA selected RCA to build the high - service was established in Romania resolution Tv and recording systems and Bulgaria. where. for the first Earth Resources Tech- Some of this activity was devoted to Hertz Equipment Rental nology Satellites, scheduled for launch Corporation the realization of the promise of the in 1972 and 1973. The cameras will entered the foreign market in 1970 laser. In 1967, RCA combined televi- its new take highly detailed color pictures of with subsidiaries, Air Mac sion and laser technology for the first International Air the earth's surface to aid in the moni- Corporation and time for transmission and recording of Mac Philippines, Inc. These concerns toring and controlling of natural images. This system used a Tv camera operate -equipment loca- resources. construction tube that sent its pictures to a gas tions in Singapore, the Philippines. laser, whose beam traced them on RCA, in 1969, was assigned respon- and Seattle, Wash. sibility for the development of the photographic film. The same year, a new laser technique was developed Navy's new Aegis advanced surface Research and development missile system, and the preliminary that made it possible to produce design for the command and launch During the five -year period, thousands holograms of large stationary objects. segments was completed in 1970. The of scientists, engineers, technicians, In 1968, RCA's research in the control $253- million contract was the biggest and systems people at RCA laborato- of light led to the development of the for RCA in more than a decade and ries in Princeton, N.J., Montreal, world's first holographic computer might develop into the largest defense Tokyo, Zurich, and the product divi- memory. Such memories are capable contract ever received by the company sions provided the Corporation with of storing large amounts of data in a -possibly more than $1 billion. Other viable technical alternatives on which very small space and are relatively military projects during the five -year to base future profit. These involved immune to the effects of dust and period included the study and develop- not only the discovery of new concepts scratches. The following year, RCA ment of an advanced airborne command center, over -the -horizon radars, In 1967, The Hertz Corporation became a wholly owned subsidiary of RCA. Shown below is the Sky Center at the Huntsville, Alabama jetport, a new service approach for the air traveler. and a robot sailboat that can be navi- gated by radio command to any point on the world's seas. Leasing and renting In recent years, American motorists have logged several billion miles annually in automobiles they do not own. They were customers of one of the faster growing segments of the service industry -vehicle leasing and renting. In 1967, The Hertz Corporation, the

www.americanradiohistory.com unveiled a laboratory model of a laser - To meet the changing requirements of based home video player. RCA plans modern education, Random House to market a variety of home video inaugurated a series of instructional player systems during the next decade materials for classroom use. Important under the SelectaVision trade name. multimedia programs were developed major languages and involved RCA scientists also developed gallium in all arsenide lasers -the most efficient textbooks, audio tapes, and film strips. materials solid -state lasers ever built. And supplementary were designed that offered individualized One of the most important RCA re- instruction for students at all grade search advances during this period was levels who had difficulty in reading using liquid crystals for electronic and mathematics. Efforts also were control of the transmission and reflec- directed at the junior -college and tion of light. Liquid crystal products community -college levels -the fastest of the future may range from instru- growing segment of the college text- ment displays for automobile dash- book market. boards to flat- screen TV receivers. Other achievements included the har- nessing of an electronic "avalanche" within silicon diodes to produce the most powerful solid -state microwave The F. M. Stamper Company-a leader in the frozen prepared generators ever built and the develop- foods industry -became a wholly owned subsidiary in 1970. ment of the silicon storage vidicon management, site improvement and camera -a compact TV camera with development, saves, and appraisal. In stop- action capabilities. late 1970, an agreement for merger was reached with Coronet Industries, In 1967, RCA laboratories, Tokyo Inc., of Dalton, Ga. Coronet's activi- branch, moved into new research labo- ties range from the manufacture of ratories just outside that city. Research floor and wall coverings and commer- there is concentrated on magnetic cial, residential, and institutional fur- materials, semiconductors and semi - niture to the fabrication of foams, metals, plasma physics, and communi- plastics, and other materials. cations theory. Heading an outstanding list of books pub- RCA's managerial and technical capa- lished by Random House during 1966 was Publishing The Random House Dictionary of the Eng- bilities were directed increasingly lish Language, the first major new dic- toward the improvement of public edu- From Rosemary's Baby in 1967 tionary in many years. Advance orders re- to The quired an initial printing of 350,000 copies. cation and training in the United Greening of America in 1970, Random States. During this period, the Corpo- House titles were consistently repre- New business activities ration received contracts to operate sented on the best -seller lists. How- During the five -year period, RCA fol- the Keystone Job Corps Center for ever, the achievements of RCA's pub- lowed a flexible growth policy of Women in Pennsylvania and the lishing subsidiary were not limited to diversification and expansion of pres- Choanoke Area Development Center the trade book division. ent activities, selective new business for seasonal farm workers and their The commercial and critical success of ventures, and increased emphasis on families in North Carolina. And in The Random House Dictionary of the marketing to assure a sound balance 1970, RCA received a U.S. Depart- English Language, published in 1966, between manufacturing and service ment of Labor contract to operate a led to the publication of a college edi- businesses. With all these changes, residential Job Corps Center for the tion in 1968 and an elementary school however, RCA remained basically an training of underprivileged youth in version in 1970. Random House main- electronics and communications com- New York City. The same year, the tained its position of leadership in pany -with approximately 75 per cent company contracted to direct a fed- children's books with the introduction, of its products and services concen- erally funded program aimed at up- in 1968, of The Right and Early Books trated in these areas. grading the public school system of by Dr. Seuss. In addition to The Hertz Corporation, Camden, N.J. two other companies became wholly In 1969, a new growth opportunity for owned subsidiaries during this period. RCA opened in the northernmost state, Banquet Foods, Inc., formerly the F. when the U.S.. government accepted M. Stamper Company -a leader in the RCA Glóbcom's bid to purchase and frozen prepared foods industry -be- operate the Alaska Communication came an RCA subsidiary in March, System. Plans call for a telephone rate 1970. The same year, RCA acquired reduction that will save the people of Cushman & Wakefield, Inc., one of Alaska some $40 million during the the nation's leading commercial real first three years of operation. By the estate firms. Cushman & Wakefield's end of 1970, RCA Alaska Communi- operations encompass con- a The new RCA research laboratory in Tokyo project cations had already built microwave opened in 1967. sultation, office leasing, building system and a tropospheric and micro-

www.americanradiohistory.com and -white picture tubes for worldwide distribution.

In Canada, RCA opened a new color picture tube plant in Midland, Ont., in 1967 and announced plans for the construction of large new recording studios in Montreal. A year later, RCA entered the Canadian computer market with the opening of sales offices in Montreal and Toronto and the installation of a Spectra /70 data center, also in Montreal. Early in 1970, RCA Limited (Canada) moved into its new la corporate headquarters at Ste. Anne - de- Bellevue, Que., on the outskirts of Montreal. , ,í% 0- ` RCA active in Mexico. The Cor- In 1970, RCA acquired Cushman & Wakefield, Inc., one RCA's capabilities were directed in- was of the nation's leading commercial real estate firms. One creasingly toward the improvement poration acquired Dispositives Elec- Astor Plaza is one of the buildings in New York City man- of public education and training. aged by Cushman & Wakefield. Shown above is a speech therapy tronicos S.A., a producer of receiving session -part of the Keystone Job tubes for sale in Latin America. In Corps Center program. 1969, a new Mexican corporate head- wave link and initiated direct- distance- rope that began in the late 1960s. quarters was established in Mexico dialing installations in Anchorage, Anticipating this growth, RCA and City. A color picture tube assembly Fairbanks, Juneau, and Ketchikan. Thorn Electrical Industries, Ltd., plant in Mexico City and a consumer formed a jointly owned company to RCA capitalized on the increasing electronics subassembly facility in construct and operate a color -tube need for prompt, quality service by Ciudad Juarez also began operations. manufacturing facility in Great Bri- launching ServiceAmerica, a new or- The same year, a computer data center tain. ganization to service all makes of TV was opened in Mexico City for the sets and other home entertainment Other activities in the United Kingdom marketing of electronic data processing products. Ten ServiceAmerica centers during the period have included the equipment in that nation. were opened during 1970 -five each building of a new facility on the Isle in the Philadelphia and San Francisco of Jersey for commercial product ac- During this time, The Hertz Corpora- areas. tivities in the European market and the tion greatly expanded its international construction of a solid -state applica- In manufacturing, RCA entered the operations. Its volume outside the tions engineering and test center at glass business in 1970 with the comple- United States and U.S. possessions in- Sunbury -on-Thames. A record -pressing tion of a $19- million plant in Circle- creased an average of 30 per cent a facility was built at Washington, in ville, Ohio, for the manufacture of year during the five -year period ending Yorkshire, and a magnetic products in 1970. glass funnels and faceplates for large - plant at Bryn Mawr, Wales. screen color TV picture tubes. In 1970, RCA constructed a $10.7 - Prospects for the future International operations million semiconductor manufacturing plant in Liege, Belgium. This marks In his 1970 year -end statement to share- RCA also embarked on a program of RCA's first electronics manufacturing holders, Chairman Robert W. Sarnoff global expansion during these five facility on the European continent. summed up the major goals of RCA. years. In 1967, a new approach to "Looking ahead through the 1970s, our international marketing and manufac- A facility was opened in 1967 on program for progress aims for these turing was formulated, with each Taiwan for the manufacture of inte- major goals: major division given worldwide re- grated circuits and memory planes. Later, the plant was enlarged for the Planned growth in areas of high sponsibility for its products and ser- profit potential, with particular em- vices. At the same time, a corporate production of certain consumer elec- phasis upon services; staff function was set up to coordinate tronic products. In 1970, a 49 per cent Mounting strength and a firm posi- international activities. In 1968, a dis- interest was obtained in a new Taiwan tion in the computer industry; Leadership in an expanding consumer tribution center was established in company for the manufacture of black- market that is being profoundly al- Hong Kong to serve the Far East mar- tered by new technology and chang- ket. The same year, RCA House was ing tastes. opened in London as a headquarters As we move beyond the current period for administrative and marketing func- of economic adversity, the steps now tions in Europe, the Middle East, and being taken to achieve these objectives Africa. should position RCA for a new cycle This expansion was concurrent with of growth and profitability greater than the growth of color television in Eu- any it has known in the past."

12 An RCA Alascom tropo terminal at a frontier camp on Alaska's north slope.

www.americanradiohistory.com The inventor and his patent attorney "Why didn't you ask me ?" Joseph D. Lazar

An article on the subject of inventions particularly addressed to the development of the full, clear, concise and exact terms to comply with the written description of the invention required by the patent laws and the continuing mutual duty by the inventor and his patent attorney to reveal all material relevant facts to one another and to the patent office.

AS THE TITLE SUGGESTS, this article challenges confronting the inventor. one can imagine, as the preparation deals with people involved with They are conditions that must be met and prosecution of a patent applica- inventions. As the subtitle suggests, it by the inventor to establish in the tion is a highly complex proceeding it also is concerned with communication United States Patent Office his rights generally cannot be conducted proper- between the inventor, the patent attor- to a patent. ly except by an attorney trained and ney, and the Patent Office ... and the experienced in this specialized prac- This discussion is based on the as- lack of it. tice. The United States Patent Office sumption that the reader has some advises inventors to retain competent The purpose is to help improve com- rudimentary knowledge of inventions patent attorneys or agents who are reg- munication between inventors and and patents. For those who have little istered to practice before the Patent their patent attorneys so that the re- or no such background, an appendix Office. The employers of inventors mark "Why didn't you ask me ?" need of "background notes on patents and often retain patent attorneys on a con- not be made. You might say the theme invention" follows this article, to- sulting basis, or as employees, to repre- of this article is to get the inventor and gether with a list of reference articles sent their employee- inventors. his patent attorney to talk to each previously published in the RCA other. Such an exchange, it is hoped, Engineer. Assuming that we are at the stage will promote the ultimate objective of when an inventor believes he has made The challenges a complete understanding of the inven- confronting the an invention that may be the basis for inventor (conditions of patentability) tion as the foundation for the descrip- a patent, he usually will advise the pat- tion of it that can be made to satisfy For the most part, the patent laws and ent attorney of his invention. In RCA, the law. rules of the United States Patent Office an inventor brings the invention to the Before discussing guidelines that may are clear enough so that an inventor attention of the company by complet- assist the inventor and his patent at- should be able to comply with the for- ing a form known as a Patent Disclo- torney promote mutual exchange of malities of preparing the necessary sure which will include his description information, we shall discuss some documents to at least start the proce- of the invention. Other companies us- dure of applying for a patent. Many in- ually have similar procedures. It is ventors, indeed, do file the com- Reprint RE- 17 -1 -1 for and obtain with this description that Final manuscript received March 11, 1971. patents by themselves. Nevertheless, as munication process between the inven-

Joseph D. Lazar, Patent Counsel, Patents and Licensing, Princeton, N.J., graduated from RCA Institutes in 1942, received the BEE from New York University in 1953, the LLB in 1957 from New York Law School and the JD from New York Law School in 1969. Before joining the RCA Patent Department in 1970, Mr. Lazar had experience in both the engineering and legal fields. He was employed by the Western Electric Company as an equipment engineer and by the Bell Telephone Labora- tories as a Member of the Technical Staff. He was a consulting engineer in electromagnetic devices and telephony. In the legal field, he spent several years with the patent department of the Western Electric Company. He then entered private practice including six years as a partner in law firm specializing in Paient Law in New York City. Mr. Lazar is a Registered Patent Attorney, and is a member of the Bar of New York, the District Courts of New York, the Court of Appeals of the Second Circuit, the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the U.S. Court of Claims. He is a member of Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu, the American Bar Association, the American Patent Law Associa - tion, the New York Patent Law Association, the New York State Bar Association, the City Bar of the City of New York and the New Jersey Patent Law Association. He has also served as an Arbitrator for the American Arbitration Association.

www.americanradiohistory.com tor and his patent attorney usually sition of a conductive metal on an obvious even though a more adequate begins. insulator substrate. The invention in explanation of the invention would addition to coming within the four have established that the invention in- The challenge of the prior art types or classes just described, and in deed was not obvious and, therefore, addition to meeting the statutory re- was patentable. Whether the inventor knows it or not, quirement of utility, just described, his description of the invention must must also be novel. In summary, then, an invention to be meet some pretty tough requirements. patentable must: Furthermore, not only must he de- The challenge of novelty and be novel "statutory" bars, that is, scribe his invention properly but he is -no statutory bars the invention is not disclosed in the assumed to know everything in the prior art; field of his invention. It is of course a There are conditions under the statu- be useful -and also fall within the def- fiction that any one person can know tory novelty requirements that prevent inition of the four statutory classes - or everything in his own related field; an inventor from obtaining a patent: process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter. Of course, to a nevertheless every applicant for patent "A person shall be entitled to patent be "useful" the invention should not is assumed to know all the art relating unless -" (Section 102 of the Patent seemingly violate the natural laws to his invention. This art is called the Act) , the invention was known or used such as representing itself to be a "prior art" since it is art prior to the by others in this country, or was previ- "perpetual motion" device; and invention. The prior art includes not ously patented, published, or the in- be unobvious -the test of the "skilled in the art" requirement recited above only prior patents issued by the United vention was physically made in this from Section 103 of the Patent Law. States, but also prior patents of any of country previously by another. Any the foreign countries, and publications obstacle to a patent under these pro- The challenge of description of whatever nature anywhere in the visions (such as an article describing of the invention world. Thus, textbooks, periodical ar- the invention or placing the invention ticles, Masters and Doctoral theses (if on sale more than one year before fil- Let us return to the inventor who has available to the public) , papers sub- ing an application for a patent) is an invention that he wants to describe mitted at professional society symposia called a "statutory bar." There are in his patent application. Just how -all these are deemed to be known some other statutory bars which need does he describe his invention? A lot by the applicant. Physical objects, even not be described here in detail. A depends on the inventor, his back- though not described in a printed pub- statutory bar invalidates a patent, be- ground, his expertise in the field of the lication, may also be part of the prior cause, in lay language, the invention invention -all these at least play a part art. The Patent Office Examiner may claimed in the patent is not novel. in how the invention is at first de- rely on U.S. patents, foreign patents, scribed. But what matters in the end and the usual textbooks and popular The challenge of obviousness is what the law requires of an in- technical journals for the "prior art" ventor. The background of the require- used for his searches. There is a dis- The "obviousness" condition is pro- ment is the patent statute which reads: tinction between what the applicant is vided in the statute (Section 103 of supposed to know and what is actually the Patent Laws) as follows: "The specification shall contain a writ- known by him. ten description of the invention, and of "A patent may not be obtained . . . the manner and process of making and (even though novel) ... , if the differ- using it, in such full, clear, concise, and The challenge of statutory classes ences between the subject matter sought exact terms as to enable any person of "useful" inventions to be patented and the prior art are skilled in the art to which it pertains, such that the subject matter as a whole or with which it is most nearly con- The Patent Laws define patentable in- would have been obvious at the time nected, to make and use the same, and vention as any new and useful process, the invention was made to a person shall set forth the best mode contem- machine, manufacture, or composition having ordinary skill in the art to which plated by the inventor of carrying out said subject matter pertains ..." his invention." (First paragraph of Sec- of matter, or any new and useful im- tion 112 of the Patent Act) provement thereof (Section 101 of the It is clear, on reflection, that the de- Patent Laws.) Hence, the so-called termination of what is "obvious" is an The words of this section of the law statutory classes are four -fold. For ex- exercise of subjective reasoning. It is appear to be clear enough, one would ample, and without intending to be this requirement of the patent laws think, to cause no difficulty. Fortunate- exhaustive by such examples, the pro- that is one of the most troublesome ly, for the most part this is true. cess class may include a process for and controversial with respect to ob- Unfortunately, for some patents and making rubber, or for developing taining a patent as well as sustaining patent applications -particularly those pulse -code modulation signals; the a patent in litigation after a patent is- covering inventions of value, as one machine class a machine for making sues. Although an extensive discussion would suspect -this section of the law textiles, or a system of apparatus of the obviousness question is beyond becomes quite troublesome. The patent (construed to be a "machine ") for the scope of this article, it is important office and the courts have been forced generating and processing pulse -code- that the reader be aware that the man- to resolve questions of adequacy of the modulation communications; the manner in which an invention is described description of the invention against the ufacture class may be a manufacture in a patent specification may do much inventor at times because he has not of a television receiver, integrated cir- to clarify for a lay [not scientifically or satisfied one or more of the conditions cuit, or semiconductor device; and the technically trained] judge at a later of this section of the law. Many times composition class, a composition of time why the invention was unobvious. these conditions are coupled with matter such as an antibiotic, a fertil- Thus an invention that is not ade- those, just described, of novelty, use- izer, or a solution for electroless depo- quately described may be found to be fulness and obviousness. 14

www.americanradiohistory.com The inventor does his best to describe claiming the invention in its full scope. tions which need to be studied by both the invention, as he understands it, to Thus, a process for making a com- the inventor and his patent attorney his patent attorney. It is now up to the pound X Y, may well be only one during the preparation of the patent attorney to understand it. He begins form of a compound which can be application. by reading the original disclosure, i.e., shown to be of the class X , Y . An the description of the invention. The electrical circuit first made by the in- Test Data attorney now asks himself whether the ventor to solve a problem in a limited Tests, experiments and related data inventor has any background informa- bandwidth may well be only one form concerning the background problems tion relating to this invention which or embodiment of the invention of of the field of the invention and similar may help him, first, in understanding much broader scope. If such an inven- data relative to any embodiment of the the true scope of the invention and, tion is described properly by teaching invention actually constructed should second, in having all the information other embodiments for using the in- be presented to the patent attorney. that should be considered in preparing vention in different and possibly wider Such data should include both adverse the patent application for submission bandwidths, a patent of broader scope as well as favorable results. Careful to the patent office. may well be obtained. In both of these consideration of all such data should examples, an adequately described in- Simply describing a new oscillator cir- be made for the purpose of determin- vention could support a claim for the cuit or a new radar system does not ing the true scope of the invention. broader aspect of the invention, while usually enable one to appreciate the Thus, unexpected critical relationships a more limited description may barely be- scope of the invention. What is needed often support what was initially support a claim to the single example is the background of the art out of lieved to be a routine state-of- the -art described. invention. On which the invention grew. Most, in- design as a patentable data deed, possibly all inventions provide A patent attorney who has not been the other hand, adverse when in the of all the a solution to a problem. The problem told of the full background will find it understood context more study is can be one that was previously partial- difficult to appreciate the true scope of tests may show that everyone's dis- ly or, indeed, fully unsolved. The in- the invention and to describe it prop- needed. Still worse, to may, such data may point to the fact ventive solution to such problems are erly to meet the conditions of the pat- is invention at usually considered patentable. Some ent laws that have been considered that there no operable all, or that the scope of the invention problems in a given art have not been above. When the patent attorney be- is not as broad as initially asserted. recognized and as such could not have comes aware of some fact not told him been solved. Invention has been found by the inventor and asks why he was Notebook records to reside in the recognition of a prob- not informed of such a fact, the answer lem by discovering the problem, defin- invariably is "Why didn't you ask Notebooks and similar record books ing it and then providing a solution. me ? are usually the place where inventors The solution, for example, in the form keep records of what they do. Inven- When such a situation arises we are of a new combination of mechanical tions, in concept and operative form, quite sure the answer is that the patent parts or a new electrical circuit, may should be described in such record attorney and the inventor did not corn- seem simple enough as compared to books and witnessed by competent municate. One assumed the other had the state -of- the -art structure. The personnel. The patent attorney should knowledge which, in fact, he did not newly discovered problem, however, be apprised of all such notebook rec- have. Either the patent attorney "ap- coupled with the relatively simple ords so that he can get directly the pears to be an expert in the inventor's solution can be sufficient to be the full flavor of the development of the field, or the inventor assumes that cer- basis of an unobvious and therefore invention. Notebook records kept by tain background facts need not be patentable invention. the coworkers of the inventor are given to the attorney. One or more of also important. Such records may in- An invention need not necessarily be such background facts later found dicate the proper or improper desig- limited to the form in which the in- lacking in the description of the inven- nation of inventorship. Sometimes the ventor first makes it. The invention tion can invalidate a patent or may be witness to an inventor's disclosure or may take a multitude of forms, em- the basis for the rejection by the Patent a witness to a test of the invention bodiments, or, as the statute says, Office of an application for patent. On after it has been reduced to practice "modes" (Section 112, supra) . If the the other hand, the patent attorney may be in fact a co- inventor, that is, true scope of the invention is not ap- may assume the inventor described the he made a to the inven- preciated by the inventor and the at- invention in such "full, clear, concise contribution tion and as such is properly a co- torney, the one or two embodiments and exact terms" so as to satisfy the or modes of the invention as described laws. inventor. A co- inventor cannot be a in the patent can inadvertently cause a competent witness to his own inven- What is needed is that spark of under- severe limitation to be imposed on the tion. What is needed always is a wit- is at that pre- scope of the claimed invention. The standing that developed ness who is not a co- inventor of the cious moment inventor and inventor who does not appreciate the when the invention in question. the patent attorney see that the full scope of his invention may never- both now the theless have background facts about other understands invention Published articles and appreciates its full scope. the state -of- the -art relating to the in- All pertinent articles, proprietary or vention he contemplates that may published, written by the inventor Guidelines to background prompt a patent attorney informed of -fact or his coworkers in the field of the situations such facts to investigate with the in- invention should be brought to the ventor to obtain enough additional We are now ready to review the sev- attention of the patent attorney for his facts to be the basis for describing and eral kinds of background -fact situa- review whether written before or after 15

www.americanradiohistory.com the date of the invention. Possible in- (technically called a continuation-in - patent application is filed should be consistencies or contradictions relating part applicaiton if new descriptive brought to the attention of the patent to the invention can be uncovered, matter has to be added to the first attorney.

hopefully, soon enough to correct or application) . It will be clear then that you ask me ?" explain the errors, if any exist. the inventor has a continuing duty to "Why didn't keep the attorney informed about all Now, the inventor -reader may better Public use or sale aspects of the invention, particularly appreciate the question posed in the Before the invention is embodied in an as long as the inventor participates in subtitle; it should alert him to tell the article that is to be placed on sale, the work relating to that invention. It may attorney, without being asked, all attorney should be informed, since well be that the inventor is the only relevant and material facts in the in- such acts relate to conditions of pat- reliable source of information the at- ventor's knowledge that relate to the entability, either in the United States torney may have about a significant invention. All facts whether favorable or abroad. If through some mischance, new or changed fact relating to the or not should be revealed. Undisclosed the act of selling or placing the article invention. facts may one day come to light at a on sale occurs before the application is time that may jeopardize not only the Revelation of the prior art filed, the patent attorney should also validity of the patent covering the in- be informed of all the facts relating to As indicated above, when the inventor vention in question but also the repu- such acts. describes the invention to the attorney, tation of the inventor, the attorney, he should inform him of the state -of- and the company employing them. Subsequent improvements the -art. Implicit in such state -of- the -art The scientific and engineering com- If, indeed, further work has been done description are the works of others munity-the source of most inven- on the invention after the patent attor- whether it be coworkers or competi- tions- should be aware of an attitude ney has prepared or filed the applica- tors. Such works may include articles, the Patent Office and the courts are tion, the information relating to such textbooks, patents, and indeed actual taking with respect to acts, or omission work should be brought to the atten- devices embodying the co- worker's or of acts, which they consider to be tion of the patent attorney. Often times competitor's invention even though no fraud on the Patent Office. The prose- such information may well determine description of it is known or readily cution of an application for a patent available. that the patent application then on file is not a proceeding whereby one party should be amended or, in some in- Any such knowledge that comes to the (the applicant) presents one view and stances, replaced by a new application attention of the inventor even after the a supposed hostile opponent (the Ex-

Appendix- background notes own use for a limited time in exchange sioner of the Patent Office for a patent on patents and invention for the revelation or teaching by the infor the invention. Also included in the ventor of his invention and how to make application are 1) a specification, describ- A patent, more formally called a Deed of and use it. The justification for this mon- ing the invention; 2) claims which set Letters Patent, is a grant by a sovereign, opoly is that in exchange for this limited forth, in words, the scope of the inven- such as the United States, in return for a time of exclusive use of his invention the tion the inventor believes he is entitled to public disclosure of an invention and inventor agrees to dedicate his invention over the prior art; and 3) drawings, if the means for implementing it in a useful to the public after the patent expires. invention lends itself to be shown by a manner as described in the issued patent Thus, the public gets benefits of inven- drawing. The laws of the United States grant, giving the inventor the right to ex- tions which would otherwise not have further require that the inventor state clude all others for a prescribed period of been made without such an incentive. under oath, or by declaration, that he be- years from making, using, or selling his United States patent system lieves himself to be the first inventor, or the of the inventors, of the invention described invention within jurisdiction Article 1, Section 8 of The Constitution and that he has done no act which would sovereign. Thus for a United States Pat- of the States United grants the Congress otherwise prevent him from legally and ent, the territorial coverage of a patent the power "to promote the progress of properly being granted a patent, such as would include all 50 of the states, Puerto science and useful arts by securing for selling some form of the invention or de- Rico, the territories, and its possessions, limited times to authors and inventors the scribing it in some publication more than and the term of the patent is 17 years exclusive right to their respective writings from one year prior to filing the patent applica- the date of its issue. A patent gives and discoveries." The Patent Laws of the the inventor no right tion. to practice his own United States are founded on this portion invention since another's prior patent not of the Constitution. The Patent Laws are When the patent application is filed, it is yet expired may dominate it. embodied in the United States Code, assigned to a Patent Examiner, an em- Invention is the product of the mind of "Title 35- Patents" which has nearly one ployee of the United States Patent Office, an inventor, and indeed, sometimes, the hundred separate divisions which together who examines the application to deter- single product of the minds of two or set forth the manner in which the Patent mine whether it meets the legal require- more inventors working in concert. The Office, an office of the United States De- ments for a patent. invention starts in the mind of the inven- partment of Commerce, carries out its The Examiner is knowledgeable in the tor as a concept which may later be de- function of receiving applications for pat- field he is assigned to examine because of veloped into one or more tangible ent and the granting of patents. forms his technical education, his study of many or embodiments. Although the word "in- The United States Patent Office as author- patent applications in that field, and his vention" has the attribute of being new, ized by the Patent Laws publishes a set of repetitive review of state -of- the -art patents that is, having the novelty, all attribute of rules, known as the Rules of Practice in and literature. He reads the specification inventions are not patentable simply be- Patent Cases, as the mandatory guide- to understand the invention and the cause of their novelty. An invention to be lines which are to be followed in order claims to determine what the inventor be- patentable must not only be novel, it must to apply for the patent grant in the United lieves the metes and bounds of the inven- be useful and it must be unobvious to States. tion to be. (It may be helpful to consider those of ordinary skill in the art. According to these rules, an application a deed of real property to be somewhat Most of the countries of the world have for patent is made upon payment of the analogous to a patent claim, and in fact, developed patent systems whereby inven- prescribed fee (minimum fee is $65.00) land grants were called land patents. For tions can be reserved for the inventor's together with a petition to the Commis- an inventor to understand the words and 16

www.americanradiohistory.com aminer) presents an opposing view. patent cases involving the question of References to earlier articles in the The inventor -applicant, for the most fraud upon the Patent Office are being RCA Engineer on patents, invention part, has facts that are not known to guided. and inventors. the Patent Office and therefore is obli- 1. Tuska, C. D., "Increasing Creativeness in En- Conclusion gineers", RCA Engineer Vol. 1, No. I (June/ gated to present all the facts relevant July, 1955) pp. 50 -53. Some observations on the creative ingredients and circumstances and material to the invention described Comments such as "Now you tell me" leading to inventions. in the patent application. Withholding or "Why didn't you ask me ?" can be 2. Rabkin, Morris A., "Inventive Progress ", RCA Engineer Vol. 2, No. 1 (June /July, 1956) relevant or material facts could be con- avoided in the field of patent law, if pp. 47 -50. Describes the evolutionary develop- sidered a fraud on the Patent Office. the inventor and his patent attorney ment of a three - legged stool into a chair with a backrest and armrest and the rights of each Some significant statements of the Su- communicate fully without assuming of the inventors of each step of the develop- States are ment. preme Court of the United what the other knows or should know. 3. Johnson, Joel B., "Protecting Dates of Inven- worth quoting here: All material and relevant facts should tion", RCA Engineer Vol. 3, No. 1 (June/ July, 1957) pp. 38-41. Explains the need for "Those who have applications pending be made available to the patent attor- keeping records of concepts and reductions to with the Patent Office or who are par- ney who, in turn, should make them practice of inventions with corroborating wit- ties to Patent Office proceedings have nesses, and interference problems relating to available to the Patent Office at the such record keeping, an interference being a an uncompromising duty report to it to appropriate time whether during the legal contest between different inventors to all facts concerning possible fraud or determine priority, and thus the right to a inequitableness underlying the applica- preparation of the patent application patent covering the invention. 4. Mitchell, O. V., "Patents and Things ", RCA tions in Company v. or at subsequent times as such facts issue." (Precision Engineer Vol. 4, No. 1 (June /July, 1958) pp. Automotive Company, 324 U.S. 806, become relevant. 47 -49. Explains the conditions for obtaining a 818, 1945.) patent and summarizes the various forms of To have a worthwhile patent that will property rights, including copyrights, trade- "By reason of the nature of any appli- marks, design and plant patents. cation for patent, the relationship of meet the rigorous tests to which pat- 5. Mitchell, O. V., "Patents, RCA and You ", attorneys to the Patent Office requires ents are subjected with ever-increasing RCA Engineer Vol. 9, No. 2 (Aug. /Sep., 1963) pp. 2 -6. Describes various fact situations of the highest degree of candor and good intensity, the application should be interference conflicts and illustrations of wit- faith. In its relation to applicants, the prepared to fully disclose the inven- nesses to the conception and reduction -to- Office ... must rely upon their integri- practice of inventions. tion. The patent should also be pre- 6. Russinoff, A., "Identification of Inventor- ty and deal with them in a spirit of ship", RCA Engineer Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct./ trust and confidence." (Kingsland v. pared along the general guidelines pro- Nov., 1968) pp. 6 -7. Describes the identifica- Dorsey, 338 U.S. 318, 319, 1949.) vided in this article, particularly in tion of inventors wtih illustrations of the problems of sole and joint inventorship. We may add that these cases, although presenting all facts with the "highest 7. Russinoff, A., "Inventions and Obviousness ", decided 25 years ago, are the basic degree of candor and good faith" in all RCA Engineer Vol. 15, No. 5 (Feb. /Mar., 1970) p. 101. Outlines the requirements of authority upon which most present day matters dealing with the Patent Office. novelty, utility and non -obviousness. thus the scope of a patent claim, he Patent Office is now attempting to grant gle international patent grant. The Patent should try to draw a picture of one form patents within two to three years after the Cooperation Treaty is now in the process of the invention from the words of the application filing dates, at a rate ap- of being ratified by the United States and claim. The words of the claim should be proaching 100,000 patents per year. other countries. This treaty may be the like the "metes and bounds" description first step in establishing the basis for an Patent systems in foreign countries of a deed of land and direct the reader "International Patent" by setting up pro- from one end of the invention to the Each country having a patent system has cedures for using the facilities of each other as the land deed directs the reader its own set of laws and rules by which country for the common benefit of par- over the land embraced by the descrip- patents are granted for inventions. Most ticipating applicants. of these countries, including the United tion.) Inventions and government contracts States, are parties to an agreement, known The Examiner searches through prior pat- as the International Convention for the Among the problems which a company ents and some of the other literature to Protection of Industrial Property. Accord- such as RCA must consider when contem- find the most relevant references prior to ing to this agreement, patents can be ob- plating taking a Government contract is the inventor's filing date. The Examiner tained in each of the countries with an whether the patent rights obtained by the should try to find a full description of the effective filing date the same as that of Government will seriously dilute RCA's claimed invention in one document. If the patent application of the first -filed patent position. Under U.S. Government such is found, it is called an anticipation country provided an application is filed contracts, the Government receives at of the invention claimed. If the Examiner in such countries within one year of the least a non -exclusive license for govern- is correct in his interpretation of such a first -filed date, subject, however, to the mental purposes throughout the world citation, the patent application should be peculiar laws of each of those countries. under all inventions either conceived or abandoned. If the reference is not an Some foreign countries, including the first actually reduced -to- practice (success- anticipation, the invention as claimed may Scandinavians, France, Holland and fully built) under the contract. Some still be rejected by the Examiner as being Italy, for example, require that patent ap- agencies of the Government, in addition, obvious in view of one or more refer- plications filed in their country or in the acquire full title to all such inventions. ences. It is this area of the examination originating "convention" country be done Thus, the Government may receive rights procedure that usually provokes the clas- prior to any public use, sale, publica- to inventions made under prior RCA - sic conflicts between the applicant- inven- tion, or divulgation of the invention. funded work merely because the inventor and the Patent Office. By arguments Thus, inventions which are to be con- tion is first built and tested under the and amendments (changes) of the claims, sidered for foreign filing should be pro- contract. In some cases, these rights can the Examiner may be persuaded to with- tected by a patent application filed in the be reduced to the previously mentioned draw his objections and allow the appli- United States or a suitable foreign coun- license by negotiation prior to contract. cation to be granted as a patent. try before any publication of the inven- Thus it is important that Patent personnel be made aware of previously conceived When the patent is granted to the invention, otherwise certain foreign rights may inventions or likely future inventions un- tor or his assignee, it is in the form of a be lost. der which the Government document known as Let- may receive the deed of the Unfortunately, most of the countries have rights. ters Patent (open letter) each one being patent laws that are unique to themselves issued with successive identification num- and, for the most part, quite different In any case, it is recommended that a bers. The number of patents in the United from each other. Within a decade, a more patent attorney be consulted on questions States issued since the numbering system uniform set of patent laws may exist involving inventions related to Govern- started in 1836 is over 3,550,000. The U.S. which should provide the basis for a sin- ment contracts. 17

www.americanradiohistory.com The Engineer, and the Corporation

MIT -RCA Research Conference Pictured are some of the literature items W. O. Hadlock, Editor available as a part of the ILP service to RCA.

Editor's Note: The information sum- ponents, Harrison, N.J., who marized in this article has been provided the Editors with copious RCA programs compiled from random notes, in- notes. Information concerning the Supplements formation provided by the speakers, Industrial Liaison Program as well RCA's own research program is aimed and recordings made during the as the photographs for this article primarily at supporting the most crit- MIT -RCA Seminar. Some of the Con- were provided by Frank W. Wid- ical needs of the Company in cur- ference speakers have indicated mann, Mgr., RCA Engineering Pro- rently identified business areas. that more information is available. fessional Development, Corporate However, many important areas of Engineering Services. Special research and advanced technology that Credit is given to Hans K. Jenny, thanks also to the Conference also merit continued study must be Mgr., Microwave Solid -State De- speakers and J. Peter Bartl, MIT - bypassed because of economic priori- vices Operations, Electronic Corn- RCA Industrial Liaison Officer. ties and limitations. Thus, the MIT research program supplements the RCA program and complements it AT A RECENT MIT -RCA confer- achieve the objectives of maintaining where RCA has the need for aware- ence, faculty members of Massa- a constructive role in modern educa- ness but has not invested directly. chusetts Institute of Technology, Cam- tion, management and scientific re- bridge, Mass., conducted a two -day search; and, to promote academic pro- MIT administers the program through seminar for the special benefit of grams to benefit society at large. an Industrial Liaison Office (ILO) , about 80 RCA research, engineering, To achieve these established objec- staffed by Industrial Liaison Officers. and technical planning personnel. Dis- tives, ILP serves as the principal, One of the six officers, J. Peter Bartl, cussed during the sessions was the formal mechanism for interchanges is assigned to interface with RCA in current progress being made in several between MIT and external research, rendering the services available under branches of contemporary research, engineering, and management activi- the program. Mr. Bartl maintains di- preselected topically by RCA for con- ties. Contact with industry strengthens rect contact with key people in each sideration (see summaries to follow) . MIT's teaching and research. Compa- of RCA's divisions, and with Frank The seminar is one of numerous ser- nies participating in the programs W. Widmann, Manager of Engineer- vices being provided by MIT under provide financial support to MIT. A ing Professional Development, Cor- the RCA -MIT Industrial Liaison Pro- number of services have been devel- porate Engineering Services, who gram (1LP) agreement. oped by MIT (see Table I). administers the program for RCA. is about 100 companies The ILP program -what it is RCA one of Benefits entire technical staff presently participating in the Indus- MIT is presently conducting a $200 trial Liaison Program. In return for an RCA engineers and scientists in all million research program annually annual fee, RCA obtains the potential areas are eligible to benefit from the that covers broad technical and busi- of quick access to -and an active com- services provided under the MIT -RCA ness spectra. MIT operates its Indus- munications channel with research Industrial Liaison Program (see Table trial Liaison Program to share benefits programs that align with RCA's cur- I). Selected periodical publications of the total effort with industry; to rent and possible future business in- such as quarterly progress reports

Reprint RE- 17 -1 -20 terests. from various MIT departments, lab-

www.americanradiohistory.com oratories, and interdisciplinary cen- Impact of the seminar Table I-Services provided by the ILP. ters, may be obtained. Monthly Lists 1) Research conferences to discuss MIT's re- The presentations and discussions search in progress. of Publications (MLOP) are avail- not a) Fall and Spring Symposia series covers with faculty members represent interest. F. W. Bldg. all areas of potential industrial able through Widmann, so much a panacea for solving our b) Bi- annual, two -day management briefing 2 -7, Camden, N. J. (PC- 3121). Except developed especially for RCA. This is a present problems but a strong stim- special arrangement made for RCA; and, in those instances which may lead to ulus to become more involved with MIT faculty focuses on research areas oí formal consulting agreements with mutual interest to MIT and RCA. new research and engineering tools c) Notices and invitations of one -day sem- MIT, contact may be made directly and their relationship to present and inars and special lectures, held primarily with J. Peter Bartl, at the ILO (Room for the MIT staff, are distributed by the future applications. Industrial Liaison Office (ILO) to RCA 5 -207) , MIT, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, people in the MIT locale. There is much effort being expended Tel: (617) 864 -6900, Ext. 269, 3792. 2) Advance announcements of summer courses on developing meaningful models, by (individual attendees pay for courses), reg- use of computer methods, to tailor new ular seminars, and special courses enable Summaries of presentations RCA people to register early and avoid over- ideas and concepts not only to our subscribed courses.

The technical and business portions business but to the people who influ- 3) Publications- periodic and automatic distri- of the recent two -day RCA -MIT semi- ence it. We have not yet scratched the bution of certain MIT laboratory reports and other publications by ILO. The annual nar consisted of informal, oral presen- surface in utilizing the computer as "Directory of Current Research" and the information- system tool. Hope- "Monthly List of Publications" (MLOP) are tations generously interspersed with an of special importance. The "Directory of question- and -answer breaks. The top- fully, the informative presentations Current Research" initiates the exchange of information between individuals at MIT and ics covered during the sessions fall will stimulate greater involvement. in Industry. The MLOP lists abstracts on re- into the following general categories: search in progress, generally before outside More attention seems indicated in de- publication (reports and bibliographies may and current MIT computer research fining problems and in the formula- be ordered). possible applications of computers; in- Regular distribution of announcements and tion of ideas; small innovations, even publications covered in 1) through 3) is novations and technical entrepreneur- including "fringe ideas ", can be sig- made to RCA libraries and Chief Engineers research proj- or other key representatives in each RCA ship; various technical nificant in a company's success. The division /location. ects; and marketing and business complete recognition of the custom- 4) Inquiries concerning specific technical prob- management programs. demands on technology (rather lems can be handled in writing through the er's ILO, or by telephone. This is one of the Some presentations, such as Dr. Rob- than just the technical potential) can most important services, since aid, in problem solving and in locating technical infor- ert A. Alberty's after -dinner talk on improve our effectiveness. mation, is available without the expense incurred in a personal visit. "Future Trends in Science ", dealt with The technical entrepreneur can be one research, engineering and the effects 5) Visits by RCA representatives to MIT for of the key ingredients to this success consideration of unusual company problems. on the society. Following a welcome -particularly in advancing a prom- Such visits provide RCA an opportunity to by Dean Paul Gray, Dean of MIT's talk with faculty concerning their experi- ising young product line that needs to ence in specific fields, and to interest faculty School of Engineering, the workshop grow. Proper encouragement and rec- members in problems of interest to RCA. sessions were carried out at MIT's ognition are motivating factors. 6) Visits by MIT representatives to RCA. campus facilities in Cambridge, Mass. Finally, of the 7) Opportunity to influence the direction of consideration whether MIT's research program (requires close rap- The summaries reported in the follow- customer gets value and service must port, right project, and timing). ing pages are intended to provide a be given by every single member of 8) Opportunities to sponsor special research general overview of the technical pre- the line organization -and especially work from MIT using ILO fee to offset up to 50% of the overhead charges for pur sentations; additional information and by each management member who can chased research work. details may be available from Frank do something much more than simply 9) Opportunity for direct participation in re- W. Widmann, Manager of RCA En- ship a replacement device. Most im- search activities, as a resident guest at the Institute or as a fellow in the Center for gineering Professional Development or portantly, a determination of the Advanced Engineering Study. by direct contacts with MIT personnel "right problem" by engineers can re- 10) Assistance in finding consultants. through J. Peter Bartl, MIT's Indus- duce the number of "right solutions 11) Assistance in recruiting personnel with spe trial Liaison Officer. to wrong problems." cial capabilities.

12) Inter -library loan privilege enables RCA li- Photos below, (L. to R.): Dr. Paul E. Gray, Dean, School of Engineering, welcomed the RCA braries to borrow books from MIT which participants and reviewed the objectives of the conference; J. Peter Bartl, MIT's Industrial has one of the best technical libraries in the Liaison Officer, served as chairman of the meeting; Dr. James Hillier, Executive Vice Presi- country. dent, RCA Research and Engineering, and Professor Louis Smullin, Head, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, exchange views at the dinner meeting; Banquet host, Mr. Vincent A. Fulmer, 13) Library privilege cards have been made Vice President and Secretary of the Institute, conversing with A. R. Trudel, Director, Cor- available to RCA facilities in the vicinity of porate Engineering Services; and Howard W. Johnson, President of MIT, who presided as MIT, and may be used by RCA engineers. host and luncheon speaker.

www.americanradiohistory.com There are many X -ray sources in space that have been identified Trends in research with visible objects and many that remain very mysterious. Although we have seen considerable progress in astro- physics, Dean R. A. Alberty reviewed some of the outstanding scientific there remain many phenomena to be explained. breakthroughs occurring since 1920. Such achievements in biology, chemistry and physics (even though substantial at the time of Earth sciences: Earthquakes remind us of tremendous forces we innovation) have pointed to existing gaps and inadequacies in many don't have very much knowledge about or any control over. The only 1 as as the dis- areas of science. It is the combination of future developments that recent West Coast quake was /80th strong astrous San Francisco earthquake. We should do two things: are sure to come and the numerous opportunities that already ... find out where the earth is shifting; and, look for possible help exist for scientific progress which constitute a substantial challenge in reducing shocks to take place in more gentle fashion. Ten for engineers and scientists engaged in contemporary research. years ago, no respectable geologist believed in continental drift; now, methods are being perfected for the study of a continental Future trends in science drift. Remarkable progress in radio astronomy offers the possi- Dr. Robert A. Alberty bility of using long- base -line interferometry to measure conti- Dean of the School of Science nental drift. Measurement of velocities of one centimeter per year appears possible. One thing that seems sure is that the future in science will be full of surprises, just as it Oceanographic studies are exciting and holes have been bored has been, as I review my own span of in- into bedrock in the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean to get a terests in science, since the 1920's. history of the sediments of the Atlantic ocean and the earth's In reviewing the gold mine of scientific gems history itself. recorded between 1920 and 1971 in the It is now known that material is coming up at the mid -Atlantic Times Almanac, I find the following of significance in broad fields of engineering, gen- ridge so that the European continent and the American con- erally: TV Scanner, conditioned reflex, tinent are drifting away from one another. neutrons, nylon, jet engine, fission, electron Meteorology and electronics can be combined to establish tem- microscope, controlled nuclear fission, electronic computers, perature and pressure profiles from satellites instead of ground - the transistor, and the laser. The next 50 years should produce based observation systems. Computers can help to put it all many more. A review of a few scientific fields in this same together for a better understanding. period 1920 -1970 may provide a clue to the direction or trends. Biology: insulin, electro- cardiograph, vitamins A and B, function I hope I live to see these developments in science which are of chromosomes in heredity, sulfa, penicillin, DDT, strepto- sure to come. One thing is certain: there will be many surprises mycin, polio virus, synthesis of RNA and DNA molecules, and there is a lot of raw material to provide challenges for the replication of DNA. scientific minds.

About 2 years ago, the first enzyme and the first protein molecule were synthesized in the test tube by two groups using entirely different methods. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 16,000 and in time larger enzyme molecules will be produced. Research projects Another recent discovery is the isolation of the gene from a living cell; more recently, a gene has actually been synthesized. The next four papers by Zimmermann, Kennedy, Stern and Baddour Certainly, biology is in an active and interesting phase; how- give you an idea of the broad scope of research and engineering ever, there is no scientific theory on how to go about the job of effort at MIT and relate the direct application of an academic re- developing drugs to attack a specific disease. Many of the search effort to the solution of significant problems in industry and advances in biology also relate to chemistry as shown below. in our total society.

Chemistry: mass spectrometer, heavy hydrogen, first crystalline The extensive scope of such research is described in MIT's 1971 enzymes, determination of 3 -d structures of hemoglobin, and the directory of research projects (contact F. W. Widmann). However, pill for birth control, and advances in radio -chemistry. the talks for the current seminar emphasized the new research areas Physics: photo -electric laws, structure of atoms, wave nature in general physics, quantum electronics, plasma dynamics, commu- of electrons, quantum mechanics, neutron, nuclear resonance, nications sciences, surface acoustic waves, environmental sciences transistor, and maser /laser. and in quality control. In the field of physics, the particles that were few in number in Current activities of research laboratory 1920 (protons, neutrons, electrons) have grown to over 120 LE) fundamental particles. The higher the experiments go, in terms of electronics (R Professor H. Zimmermann, of energy, the more particles show up. However, the basic Director, Research Laboratory of theory of these particles is not in good shape in spite of some Electronics advances. The situation in particle physics now compares with Laboratory of Electronics the situation in atomic physics prior to the time when quantum The Research Laboratory mechanics clarified what was going on. evolved from the MIT Radiation which had a strong background in physics Our illusions of simplicity are shattered by the internal struc- and electrical engineering. The present com- tures of the proton and neutron that have been discovered. It is plement (with academic research emphasis) almost like getting into the atom again, having a nucleus of is as follows: 100 faculty, 300 graduate stu- about 10 -" cm surrounded by electrons. The proton (10-13 cm) dents, 100 undergraduates, and 150 general turns out to have things inside it smaller than 10 -" cm. support personnel. Over the years the activi- By going to higher- energy accelerators, as in the 400- billion- ties expanded to the present size of ten par- electron -volt facility in Chicago, physicists will, no doubt, dis- ticipating departments. There are three cover -more basic -particles. To put everything in perspective, general areas of research: general physics 400-billion electron volts is not a terribly high energy compared (quantum electronics) , plasma dynamics, and communications with cosmic ray energies of 1020 electron volts. There is a big sciences. gap between what exists in the universe and what we are able to create or duplicate in the laboratory. General physics -quantum electronics Astronomy has made possible spectacular discoveries in recent In the general physics area, the emphasis is on quantum elec- times of very distant quasars and of pulsars which have radio - tronics. The molecular -beams group has conducted research on wave emissions; some correlation has been observed of the nuclear magnetic moments that led to the cesium clock, mak- emission of X -rays and light waves. ing very precise time measurements possible. This in turn has 20

www.americanradiohistory.com Research projects led to work in low -temperature phenomena particularly with ple, computer processing can potentially be used to build up helium and hydrogen ... and some work has been started on the three -dimensional displays of neural anatomy from thin slices reflection and evaporation of atoms from surfaces at tempera- of tissue. Similarly, 3 -D (X -ray) displays could be constructed tures near absolute zero. Atoms are emitted from the surface from two or more plates taken in different directions. non -uniformly in a spatial variation determined by the weak forces that bind molecules together. Studies are being conducted on reading machines for the blind; the experimental machine scans a printed page or newspaper This research has led to studies of large aggregates of molecules and speaks the contents in English. The input is a scanner, and as encountered in ceramic and magnetic domains ... and in the the output is a speech synthesizer; in the machine, is a graphic - biological domain, the macromolecules. The hope is to deter- to- phonic transducer which stores rootwords, prefixes, and mine why the structures go together the way they do, from a suffixes ... and then interconnects them. physics standpoint, by means of a so- called molecular micro- Linguistic studies include detailed speech- communications sur- scope. One model under consideration seeks an understanding veys of many languages to and of the reason blood components (thrombin) attach to artificial determine structural similarities differences. (plastic) arteries, no matter how smooth the surface, and eventually clog the plastic artery. studies in the research Another interesting project is the high-contrast, high- resolution Communications electron microscope; the basis for this will be a very thin spheri- laboratory of electronics Professor Robert Kennedy cal -foil lens which has excellent characteristics. This is going Department of Electrical Engineering forward as a computer simulation prior to construction. Research Laboratory of Electronics Another area involving quantum electronics is an active program The speaker described activities of a group in radio astronomy and related radiometric techniques to make of researchers working in the area of optical measurements of the earth's atmosphere and measurements of communication. Problems being considered galactic sources. There is an interest in studying the oxygen - include the familiar noise problems, propa- molecule concentration in the earth's atmosphere. The hope is gation and path loss problems, fading and that precise temperature measurements can be made (with the dispersion, and the noise associated with help of satellites) to determine communication characteristics fundamental quantum effects. There are and indicate what variations exist in oxygen content in the many instructive analogies between these atmosphere layer around the earth. The results may indicate problem areas and similar problems in con- significant information about pollution. illventional microwave communication. Par- Radiation studies are being made from infrared stars. Out of ticular emphasis has been placed on 1) 500 stars studied, 24 were found to radiate substantial amounts communication through a clear turbulent atmosphere, 2) corn- of power at 18 cm wavelengths. The radiation is so intense that munication through scattering channels (haze and clouds over - it would seem to be caused by maser action. the- horizon) , and 3) quantum physics aspects of optical communication. A good general reference on the field is the Another area of interest is in radio astronomy using very long October, 1970 issue of the IEEE Proceedings. baselines (many thousand miles) to obtain extremely high angular resolution. Coherent measurements are made possible In optical communication, the atmosphere is a complicating by an atomic clock at each observatory station. Measurements factor in that it introduces fading and dispersion in time, space have been extended to about 1.35 cm wavelengths to study and frequency. Except for the spatial effects, this is similar to newly discovered intense water -emission sources. Precise mea- some of the problems encountered with tropospheric channels surements can also detect changes in earth dimensions and at microwave frequencies. To date, most researchers have con- influences of the planets. centrated on clear turbulent atmospheric channels. Few people outside of MIT's Research Laboratory of Electronics have seri- Laser technology is another area of interest. Studies of quantum ously studied communication through scattering channels. The phenomena which cause noise have led to investigations of problems posed by such channels are similar to those found in stable CO lasers for numerous applications. clear turbulent channels except that many problems are more pronounced and therefore different solutions must be found. Plasma dynamics Another area of interest is the quantum aspect of optical com- The plasma dynamics group has a general interest in plasma munication. Thus far, it has not been possible to create a model instabilities, plasma containment in magnetic bottles, various of the receiver that accounts for fundamental limitations im- plasma diagnostic techniques, and laser generation of plasmas. posed upon the system by the laws of quantum physics and a model which is sufficiently general to incorporate receivers that Most of these efforts are aimed at the study and use of power may be developed in the future. generated by controlled thermonuclear fusion. We are constructing a toroidal device called "alcator" which generates extremely high- density plasmas in order to study some of the Surface acoustic waves and their application Mr. Ernest Stern problems arising in controlled thermonuclear fusion. Ionized Lincoln Laboratory particle densities are expected to reach the order of 5 X 10'5 /cm', temperatures up to 5000 electron volts, and containment -times The author and five associates are concen- of one second. Very- high- density magnetic fields are being pro- trating on a study for the Advanced Ballistic duced successfully around the 140-kilogauss level. Missile Defense Agency (ABMDA)- involving lithium -niobate devices for signal processing. Communication sciences The studies in communication areas are very broad and involve Many analogies can be made between acous- generation, transmission, and processing of signals in both liv- tic wave phenomena and the patterns of ing and man -made systems. Research areas include linguistics, water waves. Disturbances caused by acous- speech communication, the auditory system, visual perception, tic waves (as with water) decay exponen- communication theory and computer applications. tially into the surface and particle motion beneath its wave is elliptical and retrograded; but, here the Picture processing, image enhancement, and bandwidth reduc- similarities end. Where a water wave occurs every 10 or 20 tion are studied by making use of combined digital and holo- seconds, the acoustic wave crests occur every 5- billionth of a graphic processes. Picture processing has led to biomedical second. applications and automation of clinical processes used in the analysis of variations in immature and pathological white and Other differences are that amplitudes of acoustic waves are red cell behavior. Manual slide methods are inadequate. measured in angstrom units. Water waves are measured in feet and they are dispersive, since the velocity of waves on the Computer -based display systems provide detailed catalogs of surface of water is a function of the distance between wave neural anatomies for biomedical application studies. For exam- crests. In uniform solids the velocity of the acoustic wave is 21

www.americanradiohistory.com Research projects FRED. independent of the frequency. The velocity of the water wave is MHz independent of direction on the surface; for lithium niobate (LOG) and other crystals, velocities of surface waves vary with SURFACE WAVE direction. The author described other characteristics of acoustic waves that prove desirable such as: I) Acoustic media that propagate energy waves five orders of magnitude more slowly than electromagnetic waves. Signals DISPERSION (LOG) 1000 A SEC can be crammed into a 1 -inch lithium -niobate crystal that would ordinarily fill a mile -long cable. I- SECTION 2) Acoustic waves are less lossy, presenting one -tenth to one - BW / 4- SECTION, 4 AMPLIFIERS hundredth the loss of commercial cables. ( MHz) 3) A surface wave is accessible everywhere -and the wave 1000 10 SECTION,IO AMPLIFIERS can be easily manipulated. IDO Surface acoustic waves can be generated in response to elec- 10 trical signals (impulses) and electrical signals can be trans - 100 100010000 0. duced into acoustic waves. NON -DISPERSIVE DELAY USER Waveguides consisting of a relatively slow acoustic medium g) Performance potential RECIRCULATING DELAY LINE REFLECTORS can be placed on top of a stiff high -velocity medium (such as TRANSDUCERS zinc oxide on sapphire). Wave patterns for various combina- INSERTION LOSS tions and applications are studied by the use of jello molds. 14 FINGER TRANSDUCER I Y A surface wave on lithium niobate having piezoelectric proper- - 6 dB ties produces an associated electrostatic field that extends out CAN from the surface. Acoustic amplifier action is obtained when a - 50 dB APPLY semiconductor, with carriers drifting at a velocity in excess of TAPS 40 LL the acoustic wave velocity, is brought within the ambient range MHz of the electrostatic field. h) Filters SIZE 20 cm? 105 bits Many acoustic surface -wave, low -loss devices can be built for i) Memory device various applications including tapped delay lines, memory storage, filters, and correlators. The waveforms and diagrams in- The acoustic-wave devices are quite flexible in that frequency, cluded in this summary show some of the phase- shift, power velocity, bandwidth, and delay characteristics can be easily switching and delay -line characteristics of acoustic-wave de- controlled and manipulated; losses are low and lines can be vices. The amplifiers are acoustic devices only -and are not tapped at any convenient point. Fabrication is compatible with intended as a substitute for electronic amplifiers. the photo -lithographic processes used with integrated circuit Examples: techniques. Surfaces (in contrast to bulk wave devices) can be fabricated by planar techniques. Quality control is less strin- gent than it is for semiconductors. Production yields are good 1 GAIN ACOUSTIC PHASERS and acoustic devices are forgiving to certain kinds of mis- 50 dB 168 MHz handling. - 842 MHz 180° 180° DRIFT 1 Environmental sciences 1 VOLTAGE -4 4kV /cm Professor R. Baddour Head, Dept. of Chemical Engineering

-50 TRANSDUCERS MIT has now set up the Environmental Lab- a) Silicon accumulation d) Power switching oratory for interdisciplinary mission -oriented layer amplifier programs. The author is Director and has a Policy Advisory Committee and a Council to assist in coordination with educational programs, the Interdisciplinary Environmental Council. Contacts include people both in government and in industry to determine This does net what major problems need pursuit. The pri- NF GAIN include transducer h = 4.40 mary objective of these contacts is to define dB A dB losses DELAY 7 SEC problems. T -40 glass on the most pressing environmental GAIN 10 - -25 lithium niobafe Support for work on these tasks comes from government agencies, industries (oil, gas, utilities) , foundations and private INITIAL h c 11 µ groups. Some important environmental problem areas to be 6 DELAY 5.80 SEC pursued are described herein. DRIFT VOLTAGE FREQUENCY 3 kV/cm 130 - 200 MHz Energy production and consumption b) NF gain of silicon e) Delay lines accumulation layer amplifier Energy consumption has shown a frightening monotonic linear growth in terms of fossil fuel consumption when plotted on log paper; this represents a tremendous problem for the future, is the decade in types of fuel n -TYPE I p- TYPE since the "die cast" for present 800 SURFACE I SURFACE used for power sources. Substantial use of nuclear power cannot come before the 1980's. Ñw

1 áw Zn0 TRANSDUCERS Thus, study is required on a national and international scale to ON SAPPHIRE t formulate policies on the fuels and methods we choose to pro- 400 VOLTAGE 600 duce energy, and the pollution specification levels. - 4 411 I I dB The U.S. needs a national energy policy. The world is competing for energy-producing raw materials.

-60 HIGH FRED. LOW FRED Any decisions made now on a major change in energy sources will not become effective until after 1980. VOLTAGE f) Dispersive delay as function of frequency c) Phase shifter In developing a national policy those recommending its form 92

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must be credible and reliable. Coordination is usually challeng- ing of nation -wide computer networks are explored (hypothetical ing since industrial firms are restricted in divulging information examples are cited in which up to 750 -thousand government em- to one another. Industry, society and government all are forces ployees might require access to the histories of 25- million people to be considered and various fuels, electric heating and nuclear recorded in security -surveillance files). In the continuing use of knowledge- methods are involved. Those groups involved and computers, the ability to store knowledge (not data) in directly usable all have their own special interests: oil companies, public able form must be further developed; a key to such solution lies in services, utilities, AEC, etc., etc. the "coupling" to people. MIT is fortunate to be in a position to communicate with most all groups, and to be able to make a study taking all variables A fourth and specialized presentation relating to the application of into account. MIT should be able to provide the government computers concerns an imaginative, inexpensive and seemingly most with the kind of background studies required to develop a ra- powerful approach to upgrade grade -school learning methods. tional national energy policy. Maybe you have sufficient interest and initiative to discuss this with your school board. Significantly, Dr. Papert reports that fifth grad- Environmental problems ers learn to control the "turtle" computer more quickly than sev- During July 1970, a study sponsored by MIT and Chaired by enth graders; the next step extends the program to the third grade. Professor Carroll L. Wilson was made at Williams College. The Impact of computer presentations: the four technical presentations summary and recommendations were published in October in a "Study of Critical Environmental Problems," MIT Press. Por- relating to the use of computers cause the manager and the engi- tions of the study have been read into the congressional record, neer to think: "What can the computer do for me? Have I made a and considerable actions by government agencies have resulted serious attempt to utilize it? The cooperation between the user and from the work. An international version of the portion of the the creators of program models seems to be the real answer. study dealing with man's impact on climate will be held in Stockholm this summer, sponsored by MIT Environmental Lab. Computer Systems: future research directions Professor Jerome H. Seltzer Department of Electrical Engineering POLLUTION Clearly, one can hypothesize a computer system and construct on paper a design. One can even model the design, build simulations, and explore results of the simulation. But the one problem you run into, especially have unique features SMALL HOME OPTIMUM SIZE HUGE GENERATORS SIZE OF if proposed systems HEATING UNITS AND WELL CONTROLLED ENERGY different from those of any other systems, is (POORLY CONTROLLED) CONFIGURATION CANNOT GET RID OF GENERATOR POLLUTION PRODUCTS that you have no way to model how users Planning for minimum pollution dispersion problem. are going to load the system.

It is felt that individual home heating plants will eventually go Methods of information system research to electric power. Substantial effort on automotive problems leads to the same conclusion but breakthroughs in battery de- If you know what the load looks like, you can simulate, and signs are needed. get results limited only by your ingenuity. Otherwise you have no way to predict the load and you are stuck. The conclusion, Pollution control studies were initiated in preparation for a UN if you accept this premise, is that to do research on computer Conference on Man and the Environment to be held in 1972 in systems, you've got to have real users. You are going to have Stockholm. to do something to find out how real users react to your proposals; you can't have real users unless you build the system. Motion of air currents and effect on pollution This leads to the general technique that the computer system research group of Project MAC has followed in developing two If power companies could burn cheap, high- sulphur fuels on major systems at MIT, the Compatible Time Sharing System days when the flue gas would be washed harmlessly into the sea and the Multics system. and use expensive low- sulphur fuels at other times, the savings would be enormous. This is only one practical example of why Of course, there are some limitations in this approach; you we need to know more about air currents and air sheds. Thus, can't be guaranteed that everything is going to work out per- much must be learned about the air current phenomena . fectly. You can't propose to make changes so radical that no user is willing to try the result. Currents and motions of coastal waters Another obvious limitation to this approach is that it forces you Similarly, knowledge of currents and motions of coastal waters to work only with strategies which are economically viable. is imperative. An objective of this study is to keep sewage and This is a limitation because there are ideas you would like to other pollution away from the fish breeding grounds which are try which may not be economically viable today, but will be close to shore. in five years. On the other hand, it does tend to assure some contact with reality.

Another limitation is a need to control the rate of change. Un- fortunately, while you may be providing the user with a better interface he has adapted to the old one already, and his patience Computer research and and willingness to readapt are probably limited. Finally, there is the problem of insuring that the user load which you attract application topics is representative of a broad class of information system user. The first three presentations by Saltzer, Fano and Forgie review The objective of information system research current MIT computer research and point to technical areas that require the serious attention of engineers and scientists so that the Recognizing these limitations, the research objective of the best interests of society will be served and so that specific services computer systems research group at Project MAC is to turn the provided to society will be enhanced. The increased use of corn - fabrication of large -scale information processing systems into puters in research and the need for more direct interaction between routine engineering development projects. Of course, this objective requires learning much actual users and the computer without expensive aid unnecessary more about the conceptual understructure of such systems. That is a much broader objective intermediate disciplines, are considered. The contrasting problems than merely inventing ingeneous techniques of fabrication. The of maintaining individual privacy and still effecting a controlled shar- problem is that today, systems of the size of Multics, whether 23

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they're implemented at a university, in the Department of De- Computers in society Professor Robed Fano a computer company, invariably are a back breaking fense, or at Ford Professor of Engineering effort of high powered specialists. You could ask, "Well, what's wrong with doing it with high powered specialists?" and the There is an important lesson that computer answer of course, is that there simply aren't enough of them people have learned during the last decade, to do all the things we'd like to do. There are dozens of projects at considerable cost in dollars, time, and waiting to be done if it were possible to do them routinely. frustration. The lesson is that it is inappropriate and dangerous to design or evaluate Professor Saltzer then gave several examples of such projects computer equipment out of the context of including the ABM support system, the FAA air-traffic- control the operating system software that provides system, the National Data Bank, and the "on -line company." the interface to its users. An extension of the same lesson has to be learned. Namely, Some topics of information system research that it is inappropriate and dangerous to design or evaluate a computer system out of With this overview, Professor Saltzer reviewed a few areas in the context of the community of people that will use it or that, which he has hopes that progress will be made. The first of in one way or another, will be affected by its use. these was large files. Today Multics -and other on -line systems handle l0'" bits of on -line stor- as well -have mechanisms that There are important reasons why computers are used in the that is enough age very smoothly. By way of comparison, operation of society. If computers were not available, the level and of 1000 scientific storage to maintain the programs data of activity attainable in many segments of society would be of a Jordan Marsh size depart- programmers; or the inventory strictly limited by the fraction of the population that society store. there are a lot of interesting prob- ment Unfortunately, could devote to the necessary bookkeeping tasks. Computers need 10" bits 100 times as much. One of lems which -that's have made it possible to circumvent this fundamental limita- the reasons you can't build a national data bank is that no one tion on the attainable level of activity. It is now generally knows how to keep 1012 bits organized. realized, however, that a similar limitation is beginning to appear respect to tasks of a substantially higher intel- What's the problem here? Why doesn't memory usage just with lectual character, and that unless we succeed in circumventing scale up? Multics certainly doesn't scale up, and it is fruitful it through the proper exploitation of computers, the operation to see why not. One of the things found necessary to provide of society may well begin to crack under its own weight of absolute storage reliability in Multics is to copy, once a week, all of the on -line information storage onto tape (a few hours complexity. each Sunday night). The trouble is that 100 times as much The root of such problems as the inadequacy of medical care, would require two weeks to make the copy. education, and judicial processes is that the society does not possess human resources necessary to perform all of these A second research topic is memory modeling. For analysis the tasks particularly in view of their growing complexity and as well as synthesis we need good models of the way users well, the rising on the part of the population,. load the system. The difficulty here is simply that there are of expectations many different kinds of devices with a variety of properties kinds things, but there and users to do various of different Storing knowledge is no good way to predict what kind of performance is going to result. We have a lot of results on apparently independent Part of the problem is that the knowledge and experience re- topics. You can look in the research journals and pick out quired to provide these services cannot be readily transferred papers telling you what happens if you have interleaved mem- from one person to another. Could a good part of this knowl- ory, and what happens if you use a cache memory on certain edge and experience be stored in a computer program and made kinds of loads, and you find another result that tells you what available on demand? is the effect of disk arms moving in certain ways for certain assumptions. Other papers report on demand paged virtual In at least one case, truly significant knowledge has been stored memories. No-one as yet has seen the understructure that allows in a program allowing a computer to perform symbolic inte- a common view of the situation such that most problems can be gration tasks requiring real intellectual skills' solved by inspection.

The speaker mentioned briefly a variety of other research Mass production of services. topics such as that of network information being shared at a The techniques of mass production make available to the entire distance. Probably, the one topic which has the biggest imme- population goods of a quality limited only by the total knowl- diate academic payoff is called "simplification of mechanism." edge and capabilities of the society. In contrast, the quality of In looking at a piece of a system one frequently discovers a the goods produced by an artisan is strictly limited by his own way (with half the code) to do all the same things, some of knowledge and skill. With respect to services, we are still at the them better, and add a couple of other features. That can only artisan stage. The quality of the services that we can obtain happen when one has acquired additional insight into what is still limited primarily by the knowledge. experience, and it was he was doing. There are several examples in Multics skill of the person that provides them. What we need, by experience in which modules have been rewritten two or three analogy, is the mass production of services. For this purpose, or four times and each time gained a factor of two or four or information instead of matter must be transported and brought sometimes ten in operating effectiveness. to bear on a specific situation. A widespread and effective information network will be essential to the mass production Another good research topic is one named "implementation of of services, just as a widespread and effective transportation between suspicious con- protection mutually programs." Multics network has proved to be essential to mass production of goods. tains a mechanism based on rings protection concentric of The goal is not to replace people, but rather to make it possible greater and greater This seems to be an adequate authority. for them to provide more, higher quality services based on the technique for a class of problems in which program A is suspi- total knowledge and experience of society. cious of program B, but B is willing to trust A. For example, the instructor doesn't trust the student, but the student trusts the instructor. That kind of arrangement implements very smoothly Intermixing human processing with computer processing with rings of protection, since they are purely hierarchical. The ability to intermix human processing with computer pro- The mutually suspicious user is harder to handle. For example; cessing becomes of crucial importance when computers are user A has constructed a proprietary income -tax- calculating employed in any facet of the operation of society involving program which he doesn't want user B to copy. User B is will- problem solving and decision making. In actual practice, probing to pay for the use of A's program, but he doesn't want A's lem formulation and problem solution proceed concurrently program to make a copy of B's tax records. No system available most of the time, and this takes place not by choice but by today provides facility with this protection for arbitrary, user - necessity. The reason for this is that one is never sure whether a provided programs. problem has been properly and completely formulated. It is 24

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only in the process of working out a solution that one becomes References aware of defects of formulations. I. Weizenbaum, I., "The Two Cultures of the Computer Age," Technology Review, April, 1969, p. 55. Since computers are very powerful aids in problem solving, 2. Moses, 1., "Symbolic Integration," Technical Report MAC -TR -47 problem formulation lies inherently in the human do- (Thesis), M.I.T.. September, 1967. while al Futuro," L'Automazione between man 3. Fano, R. M., "Time- Sharing: Uno Sguardo main, the ability to establish close collaboration elecltronica e les sue implicazioni scientifiche, techniche e sociali, and computer becomes of crucial importance. The late Profes- Quaderno N. 110, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, p. 249, 1968. sor Norbert Wiener used to warn us on this point way back in 4. Wiener, N., The Human Use of Human Beings, Houghton, Mifflin Co., the late forties' Computers, he used to say, are literal minded; Boston, 1950, p. 212. 5. Westin, A. F., Privacy and Freedom, Atheneum, New York, 1967, p. 7. they solve the problem that has been presented to them, not the one that ought to have been presented. Terminal support processor for graphics Knowledge is power facilities in a computer network Mr. James Forgie Computers provide access to knowledge, and knowledge re- Lincoln Laboratory stricted to a segment of society gives power over the rest of The speaker described the efforts of a group society. Thus, unless computers are made truly accessible to at Lincoln Laboratory concerned with com- the population at large, there will develop a dangerous power puter graphics work supported by the infor- gap between those who have access to computers and those mation- processing techniques office of the who do not, and particularly between organizations, whether ldvanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) public or private, and the private citizen. To avoid this danger, of the Department of Defense. Lincoln Lab- it is essential that the power of computers be redirected toward oratory has been primarily concerned with by him to assisting the individual in his daily life enabling cope a small hardware /software system called more successfully with the complex environment in which he terminal support processor system (TSP) must live, and, above all, toward bringing about much better aimed at supporting interactive graphics communication within society. users.

Protecting privacy ARPA's primary goal is to demonstrate an inexpensive reliable message -switched digital communications network (something The protection of individual privacy has received the greatest the common carriers haven't been providing and something public attention among those issues raised by the growing use DoD needs). Current cost estimates to provide network commu- of computers. Society, to function effectively, needs infor- nications anywhere in the country are about $.25 /megabit; since mation about its members. Disclosure of information about network cost is fixed, the cost /megabit depends on traffic in the one's affairs is usually inherent to collaborative activities and network; a reasonable level of activity could bring costs as low often essential to receiving effective assistance from others. as $.10 /megabit. The communication capability was first demon- Furthermore, the desire to share information about oneself strated when parts of the network became operational in 1969. with others appears to be a common human characteristic. Thus, the ability to disclose information selectively under se- The second major goal is to explore the cooperative use of com- cure control is essential to the protection of privacy. Moreover, puters in a network which can provide services that individual control is important not only over the use of personal infor- computers cannot; one obvious feature is the advantage of net- mation, but also over the accuracy of the information itself. In work load sharing. For example, through time differences, and other words, the right to privacy includes the right to check and by shifting programs back and forth, certain time periods can correct information about oneself. be shared between East and West Coast computers. Another advantage makes special facilities available to a much broader Very few computer systems currently in operation make it pos- class of users. The ARPA computer network has special facili- sible to control access to individual data files, and only one, to ties such as the ILLIAC IV computer which is a very large, very my knowledge, (the Multics system at M.I.T.') includes means fast, specialized machine; also, there will be a large 10'= bit stor- for enforcing restrictions on their use. Even these systems, age facility; interesting research applications are possible. however, are not adequately secure against determined attempts to circumvent their control mechanisms. Solutions to Another advantage of the network is the greater access to spe- the individual technical problems are not lacking. The chal- cial programs such as the ARPA suported Rand Corporation lenge lies in solving all such problems simultaneously without Climate Modeling program on the West coast. The RAND objec- unduly interfering with other design objectives. Unfortunately, tive is to compute the effects of various parameters on the this challenge is not receiving adequate attention, and even climate over long periods of time, involving such parameters as proven control techniques are not being incorporated in com- atmospheric pollution and the melting of polar ice. mercial computer systems. The third major goal is to reduce the cost of research on computers; typically, such research involves much computing and The future ARPA wants to begin new research programs at U.S. educational There is a tendency in some quarters to dismiss the computer institutions. New installations can be funded by providing net- as just another machine which in due time will find its proper work terminals to allow computing wherever excess time exists. place in society without causing any major change in its struc- In 1966, Lincoln Laboratory set up a wideband connection to ture and operation. I do not agree with this view because com- the System Development Corp. as a time -sharing system. The puters deal with information, the glue that holds society to- results convinced Lincoln that the communications and protocol gether. I am reminded in this respect of the point made several problems were manageable. So, ARPA decided to put together years ago by Dr. Asimov, the well -known science fiction writer. a computer network; activity started in 1969; a network became In his luncheon speech at the 1966 Spring joint Computer operational with a four -node segment in the Fall, 1969. Conference, he chose to exploit his talent for science fiction in time reversal. He spoke about an imaginary report prepared by There was an attempt to provide multiple connectivity from any a special committee of the Imperial Academy of Science on the network node to any other nodes in the event of a telephone line future social impact of the printing press. The report fabricated failure. Thus, the IMP's (interface message processors) which by Dr. Asimov was very entertaining and also very much to are small computers were introduced to serve the network and the point. Its major conclusion included a comment to the perform store- and -forward and routing jobs; should an IMP go effect that, "In any case, the social impact of the printing press down, communication would still be possible. There are actu- is likely to be minor because, after all, there are so few people ally 14 IMP's now installed and working. that can read ". The so- called host computers are the ones interfaced to the network; some systems have two hosts interfaced with one IMP of This summary contains portions of a paper written by Professor Robert the network; the IMP was designed by Bolt, Beranek and New- M. Fano which was presented at the symposium, L' Informatica, La Cul- man (BBN) , firm in the tura e La Sociela Italiana, held at the Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli, consulting Cambridge area. There are Torino, Italy, Dec. 9.11, 1970. The full paper will appear in the Confer- 17 host computers now connected physically and there will be a ence Proceedings. total of 21 within the next few months. The network continues 25

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to grow (ARPA estimates 30 nodes in another year), and traffic flow simulations indicate that as many as 100 nodes could be served with present facilities. Interconnecting links are presently 50- kilobit digital communication lines. The main problem of implementing the computer network is agreeing upon protocols. Protocols are conventions for inter- preting messages that come over the link; these occur at several levels. The first IMP level was specified by BBN. The next level of protocol is between the hosts themselves. A network control program (NCP) exists in each host in the operating system. The NCP is a multiplex communication control that allows multiple users at one end to talk to multiple users Professor Papert's "turtle" which can be programmed by 5th graders at the other end to keep all messages straight. to draw patterns. The third level of protocol now being discussed has to do with The computer offers real advantages in teaching thinking to user -to -user protocol. The Lincoln Laboratory involvement is to children. The student at the terminal can work through a explore graphics in this environment and to interface two of project in which he sets his own goals and conquers what- Lincoln's computers as general network hosts. One computer is ever "bugs" come up on the way. In the course of proving an IBM 360/67; the other an experimental machine (TX 2) . out his own notions, the student tastes the joys and frustrations of research and discovery. A child senses personal triumph Interactive graphics when he makes his own program work in his own way. Consoles of the TX -2 support interactive graphics applications In this context it is possible to introduce the child to concepts, by means of both refreshed displays and Tektronix 611 storage which will allow him to think constructively about the process scopes coupled with Sylvania "Tablets." It is an aim of the TSP of thinking. Examples of such concepts are: subgoals, debug- to support (in a network environment) interactive graphics ging, first order theory. Thus the child can be taught about applications similar to those that the TX -2 has supported. thinking. The need for this is confirmed by experiments on how children think about thinking. Many gave prescriptions such as: In a network situation, there are two sources of response prob- "make your mind a blank and wait for an idea to come!" Those lems. One results from scheduling of the remote computer, and who have been through Professor Papert's course are able to the other is the transit time of transmitting information through give more constructive and articulated descriptions. the IMP's to the remote processors. The most visible new idea in this work is providing the child Because of such delays, the use of interactive graphics from a with a powerful technology by giving him the ability to control really remote facility is not attractive. The solution is obviously real -world physical devices by programming computers. These to partition the problem in some way to do locally the opera- devices include the previously mentioned computer controlled tions to be done fast; and, do others more slowly when handling buggies called "turtles," music generators, puppets, geometric large computations. The user then is prepared to accept more displays and a range of modular components for a "control delay (10 or 20 second wait for some computations) . theory" or "cybernetics" laboratory. What has been done is to put together a small, fast, time -sharing Two full scale courses for children have been taught, one at the terminal processor system aimed at serving 20 consoles with seventh grade level and one at the fifth grade level. In both displays, keyboards and tablets. The system includes a small fast cases the majority of selected children were "below average"- disc; three small 16 -bit micro -processors which are tailored to some very much below average. These children who could not specific functions; and 65,000 words (16 -bit words) of memory. learn how to multiply and divide in normal school classes, acquired mastery of a programming language and of cybernetic The processor specifically handles input /output functions asso- concepts! They also showed improvement in traditional subjects. ciated with the tablet. The terminal support device must be capable of being programmed by the user so it can do what the Professor Papert complains bitterly about the tendency for tech- user wants. It has a full alphabet plus some phonetic symbols nology in education to mean using new fangled devices to teach provided for work on speech. the same old stuff in a thinly disguised version of the same old way. He also complains about current prices, and asserts that The terminal support processor provides a graphics terminal for 90 minutes a week at the terminal should cost less than $50 /yr. the computer network; it was originally conceived as an approach to achieve interactive graphics at modest costs. Experi- ence with the TX -2 system demonstrated that the system would perform the operations desired. However, it was too expensive to provide such a design aid for any great number of designers. With this terminal processor support, a hardware cost of about Innovations and $25,000 per console can be reached which includes the console and the pro -rated cost of the processing that supports it (the entrepreneurship latter is a factor defeating most systems). It was concluded that such a cost figure should do a good bit to broaden the market The following presentations by Marquis and Roberts involve the for interactive graphics. elusive role of innovation and entrepreneurship in industry. Studies show certain correlation of research and development with that of company growth and with price ratios. Artificial intelligence: /earnings recent application in education Another factor is the rare and unpredictable nature of major innova- Professor Seymour Papert tions which often occur outside the walls of large companies. Director, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory A study is described in which upwards of 300 companies were iden- All school subjects demand that a child tified and studied as being formed by "technical entrepreneurs" who think, yet nowhere in our present educa- preferred to form their own small businesses instead of continuing tional system is thinking taught. Popular government research. Following the identification of 105 companies educational theory suggests that if a child "spun -off" from four of MIT's labs, other studies continued, center- thinks about thinking, he will not be able to ing on an electronics corporation where loss of technical entre- do it. Professor Papert disagrees with this preneurs was prevalent. The study revealed that 44 engineer - concept and actually proves that the "core entrepreneurs (from the one company) successfully founded 39 skills" of thinking must be taught and he separate companies. The presentation also discussed methods of uses a computer ( "turtle ") successfully to do it. retaining entrepreneurs within the company. 26

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The sources of successful technical innovation 4) Dupont (as a leading innovator) -Of 25 of their major Professor D. Marquis innovations (1920 -1950) , 10 were originated by Dupont, A. Sloan School of Management and 15 by outsiders. One of the critical problems every company Finally, a data base of 567 commercially successful innovations faces is the reaction resulting from a squeeze was evaluated and identified as follows: results take following on earnings. The the 45% resulted from perceived market opportunities; 1) 2) moves from basic to forms: layoffs, 35% resulted from perceived production processes; applied research and development, 3) long - 15% resulted from technical advances that might find use. range work to short -range and 4) a tighter coupling to marketing and production. There are several conclusions from the studies as follows: 1) on they are rare, unpre- Although we attempt to achieve the best re- Don't count major innovations; large sults from research and development, there dictable, and usually originate outside companies. 2) concept and invention, is no really good way to measure and eval- In the period between innovation- widely available. uate the outputs of R &D. Thus, these areas are always hard hit 70% of the information used was 3) formulate a reasonable problem -somebody when one must relate results in terms of sales, profit and growth. If you can can solve it. Is there any evidence that cutbacks in R &D will seriously help 4) A recipe for success would appear to be not to isolate or hurt company progress? Historical evidence from studies at technical people, but encourage their close cooperation MIT and results of studies published in financial journals tend with marketing and production. to indicate some correlation between increased R &D invest- 5) Average cost of 567 innovations is $45,000 each but 68 ments, increased growth factors, and better price- earnings ratios. cost over $1 million (most in computer development). 6) A definition of the problem is a potential solution. This study, initiated by DoD, traced back twenty years looking 7) Innovation is usually the fusion of technical possibility for significant advances utilized in defense systems. DoD found and economic need. a large number of technical advances that contributed to present technology. The total study, when completed, uncovered 710 significant advances that were defined as being important and Technical entrepreneurship actually used. Only 8% of the total was non -mission oriented. Professor Edward Roberts Battelle then traced one project back 150 years and found many A. Sloan School of Management more significant scientific events. Illinois Institute of Tech- nology selected five breakthroughs and then traced the fact that The author describes a study that delved into the scientific basis for all five occurred much earlier in the the reasons for the spin -off of "technical sequence. So, science is essential but often the time lag between entrepreneurs" who preferred to form their discovery and practical usage is hard to justify. Investment in own small businesses instead of continuing science has a longer-range payoff. The following breakdown is government research. Over 250 companies were studied and identified as being so relevant: I formed. Following the identification of 105

I DEVELOPMENT companies "spun -off" from four of MIT's AND APPLICATION laboratories, the investigation led to a study of a selected division of an electronics corporation where the loss of "technical entrepreneurship" also proved to be prevalent. Although the com- MISSION ORIENTED pany Personnel Dept. was initially aware of only three cases in which their technical employees left their employ and pioneered new businesses; the study revealed that 44 engineer - entrepreneurs had left and successfully founded 39 separate

NON -MISSION companies. ORIENTED An industrial electronic systems contractor in the greater Boston ..r) area was chosen that satisfied the following requirements: an activity in it TIME electronic systems technology to make similar to (YEARS) 50 20 0 the MIT labs. previously studied; at least a 1,000 -man organiza- Breakdown of significant advances by category versus time. tion for compatibility of size; and, it was to be a post -war company. A list of all the that fit 1) 10% were engineering. 2) 20% were mission oriented and organizations would these criteria 3) 70% were in science areas. was completed, and it was a fairly long list. We could have included RCA Burlington; we could have included a couple of In times of a profit squeeze, basic research may be hard to divisions of Sylvania; we could have included a couple divisions defend since modern technical developments use old science. of Raytheon; we could have included Laboratories for Elec- tronics, a piece of IBM, or pieces of some other organizations Types of innovations in the Boston area. But none of these was used; the company chosen was not named. The studies continued to attempt to define or understand the various types of innovation. Of 90 major breakthroughs (that NEARLY 300 "SPINOFF" COMPANIES WERE could create or transform a whole new industry) only 19 origi- FOUND DURING THE STUDY. nated in the laboratories of large companies; however, most of SOURCE OF FOUNDERS Number of companies formed these were subsequently developed in large laboratories where MIT development and startup could take place. Most writing empha- Electronic Systems Lab 11 sizes science, since this is more dramatic. Innovations are Instrumentation Lab 30 divided among accidents, happenstances and those definitely Lincoln Lab 50 planned. One thing in common stands out -major breakthroughs Research Lab for Electronics 14 are rare. The following innovation by industry was described: Aeronautics Dept. 18 1) Aluminum industry (1946- 1957) -Of 149 significant inno- Chemistry Dept. 18 vations, only seven were major and only one originated Electric Engrg. 15 with a large primary producer. Mechanical Engrg. 10 2) Steel Industry-Of 13 major innovations, none were origi- Metallurgy 8 nated by U.S. steel producers and seven were originated OTHERS by independent inventors. Govt. Labs (AFCRL) 16 3) Petroleum Industry -Seven major innovations (repre- Non-profit (MITRE) 5 senting past and present refining processes) were by inde- Industrial Electronics Firm 39 pendent inventors, and then later developed by large oil Computer Firms 16 companies. Consumer Oriented Mfg. 46 27

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The study covered the span of 1950 to 1966. In the year 1966, on the crusade? It is simply that he now serves as the focal the 39 separate "spin -off" companies out of the single firm were point for the years of complaints of individuals who, on their grossing $72 million compared with a total of only $30 million own, were helpless to receive prompt attention to their just by the parent division from which they emerged. As the study demands. Q C under this condition was and still is seen as continued further, intensive interviews revealed that most tech- Quality Complaints and the objective of the enterprise as find- nical entrepreneurs would have preferred to have stayed with ing some hardheaded method of dealing with these annoyances. the large company under the right circumstances. Why does this condition arise? Complaints are predictable when Professor Roberts discussed many alternatives a large company the simplistic view is taken that quality is a sales gimmick, with could exercise to encourage their technical entrepreneurs to the onus on the customer to decide on his own how much value remain in the corporation. he receives for his money. Promotional activities persuade the customer that he is getting a good deal when he buys a par- TV, assur- MAKING ENTREPRENEURS A CORPORATE ASSET ticular brand of washer, or whatever. To back these ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES ances, quality has long been an engineering responsibility and (Listed in increasing order of effectiveness) has been (in typical engineering fashion) ubiquitously labeled A. Apply legal restraints. Q C Quality Control- supported by an array of engineered B. Pursue idea exploitation approaches: procedures for testing and inspection with statistical techniques (i) joint ventures; (ii) licensing; (iii) entrepreneurial in a variety of elaborations. Marketing sells the engineered sponsors; (iv) "loose strings." specifications and standards that manufacturing makes the C. Create product teams or profit centers. products to, or at least that is the basic premise. In reality, the D. Develop incentives tied to profit center performance. internal system copes with what is basically the quality /price E. Distribute pseudo-stock in profit centers. compromise from which emerges a kind of product variety that F. Form venture organizations. forces the customer supposedly to select how much quality he G. Sponsor spinoffs by providing: wants for what price. In this difficult decision, the salesman (i) "pieces of the action "; (ii) corporate funding; (iii) is always most helpful. But before the deal is closed, he corporate managerial assistance; (iv) sheltered markets. also asks the customer to protect himself from the failures of the internal system through service policies and extended war- Some (such as legal restraints) were proposed as being ineffec- ranties. Even he knows that considerable question must be tive solutions. Other alternatives such as profit centers, miniature raised as to whether quality is in "control ", in spite of obvious business entities, compensation incentives, profit sharing and devotion to cause. stock participation were proposed as being more appropriate. Incentive formulas can include penalties such as cuts in base The internal system is highly engineering- oriented with strong salary for non -performance. The true "Technical Entrepreneur" logic for solving the many interface problems that quality must is presented as a responsible "risk taker" who wishes to pursue face as an engineering responsibility, but with an uncertain con- a good idea through to a successful conclusion that results in cern for the ultimate customer whose normal impact on engi- profit -and will be willing to stake his reputation to do it. neering provides a feeling that Q C stands for Quiet Customer. In between the ultimate customer and company engineering, Remember that the entrepreneur is the champion of an idea; marketing provides representation for and handles that cus- he uses every formal and informal way to push his idea toward tomer, but always with its own prime interests in mind. After success. He pursues the promotion of his idea far beyond the all, engineering knows more about the product than any cus- requirements of the job. Perhaps he gets on a lot of people's tomer. However, the individual customer is alone and far away nerves and makes them uncomfortable, but he's vital to the with problems of his own. He is reassessing the answers to his organization because it is his perseverance that pushes new original value question as he now lives with the product or products to fruition. service in actual use. He could care less what the internal system is busy doing or not doing.

REAL BEST Quality VALUECUSTOMER INTERNAL SYSTEM SERVICE In this relevant overview of the quality problems in American industry, Professor Leo B. Moore places management at the heart of the The customer's initial concerns were with the kind of perfor- quality effort. According to Professor Moore, it is management's mance he thought he purchased with his money, but these are responsibility to firmly establish throughout an organization the quickly over -shadowed by how much time and money it ac- basic economic principle that the customer decides how long you tually cost to install, operate, maintain, and repair as measures stay in business". of quality over time. He is not only engrossed with the immediate but also with the lasting values. Such a customer becomes most knowledgeable about the total costs and more Q C- Quality Crusade pointedly vocal about his complaints, particularly when main- Professor Leo B. Moore A. Sloan School of Management tenance and repair costs are beyond belief, and, worse still, beyond his own skills and patience because of engineering and Problems, like bananas, always come in production techniques. Every design engineer should serve some bunches. At a time when American manage- time in the sales department and every production engineer ment is being charged with the outgrowths should serve some time in the service department. He would find of the current forms of American socialism, what everyone else knows -that over time, quality reaches the it is also being beset by one of its own prob- peak that the system provides and then it goes down. The im- lems which, like an incipient rash, emerges portant struggle is to find ways to reach for ever higher quality from time to time and demands attention, standards because every customer will tell any engineer who but seemingly defies treatment. Quality is will listen that he is primarily interested in better quality at a that problem, or rather the lack of it! Where - lower cost, not cost reduction through quality reduction: ever he turns-be it the post office, the car dealer, or the local laundry -the American customer has for a long time been doing a slow burn and today ACTUAL he is getting mad enough his just due. Have you to demand DESIRED been watching the ever-growing import situation? Economists QUALITY talk of comparative labor rates, but the real reason is comparative quality!

Why is Ralph Nader riding high as the champion of the TIME American purchaser and gathering around him others to carry 28

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But every company is aware of this inevitable curve. For that As a different type of example, note the recent willingness of reason every two years or so, there is a quality revival designed the Courts to hold strict product liability on the part of the to make Q C= Quality Consciousness. These renewal efforts, manufacturer. A woman and her daughter were awarded heavy supposedly to influence the course and speed the process, are damages when the Mother used a cleaning fluid to light an out- variously named concentrations on the aims of engineering. door barbecue fire and the material flared up, seriously burning New jargon is devised such as quality assurance, reliability, them both. This case would seriously suggest that the company maintainability, zero defects, and one wonders what the next lawyer as well as treasurer might have more than a passing fad will be. But whatever it is, it will absolutely do nothing to interest in what the internal system is busy doing. Not the influence the performance curve unless it shows some funda- least concern at the corporate level would be that wholly un- mental understanding of the aims of the customer. For many explored area of the quality of life in the community of which years, the concept of the annual model was an engineer's dream the company is a part. and a marketeer's inspiration that suggested to the customer finally come home to that his complaints, suggestions, and ideas were being con- That elusive quality bird has roost and sidered, while, in fact, it maintained the mass production and has brought several wild birds along with it. The job of cap- consumption base for American industry through the genius of turing and taming all of them will require a crusade involving the special dedication of engineering and the full built -in obsolescence. The inevitable curve is still with us, there- the discipline fore, as best exemplified by the valiant efforts of DoD to buy support of the whole organization from the top, all the way quality through insistence on value engineering in its massive down. The message, like the arrival of the vultures of the else! purchases of military goods. How much more does it cost this desert, is very clear -quality or Nation to send up a satellite or put a man on the moon because of quality problems? How much more does it cost every one of us every day because the over- riding aim is the mediocrity of obsolescence?

The American customer is changing because he is beginning to know this self -defeating policy. Under the pressures of rising Management information prices and increasing taxes, he is gathering facts and facing them on his terms. With more active consumer groups, he is finding that there are many others who feel as he does. With systems clearer facts and feelings in hand, he reacts to slogans such as The next three presentations by Amstutz, Zannetos, and Urban con- `Buy American', as he would to the travelling medicine show of cern management information systems and the modeling of pro- days gone by. As a general proposition, American quality has grams for managers. Strong emphasis throughout is placed on devel- never faced its real challenge, that of the customer whose final all areas decisions are inexorable. oping models that result in better, more timely decisions in of management, sales and marketing. Emphasis must also be placed What are the prospects for American business? I would suggest on the individual manager's way of operating, and the manager's two stages will be required to make some headway with the experience and personality. It is entirely up to the manager to show quality situation -now, total managerial responsibility, and ul- the interest and initiative to develop and use such models. If you timately, total corporate responsibility. These are not two sepa- just expect some "other" MIS organization to presont you with a rable and sequential recommendations, but rather aimed at perfect system or model all ready to work- forget it- because it will two different problems, and both will require Q Quality C- needs and you will never use it. The MIT people have Creativity, together with Conviction and Concern. not suit your hit the nail right on the head -this is the weak point, in general. The task to be faced at the level of managerial responsibility is to turn the enterprise around by starting with a new concept of Q C as Quality Challenge, not some drum -beating, song- singing Computer simulation for market research Professor Arnold E. Amstutz a program but solid statement of quality philosophy and objec- Alfred A. Sloan School tive support for realistic, attainable quality goals that will of Management require every bit of creativity and determination that the organization can muster. The key to these and related managerial t is seldom possible to prepackage a management system. Each com- efforts lies in the continued enunciation of a simple but basic information economic principle that the customer decides how long you pany's management has unique information stay in business. Three groups are required for every business needs based on its perspective of the market enterprise -customers, employees, and investors-with the man- environment, its priorities, objectives and agement group in the middle: goals, and its management style. To develop an information system that will provide management with the information it needs, CUSTOMERS means that management must participate in the system development process. MANAGEMENT Management is first called upon to determine the decision en- EMPLOYEES INVESTORS vironment upon which the system will focus and to describe the functions it is to perform. After establishing a focus for system development, the management group is asked to make explicit It is the customer that has the rope around the neck of man- the assumptions, beliefs, perceptions and perspectives that un- agement! derlie decision -making in that environment. The process of The task explication often uncovers the not altogether surprising fact at the level of corporate responsibility will require that various members of management have different implicit development since it must reflect long range considerations of ideas about the decision environment. Making these ideas ex- current trends, under the aegis of Q C as Quality Care. These plicit and unambiguous is critical to the system development. considerations will more likely be on the agenda of the Board of Directors or certainly that of the Executive Committee, for they will extend to the very existence of the enterprise and will Project organization: task force and project group include the interests of the employees, the investors, and the One successful approach to management system development is community itself. For example, the issue of pollution in its to organize the management team into two groups: 1) a policy broadest dimension must be expected to have serious impact on management Task Force, and 2) an operating management our quality posture. The question must be -Why should there Project Group. The Task Force is normally composed of six to be any pollution at all? -not just minimum fouling of the air, eight members of the company's top management team who neater piles of debris, and cleaner effluents. In this vein, it speak for the company in matters of policy. Their initial ob- might be noted that not once was the word `consumer' used in jective is to define their decision environment -to identify: this text, for the reason that the typical customer does not con- Major elements and interactions within the decision en- sume his purchase, especially the package that it comes in. vironment. 29 www.americanradiohistory.com Management information systems Important elements and interactions within the action Once an overall structure of the environment had been estab- environment-the sphere influenced by management. lished, the Task Force focused on processes associated with Planning and decision making processes to be supported each interaction point. Backlogs, delays and transfer points by the system. where rates of product, or dollar flow could be measured were Behavior or responses to be monitored by the system. identified. The first objective of the system development process was sim- priorities, and The task force also establishes system objectives, ply to identify a limited number of elements and interactions initial performance criteria. It is particularly active during the within the decision environment. Having completed the first stages of system development, but continues to review project objective, the Task Force was eager to "make things more of objectives. status and resolve priorities and means achieving realistic" and through a series of Task Force meetings examined and The Project Group consists of company operating personnel more closely the distribution system, consumer exposure attitudes. who are responsible for designing and implementing the system response to advertising, as well as consumer needs and was to meet Task Force objectives. The group is involved with data Management's intuitive understanding of market processes organization and analysis, model design and validation as well converted to explicit and testable behavioral models. Relation- response as detailed hardware, operating system and programming speci- ships between management actions and consumer fications. Project Group members are particularly active during were formulated in terms which permitted model validation the later stages of system development. At periodic intervals, against available market data. As an example, let's consider joint Task Force -Project Group meetings are held to evaluate one consumer decision point -the decision to shop. The Task progress and to verify conformance with Task Force objectives. Force asked, "Which management actions and characteristics of the market influence a consumer to shop for a product ?" this question led to a An example: management involvement in system development The Task Force's assumptions regarding qualitative concept of "perceived need," which, they proposed, Management's role in system development may best be illus- increases with: trated through a description of the Task Force meetings of a Positive attitude toward the brand. corporation producing a diversified line of food products. The Opportunity to use it. Task Force consisted of the president and other executives re- Time since last purchase. sponsible for marketing policy and strategy. The Project Group then began to work within the structures be- The first Task Force meeting opened with a series of questions. provided by the Task Force to refine and test their key "How can we establish boundaries for this system? How much havioral assumptions. detail should it encompass? What factors should it include ?" Consumer attitude toward a brand was measured by asking The Vice President for Production suggested that "it should respondents to rate the brand on an eleven point Osgood scale certainly include our operation." After some discussion, the ranging from +5 (strongly favor) through 0 to -5 (strongly project coordinator drew a rectangle on a large pad of paper dislike) . An exponential relationship was observed between and wrote: positive attitude and perceived need. Opportunity to use was measured by the number of times dur- PRODUCER ing the preceding quarter a consumer had an opportunity to use a brand within the product class being studied. This infor- "How about distributors ?" The project coordinator drew a mation was obtained by direct interview as well as diary main- second box connected to the first: tenance. A linear association was established between use opportunity and perceived need. PRODUCER DISTRIBUTOR Time since purchase was measured in periods of average Four hours later, the group had produced a flow chart like that product life (1 week). An exponential relationship was ob- illustrated in Fig. 1. tained between time since purchase and perceived need. Initial attempts to validate the perceived need concept showed that actual shopping behavior was also dependent on income. Management's role in system development a t - In a similar manner, other decision and response concepts de- GOVERNMENT PRODUCERS COMPETITOR veloped by the Task Force were tested and evaluated by Pro- ject Group members. Some were validated without difficulty.

SALES SALES For others, empirical evidence suggested alternative structures FORCE FORCE and Task Force members met to develop and evaluate them.

I The manager's role as a Task Force member did not involve new I

I I or strange activities. It did, however, place new emphasis on familiar concerns. Little or no time was spent in routine

DISTRIBUTORS analysis, evaluation or allocation. The Task Force members were concerned with broader policy problems which they approached with increased effectiveness due to the availability of more meaningful data and a better understanding of their environment. They were concerned with problem definition and SALES FORCE devoted substantial time to the broader planning functions that are too often relegated to low priority positions to make way for crisis curtailment. Much of their time was spent in refining ---'- insights and making them explicit, testing, validating, or reject- fi--- ing hypotheses regarding the environment and impact on it. RETAILERS Management information and decision systems Professor Z. Zannetos PRODUCT A. Sloan School of Management CONSUMERS ____INFORMATION The common misconception is that manage- Note circles are points where govt Nos regulatory effects ment information systems are data systems; on information flow data are necessary but not sufficient for the generation of information; data must be put in a decision -making context (a model: Fig. 1 -An environmental structure. formal or informal) to generate meaning. The managerial model determines the type of manipulations which must be imposed on the data. Only in this sense we have information (not data) systems for decision making. 30

www.americanradiohistory.com Management information systems

The priority must always be on the planning by the manager so Thus, the model or system created must be according to the that the content of the MIS will be appropriate -and you (the Manager's plan so that all the elements of controlling the system manager) must determine the filters which will evaluate and will include these factors: condense data so that you will not be inundated with useless 1. A control characteristic data. For example, you cannot simply state that the objective 2. Sensory device is to make a profit; you must define how to do it. Your as- 3. Controller or comparator (Management by exception) sumptions on what is happening and what would happen in 4. Goal or standard (need plan) certain instances are very important to know. If your plan is 5. Effector (close gap) geared to certain assumptions regarding the environmental In conclusion, MIS systems must be based on the manager's such as competition, tastes of people, state of the externals model. Blend intelligence with system capability: a) develop etc., or internals such as technical capabilities, avail- economy, cause and effect relationships; b) develop consequences; c) sug- ability of critical facilities, and technological breakthroughs, gest avoidance. Use your decision rules, not somebody else's. you will do very well if you design an information system Only 1 to 2% of information available in reports is needed to among things, monitor the of the which will, other validity make optimum decisions. critical assumptions. In this way you will get signals ahead of time to prevent undesirable consequences. The meaningful goal is to determine what kind of management information system Advertising, budgeting, to design in order to provide the necessary signals for manage- and geographic allocation ment by exception (probabilistic). These signals must be pref- Professor G. Urban erably diagnostic and prognostic rather than post mortem. A. Sloan School of Management Over 500 computer program models have Thus, planning must always precede the system model and is been constructed and published to assist far more critical to establish than is control. In effect, manage- managers in controlling advertising pro- ment is teaching people how to plan better. Thus, the plan grams, advertising and marketing budgets, comes first and is more important than ceremonial apprentice- and determining how advertising affects ship. Without a formalized plan, the computer cannot help the sales in various geographical areas. How- manager who learns from experiences and performs on the basis ever, the total and of facts and subjective planning. The MIS system must be based unfortunately, application use of such programs are minute, with al- on a good subjective model of the manager and not of the com- most no implementation. puter specialists or the accountants. What's wrong? Why is this so? Don't the models work? The basic reason is that the computer program models do not truly represent the marketing or advertising and are not REQUEST MANAGEMENT manager's thinking adequately data based. FOR HIERARCHY, OUTSIDE INFORMATION INFO DIRECTION POLICIES, Thus, the primary objective must always be to build the models ENVIRON. LOGISTICS DIRECTIVES OPERATIONS INFO carefully so that the managers will understand their customers' THE MGR. buying habits and patterns better. Thus, the practical applica- -T - tion of behavioral and management sciences is paramount. An example of a typical sales and marketing problem is to deter- PLANS AND CONTROLS' I. OBJECTIVES mine how much to spend in advertising and where the money i 2. OPERATIONALLY MEANINGFUL GOALS .40 should be spent, geographically, to return the greatest sales; the be to model based on fore- 3. DÉCISIONS approach would build the the sales casts as a reference and construct into a usable model. 4 SIGNALS (INDICATORS)

5. MEASUREMENT

6 MIS SALES DEVELOP GRAPH IN FOR EACH AREA AREA A good model (above) teaches "how to plan better" rather than WEIGHTED ADVERTISING simply how to carry out operations in a conventional manner.

Perhaps the best illustration is what not to do. For example, a Other factors are how to share or allocate advertising costs in manager wants to utilize computers to help run the business and national and local media such as radio, TV and the press. The hires a computer specialist. The specialist asks the manager what model must estimate the effects of carryover from one period is in he wants him to do. Manager says: "Well, I hired you to of advertising to the next. If advertising up one period, how develop this MIS, don't you know how ?" The specialist decides will its effects extend into the next period of reduced effort? he should, but doesn't and goes to the accounting department Profit, sales graphs, carry -over advertising effects, price -cost where he is clued into the secrets of the double -entry accounting relationships are all factors to be included and monitored by an system invented for the Medicis in 1450 to cut down on fraud. effective model. Thus, the manager must find the best solution So now the manager has a computerized accountant but no MIS for his total budget, split funds nationally and locally and allo- -a time waster instead of a time saver because it produces cate appropriately to geographical areas. In essence, he must reams of paper nobody uses except for filing purposes. Result - put the money where the advertising provides highest sales . staff meetings with more time spent on post mortems rather and be able to rely on the computer to find the optimum conch. than on planning to avoid problems. The manager must take tion. The example described above was applied to a practical the time and initiative to see that an MIS system is developed case of on -line use by a manager with the following results: for him, not the accounting department. Re- allocation of advertising funds increased profit 5 %; Total budget +75% more advertising increased profit 10 %; TOP MANAGEMENT Salesmen have re- allocated their efforts and increased sales VALUE 15%. JUDGMENT In conclusion, once a model has been properly developed and is in use, other variables such as competition and product interaction effects can be added to fit individual needs. However, for any useful model, the following conditions are significant: FACTS FACTS Design model to fit the user; Accept a long process 1 -3 years (will start being helpful in LOW MANAGEMENT 3 -6 months) experiment; Planning and constraints. Use above criteria of what a model should be. 31

www.americanradiohistory.com ued to provide additional ESSA satel- Design and orbital lites for the operational system and, in January 1970, the second generation system, the Improved TIROS performance of ITOS -1 Operational System (ITOS) , was introduced with the launching of the ITOS - 1 satellite by a Delta N launch vehicle (TIROS -M) from the Western Test Range. A sec- A. Schnapf ond ITOS spacecraft was successfully orbited on December 11, 1970. This The TIROS, ESSA, and ITOS programs have demonstrated how satellites can be effec- satellite was designated NOAA -1. (Fig. tively employed for peaceful use by all mankind on this ever- shrinking planet. Their 1 summarizes the orbital operations objectives have been met and exceeded, assuring scientists and weather forecasters of these satellites.) of many nations continuous daily global satellite observation without interruption. These spacecraft were designed, built, operations (1960- 1970), a During the ten years of TIROS, ESSA, and ITOS space and tested at the RCA Astro- Electron- achieved by 10 TIROS, 9 ESSA, total of 21 consecutive mission successes have been ics Division, under the technical man- US meteorological satellite program and 2 ITOS satellites. The second decade of the agement of NASA's Goddard Space ITOS -1, the was inaugurated with the successful launching on January 23, 1970, of Flight Center. The operational mete- second -generation operational satellite. orological satellites are funded and operated by the U. S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and During the first decade (1960 - Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 1970) of weather satellite opera- formerly called the Environmental tions, TIROS progressed steadily from Science and Services Administration a research and development program (ESSA). in 1960, to a semi -operational meteorological satellite system between 1961 System evolution and 1965, and the world's first global operational system with the The system evolution of TIROS, ESSA, and ITOS spacecraft is shown in Fig. launching of the TIROS Operational 2. During the evolvement from a re- System (Tos) spacecraft (named ESSA search and development program to 1 and ESSA 2) in February 1966. From a global 1966 to 1969, the Tos program contin- operational system, a number of system designs were carried forward into each new spacecraft series Reprint RE- 17 -1 -15 to assure orderly growth, to improve Final manuscript received March 11, 1971. performance over the predecessor sat-

, , 9P9,LIP5 TO I9.51 PIROR [ '12131. II'l^ 1I11 12111 ' I2I1 ' I2191.1=I'11 'I2111. 171'1' 1211' a113 'I 1 '

oS 1 TIROS IIf"-,IM,II,,,, I . ..,. 0,11 I (6 11111111111F-- ,L- II 325 35.155 III 230 35.033 rIROS 1 1111111 II Abraham Schnapl, Mgr IIROíiv IV 151 32.593 Program Management ,1ROSVtip V 321 58.225 Astro- Electronics Division ,1ROSVI Gip VI 389 58.557

Vi l 1.909 125,331 Princeton, N.J. TIROS VII 111111, BSME from the City College of VIII 1392 102463 received the TIInR 9I IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII New York in 1948 and the MSME from Drexel IX 1,238 88,892 TIROS ix IIII '0' in 1953. his re- Institute of Technology Until X 239 790674 TIROS x 41) cent promotion in April 1970 Mr. Schnapf had been Manager of the TIROS and TOS pro- ESSA , 85, 111,144 grams at Astro- Electronics Division since the [sul IO1 first TIROS program was started by NASA in (. Ol z t992 ,126.631 SrIUOPERATIONAL ASOP APRIL v19n ;FF!R 1960. He was responsible for management of 3 7b 92,076 OS . ,VAT 9R.RwR design and fabrication of ten TIROS and nine . 466 27.129 III: P IR' ESSA weather satellites; all were successful. Im 5 1034 e5.ns Io *A. 1960 2at In 1967, his responsibilities were increased to .,i IDI Rost 17 I. IP 5 253 K164 1111111 include the TIROS M /ITOS program; two 1 016, 10.1968 .P; 13 57,000 satellites of this series are already successes. 'Ire; s11.1}5®IIIIIIII Ill IR 2 521

He is a professional engineer in New Jersey 9 MO* 64.889 III OCT Ia I9m Pe 1 ) and an Associate Fellow of the AIAA. He is 'l.a 9 277 * 72.000 listed in American Men of Science and he is .va a member of the New York Academy of Sci- ITOS ence. This year, Mr. Schnapf received the APT 54.000 aas AVC551.525 inn I \.\_ , - 8R-109.000 1971 David Sarnoff Outstanding Achievement 4 Individual Award in Engineering "for out- - NOAA / standing engineering leadership of the TIROS lY..-_\J¡1 IAPT4900 - 1 (\AVGS-3,600 ,aaal 1N meteorological satellite team." He holds a - SR 25009 number of patents and has presented and III III III III Ill III IIIIIII 111 11[111 lil published numerous papers. Fig. 1- TIROS /ESSA /ITOS /NOAA program summary. 32

www.americanradiohistory.com 1960-63 1965 -66 1966 -69 1970 -73 are controlled by a special unipolar programming technique to remove the solar torque disturbances on the large TIROS R &D mission TIROS wheel APT AVCS Improved TIROS asymmetrical solar array. Fig. 4 system TIROS I TIROS IX TIROS operational operational shows these devices. Television feasibility First wheel -mode system TIROS M and ITOS Infrared experiments spacecraft ESSA 2, 4, 6 and 8 A, B, and C Narrow and Near -polar APT spacecraft for Daytime global APT ITOS -1 (TIROS -M) design wide -angle TV sun -synchronous real -time global readout TIROS II orbit for daily readout Daytime global Magnetic torquing global observation ESSA 3, 5, 7, and 9 AVCS readout The ITOS -1 spacecraft was conceived Narrow and Forerunner of AVCS spacecraft for Day and night to be a second -generation operational wide -angle TV TIROS daytime global TV real -time and TIROS III Operational observation; remote IR and system with cost effectiveness an un- Limited operational System remote sensing visible scanning derlying requirement. In keeping with use Wide -angle and storage for radiometer U. of Wisconsin television U.S. readout Solar -proton this basic concept, the spacecraft has radiometer TIROS X S -band transmission monitor been designed to have the following NASA radiometer Interim operational from ESSA 7 Flat -plate Wide -angle TV satellite and 9 radiometer key characteristics: TIROS IV through VI Wide -angle Earth -stabilized Limited operational television platform with 1) The spacecraft provides an earth- use ESSA 1 growth capability Wide -angle TV Operational satellite for future sensors stabilized platform for a multiple TIROS VII WIde -angle ITOS D, E, F, and G family of primary and secondary mete- Limited operational television Scanning orological sensors. use radiometers and 2) To support the Ion temperature very -high operational sensor probe resolution requirements, the spacecraft bus pro- NASA radiometer radiometers for vides flexible commands and controls Wide -angle TV day and night for the selection of the redundant pri- TIROS VIII real -time and First use of APT for remote IR and mary sensors, data processing, storage, real -time TV visible data - and communication channels. Wide -angle TV global coverage 3) The spacecraft is capable of per- Vertical temperature forming the combined ESSA profile of mission of atmosphere APT and ESSA AVCS satellites. It provides Solar- proton direct real -time readout of APT pictures monitor to stations anywhere in the world, as well as the recording of AVCS TV data Fig. 2- System evolution. for playback to the main TOS Control and Data Acquisition (cDA) stations in ellites, to increase the operating life in in the area of attitude stabilization. the US. The ITOS system also provides, space, to provide increased quality of Spin stabilization has been present operationally, day and night two- channel scanning radiometer data in the infra- the TIROS and ESSA se- more timely data to the user, and to throughout red and visible range for both real -time keep the evolving system compatible ries.'2 On nos-1 the spin stabilization and stored data. In this configuration, with the ground network of global concept evolved into a dual -spin sys- daily 12-hour global observations of receiving stations throughout the tem: the main structure of the space- weather data have been made feasible. world. craft is despun to one revolution per 4) The spacecraft configuration is compatible with the Delta N launch vehicle orbit to effectively provide an earth - A single new-generation ITOS satellite and is designed to operate in a sun- oriented stable platform weighing 650 synchronous near -polar circular orbit at is capable of performing the global pounds, while a 36 -inch momentum an altitude of 790 nautical miles, with operation mission that previously re- wheel (20 pounds or 1 /30th the mass the orbit inclined to the equator at quired two of the predecessor ESSA 101.7° and having a period of 115.2 of the spacecraft) is rotated at 150 satellites, one APT (automatic picture minutes. The spacecraft is capable of r /min to provide precise pitch -axis performing the full mission over a 30° transmission) and one AVCS (advanced stabilization. Fig. 3 depicts this mode to 60° sun -angle range, and of being vidicon camera system) configuration; of operation for the despun ITOS utilized in a morning or afternoon orbit. it also provides, for the first time, op- spacecraft with spinning flywheel. erational day and night infrared and The major operating parameters of the visible radiometric data. Global ob- ITos -1 spacecraft are presented in Another technique that has been ex- servation of the earth's cloud cover Table I. All of the primary sensors tended continually throughout the is now provided every 12 hours with are supplied in redundant sets to pro- program is the magnetic torquing that a single ITOS satellite instead of every vide backup in the event of failure. was developed on TIROS II in No- 24 hours with two of the first-genera- vember 1960 and utilized in all sub- tion ESSA satellites. Here again, the sequent TIROS satellites. This system predominant objective was to upgrade refined for the ESSA satellites for the operational data in quantity and was roll and yaw control and again ex- in quality and still permit cost -effec- tended into the ITOS design for roll tive operation while continuing a base- and yaw as as adjust- line system that can accommodate control well further growth and enhancement. ment of the satellite momentum by magnetic spin -coil commutation (an An example of how the space -proven adaptation of the magnetic spin - technology of the earlier satellites has control technique used on the ESSA

is . been carried forward and extended satellites) The roll -yaw magnetic coils Fig. 3 -Dual -spin (Stabilite) system.

www.americanradiohistory.com DIGITAL SOLAR ASPECT SENSOR AND ASSOCIATED ELECTRONICS UNIT The scanning radiometer system is an additional backup to the AVCS or APT sensors: The full complement of primary and secondary sensors can be used on these spacecraft because of the unique stabilization scheme chosen. The main body of the spacecraft rotates at only one revolution PITCH CONTROL ELECTRONICS OOMAC AND MBC COIL per orbit with the pitch axis main- MOMENTUM WHEEL ASSEMBLY' tained normal to the orbit plane. Hence, the sensor -side of the satellite continuously faces toward earth. This is in contrast to the basic ESSA satellites in which the entire spacecraft spins and the sensors are triggered as their optical axes pass through the local vertical.

NUTATION DAMPER

MOMENTUM CONTROL COIL Structure Fig. 4-ITOS dynamic control components. The general physical configuration of the ITOS satellite is shown in Fig. 5. Table I- ITOS -1 major operating parameters The satellite is a rectangular, box - Spacecraft orbit AVCS TV camera Orbit type Sun -synchronous, circular, shaped structure, approximately 48 Picture coverage near -polar 40 Altitude 790 nautical miles per frame 1800 x 1800 nautical miles inches long and inches wide. On Inclination 101.7° (78.3° retograde) Pictures per orbit the bottom of the structure, a cylindri- Period 115.2 minutes and time 11 pictures-44.2 minutes Picture interval 260 seconds cal transition section attaches to the Spacecraft stabilization Picture overlap 50% in orbit track Dual spin Main body, 1 revolution 20% minimum in 37 -inch diameter adapter section of per orbit: Momentum adjacent orbit the second stage of the launch vehicle. wheel, 150 rpm nominal Lens f -1.8, 5.7 -mm focal length Magnetic torquing QOMAC-hi- torque- Field of view 108° across diagonal The testing, calibration, and handling 11° /orbit Line resolution Approximately 800 of the spacecraft are important oper- lo- torque TV lines 1.2° /orbit Ground resolution 2 nautical miles at ations in the ITOS programs. Prior to Unipolar torque - local vertical buildup of a spacecraft, a phase of 0.337° /orbit (max.) Vidicon read time 6.25 seconds Magnetic bias - integration, debugging, test, and cali- ±1.80° /day AVCS recorder MASC -23 (r /min)/ Storage capacity 38 pictures (3 orbits) bration takes place. With this impor- day (max.) Record and tant phase of the program in mind, APT camera playback tape speed 30 in. /second Picture coverage 1800 by 1200 nautical miles Playback time 2 min. /orbit the ITOS spacecraft was designed to Picture overlap 20% in orbit track ITR be a simple box -like structure that can Time per picture 158 seconds Record -incremental TV lines per frame 600 lines (stepper) 350 minutes (90 ft tape) be readily disassembled or "buttoned Picture interval 260 seconds Record mode 15 bits per second up" for the various phases of the No. of pictures 11 per track Ground resolution 2 nautical miles at 3 tracks -tape advance above -mentioned tasks. Fig. 6 shows local vertical 0.0033 inch /increment the spacecraft with the primary equip- Scanning radiometer 15 times per second Picture coverage Continuous swath in Playback 162 seconds ment panels in an open horizontal con- direction of satellite Command link the side travel. (Swath from figuration. As required, walls Frequency 148.56 MHz horizon to horizon) . are easily raised to "button up" the Channels One infrared channel - Data 128 digital command 10.5 to 12.5µm signals to spacecraft spacecraft for final tests. The large One visible channel - Beacon and telemetry link flat equipment panels permit flexibil- 0.5 to 0.73µm Frequency 136.77 MHz Resolution Visible -2 nautical miles Transmitter power 250 milliwatts ity in configuring and mounting new Infrared -4 nautical miles Data Beacon signals, house- mission equipment. The two side pan- keeping telemetry, com- SR recorder els sen- Storage capacity 2 recorders, each can mand verification, carry the primary television record for 145 minutes spacecraft attitude, sors and their associated electronics Record speed 1.85 in. tape /second. vibration data (launch Playback speed 30 in. tape /second. phase only) and data storage recorders. The base - FPR Real time link plate houses the equipment for the Field of view 2 steradians Frequency 137.5 or 137.62 MHz functions, such as teleme- Detectors Black -0.3 to 30µm (on alternate spacecraft) bus power, White -7 to 30am Transmitter power 5 watts (minimum) try, communications, command, and SPM Data APT video, real -time control. The large front and rear panel Detectors Detect proton energy: SR video 1) >60 MeV Playback link (S -band) opening permits accessibility to space- 2) >30MeV Frequency 1697.5 MHz 3) MeV craft hardware for test and replace- >10 Transmitter power 2 watts (minimum) 4) 270 KeV to 60 MeV Data Recorded AVCS video, ment in the buttoned -up configura- Detect electron energy AVCS flutter and wow, tion, hence, avoiding the need for from 100 to 750 keV. SR video, SR flutter and Detect alpha particle wow, FPR and SPM spacecraft disassembly. The three solar energy from 12.5 to sensor data 32 MeV. panels are mounted along the main

www.americanradiohistory.com SEPARATION RING ACTIVE THERMAL CONTROLLER LOUVERS APT MOMENTUM CAMERAS WHEEL SOLAR PANEL B SOLAR PROTON MONITOR REAL TIME MIRROR ANTENNA

SOLAR PANE_ A

SOLAR PANEL DEPLOYMENT ACTUATOR FLAT PLATE RADIOMETER

THERMAL FENCE BASEPL ATE OUTER RING

SCANNING COMMAND RADIOMETERS AND AVCS BEACON ANTENNA CAMERAS SBAND ANTENNA

DIGITAL REAL TIME SOLAR ASPECT Fig. 6-Upper left photo shows spacecraft panels "unbuttoned" for equipment mounting; the ANTENNA SOLAR SENSOR lower right photo shows the equipment panels "buttoned up ". In the center is a completely PANEL C assembled spacecraft being tested with the side panels down. Fig. 5- ITOS -1 spacecraft. body of the satellite with their hinge hence limiting the thermal excursion and yaw axes control including atti- lines at the top of the structure; dur- of the spacecraft's electronic equip- tude sensors, redundant momentum ing launch these panels are held flat ment. control coils, redundant nutation dampers, and a digital solar aspect against the sides of the spacecraft in Attitude control a stowed position as shown in Fig. 7. sensor. The design of the xTOS attitude control Once the satellite achieves mission system was largely dictated by the In orbit, motion about the pitch axis mode, the panels are deployed by ac- pointing and stability requirements of is controlled by a flywheel and torque tuators. In the deployed position, they the multiple primary sensor system motor, utilizing error signals from one are normal to the spacecraft sides and and by the rates of satellite and orbi- of two pitch horizon sensors, and the parallel to the top of the structure and tal plane motion. The optimum orien- shaft encoder. The system is redun- are approximately aligned in the orbit tation for a multiple sensor platform is dant, except for the flywheel. The hori- plane. continuous earth orientation. The cou- zon sensors derive their scanning from Thermal control pling of a despun platform, through a mirror mounted on the flywheel. The look can be commanded to op- Thermal control is achieved by the a bearing, to a spinning flywheel is the pitch application of passive and active simplest method of meeting the pri- erate in the open -loop or closed -loop mode the thermal- control techniqués. Most of mary sensor requirements while main- mode. The open -loop causes to fixed the satellite is covered by multilayer taining all the desirable dynamics of flywheel rotate at one of two insulation blankets, except for the pri- a spin -stabilized spacecraft. speeds for dynamic stability. The closed -loop mode causes the wheel to mary sensor openings and the areas The dynamic subsystem enables the rotate at a speed that will despin the used for the active control devices. satellite to align and maintain the roll, equipment module to 1 revolution per Passive thermal control is provided by yaw, and pitch axes so the sensors that orbit and establish its proper pitch a variable absorptivity device, desig- are looking directly downward at the orientation. The pitch -control loop is nated the "thermal fence ": a pair of earth, as shown in Fig. 8. The sub- capable of performing this orientation concentric black -body, thin -wall sur- system will: faces mounted on the top of the satel- maneuver within a maximum time of Gyroscopically stabilize the despun 11 minutes com- lite. As the sun angle varies with after the closed-loop platform (equipment module); mand is received. At nominal condi- respect to the two vertical walls of Damp the nutation of the satellite to a the fence, the amount of solar ab- half -cone angle of less than 0.3 °; sorption will also vary. The heights of Precess the spacecraft until the momentum vector is nominally aligned the fence selected to pro- walls were with the orbit normal; vide maximum heat input at a sun Adjust the total momentum to within angle of approximately 60 degrees. ±1.3% of the nominal design value of This passive -control device will, by 212 inch -pound- seconds; itself, maintain the satellite tempera- Align and maintain the attitude about the pitch, roll, and yaw axes to ±1 °; tures within design limits. However, and an active -thermal- control system is Align and maintain the momentum also utilized to augment the passive vector to within ±1° about the orbit design, providing a narrower range normal. of temperature variations throughout The subsystem is designed to operate the satellite's mission life. This active continuously in the space environment device consists of thermal louvers that for at least 1 year. The subsystem con- can be opened or closed to vary the sists of a redundant pitch control loop, effective emissivity of the spacecraft, functionally redundant magnetic roll

Fig. 7- ITOS-1 spacecraft with solar panels folded back in the launch configuration. 35

www.americanradiohistory.com SOLAR PROTON MONITOR of the selection of the radiome- LOCAL VERTICAL FIELDS-OF-VIEW the combined maximum dipoles vided for SOLAR PROTON MONITOR Mac and QOMAC to provide a preces- ter and tape- recorder combination for ORBIT NORMAL FIELDS-OF -VIEW sion rate of about 10° per orbit at SR operation. nominal momentum. A lower preces- To fulfill primary mission require- sion rate (1.2° per orbit) and, there- ments, one AVCS camera and one AVCS TO fore, better granularity is obtained tape recorder are used to obtain and with the OOMAC coil operating alone. record cloud -cover pictures from the PITCH Finally, in the unipolar mode, the AXIS daylight portion of the orbit. The i continuous current -on time is reduced i stored Avcs data is played back to the and programmed to generate only uni- CDA station over one of the redundant directional dipoles at half -orbit inter- ROLL /y\ FPR FIELD-OF-VIEW S -band transmitters, Concurrently, one AXIS vals to achieve precession about the of the two APT subsystems provides line of nodes. This mode of operation daytime cloud -cover pictures for real - is used to offset solar torque disturb- time transmission to local users. In ances. general, during the nighttime portion Spin -axis nutation is dissipated by liq- of the orbit, one scanning radiometer DIRECTION APT AVCS OF TRAVEL uid dampers similar to those flown on and one SR recorder are selected to SR SCAN FRAME FRAME the TOS spacecraft. Nutation may re- measure and record data in both the Fig. 8- ITOS -1 sensors -fields of view. sult from the following disturbances: visible and infrared regions; in addi- 1) second -stage -booster nutation, 2) tion, the infrared data is transmitted tions, the maximum capture time is operation of the separation equipment, in real time to provide cloud -cover about 6 minutes. 3) operation of the magnetic control pictures to APT stations. A daytime If the momentum is not near nominal, components, 4) bombardment by option for the operation of sR may redundant magnetic coils can be acti- micrometeorites, and 5) operation of also be used. vated to correct the total spin -axis payload components with uncompen- The redundant scanning radiometer momentum. In addition to pitch -exis sated momentum. day and control, the subsystem provides roll subsystem provides global, The spacecraft is equipped with in- nighttime, infrared radiance data every and yaw axes control by ground com- frared sensors to provide attitude 24 hours. The subsystem has both mand. This is accomplished by utiliz- information during each flywheel a visible and an infrared channel, and ing the torques developed by the in- revolution. Additional attitude infor- is capable of transmitting real -time teraction of the earth's magnetic field mation is obtained from the digital data throughout the orbit. However, with controlled dipole moments gen- solar aspect sensor (DsAs) during the subsystem normally transmits real - erated within the spacecraft. The con- spacecraft orientation maneuvers. The time infrared data while the subsatel- trolled dipole moments are generated DSAS is similar to those flown on TOS lite point is in the nighttime portion of by the same type of magnetic coils and is mounted on the equipment each orbit. The real -time scanning flown successfully on the ESSA space- module. radiometer data can be interleaved craft. with the APT data during transmission The Msc (magnetic bias control) coil, Primary sensor subsystems to the APT stations. The radiometer which is controlled by the magnetic consists of a scanning unit and an The primary sensors on the ITOS bias switch, provides continuous torqu- electronics package. It has two data spacecraft consist of: ing to offset part of the residual mag- channels, one which responds to en- netic dipole along the pitch axis 1) Two redundant advanced vidicon ergy in the infrared region of the (flywheel spin axis) of the spacecraft. camera subsystems (Aves) , each having spectrum (10.5 to 12.5 µm) and the a an electronics unit, The level of current, and thus the camera sensor, other to energy in the visible region of and a three -channel magnetic tape re- dipole magnitude, is adjusted by corder. the spectrum (0.52 to 0.72 µm) . One ground command until the total dipole 2) Two redundant automatic picture of the two outputs is selected in the creates a torque that corrects for atti- transmission (APT) subsystems, each dual -sR processor by ground com- having a camera sensor and an elec- tude changes due to orbital regression. mand; the selected signal amplitude- tronics unit. The QOMAC (quarter -orbit magnetic a 2.4 -kHz subcarrier in the 3) Two redundant scanning radiometer modulates attitude control) coil provides torqu- (se) subsystems, each composed of a SR processor. This signal is one of the ing to precess the spacecraft pitch axis scanning radiometer and control elec- inputs to the real -time transmitter for about any desired vector lying in the tronics, a dual processor, and redun- transmission to local APT stations. The orbit plane. Perpendicularity of the dant three -channel tape recorders. normal mode of operation calls for pitch axis with respect to the orbit The fields of view of these sensors are scanning radiometer operation at night plane can therefore be maintained. A shown in Fig. 8. in the infrared region of the spectrum. constant level of current is applied to The visible channel can be used in the the OOMAC coil for a period determined Power- and signal-switching circuits, daytime with SR data interleaved be- by a ground- commanded program, which are controlled by ground com- tween APT picture readouts. with the direction of current being mand, enable the selection of either reversed on a quarter-orbit basis. AVCS camera in conjunction with The scanning radiometer subsystem is Three QOMAC modes of operation are either of the two tape recorders for also capable of collecting and storing provided: The high-torque mode uses operation. The same flexibility is pro- (on magnetic tape) radiance data

www.americanradiohistory.com throughout the orbit. All coverage is electronics, batteries, and external mately 3.5 r /min, with the spin axis provided by a line -scan radiometer, shunt dissipators. The solar array con- approximately normal to the orbit with scan essentially normal to the sists of three panels (each 36.5 x 63.5 plane. This spin rate provides the re- orbit plane. The total storage capacity inches) providing 48 square feet of quired momentum value for control- is approximately 290 minutes of data, array surface. Each panel has five cir- ling satellite attitude. when both scanning radiometer re- cuits with nine parallel strings of corders are used in a single remote seventy -six 2- x -2 -cm. solar cells. A The momentum wheel in the pitch - sequence. During one orbit, the sub- total of 10,260 cells comprise the com- control system (Stabilite) is then spun system is capable of storing all the plete solar array. The cells are wired up to 115 r /min. At this point, the data obtained during the orbit. The in series -parallel combinations to pro- satellite is stabilized about the spin SR recorder for this system is of unique vide component redundancy. The ar- axis of the flywheel. Then, the mag- design, having no drive belts or gears ray has an initial power output of over netic torquing coils are employed to but using instead a direct- drive, servo - 400 watts. adjust the momentum vector (spin controlled motor with a 16 -to -1 play- axis) from the initial injection attitude mission spin back speed. Operating goals to mode, in which the axis is normal to the orbit plane. The ITOS satellite has been designed to Secondary sensor subsystem satisfy the requirements of the mete- When the satellite reaches mission - The secondary sensor subsystem con- orological operational system. When mode attitude and desired spin rate, sists of the flat plate radiometer (FPR) , in mission mode, it can provide com- the solar panels are deployed. In the solar proton monitor (sPm) , data for- plete data from the primary and sec- deployed position, the panels are in mat converter (DFc) , and incremental ondary sensors every orbit. The mini- the orbit plane and fully illuminated tape recorder (ITR) . mum design mission lifetime of the by the sun. Under nominal orbital satellite is six months with a one -year conditions, the sun vector would be The FPR, developed by the University goal. (ITos -1 exceeded this goal on at 45° to the spin axis; however, com- of Wisconsin, is designed to gather January 23, 1971.) To meet this re- plete mission operations can be real- earth heat-balance data. From the out- quirement, design factors have been ized with a sun angle within the range put of its four detectors, which, after incorporated to allow for degradation of 30 to 60° with respect to the spin on -board processing by the FPR elec- of both solar array output and tran- axis. tronics, consists of 8 -bit digital words, sistor characteristics due to aging and the amount of heat being radiated radiation bombardment. Premature The pitch -axis control system is corn - from the earth into space may be determination of the mission because of manded to achieve local orientation of termined. By comparing this with the subsystem failures has been minimized the sensor platform by transferring solar influx, the amount of heat ab- by the use of cross- strapped redundant most of the total momentum of the sorbed by the earth may be ascer- units. Generally, redundant units have satellite main body to the flywheel. tained. been included for those subsystems The spin rate of the flywheel increases The SPM, developed by the Applied which are primary to the mission. to 150 r/min, while the main body of Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins Where it has not been feasible to pro- the satellite decreases to one revolu- University, is used to determine the vide a redundant unit in a primary tion per orbit to keep the sensor side proton and electron fluxes encoun- subsystem, as in the command distri- of the satellite facing earth throughout tered at the altitude of the orbit. The bution unit, the unit has self- contained the orbit. SPM data is expected to provide a bet- redundant circuits or functions. ter means of measuring and predicting ESSA -ITOS operations solar -flare activities, which exert detri- As a further aid to improved reliabil- The important product of the Tos and mental effects on radio communication ity, the redundant units are generally ITOS systems is the observation of and can impose a hostile environment cross -strapped by resistive coupling. weather data in all parts of the world for manned space exploration. Thus, it is not necessary to provide and the processing of this weather signal switching; the selection and data rapidly into a useful form. Major The SPM monitors the environment powering of the desired redundant six solid -state detectors. Five of weather systems (such as fronts, storm with units automatically produce the de- are de- centers, tropical and extratropical these proton detectors, whose sired subsystem combinations. sign permits commutation to provide flows, hurricanes, typhoons, and dis- sequential readout of six energy levels. tinctive cloud patterns) are viewed by The sixth detector, which is designed Mission operations the TV cameras and scanning radiome- to detect and measure electron activ- ters in the ESSA and ITOS satellites. The ITOS orbit -injection sequence is ity, is used ascertain the degree to to initiated immediately after separation Several of the more than 1,500,000 tele- which proton flux measurements have from the upper stage of the launch vision pictures returned by the TIROS, been contaminated by high -speed elec- vehicle. The events from injection to ESSA, and ITOS satellites are shown in trons. the achievement of the mission -mode Figs. 9, 10, and 11. Although repro- attitude, under nominal conditions, duction by printing results in the loss Power supply are expected to take up to 24 hours. of detail, the high quality of the ESSA The power supply subsystem com- Upon separation from the upper stage, and ITOS photographs is evident in prises a solar array, power supply the satellite is spinning at approxi- these illustrations.

www.americanradiohistory.com Since the TOS system is still opera- Table II- Orbital parameters. tional (ESSA 8 APT and ESSA 9 AVCS Parameter Predicted Value Actual value ITOS-1 NOAA-1 are in operational use) , the changes Altitude 763 to 818 nmi. 773.6 to 798.3 nmi. 768.1 to 795.0 nmi planned for ITOS were chosen to re- Inclination 101.44° to 102.04° 101.993° 101.948° flect an orderly transition with the Orbit period 115.14 min 115.005 min 114.825 min 2nd stage /spacecraft spin -up 3.2 to 5.0 r /min 4.3 r /min 3.19 r /min second -generation operational system. Attitude at separation 10° off orbit normal 10° off orbit normal 12° off orbit normal The phase -in process from TOS to nos Orbital precession rate 0.9857° /day 1.0126 ° /day 1.0082° /day Orbits per day 12.5 12.5 12.54 reflects the requirements of common Nodal regression 28.8° in longitude /orbit 28.75° in longitude /orbit 28.7° in longitude/orbit usage of existing ground station and Time of ascending node 1500 LMT 1500:39 YMT 1502:50 LMT facilities to accommo- data processing flights of the new series of satellites. by a ground command that initiated date the simultaneous use of TOS and the firing of squibs in the solar panel ITOS during the initial, developmental caging mechanism. The three panels ITOS -1 orbital performance summary deployed on schedule and locked in position, normal to the spacecraft's The Tltzos -M spacecraft was success- long axis. In this attitude with the fully launched from the Western Test spin axis normal to the orbit plane, the Range at Vandenberg AFB, California, solar panels were oriented in the plane by the Improved Delta N Vehicle (des- of the orbit. In the deployment of the ignated Delta 76) on January 23, 1970, solar panels and the resultant increase at 1131:02 GMT. After final cut -off -.1-.MMnc.ic. of the satellite inertia, the main body of the 2nd -stage engine, the rocket and spin rate was reduced from 1.31 to the attached spacecraft were yawed 0.776 r /min, the momentum wheel approximately 80° (or 10° off orbit rotation was still 150 r /min. and the normal) . The combination was spun spacecraft momentum was at 305.3 in- up by a cold gas system to 4.3 r /min, lb -sec. During the subsequent orbits MIGHT thus TIME providing to the TIROS -M space- the satellite's momentum was reduced craft the required initial momentum by executing a series of magnetic -atti- of 309 in -lb -sec. The TIROS -M space- tude spin control system cycles which craft was separated from the launch adjusted the momentum from 305.3 to vehicle and injected into the desired 235.8 in -lb -sec. This resulted in a re- sun -synchronous orbit, becoming there- duction of body rate from 0.776 to upon the ITos -1 satellite. The excellent 0.199 r /min. orbital parameters achieved by Delta 76 are shown in Table II. On orbit 0042, the satellite was pro- 0' grammed for a pitch -loop automatic Attitude control -lock. a Fig. 9- Day -night scanning-radiometer pho- acquisition phase earth Within tos taken by ITOS -1 on February 2, 1970. The ITos -1 satellite, upon separation 30- second period the PCS loop ac- from the second stage, was spinning at quired the earth -lock and the satellite's 4.30 r /min, providing the spacecraft sensors were oriented towards the lo- with a total system momentum of cal vertical while the main body ro- 309.3 in-lb -sec. Immediately upon sep- tated at 1 revolution /orbit. aration, the pitch -control system (Pcs) In over 16 months of orbital opera- automatically energized the enabled tion, the ITos -1 attitude control system motor 1, which accelerated to 115 has stabilized the satellite within ± 1° r /min. The spin rate of the satellite in all three axes. All planned events main body (its solar panels still folded) were executed efficiently and on the reduced from 4.30 to 2.05 r /min. Dur- desired schedule. The satellite's dy- ing the initial orbit, the satellite atti- namic characteristics and values were tude was determined. The quarter orbit very close to the prelaunch calcula- magnetic attitude control (ooMAc) was tions. Fig. 10- ITOS -1 scanning- radiometer photos of Saudi programmed to remove initial 10° Arabia, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea. the offset of the pitch axis from the orbit The MWA lifetime, in spite of the fail- normal. By the fourth orbit, the QOMAC ure of one of the two redundant MWA HUDSON BAY cycle had successfully reduced the atti- motors, is expected to exceed two years in orbit, thus surpassing the de- ST. LAWRENCE RIVER tude error to less than 1 °. On the fifth orbit the pitch control system gain was sign objective by one year. LAKE MICHIGAN switched to normal, increasing the wheel rate from 115 to 150 Thermal performance NOVA SCOTIA r /min. This resulted in a transfer of momen- The ITos -1 thermal system design has CAPE COD tum from the main body to the fly- performed very satisfactorily. The wheel, hence, reducing the body spin passive control system, consisting of LONG ISLAND rate from 2.05 to 1.31 r /min. On orbit a multilayer thermal insulating blan- 0005, the solar panels were deployed ket and the variable solar absorption Fig. 11- ITOS-1 infrared scanning- radiom- eter photo of East Coast of U.S.A. and 38 Canada.

www.americanradiohistory.com ACTIVE THERMAL CONTROL LE LOUVERS

MOMENTUM REAL-TIME WILE, ANTENNA fence, in conjunction with the four SOI. AR PANEL B SOL AR active thermal control louvers on the PROTON two equipment walls have been main- SENSORS taining the satellite internal tempera- MIRROR tures in the range of the predicted values. The electronic systems are operating at a nominal 20 °C with varia- ± SOLAR tions of 10 °C throughout all phases VERY HIGH PANEL A RESOLUTION of orbital operations over the past RADIOMETERS year. SOLAR PANEL DEPT OYMENT ACTUAL OR Power S -BAND VTPR CAL IRRATION PORT ANTENNAS 121

The nos-1 power system derives its COMMAND AND power from the three solar panels. BEACON ANTENNA SCANNING During the phase from orbit insertion RADIOMETERS DIGITAL to solar -panel deployment (revolution SOLAR ASPECT SENSOR , 0005) the folded panels on the rotat- VERTICAL TEMPERATURE ing main body provided adequate PROP. E RADIOME'ERS power (approximately 200 watts) to SOL AR PANE C the satellite's requirements support for Fig. 12- ITOS -D, E, F, and G configuration. command and control, attitude sensing redundant vertical- temperature -profile nical features of the TIROS Satellite System," and control, and communications. The RCA Engineer Vol. 6, No. 5 (Feb-Mar, 1961) radiometer (VTPR) , satellite was capable of operating in improved redun- pp. 40 -44. 3. Schnapf, A., and Sternberg, S., "Performance dant scanning radiometer (sR) , and this phase indefinitely. Once the panels of TIROS I" RCA Engineer, Vol. 6, No. 5 the solar proton monitor (sPM) . The (Feb -Mar 1961) pp. 45 -49. were deployed and satellite earthlock 4. Corrington, G. H., "A report on TIROS II APT, AVCS, and FPR systems will be was achieved, the array output was ap- and Ill," RCA Reprint PE -65, RCA Engineer, deleted in this new configuration. Four Vol. 7, No. 4 (Dec 1961 -Jan 1962) pp. 30 -32. proximately 11 amperes, well above 5. The Avcs is explained, in some depth, in the required full operational mission spacecraft (ITos -D, E, F, and G) are Callais, R. T., et. al., "Nimbus -an advanced contemplated for this group, which is meteorological satellite," RCA Engineer, Vol. power load of 6.25 amperes. The solar 9. No. 1 ( June-July 1963) pp. 29, 30. Also, see to provide operational meteorological array operating in a relatively active Ref. I for more information on the APT and data for the period 1972 to 1975. Al- AVCS configurations. man -made and natural radiation en- Acronyms and abbreviations though the basic mission is an exten- vironment at 790 nmi, has been decay- Program and satellite designations sion of nos-1, utilizing the same CDA ing gradually. After 13 months in orbit Control and Data Acquisition launch vehicle (Delta N) in a 790 nmi the array output is above 8 amperes. (station) sun -synchronous orbit, the complement ESSA Primary sensors Environmental Science and will again provide both real -time di- Services Administration The three primary sensors consisting rect data to receiving stations through- ITos Improved TIROS operational of redundant APT real -time television, out the world and stored radiometric system the redundant Avsc television for data to the two primary TOS CDA sta- NOAA National Oceanic and Atmo- stored global data, and the redundant tions. Fig. 12 shows the ITOS-D, E, F, spheric Administration dual -channel scanning radiometer have and G configuration. TIROS Television and infrared obr r- all performed satisfactorily. Typical vation satellite sensor data is shown in Figs. 9, 10, real -time be available The data will TOS TIROS operational system and 11. in two forms to the local users. The Primary sensors With the successful deployment of the SR data, which is similar to that of APT Automatic picture transmis- nos-1 satellite, global operational data nos-1, and the VHRR two -channel sion from the television cameras and the scanning radiometer, which will pro- AVCS Advanced vidicon camera visible and IR channels of the scanning vide data in two spectral regions to subsystem radiometers is provided both in the the local users: 0.6 to 0.7 p.m (visible) SR Scanning radiometer direct and stored data modes of op- and 10.5 to 12.5 -µm (infrared) . The VHRR Very high resolution radiom- eration. local VHRR ground station users will eter be able to obtain VHRR data when the VTPR Vertical temperature profile ITOS -D, E, F, and G configuration spacecraft is at least 5° above the hori- radiometer Secondary sensors A second configuration of ITOS space- zon. The resolution at local vertical is DFC Data format converter craft is now under development by 0.5 nmi. Stored data from the SR, FPR Flat plate radiometer the Astro- Electronics Division for VHRR, and the VTPR will be played ITR Incremental tape recorder NASA and ESSA to expand the opera- back to the ITOS CDA stations by the SPM Solar proton monitor same techniques used in the existing tional capability of the ITOS system. Attitude control subsystem This forthcoming system will utilize ITOS spacecraft. DSAS Digital solar aspect sensor the ITOS basic space bus with a new MBC Magnetic bias control complement of operational meteoro- References MWA Momentum wheel assembly logical sensors. The system will be re- 1. Schnapf, A., "The TIROS Decade," RCA re- PCS Pitch control system configurated with a new redundant print PE -411; RCA Engineer, Vol. 14, No. 3 OOMAC Quarter orbit magnetic atti- (Oct -Nov, 1968) pp. 80 -85. very high resolution radiometer (VHRR) , 2. Corrington, G., and Martinelli, C. C., "Tech- tude control

www.americanradiohistory.com New low -voltage COS /MOS IC's offer 25 -ns speed and direct interfacing with saturated logic R. E. Funk

The COS /MOS CD4000A Series is a new line of 3V- to -15V Complementary- Symmetry /Metal- Oxide -Semiconductor (COS /MOS) integrated circuits recently announced by the RCA Solid State Division. These devices feature 25- nanosecond gate -propagation delay. 10 -MHz clock frequency, and can be directly interfaced with saturated -logic IC's.

THE NEW CD4000A low- voltage series heralds a major broadening of COS /MOS applications to include VDD'5V CL=15pF vDD 5 V CL_ 15 pF 100 74N use in equipment where minimum sys- 55 74N I z tem cost is the primary virtue and 74 L 74L I 34 minimum power consumption is sec- aQar

. 0pP 0.1 ondary. Since COS /MOS devices can O40 ¡Li 0.01 PC ¢ accommodate greater com- PC 50.01 designs of 3 plexity in nit configurations and can á0.0o1 provide additional performance ver- 0.002 0.02 02 2 0.004 0.04 0 4 4 satility, the designer now has a large FREQUENCY -MHz FREQUENCY- MHz number of cost- effectiveness options. Fig. 1-Speed -power products of low - Fig. 2- Speed -power products of low - voltage COS /MOS gate and TTL gates. voltage COS /MOS flip -flop and TTL flip - Further, these more cost -effective flops. COS /MOS devices can be intermixed with high -speed TTL logic using the same 5 -V power supply for both types. were offered in the 6V- to -15V CD4000 high- reliability types available as stan- Of course, for strictly low -power ap- Series which is still available. This dard items, and specially selected units plications, COS /MOS will make pos- series is pin- for-pin compatible with may be obtained as well. sible exceptional cuts in power con- corresponding low- voltage types in the sumption. new series. Currently available are 32 It is natural that the superior perfor- low- voltage CD4000A types and 21 mance of low -voltage COS /MOS in Prior to introduction of this 3V- to -15V CD4000 types. Both series encompass a logic applications will immediately low- voltage series, COS /MOS devices broad range of packages and types of open the question: "How does COS/ construction, such as the premium MOS look vs. TTL ?" So, this compari- ceramic structure and plastic. They son is summarized initially, before Reprint RE- 17 -1 -13 Final manuscript received April 6, 1971. are also available as chips. There are launching into a survey of CD4000A.

Richard E. Funk, Ldr., MS Applications, Solid State Division, Somerville, N.J. received the BSEE and MSEE from Drexel Institute of Technology in 1956 and 1961 respectively. Mr. Funk initially joined RCA as a co -op student in 1953 and designed circuits for Airborne Radar Systems in Camden. He specialized in analog- computer circuit design from 1956 to 1959. In 1959 he began his digital -logic design career with responsibility for Data Link system logic in the era of RCA 2N404 discrete logic. In the early 1960's Mr. Funk was responsible for high speed code -generator logic design for real time digital communication systems. In the mid 1960's, he employed saturated logic digital IC's in Minuteman modular test systems. Between 1966 and 1970, he was responsible for logic and circuit design for digital frequency -synthesizer and control functions in the Defense Communications Systems Advanced Tech- nology section in Camden. In 1968, Mr. Funk began working closely with Electronic Components, Somerville, in pioneering use of the new ultra -low- power RCA COS /MOS logic for the next generation of man -pack and hand held radios. In early 1970, Mr. Funk joined the Solid State Division as a group leader in application of MOS IC's. His responsibilities include logic- device specifications and usage, the high reliability program, constant -selection, and application materials for the burgeoning COS /MOS IC product lines.

www.americanradiohistory.com VDD Low -voltage COS /MOS vs. TTL maximum of 15V. For example, the RCA CD4013A flip -flop has a typical Since TTL is currently the most widely UNIT toggle rate of 12 MHz at 15V. used logic form, it is important to establish how the new COS /MOS stacks of some COS /MOS logic D The ability VIN VIOIUT up against TTL at 5 -V operation. Fig. to directly drive TTL logic using the UNIT G - 1 demonstrates that, below 2 MHz, the single +5 -V supply common to both 51 low -voltage COS /MOS NOR gate has logic families is extremely important Fig. 4 -Basic COS /MOS inverter. a decided edge in the all- important in light of the present widespread use speed /power tradeoff. The crossover of TTL. Low -voltage COS /MOS can TTL. The operation of two basic "laws of nature" illustrates why. One point with respect to the low -power do just that, and Fig. 3 illustrates two is that COS /MOS chip packing -den- TTL gate is 1 mW at 2 MHz, below COS /MOS devices that have this which COS /MOS power decreases direct -drive capability. sities are from four to ten times greater linearly with frequency. than TTL densities; for example, Also of vital interest is the relative COS /MOS gates take but one fourth At 2 MHz, the normal -power TTL noise -immunity of COS /MOS and the chip area of the equivalent TTL gate dissipates ten times the power of TTL devices. The fact that COS /MOS circuit. Second, the COS /MOS manu- COS /MOS. The typical COS /MOS logic uses complementary circuitry facturing process is simpler, requiring gate will operate up to 7 MHz where means that COS /MOS should switch many fewer steps than the TTL pro- its dissipation is but 5 mW. at 50% of V,,,,, the supply voltage. cess. Differences of those types are Fig. 2 shows the comparative toggle - Typical noise margins are, in fact, manifest in such cost -effective COS/ frequency rate vs. power- dissipation 45% of V,,,,, and guaranteed noise MOS MSI devices as the 64 -bit static curves for the COS /MOS CD4013A margins are 30% of VN. On the other shift register and a 23 -stage binary flip -flop and the TTL low- and normal - hand, TTL devices are only able to counter, to name but two examples. power flip -flops. At 4 MHz, where the achieve a maximum noise immunity of COS /MOS flip -flop limits out, its 18% of the power supply voltage. COS /MOS basics in review Furthermore, TTL devices exhibit as power dissipation is one third that of The remainder of this article will high- the low TTL flip -flop much as ±20% shift in nc- transfer -power and one light low- voltage COS /MOS perfor- fiftieth that of the normal -power characteristics over a temperature TTL mance characteristics. A short review flip -flop. range of -55 °C to +125 °C, while of the basic COS /MOS inverter and COS /MOS devices, due again to their Low -voltage COS /MOS has the ad- transmission gate is included here to complementary structure, have a total vantage of being able to operate at familiarize the reader with COS /MOS DC shift of ± 1.5% of V,,,,. frequencies considerably above those circuit operation. All low -voltage shown in Figs. l and 2; the increase Not to be omitted, of course, is the COS /MOS integrated circuits are con- in operating frequency is proportional fact that COS /MOS integrated circuits structed from those two basic building to the inverse of the voltage up to a are necessarily more cost -effective than blocks. The simplest COS /MOS circuit is the digital inverter shown in Fig. 4. When a zero -volt signal (logic 0) is applied to the input terminal of the inverter, the gate -to- source (VG.A) of the p -chan- V 74 L 5cv)._44 nel device is equal to the supply volt- GATES age and is of the correct polarity to CD4000A 74 N GATE turn the p- channel unit ON. Under these conditions, a low- impedance path is formed from the power supply to the terminal and a very high a) CD4000A NOR gate directly drives four low -power TTL gates output and one normal -power TTL gate. impedance path is formed from the output terminal to ground. As a result, the unloaded output voltage becomes equal to + V,,,, with respect to ground (logic 1). When the applied input voltage is +V,,,, (logic 1), the situa- 30 sV 0.4V 74L tion is reversed. As a result, the un- GATES CD4009A loaded output voltage becomes zero

with respect to ground (logic 0) . The new low- voltage COS /MOS de- 74 N GATES vices can be used to form nearly perfect b) CD4009A hex inverter drives 30 low -power TTL gates and two transmission gates that approach the normal -power TTL gates. ideal conditions of extremely low ON impedance and infinitely high OFF im- Fig. 3- Direct interface with TTL using common power supply and retaining inherent COS /MOS and TTL noise immunity. pedance. This can be accomplished by

www.americanradiohistory.com Circuit structure interactions from device to device, even though all are manufactured with the same Because complementary Mos circuits process. G require only active devices (and not UNIT D S large -value resistors or capacitors) , Quiescent dissipation INPUT OUTPUT low -cost low- voltage integrated COS/ D VOD In either logic state of the COS /MOS G p UNIT MOS structures can he manufactured inverter or gate, at least one MOS that contain many hundreds of inter- -TN is ON, at least one is connected logic networks. transistor while -1- OFF. The resultant quiescent power dis- A It is not the intent of this article to sipation is therefore extremely low; it Fig. 5- Low -voltage COS /MOS transmission gate. Gate conducts when A is high and A is describe in detail the process of inte- is the product of V,,,, times the sum of low. grating N- and P -type devices on a the OFF -unit leakage current and the connecting two complementary MOS single silicon substrate. The following associated parasitic -diode back- biased transistors in parallel as shown in Fig. paragraphs, however, do provide in- leakage currents. The actual dissipa- 5. By applying the control signals as sight into some of the circuit and tion for any particular COS /MOS in- shown, the device functions as a bi- device -structure interactions that affect tegrated circuit will depend upon the lateral switch and provides either a the performance of COS /MOS circuits. number of digital inverters or other low ON or high OFF impedance to any such basic circuits employed, and will For example, an edge view of a COS/ signal level between ground and + also depend upon device -sizes which MOS digital inverter is shown in Fig. [lt must be noted here that this gate have a direct bearing upon the total 6a. In the process of diffusing the r- also constitutes an analog- signal area of the parasitic elements. For and the N- device sources and drains, switch of exceptional linearity, making example, the RCA CD4001A gate typ- and also when diffusing the P well, a possible the elimination of a number ically dissipates 0.01 µW at 10V qui- number of parasitic diode elements of circuits otherwise needed in such escent, whereas the more complex are formed which become connected applications as audio and video switch- CD4020A 14 -stage ripple counter typ- to certain signal nodes of the inverter ically dissipates 10 pW at the same ing systems.] Fig. circuit. 6b shows a protection voltage, even though both devices are Using the basic inverter and transmis- circuit in which these parasitic diode produced by the same process. sion gate as building blocks, a wide elements are back -biased across the -flops. variety of low-voltage gates, flip output signal line and across the DC characteristics MSI structures, and l.st structures can power supply. So connected, these di- The Dc transfer characteristic of a be built, as listed below:' odes contribute to the quiescent leak- typical low- voltage COS /MOS digital Gates-NOR, NAND, transmission, AND - age current of the integrated structure, inverter is shown in Fig. 7. The input OR select, exclusive -oR, complementary and also add parasitic capacitance to pairs and output voltage excursions vary be- the signal and power supply nodes of Shift Registers-8 stage, dual 4- stage, tween the zero -volt level (logic 0) 18- stage, 64 -stage static; 200 -bit dy- the inverter circuit. and + V,,,, (logic 1) . The typical namic Low- voltage Counters/Dividers- COS /MOS devices vary switching point is shown to be 45 to Binary: ripple- carry, 7- & 14 -stage ill complexity from simple gates and 50% of the magnitude of V,,,, over a Presettable: up -down, flip -flops to more complex MSi coun- wide range of supply voltages. Fig. 7 al- divide -by -N ter. register, and memory functions. so shows that there is only a negligible Decade: 10 decoded outputs, 7 seg- Because of that structural variety, the change in switching point as a func- ment display outputs specific contribution of the parasitic tion of ambient temperature. The pre- Flip-flops-"D", 1-k elements to the electrical performance cise location of the switching point on Arithmetic devices- adders, parallel processors of any given device will vary widely the x axis of the transfer character- Decoders- BeD -to- decimal, 3 -bit binary- to -octal Multiplexers -Quad bilateral switch DID ---- 125°C Hex Buffer /LogicLevel Converters - -55°C Inverting, non- inverting Memories-16- and 64 -bit NDRO static \ RAM, 32 -bit word- organized 256 -bit fully \ decoded RAM \ 1 But versatility is only part of the COS/ \ i MOS story. The "magic" of MOS is Fig. 6a- COS /MOS inverter cross - a complete section. that logic system can be I +15(SUPPLY VOLTS) put onto a single chip. In such a case, a large logic array (more than 400 +10 SUB gates) can be customized to the user's 03 specifications. The Solid State Divi- W L 1+3t \ lo' OUTPUT sion has developed a substantial cus- PIN 0 3 5 10 15 tom design and production capability T DC INPUT VOLTAGE (VIN) that can offer worthwhile advantages Fig. 6b- COS /MOS inverter parasitic Fig. 7- CD4000A Devices. Typical voltage transfer to the maker of low -cost equipment. diodes. characteristics.

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Fig. 8- CD4000A devices. Min. to max. voltage transfer characteristics. Fig. 9- Impedance as a function of the drain -to- source voltage for N and P devices. istic, however, is a function of the switching within the circuit and upon Quiescent dissipation N impedance balance between the and the impedances of each of the devices. Table I lists the range of quiescent the r devices, which in turn is a func- Because the many fac- power dissipation for gates, flip -flips, tion of the individual device-geome- of interrelating tors of and families of MSI devices. Note that tries and threshold voltages. In other cited above, the dissipation low- voltage COS /MOS devices, which even the most complex functions dissi- words, depending on which device pate less than 2.5 [LW at standby with in is in - (P N) ON the quiescent state the ultra or exhibits the lower im- a 5 -V supply. pedance, the position of the switching low microwatt range, increases approximately linearly with increasing curve departs either to the right or Table I- Low -voltage COS /MOS. Typical left of ideal. switching frequency and increases quiescent power dissipation for COS /MOS with increasing load capacitance on devices; Vn =5V (all values are in micro - watts). Because of normal manufacturing pro- the external circuit nodes. N- cess variations, the individual and Logic function Quiescent device r- device thresholds within a given AC performance integrated structure will be similar dissipation During switching, the node capaci- but rarely identical. Also, relative Counter/dividers 0.025 to 2.5 tances located within a given device, Arithmetic devices 1.5 device-geometries will differ, often by Memories 0.1 or connected to the output terminals Gates 0.001 to 0.15 design, especially in multiple -input of a given device, are charged or dis- Shift registers 0.025 to 2.5 gate structures composed of series - Flip flops 0.025 charged through the impedance of Hex -buffer /logic -level and- parallel- combination devices. As a converters 0.15 either an N or r device, whichever is result, COS /MOS devices will exhi- turned ON. The impedance of either bit a range of minimum -to- maximum Output source and sink current device is a non -linear function of V,,,, switching -point characteristics, as as a close scrutiny of Fig. 9 indicates. For COS /MOS -only systems, COS/ shown in Fig. 8. This range is suffi- The larger the value of V,.,, the faster MOS devices drive purely capacitive ciently tight to provide superior noise the device can switch. Also, the lower loads. Fan -outs of greater than 50 are margins and yet sufficiently loose to the individual device's threshold, the practical. For interfacing with the ensure high production yields. faster the switching speed_ Those two "outside world," however, or with AC dissipation characteristics of low- voltage COS/ saturated logic, output source and Each COS /MOS inverter within an MOS integrated circuits set them apart sink -current capability is important. integrated circuit draws a transient from other forms of logic and are two Table II shows the range of low -volt- switching current from the power sup- marks of the superiority of RCA's age COS /MOS output currents at 5V. ply during each 0 -to -1 transition. This new, low- voltage CD4000A Series. The For greater voltages, output currents transient current is drawn because designer has the freedom to choose are greater. both the N and r devices are momen- a power supply voltage to suit his re- tarily ON during the transition and. quirements; this choice is available Table II- Low -Voltage COS /MOS. Typical from 3V to 15V with a constant 45% output source and sink currents; Vnn =5V (all also, because the various device-node values in milliamperes). capacitances charge or discharge dur- typical noise immunity. Output current ing the transition. The magnitude of I.ogic function the transient switching current dc- Performance characteristics, (P) source (N) sink low-voltage COS /MOS pends upon the relative magnitude of Counter dividers -0.25 to -0.5 0.3 to 0.5 the r- and N- device threshold voltages Essential performance characteristics Arithmetic devices -0.5 0.5 to 1 as compared with the magnitude of of the low- voltage COS /MOS IC's are Gates -0.5 to -2 0.5 to 1.5 Shift registers -0.15 to -0.5 0.1 to 0.3 the power supply voltage. In addition. highlighted here. Refs. 3 and 4 pro- Flip flops -0.5 1 the magnitude of the transient current vide more detailed listing of charac- Hex- buffer /logic- depends upon the number of devices teristics. level converters -0.4 4

www.americanradiohistory.com AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (TA) 25 °C .fi.. . 106 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (TA)425°C AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (TA 25 °C "IiMI..E...... Ìi..11i%.11 I II I I I 05 I MEIER ..III..II I111.tiI1.Ít..ItMliHl 3 105 LOAD CAPACITANCE (CL) 15 pF IMO MN;iíi 104 :::i:iO=i:iI1I : ' 15 pF I 11 .. ..I1I..I II. o 5 \5 /IIII1 104 n s...rNEEM 40/ 50 F W IOa \JOM! w%1 SUPPLY VOLTS (V0D) 15I.50100111111.'i Ell- i.1/ i/.1! u .tOVSií: 11 11 t", 103 i.....imeUumnp-.' E::...... i. iiMZ: ¡- 103 ...til...11..III/./!f/%/.I..OI i.umi....i.. Ir1I/Ii1r1111,i_1.ii.. .. ` 1111111111MI 9,P iSPi/M/IIIIIIII SUPPLY VOLTS (V. )15 %i v- .0u...=.ii o V. 103 IN11111111M `'`'-41111101211ff1 :.tilli.I1I.I ° I/.I/L. ...II..I11 ¢ á102 .i11IiiI1I 1.s%nIÌ...al..I11 z : ..i...I ..iifiGiD.G ..ïïiGÜ.G.i..iG. á102 iMui tmitlig%gSii"/,%/t1 ° P:/S/ %C=II Ó r.i...i..L..II I/i.Ui.....i... z i.1.rl il..i1.111Pall.*Ii.111i...ii.l.r7I ñ i...r.i. 102 ..I11.fn05/G ....1...11i.I11 o .fipu.I/o/.iimR riI..Enn...U...I I%1i%MIANI1-IMI: 10 Al ©®_.__M_I._._._._I._._._I_I tüii..0 ...1I It2111 2R.%INOM 1I 1111111111110111111 ó i.. I ! aa MI .ili..i..iaII.... Ñ_ :::iu!... ïiiü....o.o i/12121E%RI11ttt11111111111 .oiio....u. 10 ../ CL 415pF 10 i/iiitilitoIAII:Ai: LOAD CAPACITANCE 'L..I IUi...ii.r>i....i. . -ammo- 11.111111111/%L11. ó CL.SpPF - a 15 pF ii.7...MME ..II11..11..ti11oviu. i..11 .. ..I11 Ì.1111111111111NI1 CL p50 ..I I I...I I...I...I I..I I I..I I I I 111 I I III 1 II 102 103 104 ros 106 107 roa 104 105 106 107 Ios 103 10° 105 106 07 INPUT FREQUENCY ('I Hz INPUT FREQUENCY(fl) Hz INPUT FREQUENCY (f.) -Hz a) Gate b) Flip -Flop c) Binary Counter Fig. 10- CD4000A devices. Typical power consumptions as a function of frequency.

Switching for several types of low- voltage COS/ System power calculation The minimum and maximum switch- MOS devices. To calculate the total power dissipa- ing points for RCA's two series of tion of a system incorporating COS/ COS /MOS devices have been spaced Logic- system design MOS devices, it is necessary 1) to esti- symmetrically about the center of their Low -voltage COS /MOS devices offer mate the various switching rates and transfer characteristics. The CD4000 unique system- design opportunities. duty cycle of each device, 2) to esti- series of COS /MOS devices has a typi- Their low power consumption, wide mate the output node capacitances, 3) cal switching point at 45% of Vn operating-voltage range, simple device to choose the desired operating volt- over the range of 6V to 15V. CD4000A structure, and high noise immunity age, and 4) to estimate both the quies- low- voltage COS /MOS devices switch suggest many interesting logic appli- cent and operating power for each at the same percentage over the wider cations. A few guidelines will be pre- device. Typical rather than maximum range of 3V to 15V. sented here; many more applications device dissipations may be used in this are cited in Refs. 3 and 4. calculation. especially if many devices Propagation delay are used; it is extremely rare for all Parallel gates The ranges of propagation delay for devices simultaneously to exhibit max- families of low -voltage COS /MOS de- Multiple-gate packages, such as CD- imum dissipation. vices are shown in Table III. Gate 4000A, CD4001A, and CD4002A, can delays are shown at both 5V and 10V provide greater current -sinking, greater Regulation and filtering sourcing capability, and higher switch- (Vnn) An examination of the De- switching ing speed if all inputs and all corre- characteristics of COS /MOS devices sponding outputs of adjacent gates are Table Ill- Low-voltage COS /MOS. Typical indicates that they switch reliably over propagation delays (tpHL -tpLH). Output load paralleled. The amount of additional capacitance C,, =15pF (all values in nano- a wide range of power -supply voltages. seconds). sinking current is equal to the sum of Specifically, RCA CD4000A COS/ sinking currents listed in Table II. Sequential Gate -level MOS relia- Logic function devices devices integrated circuits operate Vrm=5V 5V 10V Positive or negative logic nomenclature bly over a range of 3V to 15V. The width of this range now enables the Counters /dividers 150 to 350 All COS /MOS- device data sheets refer Arithmetic devices 90 to 100 designer to use an unregulated or mini- Memories 5 to 25* to positive logic functionality. It is sim- mally- filtered supply to power COS/ Gates: ple, however, to redefine these devices Simple 35 to 50 25 MOS systems provided that, on the Complex 100 to 150 50 for negative logic functionality. For one hand, the maximum device- Shift registers 200 to 500 example, the CD4001A positive -logic voltage Flip flops 150 to 200 limit of 15V is not exceeded and, on Hex buffers /logic- NOR gate can be made a negative -logic level converters 50 25 the other hand, that the required sys- NAND gate by redefining the logic lev- *Access Time tem speed is no greater than that speed els. Similarly, the CD4011A positive - which can be supported by the COS/ logic NAND gate can be made a nega- MOS devices operating at the lowest Toggle rate tive -logic NOR gate. instantaneous value of Vt,,. Fig. 11 re- Maximum toggle rates for all sequen- lates voltage regulation and maximum tial devices are given in Table at Table IV- Low -voltage COS /MOS. Typical IV toggle rates, sequential devices. Load capac- peak -to -peak ripple for a COS /MOS Vnn of 5V and 10V. itance C,. =15pF (all values in megahertz). system as a function of desired system Toggle rate Logic function speed. Dynamic dissipation of COS /MOS devices Vnn=5V 10V Fig. 10 shows plots of typical power Counter /dividers 2.5 to 6 5 to 10 To establish the extent of supply regu- Shift registers 2.5 to 3.5 5 to 10 dissipations as a function of frequency Flip flops 3.5 to 4 5 to 7 lation required, the designer must first

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I 10 102 101 104 10 102 101 104 INPUT CLOCK FREQUENCY (1CL) -kHz INPUT CLOCK FREQUENCY NO -kHz d) Synchronous 'Counter e) Shift Register determine the maximum operating fre- MOS integrated circuits will find in- will yield devices that will increase quency required of his system. Usually, creasing application in systems that are digital system speeds to more than 20 one device in the system is the limiting now totally fabricated with bipolar - MHz. MOS device -complexity is al- element in the chain. Referring to the logic families. In addition, the low volt- ready four times that allowed by the operating-frequency- as -a-function-of - age requirements and low power dis- most sophisticated bipolar MSI devices, voltage characteristic for this device, sipation of the new COS /MOS give and the limits have not yet been the designer can determine a mini- the designer of portable battery -oper- reached. mum value of supply voltage as a ated systems the basic digital building At the current rate of development, function of both required device -speed blocks never before available to him. COS /MOS devices will soon find ap- and the number of unit -loads driven. For example, one important new equip- plication in almost every type of digi- A nominal power supply voltage, mid- ment application is the electronic tal system, whether it be industrial, way between the minimum and the watch and clock field. Also, the wide commercial, or aerospace. And, it is 15 -V maximum, is selected. The per- operating- voltage range makes COS/ safe to predict that by 1975 most digi- centage of permissible power supply MOS devices attractive for automotive tal equipment will be profitably em- regulation and ripple is then easily applications and in others where regu- ploying both standard and custom calculated. lation is poor or where filtering is al- COS /MOS devices. System interfacing most nonexistent. between a COS/ Proper interfacing But such applications as the two just References MOS device and a device from another mentioned are only the next, logical I. A complete list of the COS /MOS product line logic family requires, ideally, that both is given in COS -278, "The low- voltage COS/ steps by equipment designers and only MOS product guide" RCA Commercial Engi- a common supply devices operate at hint at distances that low -voltage COS/ neering, Harrison, N.J. 07029. voltage and that logic levels between 2. At this writing, 32 standard low -voltage COS/ MOS will enable designers to go. And, MOS products have been announced, and at the two are compatible. In addition, least another 15 are due this year. indeed it is even now true that lower - both devices must maintain safe power 3. RCA COS /MOS Integrated Circuits Manual, threshold devices capable of operation CMS -270. RCA Commercial Engineering, Har- dissipation levels and noise immunity rison, N.J. 07029. at 1.3 volts V,,,, are available for single - of 4. CD4000A- series, Data Bulletin (File No. 479); consistent with the requirements cell applications. Further reductions also see numerous Application Notes available. the system. RCA Commercial Engineering, Harrison, N.J. in device sizes and chip capacitances 07029. Low -voltage COS /MOS devices are unique in that they can interface directly with more logic technologies than any other device. The logic families IO that need no special interface circuit (VDD`IO V NOMINAL) nor any added power supply are: 1)

RTL. 2) DTL, 3) TTL, 4) P -MOS 0% REGULATION

(low and high threshold) , 5) mHTL. ±10% REGULATION and 6) N -MOS. Only for interfacing ; 4- with ECL is a special interface circuit 320% REGULATION required. Conclusion 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 As more -complex MSI devices are made REQUIRED SYSTEM SPEED (CD4000A SERIES) -MHz available in the low -voltage COS/ MOS family, and as costs decrease Fig. 11- Low -voltage COS /MOS power supply considerations. with volume usage, these new COS/

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The human role in command and control systems

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COMMAND PLANNING SYSTEM POSITIVE CONTROL

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the 70's. Fig. 1 -Man will maintain a major role in the command and control systems of

www.americanradiohistory.com7 nP III Although the trend of command and contro' systems is for complete automation of the operational system, man will still have a major interface with the command /control systems of the 70's. The role of man will diminish in the command and control operations, but there will remain a residual number of peripheral functions which he will still have to perform. This paper discusses these functions as they relate to present and future defense systems.

PAST, a ship command /con- 3) Emergency actions /system backup attack option to follow and to inform NTHEtrot system used man's senses to de- 4) Monitoring system status the automated system of the option I 5) System testing and maintenance tect an enemy assault. From this chosen. sensory information, he made deci- System positive control sions assigning targets of priority to The Minuteman system is an excellent manned gun turrets. Voice communi- System positive control is defined as example of the significance of preplan- cations served to provide target direc- the capability of man to start or stop ning. Operational programs for MIN- tion parameters to the gun crew. the automated system -a role that UTEMAN system involve a great deal can never be relinquished. The func- of high level decision as to system Eventually man was assisted in this tion of positive control for a weapon strategy. The burden on the planners weapon- control function by auto- system goes further in that it places is to predict all possible environments mated fire- control systems. This has the capability of exercising this type and attacks the system will face and developed to an extent that new sys- of control in the hands of specifically then program the system to handle tems are automatically sensing, select- authorized persons. each situation. It is important to inte- ing targets, and making the optimal grate the system response with the selection for the most effective re- Major command decisions programmed response of other sponse to a threat. The trend in the systems. This preplanning and pro- 70's is illustrated by the AEGIS system The second role of man is major mili- gramming effort is by far the most which integrates detection, warning, tary attack command decisions. These important function for man. decision, and weapon -control func- are the decisions which involve choice tions as a completely automated sys- and judgment normally performed by Man's role in the preplanning stage tem. This operational system, as the highest echelons of authority. was to create and program the system others in the 70's, has a minimal These command decisions are pre - with planned responses. During the manned interface. But, man's role in planned based on postulated attack actual operation, man must choose the command and control system of scenarios, and incorporated as an in- which plan to follow (depending on the 70's is still important because of tegral part of the operational software the specific attack circumstances) and key functions which still must depend programs which are stored in the cen- indicate his choice by manually se- on human decisions. tral system computers and govern lecting the operational program to be system response. executed by the system computer. There are five major areas, as shown in Fig. 1, where man will continue to These plans can integrate the actions The following hypothetical example play an important role in the 70's: of more than one command /control further illustrates this situation. Sup- 1) System positive control system. Apriori information is not nor- pose a single incoming missile was to 2) Major command decisions and /or mally available however to permit be detected by our perimeter defenses. decisions involving multiple systems or automatic selection of the execution It is likely that in the seventies this multiple options. program to be followed in response to missile would be destroyed by a a specific attack. It therefore still re- SPARTAN defensive missile without Reprint RE- 17 -1 -12 Final manuscript received March 25, 1971. mains the role of man to select which any human intervention other than

Bernard Patrusky, Ldr. Government Communications Systems Communications Systems Division Camden, New Jersey received the BEE, Magna Cum Laude, in 1952 from the City College of New York and the MSEE from the University of Pennsylvania in 1965. He is group leader in Government Communications Sys- tems Engineering and has 17 years' experience in communications engineering. He has been deep'y involved in both systems and design aspects of many major systems including Autodin, Minute- man, Airborne Launch Control Center, Advanced Airborne Command Post, and Apollo. Mr. Patrusky was the digital systems group leader in charge of Apollo ranging system which flew successfully on Apollo 11. Recently he has been in charge of several communication system studies for ESD/ MITRE involving planning for the Advanced Air- borne Command Post. Mr. Patrusky holds two U. S. patents, one for a unique digital modern design utilized on the Airborne Launch Control Center, the other for the Autodin Central Pro- cessor Input /Output unit.

www.americanradiohistory.com the decision to employ the defense poses. A major purpose is to insure most likely that in the systems of the system. However, what then? The re- the readiness of the system prior to 1970's failures will be isolated with sponse to such an attack cannot be actual usage; however, monitoring very high confidence to at least a re- automated. Was the attack intentional is also necessary to detect attack and movable, replaceable unit and even be or accidental? What were the under- assess success or failure of system analyzed for fault to the replaceable lying factors? These unanswered operations, and to determine if and module. Command and control sys- questions must be resolved prior to when emergency procedures are re- tems strive for high availability or up taking counter action. Time is not a quired during operations. In effect, time. This is best achieved by redun- pressing factor. Thus, we see a type system monitoring during operations dancy and on -line plug -in replacement of decision which cannot be auto- serves as the required observer. of failed components. mated due to lack of sufficient data. Suppose we did decide to counter The AEGIS system will have a com- The on -line computers of most new with a like attack on an enemy target; prehensive self-verification monitor- systems will perform verification test- locate failed which command and control system ing system which will ing on a routine basis. Special tests should be used? Again a real -time replaceable units on line while the sys- and fault isolation testing may be au- tem is operating. In addition, the radar choice exists. A land -based missile tomatically commanded once a fault be monitored for the or a submarine -launched Poseidon scans will is detected. Maintenance personnel missile could be employed. Political purpose of corroborating the evalua- will not require special skills. Module factors would direct the ultimate de- tion of the computers that an attack repair at the depot may require skilled is is required before cision. The conclusion to be drawn is underway. This personnel, and a tradeoff is usually that man must direct the command/ the system is unleased. Battle results required to determine if automated are also monitored. control system as to the attack plan. module testing is cost effective. It is The actual attack execution can then quite possible that central repair de- Similar to AEGIS, SAFEGUARD system be fully automated. pots will handle all types of module monitoring is used extensively to as- repairs for many unrelated systems. sure that the system components are Emergency actions /system backup Centralization of module repair de- in a state of operational readiness. pots would greatly decrease the num- A third major area concerns emer- ber of highly skilled test personnel gency backup responsibility. The The trend in monitoring appears to be required. easiest and least costly emergency in the direction of easing the man's backup system is usually a manually burden by use of more sophisticated operated system particularly if it is computer controlled displays rather In contrast to simplified operational a relatively complex operational se- than printers or a conglomeration of test and maintenance, off -line system quence. Although one would like to lights. The displays of the Kinescope testing and system computer sim- be able to handle emergency backup type, including color and projection ulation is likely to keep pace in on an automatic basis, the simplicity displays, will be used more often be- sophistication with the increasing so- and low cost of a manual system usu- cause of increased availability of rela- phistication of the command system. ally makes the manual system a clear tively low cost "off- the -shelf" MIL As discussed previously, many com- choice. The most well known and out- spec units. mand control systems have very com- standing example of this is the manual plicated computer programs, are backup maneuvering system provided designed to face severe environmental the Apollo spacecraft command con- System testing and maintenance threats, and are required to operate trol system. Indeed, the manual system even in a highly damaged or degraded By continued testing one can deter- often called upon to aid re- mode. This poses the problem that it was mine the operational readiness or entry, docking and landing operations. is not possible to completely test the availability of a system. If the testing actual system in all possible combi- Manual backup system functions must reveals operational deficiencies, main- nations of degraded modes and en- be chosen carefully. Manual backup tenance will have to be performed to vironments that the system might features are not always cost effective return the system to its maximum encounter. In these instances employ- or technically feasible. While it is not availability. With any automated sys- ment of sophisticated simulation test- practical to manually aim a weapon to tem, the key problem is to keep the ing will be needed. counter an incoming missile, it may be system at maximum availability. This practical to manually patch in standby is an especially difficult problem in equipment to replace failed opera- military systems where high -skill -level tional equipment to restore the system technicians are not available. The Conclusion to a state of readiness. Early system trend is toward sophisticated auto- trade studies normally determine what matic checkout equipment not requir- The human role in Command /Con- manual backup functions are desir- ing high -skill -level operators. Periodic trol systems will continue to be able or necessary. thorough system checkout is the important in the 70's; although "push- means for insuring system availability. button" systems are now in operational use, there remains relatively Monitoring The trend in system testing is use of large areas where automation will not System monitoring serves many pur- online automatic test equipment. It is be the answer.

www.americanradiohistory.com Assessment of queue formation in computer systems A. S. Merriam

Queuing for use of a service facility is necessary to the well -utilized computer system, yet queue sizes are difficult to predict analytically even in simple situations. With emphasis upon the interarrival -of- events pattern, some queue parameters have been illustrated, calculated, and discussed. Systems simulators will recognize the situations in which the results of computer simulations are superior to the approximations of analytical techniques.

QUEUES must be regarded with rect and thorough understanding. With niques of study are juxtaposed in three cautious enthusiasm. The novice the easy availability of good numerical experimental situations, which can in system design instinctively feels that approximations, the analytical route only suggest a range of examples - they cannot be good because they rep- appears the way to go, and it is, up to from textbook elementary to currently resent items waiting while valuable a point. Application of mathematical practical. microseconds tick by. Alternatively formulas to real-life situations involves there exists the manager of a batch - simplification. Sometimes, however, Queuing theory background processing establishment whose hap- the concomitant analysis of how much Some descriptive definitions disks, the initial simplifications "hurt" the piness is a well -filled set of input At the heart of the queuing problem is be final results becomes a study as great and who knows that it is better to time at which events happen or as the original. By reducing the simpli- -time able to promise two -hour turn -around are permitted to happen. Though not in fication necessary to model a queuing than to be able to run a solo job two all denoted as random situation analytically, system simula- events can be minutes. The novice soon learns that or regular in time, these classifications tion via computer offers a promising no- waiting-ever comes at an impossible are general enough to useful and extension to queuing studies. be price, and the computer center man- credible. From these classifications, ap- ager can guess, if he has not experi- When it is best to move from analytical proximations can extend to cover enced it, how quickly he can be buried computation to simulation of a queuing wider application later, although ulti- under input decks and tapes if his ser- situation is an individual problem. The mately the rules for the one or the vice time is not included to his disk solution will depend upon factors giv- other become inadequate. capacity and customer load. ing rise to the queue, simplifications Random and regular processes are Because queues are necessary, if not that can be tolerated, quality of results characterized by the probability func- desirable, and because they exhibit desired, and amount of effort budgeted tions shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respec- up," for those results. Judgement of the sys- "dangerous" tendencies to "blow tively. it is mandatory that system architects tem architect will be depended upon explore ideas which cultivate a rea- here, and it will be the better for his The probability of a random function sonableness of attitude towards experience in both queuing theory and occurring is low, uniform, and indepen- queues. Understanding of the queue queuing system simulation. Both tech- dent of time as shown in Fig. 1 a. The formation situation is vital to queue control. An analytical rather than a > simulation approach leads to most di- 0.20 POtSSON EXPONENTIAL o.0001 Reprint IRE-17-1-2 ó 0.10 An earlier version of this article appeared in the á UNIFORM CONTINUOUS ú Symposium.' Record of Fourth Annual Simulation 0 o 0 Proceedings, 1971, Gordon and Breach copyright n EVENTS /UMT THE Science Publishers, New York; Caldwell, D. K. a. PROBABILITY FUNCTION b. PROBABILITY DENSITY C. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION and Dawson, B. (editors), FUNCTION FOR INTERARRIVAL TIME -> t Fig. 1-Typical probabilities involved in random events.

Ann S. Merriam, Advanced Technology Laboratories, Government & Commercial Systems, Camden, N.J., received the BA in Mathematics from Goucher College, Balitmore, in 1945 and the MA in Physics from Bryn Mawr in 1959. She has taught mathematics at the school and college level, and, in 1956 held a General Electric Fellowship for Mathematics Teachers. She has completed ccurses in elmtrical engineering and computer and automata theory of the Moore School of the Univers ty of Pennsylvania. Miss Merriam came to RCA as an engineer in 1959. Since then she has worked oi threshold logic, systems use of content- addressed memories, logic design of an experimental test machine, logic design of an exerciser for testing high -speed carry circuits, and automata theory applied to design of control in digital computers. For three years Miss Merriam was involved in digital systems studies -particularly functional systems descriptions in Iverson notation -and computer system reviews. She ias been project engineer in charge of the systems simulation of a multi -processor. Her project -esponsibiity has included planning all phases of the simulation task from modeling philosophy to experimentation. She has provided GPSS language training as well as technical supervision for several ergineers. 4t present, Miss Merriam is project engineer for logic and systems of a space demonstration vehicle employing LSI technology. Miss Merriam is a member of IEEE and an associate member of Sigma Xi, and a member of Simulation Councils, Inc.

www.americanradiohistory.com 1.00 ER LUNG UNIFORM DISCRETE DISCRETE STEP 100 I.00 > F J O m á mÑ> a ó O ii? o n EVENTS /UNIT TIME EXPONENTIAL NYPER- a. PROBABILITY FUNCTION b. PROBABILITY DENSITY c. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION EXPONENTIAL 0 FUNCTION FOR INTERARRIVAL TIME 2 t Fig. 2- Typical probabilities involved in regular events. Fig. 3- Erlang hyperexponential functions compared to the exponential function for random interarrival time greater than or chance of a particular number of ran- Both are cumulative functions of prob- equal to t. dom events occurring in a specific unit ability densities. Erlang and hyperex- p - (5) of time is characterized by a Poisson ponential functions vary from the n 1-p distribution, as shown in Fig. lb. The exponential function by less and probability that the interarrival time greater variance from the mean, re- -w=PpT, (6) (the time between successive events) spectively, as illustrated in Fig. 3. The is a particular period of time greater constant -rate distribution (Fig. 2c) for - 1 v T, (7) than t is an exponential function, as regular events is the ultimate in Erlang illustrated in Fig. lc. The mean inter - (or hypoexponential) distributions. For constant service times, the mean arrival time, T., is a parameter of inter- Mean interarrival time or mean service values are slightly altered to: est in queuing. time is analytically linked to these p2 of P The corresponding functions for a functions which the exponential m (8) situation yields most easily to manipu- regular process are the uniformly - lation. repeated discrete, discrete, and step, as __- P n 2(1_p) +P (9) illustrated in Fig. 2a, b, and c, respec- Parameters of interest to the system tively. Service time (time from the designer are: acceptance of a request for service W - 2(1-p) T, (10) from the queue, as it arrives, to the n= number of items in queue and service facility 2 -p completion of that service) is analo- v- T, (11) 2(1- p) gous to interarrival time. The mean m= number of items in queue alone Between the constant- and exponential - service time, T., is another parameter v= waiting time in queue and service rate situations, a factor may be applied of interest in queuing. system to constant -rate formulas to interpolate For convenience in discussing for- w= waiting time in queue alone. between the two. This factor (1 +C) mulas, the following conventional These parameters can be formulated is based on a comparison of variance, quantities with their symbols are V, for the partially random case and in terms of p as the defined: independent variable. for the entirely random case where X = mean arrival rate =1 /T e (1) V Convenient formulations _ µ =mean service rate = l /T, (2) Within the field of research, p= utilization factor= ñ/µ (3) operations These formulas plus a short FORTRAN much has been done to make the anal- program and approximately one min- The last is a most important parameter ysis of queuing situations routine. A ute of machine time result in some in the description of queuing systems. queuing system is regarded as being in convenient tables for the queue esti- Values greater than unity need not be a state which is characterized by the mator. The increasing sensitivity of considered, and those edging towards numbers (including zero) of items in queue size to utilization factor increase unity will be assessed with caution the queue or in the service facility. For for random and for uniform service rapidly increasing to the point of example, change of state is effected by times is illustrated in Fig. 4. alarm. In the analysis of queuing situ- having an item join the queue, leave it ations, the following functions are of by entering the service facility, or leave Formulations have been made cover- interest: the service facility after completion of ing queues for multiple- service facili- service. a ties and for dispatching disciplines A.,= probability distribution of inter- If the probabilities for other than first- come -first- Al- arrival times. change of state are known, steady -state served. solutions are frequently possible from though it may be interesting and appli- So= probability distribution of service cable to the design of computers, times. the state change equations: Conve- discussion these nient results are given below as a of formulations must be postponed. "cookbook" for the simulation experiments.'' AOI FORO

As has been indicated, the simplest e -A1 FOR TT <1 system analytically is the random ar- EX PON EN TAL SERVICE TMAE rival for random service times with a first-come -first- served dispatching dis- CONSTANT SERVICE cipline. The mean values of system TIME parameters are calculated as follows: 02 0.3 0.4 05 0.6 07 o 0.9 P, UTIL12 AT ION FACTOR TT Fig. 4 -Queue size as a function of utilization factor for -m= (4) Fig. 5- Truncated exponential probability random input to random and regular service. 1pnp distribution function.

www.americanradiohistory.com NOTE: TM IS LENGTH OF SHORTER INTERARRIVAL PERIOD.

Tp = INTERARRIVAL PERIOD TG IS LENGTH OF LONGER INTERARRIVAL PERIOD.

Ta PHASING OFFSET 1.0 I.0 1.0 1.0 T 1.0 T. 122 _ TM TGIT02----'TGn Ta TQ TM+TM G TGI""'""TGn+TMTG2"-'-TGn+--" J J 0.67 J a 0.5 Q m 8 E 0.33 E a ó

TP Tp Ta Tp To Ta TN , Ta TN f

a. TWO SOURCES b. THREE SOURCES C. MANY SOURCES a TWO SOURCES b MANY SOURCES Fig. 6- Probability distribution functions for constant and equal -rate inputs. Fig. 7- Probability distribution functions for constant and unequal -rate inputs. Further considerations distribution shown in Fig. 6c where of queue, (m) studied. Results, shown Structures of rapidly increasing com- the steps smooth out and the maximum in Fig. 4, are easily calculated from plexity can be easily conceived using interarrival time becomes very small. Eqs. 4 and 8. the simple queue- and -service facility. When two sources of constant but un- In estimating queue formation, it may The multiserver mentioned above is equal rates are combined, the resultant be sufficient for the systems architect to one of the simpler. Complex inputs to function may appear like the function know that the facility service time is a single -service facility are more analy- shown in Fig. 7a. Exact slope and hypoexponential and that the true tically elusive. Two types of interar- height of step depend upon relative situation will lie between the two rival patterns- truncated exponential sizes of the two interarrival periods. curves plotted. distribution and multiple complex in- The addition of further sources adds put distribution -have a particular 2 to a greater proportion or small values Experiment bearing on the experiments that fol- of interarrival times and, to a lesser The intent in this experiment is to low. Distribution functions are not extent, larger values, with a curve check some of the speculations and only of interest for comparison with similar to Fig. 7c resulting. approximations presented above con- real -life measurements but for making cerning complex interarrival rates. A estimates of mean interarrival times If an exponential (random) rate computer -simulated facility of constant necessary for the calculation of utiliza- source is added to several constant -rate service time is entered from a single tion factor. sources, a distribution such as shown channel fed by several sources. For the in Fig. 8 can be expected. The likeli- The truncated exponential is a distri- first series of runs, constant rate inputs hood of short and long interarrival bution in which interarrivals up to a are combined. The second series of times is markedly increased with the certain frequency have been sup- runs is similar to the first except that short ones having a greater increase. pressed. The familiar exponential one exponential source is added. The If the mean interarrival time of the curve is altered as shown in Fig. 5, and parameters varied in both series are exponential is less, by roughly a factor the probability distribution function, interarrival rates of the sources as well of 1.5 or more, than the mean inter- A0, becomes as numbers of sources. The quantities arrival time of the constant -rate measured are: sources, the function will approach the A0= exp[- À(/'+TT)] (12) 1) Interarrival times, exp (- ITT) hyperexponential, although it will al- 2) System utilization factors, and ways differ from hyperexponential where TT is time of truncation and 3) Numbers of items in queue at steady because of truncation. state. t= t' +T7. From the first measurement, the prob- T. can be calculated from this distribu- Experiment 1 ability distribution function is plotted tion: The basic queue- and -server system can and a system utilization factor calcu- be observed in the following arrange- lated for a check against measured T = 1 /X +TT (13) ment: values. Fitting a hyperexponential Such a distribution has been used in curve to the measured curve will also modeling random interarrival times of 1) Randomly arriving requests for ser- lead to a calculated utilization which vice are queued without regard for items which take a fixed minimum in turn can be verified against the time to produce. numbers on a first- come -first- served basis. The facility completes service at simulated case. Finally, the resulting The probability distribution for more random times. utilization factors are used to calculate than one constant -rate input is some- 2) Randomly arriving requests, as the quantity of items in the queue at above, are queued for a facility of to con- what harder analyze. If two sources stant service time. steady state for further comparison. of the same constant -rate input feed a service facility, the resultant probabil- In both situations, the utilization fac- Experiment 3 ity distribution curve, shown in Fig. tor (p) has been varied and the length The final model was constructed in 6a, is dependent upon their phasing. .0 response to a real problem where it (The case in which both inputs arrive was foreseen that several active com- simultaneously is excluded for conve- ponents and several passive compo- nience.) A probability distribution for nents would be sharing a two -channel three inputs of constant and equal rate, bus. The situation arises in the design ñ shown in Fig. 6b, illustrates the devel- of a multi -processor -a computer in

opment of these trivial situations. In- 0 which two or more independently con- creasing the constant and equal rate T,,, 1 trolled processors, each with its own Fig. 8- Multibus arrangement with four main sources to a large number leads to the memories and two central processors, each t/o channels, share more than one in- with two I/O channels.

www.americanradiohistory.com CPU No.I CPU No 2 ADDRESS WRITE r WRITE -BUS READ-BUS

I I /0 CP I/0 I/O CP I/O IN USE I MEMORY UNIT

o WRITE INTO MEMORY I I L. ADDRESS Q - WRITE -BUS READ CONNECTION - - READ-BUS FOR OTHER WRITE -BUS - CPUs CONNECTION IN USE READ-BUS FOR OTHER - - - MEMORY UNIT CPUs b READ OUT OF MEMORY Fig. 10-Gross timing scheme for buses and memory units. MMU MMU MMU MMU N o.l No.2 No.3 No. CONNECTION FOR Table Ill -Typical interarrival time param- OTHER MAWS eters.

T,, mean interarrival To To Request source time (µ s) Fig. 9- Multibus arrangement with four main memories and two central Central processor 2.7 processors, each with two I/O channels. i/o channel 1.5

dependently accessed memories, either tional central processing units (cPU's) Bus queuing for their own use or for the exchange can be entered. Independently flowing requests gen- of data. The interconnection, locally erated by the complex sources of a called a "Multibus" and shown in Table I- Characteristics of active compo- central processing unit (cru) must be block form in Fig. 9, is a powerful nents. checked by the rules of single occu- arrangement but has obvious limita- Associated Shares Access Rate of pancy of the bus and single access of tions in the write and read buses. Unit With access to type access CP Several All MMU'S R/W Expo - any main memory unit (MMU). For I/o chan- single nential., this model, the rules are: The gross timing of occupancy of bus nels and memory facilities is shown in Fig. I/o One CPU All MMU's R/W Constant,' 1) Requests are queued at a CPU if the 10. At this level of detail, overlappings channel burst write -bus is busy or if less than 775 ns o but not less than T. have elapsed since the last request from of addressing time with memory func- I. within the burst this CPU. be tion will negligible. The significant 2) The central processor within the characteristics of active and passive CPU is inhibited from generating re- Table Il- Characteristics of passive com- components are listed in Tables I and ponents. quests if a queue has formed for use of II, respectively. Organization of activ- the bus or if it has an outstanding re- Unit Occupancy Access from quest to a MMU. ity is shown in the flowchart of Fig. 11. Write -bus Single CPU queue 3) The I/o channels are not inhibited. Modularity is provided in the model Read -bus Single 11MÚ queue The CPU's compete on first- come -first- so that different versions containing MMU Single Write -bus served basis for the use of the bus. more or less of the basic components Bus-memory action can be studied. The flowchart, there- Bus request generation fore, shows where additional channels Once the bus has been engaged for an Requests for memory come from two it be held for may be plugged in and where addi- addressing operation can quite different sources, the central a write operation, otherwise it is relin- processor and the i/o channels. When quished with engagement of the read - processing a set of instructions, a cen- bus. The write -bus is then free for CP I/O REQUEST CHANNEL REQUEST tral processor must access storage for the GEN another addressing operation while GEN REQUEST GENERATION fetching and storing instructions, data, read -bus works on the first request. A and perhaps intermediate results. This memory unit once accessed, however, ENTER has been modeled as a random process must go through a regenerative period BUS REQUEST QUEUE with a modified exponential distribu- before it can be accessed again. Bus tion of interarrival times for memory QUEUING Results 3 ENGAGE requests. The distribution has been of experiment r-WRITE-BUS FOR ADDRESSING truncated at a minimum interarrival What design factors can be readily esti- READ-Is time because the computer modeled mated in this model? Obviously its WRITE queuing systems are so complex that, HOLD RELEASE WRITE-BUS must exclusively perform certain ele- WRITE -BUS FOR ENGAGE READ -BUS be made WR TE FOR READ mentary operations between the end at best, calculations can of one access and the start of the next. which will establish plausibility of ENGAGE ENGAGE BUS- MEMORT estimates which will come from simu- SELECTED MMU SELECTED MMU % ACTION The i/o channels, by contrast, have lations. Nevertheless, some calcula- RELEASE RELEASE tions will be explored to exemplify the WRITE -BUS READ -BUS been assigned constant -rate distributions in bursts of tens to hundreds of approximations, simplifications, look- items interspersed by quiescent pe- ups, extent of effort, and ranges of AF TER REGENERATION results that are possible. RELEASE riods. The on -off cycle can be made of MMU randomly variable period to simulate The primary queuing situation in this transfers of varying amounts of rec- last model is competition for the write - ords from tapes or disks. The mean bus. If a CPU finds the bus busy, it may rate of arrival from i/o channels is have to curtail processing until it can much lower than that from the proces- engage the bus; if the write -bus is busy. Fig. 11- Multibus flowchart. sor, as indicated in Table III. it can remain so far beyond the nomi-

www.americanradiohistory.com nal time when an address is on the bus t/o channels, another CPU would have ical operation; however a change of 90 for a busy memory unit. Nor is the to be added. Even without an increase to 95% in the utilization factor in the nominal service time on the write -bus in t/o channels, the arrangement random situation for these paremeters, simple. Using the values for the basic would be impractical because all pro- would result in a change on the order service time parameters, presented in cessing would be shut off because of of 5000 items. Thus, the results of this Table IV, the nominal service time for heavy t/o channel throughput. analysis indicate that cP use should be a write is calculated to be 600 ns kept down to 40% or below, depend- Starting again with the model and con- (address -write) . Also, the nominal ser- ing upon combination with peripherals. sidering each CPU to have no i/o chan- vice time for a read is calculated to be nels operating, is there an interference This analysis has only covered the 250 ns (address only) . If the write -to- problem? grossest aspects of the primary queuing read ratio is postulated at 0.2, average situation for this model, and certain service time will be approximately 310 The probability distribution of inter - violations of the model have been ns with a variance of 2.0x 10' ns2. On arrival times is a truncated exponential made to attain them. The most flagrant the occasions when busy memory units function because all requests, though violation is the assumption of infinite are addressed, service time will be otherwise considered random, must be queuing capacity. In real life, either increased up to 750 ns. Should this separated by at least 775 ns. The modi- data is lost or a source unit is shut off happen 1% of the time for all ref - fied mean interarrival time can be cal- before the buffers can overload. In this erences (possibly high but this will culated as indicated in Fig. 5. For four model, the cP must cease processing. depend upon programmed memory CPU'S without I /o: To the queue watcher, this postpone- allocation) , average service time, T. a= 4x0.383 =1.53 ps' ment of processing is an ameliorating will lengthen to only slightly beyond p= 3.33 µs' feature, but to the machine architect, 310 ns, but will have a variance of this postponement represents deterio- 2.3x101ns2. p=0.46. ration of processing capacity. Again it appears that CPU's Table IV -Basic service time parameters. four would not strain the write -bus system and T. service time Conclusion Operation (ns) cause it to inhibit CP activity. MMU addressing 250 Practical limitations have made for a MMU write 350 Before thinking of simultaneous 1/o treatment of queue assessment which MMU read 350 and processing activity, it would be MMU cycle 750 have poached here and there in the- well to consider which of the two well- ordered preserves of operations The model and its problems can be threatens the stability of the system. research. Unbalanced and partial artificially partitioned to yield some The less predictable is processor per- views of an emergent discipline may information. First, the peripheral i/o formance in this model, though a mode be undesirable; however liability for channel alone will be considered, then of operation idle- and -burst of t/o chan- this defect is risked in the hope that the CPU alone, with the idea that char- nels might be described which would systems architects and simulators will acteristic activities of each will lead to contradict this. hereby be encouraged to expand their estimates of their activities in concert. It has been suggested previously that cultivation of a rationally cautious From one t/o channel device, a transfer systems with high utilization factors attitude towards queues. x rate of 6.7 104 items /s might represent are so unstable as to be impractical. Emphasis has been placed on the in- the byte rate of a high -speed tape stand, Queue instability may be estimated by puts to queuing systems rather than on with triple this rate from a disk and studying the rate of change of queue varieties of servicing because the de- five times for a drum. As a first approx- size with respect to utilization. Differ- mands of a specific design problem led imation, these rates can be considered entiating Eq. 4: in this direction and very soon went constant; i.e., basic interarrival time of beyond the range of theoretical analy 15 p,s with no variance. dm = 1 +2(1- p),(1 +I) (14) sis. For the computer system modeler Postulating a simultaneous load of four and simulator the conclusion is favor- Values for dm /dp have been plotted tape stands, two disks, and one drum able. It does not take a very compli- against p in Fig. 12 for this example (15 units) from each of two CPU's, and cated situation to defy theoretical with a value of 12 for the factor assuming that each CPU does nothing analysis. The adroit simulator will first (1+0 . Where the constant -rate periph- but dispatch all the t/o requests, what assess not the queue, but the queuing erals work alone, a range in utiliza- is the utilization of the bus? Here system, and can advise the computer tion factor of 90 to 95% would leave system architect of the most cost - T,= 15/30 =0.5 As leeway for slight variations in mechan- effective method of queue prediction. T, =0.30 As 80 p =3.3 ps ' X =2 ps' 60 References and the utilization factor, p =0.60. I. Short -order cooks are referred to Martin. j. Design of Real -Time Computer Systems (Pren- With 60% utilization, the bus cannot tice -Hall, 1967) See Ch. 26 for a rapid orientation and the tables and graphs following it for be under stress, but the mean inter - 20 a wealth of instant confections. arrival time for i/o requests from each 2. The more mathematically inclined are referred CPU is close to time be- to Ruiz -Pala. E., et al.. Waiting -Line Models, the minimum (Reinhold Publishing, 1967) and Morse, P.M., tween dispatching bus requests for one 0 0.2 0.9 0.6 OS Queues, Inventories and Maintenance (John P. UTILIZATION FACTOR Wiley & Sons, 1967). The two should be read CPU. The conclusion is that to increase Fig. 12 -Queue instability as a function of concurrently. utilization factor.

www.americanradiohistory.com New high impedance interphone amplifier J. L. Hathaway 4_ Fig. 1 -The new PLAMP. Intercommunications has often been referred to as a weak sister in an otherwise strong broadcasting system. This has become more evident with the increased impedance step -up transformer. This frequency of large scale broadcasts involving twenty or more remote locations. helps materially with the high resis- This paper describes private -line amplifier (PLAMP) with several significant improve- tance long -line problems, but part of ments, including increased terminal impedance, higher undistorted output power, and the benefit is lost in the voltage better stability. step -down action of the transformer feeding the earphone amplifier. Never- theless, it does give an overall improvement and our new units, for inter- IMPROVED STUDIO INTER - the passage of time, television inter- AN changeability reasons, work with such COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM was communication systems have expanded transformers. However, this alone is described by Pierce Evans in the to the point where results still leave far from a solution to the main prob- Journal of the SMPTE, October 1959, much to be desired. For example, large lems. and the basic principles have been field pick -ups such as the World Series extensively employed by broadcasters or important football games frequently Last year, in a desperation move born over the intervening years. A two wire entail more than twenty PL amplifiers of unbelievable troubles, NBC under- line connected the various private line (PLAMP's) loading down a communi- took development of an improved (PL) units and supplied do operating cation buss. Each PLAMP exhibits 40 to PLAMP. This new design has been power. Bridge rectifiers were used in 60 ohms at its terminals, depending found to possess several advantages each unit so that either polarity supply on design, voltage, whether the micro- over the known predecessors, includ- voltage on the buss could be accommo- phone switch is on or off, etc. The ing: dated while maintaining correct polar- resulting buss load may thus be 2 ohms 1) Terminal impedance increased by ity at the earphone amplifier. There or less if we neglect the interconnec- roughly six -to -one. was a means of driving the line from tion wiring. Specific buss wiring can 2) Undistorted output power from the microphone amplifier into a given im- a carbon microphone. Also, a resis- also be a problem, where some lengths pedance load increased many fold. tance bridge was provided for cancel- are very short and others may be more 3) The new unit is highly stable and lation of the microphone signal at the than 1000 feet of twisted 24 gauge! unaffected by reasonable changes of input of the companion earphone am- Further complicating the problem may temperature or operating voltage. 4) Ordinary manufacture has produced plifier. Results were improved be a very high acoustical noise which greatly units of almost duplicate character- over previous PL systems not endowed must be over- ridden by the PL equip- istics. with an amplifier or suitable side -tone ment. This combination of adverse cancellation facilities. factors has sometimes led cameramen Terminal impedance problems into rather primitive communication To raise the terminal impedance to It seemed desirable, a few years later, -wag, in just short of wig order to rush appreciably above the 40- to 60 -ohm to also amplify the microphone output information to or from central control. and so increase the "PL buss" level. range, consideration was given to the This offered further improvement and Recently, the severity of the low im- causes of such low impedance. First, has been widely used. However, with pedance loading has been somewhat numerous low value resistors were in reduced by connecting each PLAMP the circuit effectively shunting the two Reprint RE- 17 -1 -16 Final manuscript received March 18, 1971, unit to the buss through a 1 -to -10 ratio wire line. For example, the side -tone- cancellation bridge circuit has been a

Jarrett L. Hathaway, Engineering, NBC, N.Y. serious offender, especially when an received the BSEE from the University of Colorado in 1929 and adjustment of around 60 ohms was joined NBC. Actively engaged in NBC development ever since, needed in one leg for proper cancella- with the exception of the years 1941 -44, when on leave of absence he served on faculty appointment at Harvard University. On return tion. These bridge resistors and a to NBC he participated in a government sponsored project on number of others of relatively low high altitude night photography. This included a year of development, flight testing, and subsequent consultation. Since 1946 he impedance have placed an upper limit has engaged in all phases of NBC's television and radio engi- on the maximum attainable impedance neering. He has delivered numerous papers at NAB Engineering without including the several other Conferences as well as to Audio Engineering, SMPTE, and IEEE Conventions. He has spent a large amount of time during the past causes of low impedance. One of the 14 years in developments relating to the ultra portable camera latter is a negative- feedback compo- systems and the radio microphones used at NBC. During several years in the 1950's he spent considerable time in patent litiga- nent from the earphone amplifier tion consultation. He has also been granted 37 US Patents, mainly which further reduces impedance, es- in the field of broadcasting. He was winner of the Scott Helt pecially when gain is raised. Then Award of the Professional Broadcast Group of the IEEE in 1962. Also in 1956 he won an Emmy Nomination for contributions to the there is a negative feedback impedance first live broadcast from Cuba, and again in 1962 another Emmy reduction from the microphone ampli- Nomination for development of Interleaved Sound. In 1969, he was awarded the National Association of Broadcasters Engineer- ing Achievement Award and in 1970, he was a winner of the David Sarnoff Individual Achievement Award in Engineering.

www.americanradiohistory.com HEADSET P/R + 4 -1N270 !NMI 'A lair + 10 T PLAMP and those of the latest known ON/ ON OFF g! l_ I Egli predecessor are listed in Table I. For

PS -6521 PS -651 9 the new unit, only a single set of ARP ONE MD AMP TONE values is shown, since our measurements of 19 units gave insignificant 11. differences. Two of the predi:cessors II' B diver- ., selected to show the wide were gence between units, but it should be pointed out that these two do not rep-

PL BUS resent the entire range encountered. The first improvement in the new units 24V is in the loading impedance, which HOUSE SUPPLY has been raised about six to one. Then, diagram of the PLAMP. Fig. 2- Schematic the output power, as shown has been raised 11 to 1 over the better of the fier. When the microphone is on, it away condition from heating, as was units, and 72 to 1 over the other. shunts this amplifier's input and so the case in the old unit. old It should also be noted that gain of prevents most of the feedback. How- Development problem the new microphone amplifier is ever, when it is switched off, the input situation An interesting but revolting appreciably less than that of the old biasing resistors create a feedback con- the development of the arose during (average about 11 dB). In the new dition appreciably reducing terminal PLAMP. model new The preliminary circuit, the microphone feeds a higher impedance. tested extensively in the labora- was impedance and also it has a higher DC its pre- tory and found to outperform current, by way of the choke, resulting New private -line amplifier decessors. Then it was tried in the in about 6 dB higher output voltage. field, on short and long cable lengths. The newly developed, high- impedance This means 5 dB lower effective gain Reports, exception, were glow- PLAMP is pictured in Fig. 1. This print- without in the new unit, which is a definite ing: less distortion, more level, less ed circuit card measures 1W by 2" advantage. The old ones have excess - con- including the connector fingers. It is loading, etc. Next, eight were sive gain and as a result, low -level talk plug -in interchangeable with one of structed for a semi -operational test. produces maximum output level. With the earlier models used exclusively. These, in a studio, gave good results them, when the user needs greater out- at certain locations but at others the put he talks louder, and about the only Fig. 2 is a schematic of the new PLAMP, earphone amplifier refused to work. increase is in distortion. His voice be- located head- including the remotely After more lab tests the trouble was comes non -understandable. With the step set, volume control, impedance -up found in the studio. Some of the ear- new unit, low level speech does not transformer, and a "house supply" Dc phones contained a little green bead approach full amplifier output, so if the new voltage source. Circuit wise, connected across the terminals. We more signal is needed to cut through to the old, unit is somewhat similar had assumed this to be a small capaci- for some reason, such as high ambient with a few main exceptions. tor, but it turned out to be a duo -diode acoustical noise, the user can speak limiter. Its seems 1) Instead of a low resistance bridge purpose to be to much louder without loss of intelligi- for side -tone cancellation, an adjust- greatly reduce loud clicks. For sim- bility. able high value resistor feeds an plicity, we had avoided the use of out -of -phase signal from the micro- transformer coupling to the earphone, Thirty of the new PLAMP's have now of the phone amplifier to the input been in daily service with gratifying companion earphone amplifier. so the small Dc collector current had 2) A low voltage zener diode is con- caused the duo -diode to short out the results. We have heard the comment nected at the microphone circuit so earphone. None of the first dozen or that intercommunication is no longer that whenever the switch is thrown so headsets used in testing contained the weak sister of television broad- "off" the zener conducts and so places casting. an effective short circuit on the ampli- the limiter, but subsequent search in fier's input. This prevents negative the studios turned up a great many Table I- Comparison of new and old PLAMP feedback and its consequent reduction that did. So, to avoid future confusion, New Old #5 Old #34 of impedance. we changed over to transformer cou- 3) The polarity of the earphone trans- pling. Incidentally, Input impedance 3800 530 760 former secondary produces a negative if an earphone has Gain to earphone a one -volt peak -to -peak sinewave sig- (voltage) 2.1 2.1 2.3 feed back component on the buss. Max undistorted However, the transformer primary is nal across it, and a limiter bead is then p/p V, earphone bypassed so as to give a compensating connected, the signal changes to 0.5V, with limiter 0.4 0.4 0.4 positive feedback. Thus, the overall Max mic amp p /p, V, almost perfect square wave. In our output (10% dist) 1.7 0.5 02 feedback from this amplifier is negli- service Mic amp gible, regardless of volume control the distortion so created is of voltage gain 0.5 2.0 1.6 setting. little consequence, however, because Total current draln (mA) 41 29 21 4) The transistors are silicon, each the signal is quite loud at the verge stabilized with emitter resistors and of limiting. Notes: 1. Measured at 1kHz relatively low -value base resistors. The 2. 8.5VDc into unit microphone amplifier is biased for op- 3. Measurements at high -z side of 1 to 10 Operating characteristics trans. timum output rather than backed -off 4. 100 -ohm load across high -z side, tests on collector current to avoid a run- Operating characteristics for the new D & E.

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineers: what can you do for society? Dr. G. H. Brown

Editor's note: Prompted by several re- your opinion, constitute a profound quests from our readers, we are inaugu- truth, at least be charitable in allowing rating a new series of articles in the that I may be stating another profound RCA Engineer devoted to the engineer truth even though it may not be ap- and society. Papers written engi- by parent to you. neers dealing with pollution, privacy in a computer- oriented society, urban Truth is often lost The hard cruel fact is that somebody has problems, transportation, or any topic in the random noise to supply the money. affecting the human domain will be in- However, we should guard against the This is of course the direct preventa- cluded in this series. The success of this being lost in the random noise. truth tive approach to evil uses, for these A series will depend entirely on papers If one responds to every demand of evil men would not be alive today be- written by RCA engineers and scien- every vocal group, one would be cause their ancestors would have died tists. To discuss a possible paper for twitching all the time. Last December, before the age of puberty from chol- this series, contact the editors directljr the sensational press played up the or your Division Editorial Representa- era, smallpox, dysentery, or some noise made at the meeting of the tive (inside back cover). other of a large selection of diseases. American Association for the Ad- Or, consider Newton. There is an This first paper of the series is based vancement of Science in Chicago -the apocryphal story that he conked on an address by Dr. George H. Brown assertions that scientists are "uncrit- was on the head by an apple he at the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia ically creating knowledge" and the while was sitting under an apple tree in on the occasion of Young Engineers' demands that scientists stop creating his Night, February 2, 1971. Dr. Brown's uncle's orchard. While in this dazed knowledge which could be used to presentation, although originally aimed state he solved the mysteries of grav- further evil events. at younger engineers, contains thoughts ity, invented calculus, and worked out This led me to speculate on the past. of broad interest to the engineering pro- the equations for objects traveling in Suppose that Pasteur had come to his fession. Portions of Dr. Brown's speech, outer space. If, however, he had along with the spontaneous question - laboratory one morning and had said waited for his head to clear, he would and- answer dialog that followed his to his associates, "I am really deeply have realized that his work could add formal remarks, are reproduced below. concerned. Do you realize that if we to the efficiency of weapons of all continue down this path and pass on kinds and that the British Colony APROFESSOR ONCE TOLD ME, "The our knowledge concerning bacteria, across the Atlantic could, in a few of a correct statement is some evil men 100 years hence may hundred years, waste a lot of money not always a false statement. The op- be able to wage germ warfare? Burn in going to the moon. If Newton had posite of a profound truth may well our notebooks and destroy our test anticipated the results of his cogita- be another profound truth ". If my tubes "! tions, he would no doubt have ac- statement this evening does not, in Reprint RE- 17 -1 -4 quired a cider press and gone into the

Dr. George H. Brown, Executive Vice President, Patents and Licensing of RCA apple-juice business. Then he would received the BSEE in 1930, the MSEE in 1931, the PhD in 1933 and the Profes- have been faced with a dilemma. sional EE degree in 1942, all from the University of Wisconsin. In May, 1962, Should he use a preservative to keep Dr. Brown was honored by the University of Wisconsin with a Distinguished Service Citation for leadership in industry and engineering. In 1933, Dr. Brown the cider sweet, or should he let it joined RCA Manufacturing Company in Camden. In 1942, he transferred to the turn to hard cider and thus add fur- newly formed RCA Laboratories at Princeton. It was during his career at Cam- ther to the alcoholism in Britain? den that he developed the Turnstile antenna, which has become the standard broadcast antenna for television. During World War II, Dr. Brown was respon- The engineer's responsibility sible for important advances in antenna development for military systems, and for the development of RF heating techniques. He and his associates also de- The responsibility of an engineer to veloped a method for speeding the production of penicillin. From 1948 to his society and to his environment is 1957, Dr. Brown played a leading part in the direction of RCA's research and development of color and UHF TV systems. In 1952, he was appointed certainly as great as that of every Director of the Systems Research Laboratory. In 1957, he was appointed Chief other citizen. But, the responsibility Engineer of the Commercial Electronic Products Division at Camden, and six as a whole rests with the body politic. months later was named Chief Engineer, Industrial Electronic Products. In 1959, he was appointed Vice President, Engineering, of RCA. He became Vice The hard cruel fact is that somebody President, Research and Engineerings, in November 1961, and was named has to supply the money. Executive Vice President, Research and Engineering in June, 1965. Dr. Brown was appointed to his present position in August, 1968. Dr. Brown has received In our industrial society, most engi- numerous awards and citations for his pioneering work in research, design, neers are working for a company. If and development and for his work in the community. Dr. Brown is a member of the engineers are to make the final de- the RCA Board of Directors. He is also a Director of the Trane Company, the First National Bank of Hamilton Square (N.J.), RCA Global Communications, cisions as to the nature of the product Inc., RCA International, Ltd., and RCA Engineering Laboratories, Ltd. He is a to be produced, one of two conditions Fellow of the IEEE and the AAAS; a member of Sigma Xi, The Franklin Insti- will prevail: tute, and the National Academy of Engineering. A prolific inventor, Dr. Brown holds 79 U.S. patents. He is a Registered Professional Engineer of the State 1) The engineers must have all the in- of New Jersey and the author of numerous articles appearing in scientific formation available to management, journals since 1932. take the responsibility of management, 56

www.americanradiohistory.com and thus become management. If this cated people, mean the observation college of arts and sciences of a uni- path is followed, management muse and classification of facts, with a de- versity. Unfortunately, to most of have engineering talents of their own termination not allow so they can step in and do the work to this knowl- them, "liberal arts" means all folds formerly done by the engineers. Or, edge to become useful. except science-a gross misrepresenta- in- 2) Management will need other engi- These neat distinctions between scien- tion of the term which once was neers to work a profit, and the first tists and engineers bring to mind an tended to include mathematics and team be will given the privilege of analogy: the difference between a ther- science. working without salary. mometer and a thermostat. A ther- Courses are needed which help such Now, I don't mean to say that any mometer may observe and register with students think their way through and engineers that I know of will work on great precision the condition of the appreciate such great concepts as the projects that are definitely designed to environment in which it finds itself, origin and evolution of the universe rob banks, or to do anything else that, with no ability to influence this en- and of life; the nature and behavior of in general, is illegal or immoral. But, vironment. A thermostat, on the other energy and matter and radiation; the the plain hard fact is that somebody hand, may measure its environmental structure of atoms and molecules; and has to pay for the engineer's work, and conditions with equal precision, but the ways in which these and other if you decide that you don't want to has the ability to make use of this scientific concepts and laws are dis- work on televisions because you hear knowledge and exercise control of its covered, evolved, and tested. that they might X -ray some people, environment-in other words, to do Engineering -art and science you might be concerned, and you something useful with its knowledge. might be vociferous. But if you decide Webster' says that engineering is "the you don't want to work on television art and science by which the properties sets and you happen to be working for of matter and the sources of power in a small company that has no other nature are made useful to man in product, I don't see what the heck you structures, machines, and manufac- do but quit. It's your great American tured products." These engineering privilege. But I think that we are talk- acts -making useful to man the prop- ing about things that have to be put erties of matter and the sources of into much better perspective before power -may take place in many ways: we do much more talking about them, through research and invention, de- and I think that we all have to do a velopment, design and testing, or lot more thinking. through management, finance, and sales. Without his penchant for brev- Humanists, scientists, and engineers ity, Webster might have continued by Now, let me turn to an area to which saying that engineering is a creative I have much thought for a long given I did not realize that I had to choose sides and constructive force which brings time: the distinction made by science since science meant to me a knowledge of the physical world as well as a procedure forth new ideas, new products, new writers, the general public, and puz- for doing something about it -and engineer- services, and continually renews the ing meant the same thing. zled young men who are trying to vitality of business and industry. It decide on a particular college or uni- Gap in our educational system stimulates business growth and eco- versity discipline. I refer to the distinc- These experiences soon brought nie to nomic strength and is the foundation tion between scientists and engineers, an awareness of a great gap in our upon which our industrial society is as well as the distinction between so- educational system, not a gap between built. called humanists and scientists and engineers and scientists, for I had The applications of electricity and elec- engineers. often observed engineers working in tronics continue to grow in the fields Living as I have for many years in a our laboratories with scientists -that of control of energy, in the fields of community which encompasses a is, physics graduates, chemistry grad- communications, and in furthering the small liberal -arts college', I have fre- uates, math graduates -and at times technology of all branches of science quently been asked "Are you an en- it was difficult to distinguish the engi- and engineering. Electronic computers, gineer or a scientist ?" neer from the scientist, at times their in conjunction with automatic schedul- At first, I was puzzled ... for I had roles were completely interchanged. ing and memory devices, are having studied as much physics as most phys- They simply became intelligent, expe- profound effects on scientific investi- ics majors, as much mathematics as rienced workers who shared technical gations, selection and control proc- most math majors, and machine design educations of slightly different disci- esses in the factory, data handling in as well ... so I did not realize that I plines, equally well -grounded in the the marketplace, and in every facet of had to choose sides since science meant fundamentals of physical science. The life. Chemical and metallurgical engi- to me a knowledge of the physical gap of which I speak exists in the edu- neering continues to give us materials world as well as a procedure for doing cational process of "liberally edu- of construction, the raw materials of something about it -and engineering cated" people. Most college students industry, and an understanding of meant the same thing. Then I became are not headed toward science or engi- physical phenomena. Controlled nu- aware of "pure" science, "pure" re- neering. Typically, they are enrolled in clear- fusion reactions- perhaps corn search, "pure" mathematics. These a so- called liberal -arts curriculum - bined with thermoelectric devices - terms, to many seemingly well-edu- either at a separate college, or in a will, after two parts of basic science

www.americanradiohistory.com are carefully mixed with approxi- schools might first strive to produce and responsibilities inherent in the pro- mately ninety-eight parts of engineer- men who can adapt to a wide variety fessional estate. Above and beyond all ing and a few pinches of common of circumstances through the breadth technical competence, the truly pro- sense, afford the buffer against deple- of their understanding of natural fessional man must be imbued with a tion of oil and coal as a source of forces. It is but a step from this con- sense of responsibility to his employer, energy. ception to the recognition that the or his client, must have a high code of In a further quest to aid in focusing engineer, if he is to meet the responsi- personal ethics, and a feeling of obliga- my picture of an engineer, I sought bilities of his professional status, must tion to contribute to the public good. guidance from the Encyclopedia Bri- understand not only the management Clothing the bare bones of science tannica, where I found the following of physical forces by man, but a good In a talk before such an audience as delightful description of a professional deal about his interaction with other this, I am impelled to read my favorite engineer: 3 men and with the institutions of so- quotation from the writings of Herbert "So diversified are the services required ciety. Hoover. of professional engineers throughout There is dignity and importance in the the wide range of industries, public "The great liability of the engineer com- utilities and governmental work, and in mastery of useful knowledge. The pared to men of other professions is the discovery, development and conser- foundations of a professional life may that his works are out in the open vation of resources, that men of ex- profitably be laid in the undergraduate where all can see them. His acts, step tremely various personality and phy- years, combining with and contribut- by step, are in hard substance. He can- sique may achieve success. Qualifica- not bury his mistakes in the grave like ing to tions include intellectual and moral a liberal education, to the en- the doctors. He cannot argue them into honesty, courage, independence of richment of both. Much of the strength thin air or blame the judges like the thought, fairness, good sense, sound of our educational plans in the better lawyers. He cannot, like the politicians, judgment, perseverance, resourceful- engineering schools has been derived screen his shortcomings by blaming his ness, ingenuity, and hope the orderliness, application, from the rigor and thoroughness of the opponents that people accuracy and endurance. An engineer will forget. On the other hand, unlike should have the ability to observe, de- method. From the day he enters as a the doctor, his is not a life among the duce, apply, to correlate cause and ef- freshman, the undergraduate learns to weak. Unlike the soldier, destruction is fect, to co- operate, to organize, to work in depth and to be held account- not his purpose. Unlike the lawyer, analyze situations and conditions, to able for the results. He learns also to quarrels are not his daily bread. To the state problems, to direct the efforts engineer falls the job of clothing THE of others. He should know how to work under pressure and to marshal BARE BONES OF SCIENCE with life, inform, convince and win confidence and employ his knowledge under test. comfort and hope. No doubt as years by skillful and right use of facts. He From this discipline and mastery of go by, people forget which engineer should be alert, ready to learn, open - fundamentals comes an intellectual did it, even if they ever knew. But the minded, but not credulous. He must engineer himself looks back at the un- be self-reliance that stand him in able to assemble facts, to investigate will ending stream of goodness which flows thoroughly, to discrimate clearly be- good stead. from his success with satisfactions that tween assumption and few professions may know proven knowl- But the formal instruction of lectures ". edge. He should be a man of faith, ..." and classroom is properly It concludes by saying, only part of Rules of conduct the educational process. The intellec- "The engineer's principal work is to To be somewhat more definite, the discover and conserve natural resources tual discipline of tests and problems rules of conduct laid down by Shakes- of materials and forces, including the must be supplemented and enlivened peare' with the words he put in the human, and to create means for util- by other forces that will arouse and mouth of Polonius, as the latter's son, izing these resources with minimal cost stimulate the impulses of originality and waste and with maximal useful Laertes, was departing, might well be results." latent in every student. One must seek aimed at young and old engineers but Well, that just about wraps it up, to stir the students' imaginations, to are equally applicable to non -engineers. doesn't it? If we could produce this encourage them to break free from the Paraphrasing Shakespeare: channels of conventional thought, and model, we would need only four -one Be familiar, but not vulgar for the military, one for industry, one to teach them to bring to bear upon Do not act without thinking spare, and one for engineering evalua- their problems the facts and methods Listen a lot but do not talk too much tion and product improvement. acquired in the classroom. Hang on to your trusted friends, but test your new friends The engineer is concerned with mak- Neither a borrower nor a lender be Foundations of a professional career ing and producing, with converting the As a limited goal, our engineering yields of fundamental science to useful An old and respected professor of products and services. His function is mine advised us to "so live that we to adapt knowledge to beneficial ends, could look anyone in the eye and tell to find ways and means of solving the him to go to hell. But," he added, practical problems of human existence. "Don't use such crude language." So, Polonius There is therefore, in the education of paraphrased my professor the engineer, the most compelling rea- more elgantly when he further told son to develop by all possible means, Laertes: the creative and constructive power of "This above all: to thine own self be each student. We have an obligation true, And it must follow, as the night the day, to impart to engineering students an Thou canst not then be false to any understanding of both the privileges man."

As a limited goal, our engineering schools might first strive to produce men who can adapt to a wide variety of circumstances through the breadth of their understanding of natural forces. www.americanradiohistory.com Questions and answers QUESTION: Aren't some of the larger QUESTION: Lately, we have seen many cities like Philadelphia facing some demonstrations for all sorts of causes, very real problems that could be and a lot of people are participating helped by an engineering approach? in them. To what extent do you feel ANSWER: Yes, but that isn't the whole that engineers, as such, should partici- answer either. For every dollar you pate in these activities? spend on engineering, you are going to spend another $100.00 paying the ANSWER: I don't know why you're dis- contractors, buying the land, and so criminating against engineers; I think on. There are so many things that this is a great confusion. Why must if could be there always be some special purpose engineers could do, there group or some specially privileged an endless supply of money; city planning is just one of them. group? We have seen the doctors with the American Medical Association and QUESTION: What do you see as the they have causes, but I don't think contribution of the technical society they represent all the doctors by any for the engineer? means. I don't want my professional society to represent me in politics, and ANSWER: There is much that a tech- do in realm of this is one of the dangers I see in a nical society can the couple of them; they are beginning promoting the well -being of society to get that way. As a citizen, if you and its members without getting into don't like what the Government is politics. I see the technical society as a doing, you ought to be more careful common meeting ground for people whom you vote for; and after all, if starting their careers in engineering you voted someone into office, you and science. But, the societies should should give him a chance. have good presentations first. We To me, demonstrations mean nothing, because haven't even licked that one. I'm sure they never tell me whether the twenty people To me, demonstrations mean nothing, running down the street represent the majority of you have sat through some of these because they never tell me whether the the people in the country, or whether they are sordid presentations with thousands of representing themselves. twenty people running down the street equations on a little slide. represent the majority of the people in A technical society can have many the country, or whether they are repre- suddenly they are unemployed engi- fine for example, look into senting themselves. So, if an engineer goals; edu- neers. If a man is really first rate and cational problems. But when I say wants to do that, at least he ought to well grounded, he isn't an unemployed do it on his own time. politics, I mean just that. I don't see engineer, he is just plain unemployed, why any technical society should have QUESTION: We are going into de -esca- and he probably can do a lot of things. a lobby, especially one as big as the lation of the massive defense effort and But, no matter what their technical IEEE with about 180,000 members. many engineers, particularly on the training has been, they ought to be QUESTION: Do you think that the var- West Coast, are being channeled out of good for something more than we are ious engineering societies should be defense industries. Do you think the using them for. We have thousands combined into one National Society country should put these engineers into and thousands of engineers who like the American Medical Association more productive areas such as urban should be employed profitably, and a or the American Bar Association? problems? lot of them have mortgages, so they need to ANSWER: Oh no! Because look what ANSWER: Certainly, all you need is be employed. happens when they get big enough. For money to do it. I would rather have all the problems example, the IRE got so big it was we have now than to have the prob- QUESTION: Do you think that enough unwieldy, so it divided into profes- lems we had thirty -five years ago. has been done in these areas? sional groups. And then it combined Even though we have a lot of unem- with the American Institute of Elec- ANSWER: No, I don't think enough has ployed engineers, most of them have trical Engineers to form the IEEE and been done. If we look around at some hope that something is going to hap- again they are splinter groups that of the cities on the East Coast, there pen to help them turn the corner. never even see each other. has never been enough done. But the Those of you who lived through the question is this: can these engineers depression know that there were years For a while, the combination reduces change over? Many can, but an awful when people were absolutely discour- overhead because it eliminates the pro- lot of them can't. In this great military aged and not even confident that we fessional executive secretaries, but they effort (and it doesn't matter what your would ever turn around. Everything fight you tooth and nail when you try feelings are about the military effort) isn't so bad. I look at it, and people combining. Once the societies have you have many people who should who are my age look at it, and say combined, able people get in and build have never been engineers in the first "`What are people complaining about up a "staff," and it is just as much of place; some of the jobs they have are now? Now, at least, somebody is an overhead as when you had separate those of high-grade draftsmen; then listening." societies.

www.americanradiohistory.com The technical society problems deserve lead. But the unleaded gas may cost stripped off Westinghouse and G.E., a great deal of study. I don't get much more and actually be more dangerous or vice versa. That meant RCA had to out of the IEEE any more as such, be- due to the additives. To what extent do its own antenna engineering in cause it is so big. I would like to should the engineer speak out on mat- Camden. Somebody in Camden wrote belong to something where, when I see ters in which he can help to educate to Beverage and said send down one the people, I would remember seeing the public ? of your men. His people didn't want them from last year. Now you go there, to leave Long Island, but he thought and there is a horde of people. Of ANSWER: We cannot all be experts on of me out in Wisconsin. RCA got me course I'm past the stage now where everything, so we have to get our for $35 a week. And I know Person- half of the horde is trying to hire me. knowledge from someplace. I think the nel had nothing to do with it, because Half of them are recruiters and the real problem first of all (and this is after I had been working for about a one other half are willing to be recruited. where we may need some help in month, I received a letter forwarded Frankly, I haven't thought too deeply solving it) is which statement is the to me from Wisconsin, asking for my about what should be combined, but true one. Once that has been settled, photograph to complete my applica- I happened to be in some of the go- of course engineers should be explain- tion and in big letters: THIS DOES arounds to combine the IRE and the ing these things and the consequences NOT MEAN WE ARE OFFERING AIEE, and I was saying tonight to to other people. YOU A POSITION. The way they someone that the people in the AIEE QUESTION: What advice would you were laying them off in Camden those would say, "Those radio people, they give to a young engineer who is coin- days, I sent the photograph too, so aren't quite professional are they? ing into the job market -as bad as it they would have my application on Didn't they just start up in 1912 ?" and is today -with so many experienced file in case disaster should strike. the IRE people would say, "Oh, those engineers out of work? But what is the best way? Write let- power engineers, there aren't going to for goodness sake, get yourself be any more power plants you know, ANSWER: I started into the job market ters, but on a bicycle and get out there and we're going to do it with a couple of at a bad time, too. I received my Ph.D. knock on the door. I can say this really electrons and a molecule "...I find in 1933, when there weren't any em- works. Get there and push, that is the them both kind of grubby when they ployed engineers, they were all un- You've got to and get like that. employed and nobody was worrying only way. get out about when I was going to eat. You make yourself known. This is impor- Look at the publications we get out went out and looked for a job. I wrote tant to get into college, to get into now: The things that engineers are hundreds of letters and made many graduate school, or to get a job. Show writing (and physicists are worse) . In- trips. It was a little discouraging. In up on the spot, and unless you come stead of being able to explain what one instance, I went to a company with hair down to your shoulders, why they are going to do and what they did in Milwaukee, and they were offering you're liable to be in. and then putting the equations in the $65.00. I thought it was a week ... it I read something amusing in the Wall back (or say send a postal card if you was a month. So, I kept looking for a Street Journal recently- somebody want the equations) , they are sprink- long time. giving advice to young men. I like all ling it all throughout, and who wants this advice ... "Don't wear a beard to to read PhD theses three or four times I didn't get a job with RCA because I an interview. Did you ever hear of a week? And now I find they are re- filled out an application. I got it be- anybody on the Board of Directors of publishing. The new authors don't cause I saw an opportunity and I fol- a major company wearing a beard ?" know it, but they are re- inventing and lowed up. I had read several papers republishing, and boy, what a waste of about Beverage Antennas and I got paper. myself to Chicago where the Institute References of Radio Engineers was having its 1. Editor's note: Dr. Brown resides in Princeton, But the technical society problem is N.I. National Convention; 250 people in very great and really deserves a great 2. Webster's New International Dictionary of the attendance, mind you. Also (I looked English Language (Second Ed.; Unabridged; deal of study. Right now, I am not in- G &C Merriam Co., Springfield, Mass., U.S.A.; it up a while ago) the banquet was 1955). terested in studying it, but I think 3. Encyclopedia Britannica, (Encyclopedia $2.25. I didn't go to the banquet be- Bri- people in the engineering profession tannica, Inc.; Chicago, London, Toronto; cause I wasn't throwing around money 1949) Volume 8, p. 443. ought to be very much more vociferous 4. Shakespeare, W., Hamlet, Act I, Scene III like that, but I looked up Beverage. about their societies; they should not (lines 59 -80). He had a room at the hotel, and I let the professional staff run them. This called him about seven in the morning happens in so many of the technical to be sure I would get him, and told societies. him I wanted to talk to him. (I am QUESTION: Do you feel that the engi- not recommending that this is the way neer should help educate the public? to let it happen to you.) I talked to For example, right now there is a legis- him and I pestered him all summer lation out to take lead out of gasoline about going to work for him on Rocky because of lead and lead oxide poison- Point, where RCA had a Laboratory. ing. But this could cause other prob- And I desperately wanted to work on lems, possibly because an aromatic antennas there. It just happened that would have to be used in place of the everything was working for me. RCA

Did you ever hear of anybody on the Board 60 of Directors of a major company wearing a beard? www.americanradiohistory.com RODUCT ANALYSIS iS the examina- PIN NO. 1 Product r tion of the various product con- ACC stituents and their relationship to each PIN NO. other and the final product. Such anal- PI OUTPUT analysis using ysis leads to higher-quality lower -cost NO. I Isom products, the product is just INPUT whether (son) being developed or has been manufac- a time- sharing tured for some time. Product analysis STUD be first into can divided data collection CASE computer and then the translation of the collected data into a summary report R. E. Kleppinger highlighting those areas requiring technical and administrative action. The Fig. 1-Circuit diagram of a representative MIC. Product -analysis programs have been data translation is most effectively ac- written for developmental microwave in- complished by use of time- sharing MIC products tegrated circuits using a time -sharing computers. In this way, more attention Microwave integrated circuits (MIC's) computer. Use of these programs have can be paid to the accuracy and com- made by lumped -element techniques reduced to one -tenth the time required pleteness of data collection. can be divided into two categories: for new product cost estimates. In addi- hybrid circuits utilizing wire bonding In general, product -analysis com- tion, the computer provides overall effi- and passive integrated hybrid circuits. puter programs are best written to ciences and yields, parts ordering The circuit diagram of a representative handle the peculiarities of a particular information, and production personnel MIC is shown in Fig. 1. In hybrid class of devices or products. For in- placement.. At the same time, the product form, the various resistors, capacitors, stance, it is best to write separate pro- analyzer is given more time to concen- and inductors are batch fabricated, grams for transistors, tubes., integrated trate on the completeness and accuracy separated, assembled with transistor circuits, or microwave integrated cir- chips, and wire bonded to provide the of the initial data. cuits. These programs are normally desired electrical results. A photograph initiated to satisfy a particular need. of such a circuit is shown in Fig. 2. However, with a little forethought they The passive integrated hybrid circuit is can be broadened to provide additional obtained by batch fabrication of dif- valuable information. This paper dis- ferent passive components with de- cusses two computer programs written posited inner connections on a single to provide summary cost data for substrate. These circuits are then sepa- developmental microwave integrated rated and assembled with transistor circuits. For very little extra program- chips. A photograph for this type cir- ing effort, information on parts order- cuit is shown in Fig. 3. ing, production personnel placement, and overall efficiencies was obtained. Because the basic process concepts for these two circuit types are different, each requires a separate computer Reprint RE- 17-1 -19 Final manuscript received March 19, 1971. analysis program.

Robert E. Kleppinger RF Design Engineering Solid State Division Somerville, N.J. received the BSEE from the University of Nebraska in 1951 and a MS in mathematics from Stevens In- stitute of Technology in 1955. He joined RCA in 1951 as an engineer. In this capacity, he developed germanium alloy transistors for different frequencies and power, and low power germanium drift transistors. In 1960 he became an Engineer- ing Leader. As such he has been responsible for the design and processing of small signal germanium and silicon transistors, rectifiers, and MOS transistors. From 1968 to 1971 he was responsible for the module processing of microwave microelectronics. Mr. Kleppinger has one patent issued Fig. 2- Hybrid circuit utilizing wire bonding. Fig. 3- Passive integrated hybrid circuit. and has authored or co- authored several technical papers. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE.

www.americanradiohistory.com Table I- Hybrid data. MIC hybrid analysis in each class, the number and value of each different component, quanti- I) Operator, technician, engineer rates There are two classes of data required ties and yields, and time required to II) Thin -film component data in product analysis. One class consists 1) MOS Capacitor Data complete one circuit. For example, the a) Number of different electrical values of general data concerning labor rates, b) Process hours required per wafer, evap- number of different MOS capacitors orator basket costs per wafer, evaporated material costs, and process yields would be found in section 1 while the material cost per wafer, wafer cost, assem- which change slowly with time. This bly parts loss number and value of each would be information can be stored in the corn- c) Electrical value, number per wafer, profound in section 2. A typical example cess yield for each different value puter memory and accessed as needed 2. MOM capacitor data form data is seen in for different MIC products. Periodic of the of this a) -c) same as II -1 except wafer cost set Table III. at 0 because it is common to parts in II -3. updating of this information can be 3) High dissipation coils a)-c) same as II -1 except wafer cost set readily achieved. The other class of The program uses these data to sort at 0 because it is common to parts in II -2. data consists of details concerning the in 4) Purchased wafer costs for II -2 and II -3 out the pertinent information stored a) Amount of volume-cost data actual MIC product being analyzed. memory and then combines all data to b) wafer size is c) volume -cost data This information inserted during print a product summary sheet as 5) Low -dissipation coils operation of the computer program. shown in Table IV. The first section a)-c) same as II -1 6) Bar inductors of Table IV gives the data inserted For a hybrid circuit, the following data a) -c) same as II -1 during program operation to obtain the 7) Thin-film resistors are best stored in memory: a)-c) same as II -1 summary data that follow. The first III) Thick -film component data I) Hourly rates, 1) Capacitors column of the second section of the a) Number of different electrical values, as- II) Thin -film component data, summary sheet lists the number and sembly parts loss III) Thick -film component data, of to b) Electrical value, amount of volume -cost IV) Transistor chip data, identity each part required make data the circuit. The second column notes c) Volume -cost data V) Substrate data, and Note: b) and c) are repeated for each dif- VI) Package data. either the number of parts obtained ferent value per wafer or the purchase price per 2) Resistors Each section provides information on a)-c) same as III -1 part. The third column indicates either IV) the amount of data stored, process time Transistor chips the number of wafers that must be a)-c) same as III -I except the electrical required, material costs, process yield, value is replaced with a four -digit transistor started for each part, or the number of number and volume purchase -price data on parts that must be purchased to make V) Substrate major items. For example, all informa- a) Amount of volume -cost data the specified number of devices (in this b) Process yield per part, process hours per tion on an MOS capacitor of a particu- part, material example 100) . The fourth column re- cost lar value would be found in section c) Volume, material cost, labor cost data lates the number of each part required VI) Package II -1 of the stored data as shown in a) Amount of volume -cost data to assemble one good device or ampli- b) Package volume -material cost per pack- Table I. age- labor- expense cost per package fier and, hence, is a measure of the The data inserted during program op- yield of each part. The fifth and sixth eration (see Table II) consist of the columns give the material and labor - Table II- Hybrid terminal input data. number of different components used expense cost of each component in a I. Number of different: MOS capacitors, MOM capacitors, high dissipation coils, low dissipation coils, bar inductors, thin -film resistors, thick - Table IV- Product summary sheet. film capacitors, thick-film resistors and transistors. NMOST=2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 NM0511)=1. .1.2.6.9 2. Number of MOS capacitors for each different NM01(I)=1, electrical 0 NCUC(1)=4.25 value -skip if NALI(i)=1,13 3. Number of MOM capacitors for each differ- NAUIII)=1.1 .. ent electrical 0 NR(I)=1,10 value-skip if NTFC11)=2.2800 4. Number of high dissipation coils for each NTFR(1):1,108 different electrical 0 NT(1)-I ee00 value-skip if 8E=1,I0il,100,100 5. Number of low dissipation coils for each dif- ASH=/.N.P ferent electrical value -skip if 0 6. Number of bar inductors for each different electrical value if 0 ASSEMBLY YIELD= 100.001 PACKAGE YIELD= 141.002 -skip PARTS /AMP MO /WAFER TOTAL PARTS PARTS COST /AMP 7. Number of thin -film resistors for each differ- COST /PART OR INFERS /ARP R S L -E S ent electrical value -skip if 0 I- 3.IPF MOS I 108 1.e -LU-LIM- 2 6,9PF MOS 1 200 2.1 0.80e 0.808 8. Number of thick -film capacitors for each dif- TOTAL SILICON WATERS= SNP ferent electrical 0 I- 2.PPF MOM 1 IPP 1.8 0.800 0.888 value -skip if A.1 4- 25.000 CU L I 000 -LSOF -0.11/B--- 9. Number of thick -film resistors for each dif- TOTAL SAPPHIRE WAFERS= 500 ferent electrical value-skip if 0 1- 15.115 AL L 1 100 I.-F-- 0.100 0.011 1- !JINN AU L 1 Ill 1.0 1.000 0.000 10. Number of transistors of each different type 1- 111.11 OHM R 1 IRO I.0 0,180 0.000 number -skip if 0 TOTAL CLASS SLIDES= SOP 2-2000PF TFC S 0.00 200 2.4 8.1108 11. Number of substrates, number of circuits, I. lee OHM TrR s 0.00 toe 1.8 0.804 assembly -test yield, package yield 1-TA 4 S 4.00 IP0 I.P X11 I -000 S 4.11 lee 0.408 0.8PP 12. Assembly hours per circuit, technician hours PACKAGE S 11.80 loo 0.011 1.111 per circuit, engineering hours per circuit TOTAL PARTS COST=S 0.000 8.888 ASSEMBLY COST =S .100

Table Ill- Example of hybrid input data. PER DEVICE 1000EVICEB TOTAL MATERIAL =S 8.08 S 0.00 TOTAL LABOR-EXPENSE=S 0.00 X 0.00 TECHNICAL SUPPORT =S 0.00 S 0.08 5,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1 TOTAL COST =S 0.00 0 0.00 1,3.1,2,6.9,1,12,1,25,2,70 0.00 BREAKEVEN COST =S 0.10 S 1.41 SALES PRICE AT 1.12 NET =S 0.00 s 0.00 4,25 1,10 2,2000 PER DEVICE 1e0DEVICES PER NORTH l,xxxx VAPOR PROCESS TIME I.0110HRS 0.0000005 0.0010001E ASSEMBLY TIME 1.0000NR5 0.0100009 0.00P£0LE 1,100,100,100 TECHNICAL SUPPORT TIME o.1111000 1.1100NRS 0.000110 X,Y,Z BE=

www.americanradiohistory.com good circuit. The last two columns, of course, relate the importance of one Table VII- Product summary sheet. to part another and to the finished /CODE OTT,2.2.1.I.I0O circuit. NE( 1).1.00110.20111 N0t1),1,.3sP3s1,INC(I7,1.,1.11. 11P.100.3..2e/,.20e.1e1 The third section of the summary sheet MNC0),2 50 gives cost summary for each device A1,000006 and the total cost for making the re- PARTS/AMP TOTAL PER PART COST /AMP PARTS M L E I -TA 0 100 t 2.00 S OAP quired number of devices. Also in- 2 -TÁ1111 200 E 0.00 S /,M 15.0 -SAPPNIRE 1.00X 0.75 S 0.00 $ 0.00 cluded is the technical support cost to 0.2-SAPPHIRE 1.00X 0.75 2! -S 0.00 -S- COO S /.0O I -SEO 6.350X 0 350 100 S 0.00 S 0,00 S 1.01 make the devices, the -even cost, 50- HyDRID PART 200 T 15.10 5 -1,10 break PACKAGE 100 S 0.00 S SOW S 0.10 TOTAL PARTS COSTS Los S @.0s and the selling price. The fourth sec- ASSEMBLY -TEST COST, S 1.00 tion of the summary sheet relates the number hours needed for PER DEVICE 10DEVICES of all circuits TOTAL MACERIAL-S 0.00 S 0.00 TOTAL LABOR- EXPENSE =S 0.150 S CPS required, and the number of people TECHNICAL SUPPORT AT 0.005,E 0.01 s s,ss TOTAL COSTS 0.00 S 1.01 needed if all circuits are made in one 0.00 BREASEVEN COSTS 6,00 S 0.05 SALES PRICE AT 0.05 METS 15.00 s sae month.

YIELD CIRCUIT SITE PROCESS ND /WAFER PAPERS OVERALL 1150.0155 .1605 .1015 105.005 63 -r Integrated hybrid analysis OVERALL 110.015 .200E .20P 1150.505 Is 19 ASSEMBLY 1150.055 BO PROCESS 151.005 .5505 .350 The following data can be stored in PACKAGE 1150.15155 memory for a passive integrated hybrid @DEVICES MR PERTH circuit: WAFER PROCESS TIME 0.0000HR5 5.0000N55 11.1IPEOPLE ASSEMBLY TIME 15.50000ßS 0,0000NR0 s.ssPEOPLE TEND/CAL SUPPORT TIME 0.0005NR5 e.@00OHRS 0.11EIM I) Transistor chip data, !ACC II) IC wafer data, III) Substrate data, IV) Thick -film component data, V) Package data, and VI) Assembly -test hours per circuit. The data inserted during program op- and the total number of wafers re- As in the hybrid case, each section eration (Table VI) consist of the num- quired for each circuit size. Assembly provides information on the amount of ber of different parts of each class; the yield, substrate (BeO) yields for dif- data stored, transistor -chip identity or number and type identity of each tran- ferent sizes, and package yields are wafer or substrate size, material costs, sistor chip; number, size and process also included. parts losses, and process hours. For yield of each integrated passive circuit The last section again the num- example, transistor chip data would be and substrate; the number and value of relates ber hours needed a found in section I, and IC wafer data each different thick -film component; of to make circuit and converts this to the of in section II as shown in Table V. and the assembly -test and package number yields. people needed if all circuits are made in one month. Table V -IC stored data. The program then uses this data along I) Transistor chip with the stored information to print a 1) Amount of cost data, type number, parts product summary sheet as shown in Conclusions loss 2) Chip volume -cost data Table VII. The data in the first section II) IC wafer of Table VII is inserted during pro- Product analysis programs can be writ- 1) Amount of cost data, wafer length, wafer width, evaporated material costs, process hours gram operation to obtain the summary ten for time sharing computers and per wafer first prove to be of great value. Rather than 2) Wafer volume -cost data data that follows. The column of III) Substrate the second section of the summary have one program to encompass all 1) Amount of cost data, substrate length, sub- devices, it is best to write separate strate width, process hours per part sheet lists the different materials and 2) Substrate volume -cost data the amount required to make one good smaller programs that are tailored to IV) Thick -film components to fit the specific needs of a particular 1) Electrical value, purchase volume, purchase circuit. The second column lists the cost, parts loss total amount of each part used to make class of devices. This was done suc- Note: Repeated for each different value used. V) Package the required number of amplifiers (in cessfully with two different programs 1) Amount of cost data inte- this 100) . The column for lumped -element microwave 2) Volume- material cost -labor expense cost example third data lists the per part cost. The last two grated circuits. One program handles VI) Assembly-test hours columns give the material and labor- hybrid circuits and the other passive expense cost of each item to make one integrated hybrid circuits. Although Table VI -IC terminal input data. good circuit. the prime objective of these programs was cost analysis, additional valuable 1. Number of different: transistor types, IC cir- The third section of this summary cuit sizes, substrate sizes, thick film components information was readily obtained. Use 2. Number of transistors for each different type sheet again gives cost summary includ- of these programs has reduced the time number-skip if 0 ing technical support costs to make the 3. Number of IC circuits, length, width, and required for new product cost esti- -even process yield for each different size -skip if 0 devices, break cost, and selling mates by a factor of ten and allows 4. Number of substrates, length, width, and pro- price. cess yield for each different size-skip if 0 the analyzer to concentrate on the 5. Number of thick film components for each different value -skip if 0 The fourth section relates yield, pro- completeness and accuracy of the in- 6. Assembly -test yield, package yield cess yield, number of circuits per wafer itial data.

www.americanradiohistory.com Holographic information storage and retrieval Dr. R. S. Mezrich

The current information explosion will soon cause present -day information storage and retrieval systems (e. g., microfilm and aperture cards) to become obsolete. Holography -by virtue of its large storage potential, its inherent redundancy, and its relaxed mechanical tolerances -offers an exciting and promising solution.

IT HAS BEEN SAID that "of all the succeeded in reducing full book pages scientists who have ever lived, 90% to 1/10-mm images, the proverbial are alive and active today." The corol- "bible on the head of a pin." lary to this is that "of all the paper There two to the problem: that has ever been, 90% is with us to- are parts retrieval. To be of value, day" -much of it in our files, both cir- storage and Acknowledgment: Many of the ideas and data must not only be stored densely, much of the effort on the applications of cular and vertical. but in a form that is readily retriev- holography to information storage and retrieval was contributed by Dr. D. H. The solution to at least part of the able and then read easily. There is R. Vilkomerson of the Laboratories. problem, the problem of too much no advantage in storing documents in paper, is obvious. The data-graphs, 1/10-mm images if it is likely that, Dr. Ruben S. Mezrich bits, documents -must be compressed. due to defects in the material or be- Information Sciences Laboratory We must store more documents per cause of scratches from the retrieval RCA Laboratories Princeton, N.J. filing cabinet, more images per cubic mechanism, much of the image will received the BSEE from the Polytechnic Institute meter, more bits per cubic centimeter be obliterated. The need for rapid of Brooklyn in 1963. He joined the RCA Labora- if we are not to drown in a flood of tories in that year as a member of the research access to one out of many documents training program, and initially was engaged in re- paper. is not satisfied if the image must be search on cryogenic computer systems. He re- positioned carefully and focused by a ceived the MS in 1968 and, with the aid of an Unfortunately, cramming more in the RCA Laboratories Graduate Study award, the PhD cabinet is not the complete solution high -power microscope. in 1970 from the Polytechnic Institute. Since 1965 he has been studying holographic storage and to the problem; if it were, the infor- Existing storage techniques solve the retrieval systems with applications to mass storage mation explosion would have been problem to some extent. Aperture and to computer memories. His recent work is resolved long ago. Early in this cen- concerned with holography on thin magnetic films. cards, which store images as 35 -mm Dr. Mezrich was the recipient of an RCA Labo- tury, Emmanuel Goldberg already frames mounted on computer punch ratories outstanding achievement award in 1969 cards, combine reasonably high den- and the co- recipient in 1968 and recipient in 1969 of IR -100 awards (for the 100 most significant Reprint RE- 17 -1 -17 sity storage with easy mechanical ac- new technical products of the year). Final manuscript received March 4, 1971. cess. Microfiche cards, which store a multiplicity of images on a file card, allow even greater total storage capacity, although with less detail per image. Roll films have a potentially large capacity, but with a correspond- ingly large access time. Photographic systems such as these have the potential of simple high - capacity storage but offer almost no updating capabilities. They are limited to change through replacement. Electronic storage systems, which range from tiny core memories to very large magnetic disks and tapes, allow easy updating but with reduced storage densities. The main drawback in all these systems as methods to stop the information explosion is the limited use they make of the characteristics of the storage materials. The capabilities of the

www.americanradiohistory.com materials have no strong influence on HOLOGRAPHIC the achieved storage capacities. BEAM APERTURE STORAGE SPLITTER MEDIUM Photographic films with resolution in / /- -\rs- excess of 2,000 lines /mm long have LASER been available, but practical storage systems limit the useful resolution to the order of 100 lines /mm. Magnetic materials with submicron domain DOCUMENT TO sizes are well within the state of the BE STORED art, but actual stored bits occupy tens, even hundreds, of square microns. RECONSTRUCTION BEAM ILLUMINATES ONE OF The reason for this is "noise," either / -- MANY HOLOGRAMS in the form of material defects, me- LASER chanical tolerances, dust, dirt, and RECONSTRUCTED scratches, or in the form of electrical DOCUMENTS cross -talk. Images cannot be made Fig. 1- Schematic view of holographic document storage and retrieval. too small for fear of obscuration by dirt and defects. They cannot be too Holography, by virtue of its large towards the film, not imaged by densely packed because the posi- storage capacities, its inherent re- lenses) no single part of the hologram tional requirements become intoler- dundancy, and its immunity to dirt corresponds to any single part of the able. Magnetic heads cannot be and material defects, is perhaps the object, but rather the entire object placed too close to the recording sur- most exciting new method. It is can be reconstructed by illuminating face; wires cannot be placed too through holography, as we shall see, any part, or parts, of the hologram. close together. As the speed of the that the full storage capabilities of Great portions of the hologram can retrieval mechanisms has been in- existing storage materials can be real- be destroyed with no resultant image creased to satisfy the need for more ized without fear of image degra- degradation. The hologram is inher- data quicker, these problems have dation. ently redundant. been magnified. Holograms are formed by the inter- Modern systems have tried to com- Making the most of the material ference of two coherent light waves promise between the potentials of A detailed analysis would show that, at a photosensitive medium (Fig. 1). the storage media and the limitations given a certain material, no more One of these waves, the object wave, of the storage techniques. information can be stored holograph- is obtained by letting part of a laser ically than can be stored otherwise. The brute -force approach has been to ;seam strike an object (such as a doc- The capacity of the hologram still is redesign the system so that the toler- ument, a drawing, or a graph) which limited by the capabilities of the stor- ances are easier to live with. Surfaces then scatters light towards the film. age medium. In holography, how- are polished flat, servomechanisms The other wave, the reference wave, ever, the limits set by the medium are added, and 2 -gm resolution in a is obtained simply by letting part of can be approached in a practical sys- practical system is attained. the laser beam illuminate the film tem, the limit no longer is set by The elegant has been to directly. No lenses need be used, and approach considerations of loss of detail due convert all data, such as doc- the light scattered by the object, as graphs, to defects, dust, or scratches. uments, and drawings, into digital well as the reference wave, is spread form. The result then is treated with over the entire recording film. Every In experiments performed at the RCA error -correcting codes and stored as part of the film records light from Laboratories, 81/2 x 11 in. documents spots, either optically, magnetically, every part of the object. have been stored holographically on or 1- to -2 -mm' film and then subjected to both. With this, commercial sys- After the film is exposed, developed, tems have been proposed exam- a series of destructive tests, which (for and re- illuminated by the reference ple, the of Precision In- resulted in little or no image degrada- "Unicon" beam, reconstructed wavefronts ap- strument Co., Palo Alto, Cal.) tion. (One such test was to rub the with pear that are identical to those orig- on the hologram with sandpaper. Another bit densities order of 10' bits/ inally scattered by the object. The cm' and access times on the of easier test was to run it on an auto- order image may be viewed directly by sim- tens of milliseconds. matic retrieval system, the RCA 70/ ply looking through the hologram as 3488.) There was no catastrophic if it were a window. Conjugate wave- loss of image detail and calculations Holography's undegraded image fronts (that is, wavefronts that ap- indicated that as much as 50% of the As commercially successful and tech- pear to be converging on the object hologram could have been destroyed nically interesting as these techniques instead of diverging from it) are also without attendant image quality loss. are, new methods are under develop- produced by the hologram and the ment that should go further, in terms image may be projected onto a view- In addition to high storage capacity of reduced cost and increased sim- ing screen. As a consequence of the and inherent redundancy, holograms plicity, towards an eventual total so- way the hologram is formed (light have other features that make them lution to the problem. from the object is simply scattered particularly attractive in image stor-

65 www.americanradiohistory.com Thick photochromic crystals, in which When an RCA 70/3488 transport it is difficult to record diffraction - mechanism (a system normally used limited spots, have been used success- with magnetic cards) was used in fully for very high density storage. conjunction with the experiments Because these crystals are colored by mentioned earlier as a retrieval sys- light of one wavelength and bleached tem for holograms stored on flexible

(I) FORMATION 12) STORAGE (3) RECONSTRUCTION by light of another, erasable (thus film (Kodak 649, Eastman Kodak updatable) storage is possible. Fur- Co., Rochester, N.Y.) , the feasibility Fig. 2- Magnetic holography: 1) formation by curie -point writing, 2) storage as mag- thermore, as Dr. Emmett N. Leith,' of 0.5- second access to any of more netic domain patiern, 3) reconstruction by professor of electrical engineering, than 12- million 81/2x11 in. documents magnetic -optic effects. and his colleagues of the University was demonstrated. For purposes of age applications- features that greatly of Michigan in Ann Arbor suggested comparison, this corresponds to a simplify the problems of mechanical and demonstrated, more than one multi -trillion -bit memory. Because ho- tolerances associated with automatic hologram can be recorded in a thick lography was the storage mode, the retrieval systems. medium simply by tilting the crystal scratches caused by the mechanism between successive exposures. The could be tolerated. The first of these features is that the various stored images will not over- Fixed materials, such as films, poly- image is "locked" to the hologram; lap; on reconstruction only one image mers, or dichromated gelatins, would the image always appears at a certain will appear with each successive tilt serve well in those applications where distance from, and at a definite an- of the crystal. Each image corre- the need for change is not great gle to, the hologram. This - means that sponds to the tilt of the crystal dur- libraries for example. Other applica- if the hologram moves by some ing the exposure. tions- business files, inventories, en- amount during reconstruction, the gineering reports and drawings, image will move by the same This attribute of holograms in thick computer demand rapid up- amount. crystals -volume holography-is a outputs- consequence of the need to satisfy dating and materials are under devel- Holograms, however, store the image Bragg-angle conditions during recon- opment that would allow this (one at an effectively enormous reduction struction, and obviously results in a has been mentioned already) . ratio. Yet if the hologram is misposi- tremendous storage density per unit By means of Curie-point writing, in tioned during read -out by a small volume. In principle, as many as 500 which the domain pattern of a thin amount, the image moves by only that high -quality images could be super- magnetic film can be made to cor- small amount. This is to be con- posed in a 2 -mm thick crystal, with respond to an incident-light -intensity trasted with the situation in conven- no cross -talk between the images. pattern, holograms in 600- angstrom- tional recording, where every motion Holograms in thick films of manganese bismuth of the recording medium is made thick materials multi- have been stored' The holograms are plied by the reduction factor. have great storage potential, even exceeding the capabilities demon- reconstructed by magneto -optic ef- The second attribute of holography, strated by Emmanuel Goldberg. Hol- fects and erased by applying a mag- depth of field, is realized when it is ograms made in thin storage media, netic field, as shown in Fig. 2. used for high- density storage. Be- however, allow somewhat simpler Ferroelectric crystals, such as bismuth cause in many cases the hologram retrieval and the material already is titanate, coated with a thin photo- will be small, the depth of field with in a form suited for conventional re- conductor have also been successfully which it reproduces the image will trieval mechanisms. used for holographic storage.' The be large. domain pattern in the ferroelectric TRANSPARENT ELECTRODES crystal is made to correspond to a Volume holography for data density light pattern incident on the photoconductor by applying voltage to the The chief disadvantage of holography structure; in regions of high light would appear to be that a laser, and PHOTO- \ intensity, the applied voltage appears CONDUCTOR possibly a high-power laser, is needed. + d ELECTRIC across the ferroelectric; while in re- While it is true that a simple light ( I ) DARK STATE (2) FORMATION gions of low intensity, the applied bulb would be more convenient, and voltage appears across the photo- in some instances of holographic stor- conductor. (See Fig. 3) The pattern age (such as reflection holography is reconstructed by electro -optic ef- with thick materials) suffices, the fects and erased electrically. need for a laser can be turned to ad- Optical a thermally rever- vantage. Materials whose sensitivities 41 -- damage, previously were considered too low, 13) RECONSTRUCTION sible effect in some crystals such as or whose spectral response too lim- Fig. 3- Ferroelectric photoconductor holo- lithium niobate, can also be used for graphy: 1) initially voltage appears mainly ited, or whose thickness too great, across photoconductor, 2) optical pattern holographic storage.' (See Fig. 4.) In causes corresponding decrease in photocon- can be used as storage media when ductor resistivity-voltage appears across these, the internal charge distribution, a laser is employed, particularly ferroelectric and causes switching of domain and hence the internal electric field pattern, 3) hologram reconstructed by elec- when holography is the storage mode. tro -optic effect. pattern, is modified in proportion to

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III INITIALLY (2) FORMATION (3) RECONSTRUCTION (I) CHARGED THERMO- (2) OPT CAL (3) STORED PATTERN NEUTRAL PLASTIC PATTERN AFTER HEATING DISCHARGES Fig. 4- Electro -optic (optical damage) holo- PATTERN graphy: 1) initially uniform charge distribution, 2) optical pattern causes corresponding charge Fig. 5-Thermoplastic holography: 1) photoconductive causes local high electric thermoplastic is charged, 2) charge pattern modified distribution -which thermo- fields, 3) hologram reconstructed by electro- by optical pattern, 3) coulomb forces on hot optic effects. plastic forms hologram.

the incident optical pattern. Electro- Storage with an associative memory Thus, if one had a portion of the optic effects, sensitive to the high desired information, the remainder - list of storage local electric fields in the crystal, are A rather extensive or at least its location -could be holographic techniques in used to reconstruct the pattern. When materials and found. With the title of an article covered to give an indica- entire the crystal is heated, the charge pat- have been hand, one could recover the research being pursued tern redistributes and the hologram tion of the article, at least in principle. and the progress being made in this is erased. of the title were to be area of information storage and re- If a transparency a beam, the light trieval. illuminated by laser Thermoplastic deformation, in which scattered from it would act as the the thickness of a plastic is modified None of the storage materials dis- object wavefront that could recover in proportion to light, is yet another cussed is without some drawbacks. (or reconstruct) the article. The dif- candidate for reversible holographic The photochromic and optical mate- ficulty with this technique at present storage: As shown in Fig. 5, the - rials exhibit thermal decay, the is that similar, but different, wave plastic is either mixed with, or over - thermoplastic suffers from fatigue, the fronts are confused by the hologram; coated a by, photoconductor and then magnetic and ferroelectric materials the association is not perfect. Addi- charged. The light pattern then causes have low reconstruction efficiency, tional work, and some invention, still the charge to leak away in regions and the metal films cannot be erased. is required. of high intensity subse- light and Even so there is much optimism quent heating of the plastic causes among workers in the field that these Concluding remarks the deformation. Phase variations of present drawbacks will be overcome I have suggested that the parameters light passing through the plastic, and it seems reasonable to suppose of an ideal image storage system caused by the thickness variations, is that the goal of updatable, easily would be: high storage capacity; im- used for holographic reconstruction. accessible, very high density storage munity to dirt, dust, defects, and The pattern is erased by reheating the -far in excess of what is available scratches; simple mechanical toler- uncharged plastic. today -will soon be reached. ances; and fast, easy retrieval. To a greater or lesser extent, existing stor- At the extreme limit of thinness, holo- Holography is capable of more than age methods attempt to approach this grams have been made in 75 -ang- just simple storage; it can serve as ideal, but due to inherent "noise" thick bismuth films. As demonstrated the basis for an associative memory. limitations these methods have to by J. Dr. Amodei, and the author at As described earlier in the paper the compromise between their potential RCA Laboratories, the holograms hologram produces an image wave - and the practical realities. were made using a 0-switched laser front when illuminated by the refer- by evaporating the film to thicknesses The hologram can avoid these limita- ence beam. However, when illumi- tions. There still are problems to be inversely proportional to the incident nated by the image the wavefront, solved before a holographic storage illumination. Although not strictly hologram reconstructs the reference system can become a commercial updatable -they form the basis for beam. a write -once, read -only, store -the reality, but the promise of holography holograms can be erased by evaporat- It is this attribute that makes the would seem to make the effort needed ing the entire film and recoated for hologram a potentially perfect asso- worthwhile. further use. ciative store: if the recording surface were made to store a multiplicity of References Recent experiments with selenium or holograms, each one made with dif- 1. Leith, E. N., et al, "Holographic Data Storage in Three -Dimensional Media ", Applied Optics, tellurium films as the storage medium ferent reference and object wave - Vol. 5 (1966) p. 1303. [both materials characterized by low fronts, the illumination of the entire 2. Mezrich, R. S., "Magnetic Holography ", Ap- plied Optics, Vol. 9 (1970) p. 2275. melting points and very low thermal surface with a particular object wave 3. Keneman, S. A., "Phase Holograms in a Fer- conductivities] have indicated that would result in the reconstruction of roelectric- Photoconductor Device ", Applied Optics, Vol. 9 (1970) p. 2279. exposures of millisecond duration the associated reference beam. The 4. Chen, F. S., et al, "Holographic Storage in Lithium Niobate ", Applied Physics Letters, should be feasible, thus allowing the reference beam could be a plane Vol. 13 (1968) p. 223. use of such non Q- switched sources wave or it could be the wave scat- 5. Urbach, T. C., et al, "Thermoplastic Xero- graphic Holography ", Applied Optics, Vol. 5 as argon lasers. tered by another object. (1966) p. 666.

www.americanradiohistory.com controlled by traffic lights, the pedes- Inside Romania, 1970 trian is never safe off the sidewalks. The population is divided into pedes- Dr. J. I. Pankove trians and drivers, the latter being an overwhelmingly powerful minority. This visit to Romania was sponsored by the scientific exchange program between the

National Academy and the Academy of Sciences of Romania. I was already familiar Many cultural establishments-book with some of the scientific work of Professors Grigorovici and Constantinescu and of stores, institutions, art galleries, muse-

their coworkers in Bucarest; also I had already met two young Romanian semicon- ums, etc. -make Bucarest an intense ductor scientists who had spent ten months in the United States, one of them a intellectual center. Surrounding the

former student of mine at Berkeley. Hence, I was looking forward to this three -week city is a vast expanse of farms with visit and expected a quick adaptation to the new ambiance. The transition was indeed small picturesque houses enclosed by very easy as the red -carpet treatment was extended throughout my stay. The main neat fences. Many shallow wells can problem, that of communication, could be easily solved with French, English, and be identified by the tall, balanced piece

Russian, in that order. After a few days, if I knew the topic conversation I could of timber that can swing down to dip follow what was said in Romanian where the vocabulary is of 70% Latin and 15% the bucket into the water. Along every Slavic origin. road, all sorts of farm animals are seen,

In what follows, I describe some impressions of the contrast between city and country mostly on the grassy banks away from and make general observations about life and work in Romania and how these were the hard surface. Usually single cows

affected by the severe floods of June. I also touch on political considerations of are guarded by either a child or an old Romanian socialism and the aspirations for independence from the USSR. Finally, man; obviously a milk factory is a conclude with recommendations for possible improvements in the scientific exchange valuable asset. program. Most of the farms were tilled by hand by groups of people working the soil between plants with rounded hoes. with its combination of ment houses are built of prefabricated Farmers cut hay with scythes. Many a B uCAREST,cobble- stoned curving narrow concrete slabs forming partitions com- horse -drawn wagon had a colt running streets and very broad tree -lined boule- prising doors or windows. The finish alongside. One could see peasants vards, is a bustling city. Massive turn - is much superior to similar modular trudging home for miles with a bundle of- the -century buildings mingle with buildings I had observed in Russia. of hay on their backs; men with pants miniature parks. There are many By- Television antennas bristle not only tucked into their boots and wearing a zantine churches, whose dark interiors from the rooftops, but also from the black hat; women with long dark are dotted with tiny electric candles. balconies. Apartments can be bought dresses and a scarf. Except for the In the many churches I visited, people with a 30% down payment and a 6% presence of paved main roads, elec- of all ages, including teenagers, were mortgage. tricity, and Tv antennas, one might get praying. On the periphery of Bucarest, the impression that life has not large complexes of tall apartment The moderate traffic consists of many changed for the peasant in several buildings form new high -rise glomera- busses, a few street -cars, and a great centuries. tions comprising all facilities for variety of cars from western as well as schools, shopping, theater and restau- communist countries. Taxis are avail- Living conditions rants; however, some of the buildings able as metered trucks, panel trucks, Casual observations of life in Bucarest seem to be half a mile from the nearest and the standard passenger cab -all suggest long working hours. One can shopping center. The modern apart- with checker-board identification. Foot pass tailor shops after ten in the eve- traffic is also heavy, especially after ning and still see people crowded Reprint RE- 17 -1 -18 4 p.m. Except at those intersections Final manuscript received September 14, 1970. elbow -to -elbow around a table, busily

Dr. Jacques I. Pankove Semiconductor Device Research Laboratory Laboratories Princeton, N.J. received the BSEE in 1944 and the MSEE in 1948, both from the Univer- sity of California. In 1948 he joined the RCA Laboratories; in 1956, he received a David Sarnoff Fellowship to study at the University of Paris. France, where his doctoral topic was infrared radiation from surface processes in germanium. Since his return to RCA Laboratories, he has worked on superconductivity, where he has evolved several new device concepts and has done research on silicon carbide. He has investigated the optical properties of degenerate germanium and the electrical properties of tunnel diodes in germanium. Currently, he is concerned with interjection luminescence and the laser action in gellium arsenide and other compounds. Dr. Pankove has published over 20 papers and has over 30 issued patents. In addition to IEEE, he is a member of the APS. the Electrochemical Society, and Sigma XI.

Dr. Pankove (front row, arms folded) with a group of Dr. Grigorovici's semiconductor scientists in front of the Academy Club of Bucharest, 68 Romania. Dr. Grigorovici, Director of the Institute of Physics of Bucharest, is the tall man, back row, left side. www.americanradiohistory.com n11 Teas

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wt Ws sr Iaw,e, et e, w Ii ßl}111I?'t?"' Y'. wsetnWI nim tx'wenwtw 11110ai1 +.ér , tt'- .. 1 va,wtn Amy ®f2 Clockwise from upper left: a skiing resort in the Transylvanian Alps. Panorama of Iasi in Northern Romania. Paved roads, electrification, television antennae, and a very common mode of transportation in rural areas. TV Broadcasting building (lower right) in Bucharest. Sunday morning in the Moldavian village of Niemts. And (lower left) modern apartment buildings in Bucharest. sewing. Cafeterias where standing people work on contracts, there is a pen- Protein foods are also as expensive as ple grab a bite seem jammed till clos- alty clause of 15% which is deducted in the US; however, vegetables and ing time at 10:30 P.M. Manpower from the salary until the end of the fruit are much cheaper. Rental is inex- seems plentiful but not idle. Many contract period, at which time it is pensive, but private property per women clean the streets or help pave refunded if the contract has been per- square foot costs the same as in the the roads or tend the public gardens. formed satisfactorily. Every salary is US. The monthly salary of a beginning The economy seems to require that public knowledge in each organization physicist will buy a suit. A compact everyone should work to support him- because on pay -day everyone must sign car, equivalent to a Volkswagen, is self and the children. In almost all a register listing names and salary. worth a year's gross income of a ma- families both husband and wife work Salaries of technical personnel range ture PhD. full -time. The salary of one individual from $120 a month for a young physi- is insufficient to maintain a whole fam- cist to about $300 a month for a group Medical services are free, but many ily. In laboratories, people work from head. There is an additional payment Romanians prefer to go to their favor- either seven AM to three PM or eight of $6 a month for each child. When ite physician for which they pay. No AM to four PM or for a longer period if both parents are working and have allowance is made for sickness, not there is a luncheon break. They work young children, they often hire some- even for women, unless a person is 6 days a week. Only those employed one from the country to live in and sick enough to be hospitalized. A in hazardous jobs, e.g. in a laboratory take care of their child at the cost of mother is not allowed a sick day even where there is exposure to radiation, $25 a month. A clerk's wage is a mini- if her child is sick. Personal leaves for have shorter working days. mum for subsistence, spent mostly on such reasons are taken without pay on a pro -rated basis. When a person takes food, $35 a month. To encourage popu- By our standards, working conditions time off for illness, his salary is lation increase, abortion was abolished re- are hard. The working schedule (7 AM duced by 10% for that period. For a few years ago for women having or 8 AM starting time) is decided at the serious cases, like tuberculosis or heart fewer than four children. Childless beginning of each month. Any change condition. a person is placed on a re- or absence must be explained in writ- couples are taxed $6 a month. The tirement pension. ing. There is a penalty cut in salary for very low wage scale which forces every for late arrival exceeding five minutes adult to work implies an extremely The attitudes of these people, hard at per month. Rewards in the form of high cost of living. Manufactured work, busy surviving, varies with the bonuses are sometimes given, but the goods cost the same as in the US (ac- personality. Some are resigned to a system is mostly punitive. When peo- cording to the official currency value) . fate of hopelessness. Others spike their

www.americanradiohistory.com border of Moldavia, I pointed to the wavy horizon and asked if those were Russian mountains, and received this reply: "Those are not Russian mountains; those mountains are in Russia." Someone else commented about his difficulty in communicating in Rus- sian: "Russian is a very difficult lan- an one to ' ad.,0' guage to learn, and easy ,tFStiRiixtbNp forget." Anecdotes making fun of ., ..4, if) Russia are abundant. Example: an s '. : American and a Russian are compar- i. +fr..= ing their transportation. The American says, "We have 3 cars -a small, a medium, and a large one. I drive the small one; my wife drives the medium one, and when we go out visiting we The ornate castle of Sinaia. take the large one." The Russian says: "I go to work by bus; my wife goes to life with a sense of humor. Common molished houses, flooded factories, work by bus, and when we go shop- expressions are "Don't worry; life is homeless people, makeshift refugee ping we take the bus also." American: short." Or "They pretend to pay us; camps. In traveling through the coun- "And how do you travel to visit your we pretend to work." Or "Life is like tryside, one can see the hastily -built friends." Russian: "To visit friends, raisin bread; sometimes you find rai- dikes extending for miles along the we go by tank." sins, but once in a while you find only edges of the highways. the hole the raisin used to be." where Tourism According to a Romanian emigre, the The third class apartments are of such apparent cleavage between Romanians very kind in ar- low cost that the small bathroom has The Academy was and Russians is only an act, a political of excur- only a toilet and a faucet. It is said ranging a number weekend game to give the free world an im- that among the furniture designed for sions, such as a trip along the valley of pression that Romania is independent; famous castle third -class apartments is a night pot the Prahova to visit the it is the only socialist country to deal with a handle on the inside to save of Sinaya -an exquisite jewel of a with Israel and to have close rapport space. castle filled with art in all media, and with western countries; people give the castle of Bran -a fourteenth cen- the impression of free talk to western The major Sunday all pastime over tury fortress with a labyrinthine se- visitors. However, he contended that Romania seems to be promenading quence of rooms spiralling up to a high Romanians are more afraid of their along the main boulevard. In vil- the tower. A trip to Mamaia on the Black government than Soviet citizens: there lages, the main is boulevard also the Sea gave some impression of the sea- has been no Romanian Soljenitsin to highway. It is a scene: people colorful side in Romania. It is as well devel- criticize the system or to write letters in gaily embroidered clothes milling oped for vacationers as the Riviera. abroad. about on both sides of the road. The monasteries of Moldavia (whose Romanesque churches are painted In contrast to the sophisticated attitude Effect of floods from top to bottom both inside and toward Russians, there is a genuine The floods of June have had a cata- out) is Romania's equivalent of the interest and curiosity about life in the strophic impact on the nation's econ- French chateaux along the Loire. Many United States. Yet Romanians always omy. It is estimated that the damage of these monasteries are still in opera- avoided topics which might lead to exceeds 15% of the national budget. tion for both monks and nuns. Every- embarrassment or controversy. As a result, people have been asked where there is evidence of an effort to Rapport with Israel to contribute 15% of this year's salary promote tourism: new motels, good towards relief. Many lotteries have main roads, car rentals (including I left Bucharest to go to Tel Aviv. The been to organized raise additional Hertz) . In concluding this paragraph lobby of the airport was crowded with funds, such as raffles on cars or art on tourism, it should be pointed out many Jews. It was obvious that some objects. In many industries people that some of their modern hotels could were emigrating. Friends and relatives have been asked to work a seven -day benefit from an exchange program of were on hand to say farewell. On hand week. Although immediate help has plumbers. were also cameramen with fancy large been pouring in from many countries, movie cameras photographing the especially the United States, it is ac- Attitudes toward Russia scene. When the few passengers began knowledged that Russian help came Although Romania is a socialist coun- boarding the bus going to the plane, after a long delay and after president try, one is quickly made aware of its one of the cameramen was again tak- Ceaucescu was called to Moscow. In spiritual independence from the Soviet ing pictures. It was obvious that these the theater, documentary shorts before Union. There is the impression that the were not pressmen but surveillance the main feature make a strong impact Soviet Union exerts a drag on the econ- personnel. On the next day, I met a about the extent of the damage: de- omy. In traveling near the Russian recent Romanian emigrant, an engi-

www.americanradiohistory.com neer, who told of a 12 -year wait for A plea was made to me that American into comparative life on both sides. permission to leave, of being allowed corporations should make contracts However, to make the most of the only 70 kg of luggage which arrived for research at the Bucarest Institute of scientific exchange program, I think it three months later, of all money being Physics. Research money would go should be up to the Romanian scien- confiscated at departure (and one is much further there. They did not con- tists to recommend fields in which they supposed to manage on such a start in sider the problems of propriety of wish American visitors, and possibly a new world.) Yet, even then, it is ideas, as if patents did not have value they should invite individuals of their worth getting out and even non -jews in Romania. They even sumested that choice, rather than depend on random yearn to get out. The import of citrus payment could be made in obsolete selection. Chances are that their most fruit and busses from Israel is a barter equipment. Actually, the low cost of advanced departments would exert the for immigrants. This I had also heard skilled labor in Romania could be a most influence, and those are precisely in Romania. strong inducement for American in- the areas where our scientists stand to dustry to set up operations in Romania, learn the most. Science in Romania instead of the Orient. The goods pro- However, to be successful, such an duced could be ear -marked for export, The laboratory facilities at the Bucha- initiative should be suggested to the the investing firm and the Romanian rest Institute of Physics are rather head of their academy. Their scientists government sharing the profits, thus modest. Except for a few power sup- are so used to being told who is to go bringing in hard currency which they plies made in Romania, most of the that they would not think to ask. need for import from the West and for equipment comes from different coun- Everyone would love to get out of the economic independence from the tries: France, England, East and West country, even for a short time. The USSR. By excluding these goods from Germany, Poland, and Hungary. Very conviction that there is no possibility home consumption, at least initially, few pieces come from Russia. The of influencing the upper strata of ad- there would be no competition with most wanted apparatus is a high fre- ministration can generate a tremen- other firms that might produce similar quency oscilloscope. They regret the dous inertia. The heads of the institutes goods with less efficient methods. The US embargo on scopes capable of dis- make a selection and ask if the indi- only problem may be securing a guar- playing 50 MHz and higher. At the vidual will accept the opportunity. In antee that the American investment Institute of Atomic Physics, on the contrast to this top -to- bottom Roman- will not be dispossessed at the whims other hand, the facilities are more ian selection, in America the selection of the Communist party. Yet, there is modern; the buildings are air condi- starts in reverse order. I suspect that a Pepsi Cola plant, an American firm tioned. in the US few individuals ask to go is building a huge hotel, and Hertz car and, for those who do, tourism may be rental has begun operating in Bucarest Since the beginning of this year, the a prime reason. In this case, both for credit card customers. Academy of Sciences has dropped its academies have a small number of support of the Bucarest Institute of Recommendations American scientists to choose from. Physics. This abandonment has forced Romania is one of the few socialist Romanians tend to go to the US for all the physicists to seek out contracts nations where the majority of people long terms whereas Americans tend to from industry. The shift from funda- are friendly to us and where the gov- go for a short stay. The advantage of mental to applied work has been dis- ernment's attitude is as favorable to us the exchange program to Romanian appointing to the scientists who feel as their precarious ties to the Soviet science is evident. Their technology is inadequately equipped for applied Union will allow. These good relations far behind, and their experimental and work but better able to get funda- should be cultivated, though with rea- financial means are very limited. They mental work from available facilities. sonable caution. The exchange pro- are conscious of this lag: "If we start But mostly, it is a matter of profes- gram offers the possibility of closer ties now to work on (GaAI) As electro- sional snobbism. and deeper people -to-people insight luminescence we may be only three years behind, but if we start with luminescence in GaP we will be fifteen years behind." Yet, with their limited means, they manage to find new areas of research where, with great ingenuity and a bit of luck, they can obtain noteworthy results. For us, the advantage of the exchange program may be more political. It increases their friendship to the United States and helps them at a limited level in their effort to gain more independence from the USSR. The exchange program allows a better insight into life in Romania. One definitely gets the impression that a Western visitor is like a breath of fresh air.

Church painted top to bottom, inside and out, in the Monastery of Voronets. 71

www.americanradiohistory.com RUDI: computer -controlled test - data acquisition and processing B. Mangolds

RCA's Space Center, near Princeton, New Jersey, has extensive facilities for space- scan rates, output format specifications craft environmental testing. To speed up and automate the measurement of variables and identifications, starting and ter- produced during space- simulation tests, and to reduce the huge amount of measured minating independently of the others. data to a user -oriented format for the customer, a computer -controlled data- acqui- The cart equipment includes analog sition system is being used. The system, which has been in operation for more than signal conditioners for transducer exci- a year, has been nicknamed RUDI, from its distinguishing characteristic: Rapid Uni- tation and normalization, multiplexers, versal Digital Instrumentation. In numerous applications, some involving 24- hours- amplifiers, analog -to- digital convert- a -day duty over a period of several months, the system has been accurate, fast, effi- ers, control logic, and line drivers. In- cient, and reliable. The financial investment has been completely justified. formation is transmitted to and from Data Central digitally, in serial format (Manchester II) over coaxial cables. uDI is intended principally for the Data sources Data integrity R measurement of slowly varying The data originates at a test site. Ten parameters; specifically, quasi- static, such sites, located in the Environ- Many safeguards are incorporated in low -level signals of the type encount- mental Test Facility, are hardwired to the system to ensure the integrity of ered in thermal- vacuum tests involving Data Central, the main trunk consist- the data. Since each cart includes four large thermal masses. This permits the ing of only three RG -59U coaxial differential autoranging DC amplifiers use of a scan rate of 200 channels per cables. Typical signal sources are which are integral to the analog por- second, which is perhaps slow in terms analog devices: thermocouples, re- tion of the front end, the effects of off- of computer technology, but is eco- sistance transducers, strain gages, set drift and gain changes must be nomical and adequate for this partic- auto -collimaters, radiometers, ther- particularly considered. These are ular test environment. The advantages mistors, and pressure and vacuum monitored by having each data scan offered by the computer are, instead, transducers. begin (as an integral part of the scan) utilized specifically in the areas of with the checkout of all six gain control of data integrity, and automa- A set of three mobile instrumentation ranges of each amplifier, taken at full tion of data reduction. carts closes the link -up between trans- scale (plus and minus) and at zero carts RUDI is designed around a Systems ducer and computer. One of the input. A reference voltage is applied Engineering Laboratories digital com- is shown in Fig. 3, connected to a test to each amplifier input; the output is puter, model 8I0A, with a 16k core, chamber. Transducers mounted on the compared with the anticipated value, are to the a 16 -bit process -word length and a 14- devices under test connected and the necessary corrections for bit data -word length. The main -frame input terminals of the carts. Each cart each range of each amplifier are stored and the majority of its peripherals (a can process 250 channels of data and in memory. to one central control console, a 1.2- million- up to three can be connected If the required correction is within word disk file, a 400 -LPM line printer, site to provide a maximum capacity of test. specified units, it is automatically ap- TTY, a high -speed tape reader and 750 channels for a particular plied (properly interpolated) to the two magnetic tape decks) are located Each cart can, however, also be used data -acquisition portion of the scan. in an air -conditioned room called Data individually, and the system is thus able to process up to three unrelated However, if a limit for the correction Central (Figs 1 and 2) . 250 -channel tests simultaneously, each is exceeded, the warning message, Reprint RE- 17 -1 -14 DRIFT EXCESSIVE, appears on the tele- Final manuscript received March 19, 1971. with different input configurations, typewriter, with an identification of Boris Mangolds* the cart, amplifier, and range con- Environmental Simulation and Test Engineering cerned. Astro- Electronics Division Princeton, N.J. The accuracy of the reference power studied electrical engineering at the University of Latvia in Riga and physics at Fairleigh Dickinson. supply voltage is verified at regular Mr. Mangolds worked in the electronic compon- intervals by the Space Center's Stan- ents industry for ten years as a design engineer, dards Laboratory, which provides the then for six years as a senior test engineer for the Components Development Laboratory of Reac- documentary link to the National Bu- tion Motors Inc. He joined AED in 1962 as instru- reau of Standards. mentation engineer in the Environmental Space Simulation Department, specializing in transducer Actually, every data channel is inter- technology and automation of data acquisition and presentation. He is a member of the IEEE and rogated four times per scan, the indi- the IES. vidual measurements being spaced in *Since this paper was written, Mr. Mangolds has time at 1/4-wavelengths of a 60 -Hz transferred to Electronic Components, Harrison, N.J. period. Through digital filtering, an

www.americanradiohistory.com Fig. 1- Environmental test center data central.

Thermocouple tables for copper -con- a page is filled, after which a new set stantan and chromel- alumel are resi- is started. If desired, no print occurs, dent in core. No fixed reference and all data is stored instead on the junctions are necessary because the disk, until a full page is accumulated. computer measures and corrects for Output can be in actual values, or can the actual junction temperature. be the algebraic difference between the previous value and the present one. effective common -mode rejection of Operation One can also define a target value and 120 dB is thus obtained at 60 Hz and In Data Central, the TTY functions obtain printouts of the interval be- 120 Hz. Furthermore, if the compari- as an interactive communications link tween present and target level. Level son of the 4 readings shows a spread between system and operator. Instruc- and rate -of- change alarms can be spe- of more than a pre-selected amount (in tions are in abbreviated English mne- cified if desired. Printouts are uniquely percent of full scale of present range) , monics. Every entry is time -verified identified by test number, title, date, a DATA SCATTER ALARM message on the for log purposes. Under typical oper- time -of -scan, and engineering units. If TTY alerts the operator to a possibly ating conditions, the specifics of a test several tests run simultaneously, the open channel, identified in the message such as channel identifications, scan printout for each test is made on sepa- by test and channel number. Finally, rate, printout format selection, are en- rate sheets. after common -mode subtraction, the tered during set -up time. Calibration The same information can be recorded four readings are averaged, and this curves of non -linear transducers are on magnetic tape, all data terminating value is now used as the actual single defined in terms of straight -line seg- on the same deck. If one test termi- result of that particular scan of this ments; only the break-points need to nates while others continue, the data channel. be defined through TTY- entry; the from this test is copied selectively from To guard against excessive feedback computer interpolates in- between. the original tape onto a second deck, current entering a transducer line from Data taken from the curve then may while acquisition of the other tests a defective amplifier, the operator can be presented to the customer directly continues, their data being temporarily request a measurement of it, per am- in any required engineering units. stored on the disk. After completion plifier. The multiplexer replaces the Combinations of random groups of of the transcript operation, the ac- incoming data line with a fixed re- channels can be defined as dummy cumulated data is dumped from disk sistor, and the resulting voltage drop channels, and the high, low, or average to tape, providing uninterrupted ser- is printed out in terms of nanoamperes calculated value of such a group can vice. This feature is used also during of feedback current. be printed out as if it were one preventive system maintenance. channel. The operator can request, at any time, Accuracy a printout of the circuit resistance of The instantaneous value of any chan- every data line, and can thus keep nel can be requested at random and The accuracy of the system is ± 0.22% ( ±1/2 watch on the sensors. A constant -cur- displayed at the operator's console, least significant bit) on the rent supply is switched sequentially again in engineering units. The main 5mV range, representing the worst across the channels, and the resulting output device is, however, the line condition. Temperatures are measured voltage drop across the line plus sen- printer. Many fixed presentation for- within 0.2 °C, excluding the trans- sor is printed out in ohms. mats are available. For example, each ducer. A time -code generator acts as scan can be printed out singly after the main housekeeping device, and it To obtain a more detailed statistical it occurs; or, in the cumulative mode, is synchronized with National Bureau overview of the actual state of all am- each new printout repeats all the pre- of Standards, over a direct link with plifiers within a cart, a RUN RFC com- vious ones, too. The columns of data AED's Standards Laboratory's time - mand initiates an action similar to that listings grow with each printout until signal distribution network. described earlier for initial scan -drift data acquisition. Each amplifier receives now a ±100% FS, ±50% FS siPZ and a zero signal per range, fifty times TO CART +--- s. S,P each. Each highest, lowest, and the ..I S,PX average of these, as well as the variance, is printed out in uncorrected TTV binary counts, per gain range per am- A/O plifier. This provides a good HL MUX MTU 1 picture TCu AUTO GAIN of the uncompensated status of the AMP MTU 2 GAIN REF system. I DISK <=> D AMP Signal conditioning for resistance LLL transducers and strain gages employs PATCH USE C individual, highly isolated power TCG supplies, selectable for constant -volt- I NIXES CCC LL age or constant -current operation. Au- DATA CART UNIT X MANUAL CONTROLS tomatic R-CAL and /or substitution AIL 411 calibration is provided.

810A COMPUTER Fig. 2-System block diagram. Fig. 3- Mobile Instrumentation cart in use. www.americanradiohistory.com ALSIM PERFORMANCE CALCULATION S microprogram FILE PRINT SIMULATE simulator CONTENTS CONSISTENCY ERROR CHECKS REPORT S. O. Hong S. P. Young UPDATE \ UPDATE DATA CARDS The increasing use of microprogramming FILE

both in read -only and writable memories, ADDRESS M GENERATION makes a microprogram simulator of particular importance. This paper will dis- UPDATE BIT REPORT GENERATION cuss some aspects of microprogram simulators with particular emphasis on one developed by RCA for use on their t ROM digital computers. The program is called CARDS ALSIM,* which stands for algorithm simulator. Fig. 1- Process flow of elementary- operation simulation system. nology, the early detection of each mis- livered hardware and mistakes in the take represents a considerable savings writable control memory. in time and money. The simulation program is part of a MICROPROGRAMMING is an orderly 2) Simulation can aid in the resolution approach to the design of the of several alternative designs. A simu- larger system for designing and manu- lator can analyze trade -offs between the a sys- control section of a computer using facturing control memory. The number and size of the control memory tem contains programs to perform the control signals organized in fixed - words, the segmentation of the control following length words. The most elementary memory word, and the micro -operation functions: operation, such as a register-to- register repertoire associated with each seg- I) Create or update the data file de- transfer, is called a micro- operation. ment. scribing the control memory. Each control word, or micro-instruc- 3) It can be useful in the verification 2) Simulate the data file. of fault -test procedures. Microdiagnos- 3) ensure tion, contains one or more micro -oper- Make consistency checks to tic procedures can be tested by analyz- that the simulated read -only memory ations which are performed in a fixed ing a model in which faults have been (Rom) can actually be built. time interval. The set of microinstruc- selectively inserted. 4) Print the contents of the data file. tions required to execute one machine 4) The simulator produces a tested data 5) Sort the micro -instructions to match base which can be used to provide language instruction is a micropro- hardware requirements. block- diagram documentation and to 6) Punch the cards which are used in gram. produce input to a machine which man- manufacturing each integrated- circuit. ufactures the read -only memory. a There are four ways in which micro- Fig. 1 describes the information flow The reasons for simulating a user -writ- program simulator can assist in devel- for the entire system. The portion able control memory are somewhat oping a read -only control memory: within the dotted lines is the subject similar. Although a mistake does not of this paper. 1) The simulator can be used to debug involve redesigning a manufactured microprograms before they are manu- it There two broad categories of factured. Since a read -only memory is product, can be very troublesome. are often made with integrated- circuit tech - The main problem is that field service microprogram organization: direct engineers will find it very difficult to control and encoded control. Direct Reprint RE- 17 -1 -3 Final manuscript received January 19. 1971. distinguish between faults in the de- control resembles ordinary machine RCA Trademark.

S. O. Hong, Ldr. Stephen P. Young Design Automation Design Automation Systems Development Division Systems Development Division Computer Systems, Marlboro, Mass. Computer Systems, Marlboro, Mass. received the AB in Russian Institute and Far received the BA in engineering science from Eastern Study in 1953 and the BS in Mathematics Harvard in 1960 and the MS in Mathematics from in 1954 from University of Washington. He received Northeastern in 1967. He joined Westinghouse in the MS in Applied Mathematics from University of 1960 where he wrote programs related to power Illinois in 1958. From 1955 to 1958, he taught plant operations. From 1963 to 1965 he was with Mathematics at University of Illinois. From 1959 to Harvard, writing programs for several different 1961, he was a Senior Systems Analyst with Rem- computers. He joined Honeywell's Design Automa- ington Rand Univac in Philadelphia. From 1961 to tion Dept. in 1966, and, from 1967 to 1970, he was 1967. he worked for the Consulting Service at head of a design automation group at Raytheon's National Cash Register Co. in Dayton. Ohio. He Missile Systems Division. Mr. Young joined RCA joined RCA Design Automation activity in Camden, in April, 1970 where he has been writing programs N.J. in 1967, where he was engaged in the design for simulating and manufacturing read -only mem- and development of various design automation ories. He is a member of ACM and IEEE, and programs including The EO Simulation System." serves as Computer Aided Design Editor of IEEE He is currently in charge of the Logic Design Computer Group Transactions. He has authored Automation Activity at Marlboro, RCA. He is a three papers and contributed to a book on design member of the American Mathematical Society automation. and Association of Computer Machinery.

www.americanradiohistory.com $EODEF ZE SPEC ISSO

1ITIA1I D- - -MAP A,T,F,F,F,F,F,F,F,O,O

EUH EVAL, *T1 EIM, *F1 EXE , *F2 E5C, *F3 , *FI, EIM, *F$ E:CC, +.Ií MACHINE EIEC, *F7 RI:I,TEST L:C,COOUT,COILT,1 ELEMENTS RTN TEST GOTO,R01,( *T1) 0Or0,41G2,( *T1') MONITOR B---FUN NOS TF,DR,Sc.I RESULTS C ---EyS Z:Ú307 54.007 MACHINE FUN O'.DR aUT,IR ORGANIZATION FUN 01 TR,PER,illAD(5-6) RST,F.LID(1,) TR,R1,F!.ID(0 -3) FUN BINADO SET,R; B.ADD,ADIER,m,IR,SU:I,SCAR,OV RST,RI,(SUUZ) MICRO- SIMULATED FUN Wh TR,ST-3,DU-t! YRITE,F.I MICRO- OPERATIONS SIMULATION RESULTS OPERATIONS FUN SCCF2 COHP,OV CC(o) Al a,RZ,CC(o),CC(0) OR RZ,OV,CC(1) MICRO- INSTRUCTIONS FUN 500.=2 c0::P,CC(1 ),cc(1) A::D,so7,cc(1),cc(1I ox,x2,oV 00(2) A - --FUS SCCF2 OR,S07,CC(2),CC(2) ccIP,CC(2),cC(2) TR,OVCC(3) 7- FON %LR TR,SUI, IR RANGE TO BE ms SUM SICI.O SIMULATED FON BINSOB SFr,o7 SET,SCAR /MICRO- FUN BOSSUS COMP,UB,SUH BIDD,ADDER,SON,IR,SV{,SCAR,OV RST,R2,(SUAZ) INSTRUCTIONS FUN El END FUN aÚ11 END ( PREDICTED EiN 2 OV,yOV

I` RESULTS F11EI T 55,05,0V

Fig. 2- System flow chart of elementary- operation simulator. Fig. 4- Example of input for micro-operation section.

language coding in having one opera- transferring information between reg- line E, describes a memory MM, with tion and several operands in one isters. Lines A and B of Fig. 3 are ex- 1024 8 -bit words and address and micro-instruction. This organization is amples of defining cards for a one -bit data registers (MAR and MR). A fast simpler because each control gate has register (A) and a 32 -bit bus (sum) . memory is described in the same way a unique control line. The other organ- as a main memory except that access . The FIELD command divides a register ization, encoded control, divides the is assumed to be immediate so that no or bus into sections that can be called micro -instruction into fields, each of timing information is needed. Fast out separately. Thus, UR07 in line c which represents a micro -operation. memory FM is described in line F of is defined as bit 31 of register UR. This is more economical of gates be- Fig. 3. cause M control lines yield only Iog.:M The ADDER card must specify the control gates. There are also various length of the adder and the name of Micro -operation section ways of controlling the sequence of the overflow and carry -in registers The micro- operation section gives a micro -instructions. In the simplest case, are used. Line D of Fig. 3 de- which description of the functions and tests a test determines whether the control scribes a 32 -bit adder with overflow which can be performed by a micro- passes to the next higher microinstruc- register ov and carry -in register SCAR. program. Each function is expressed tion or to some other address specified A main memory is a storage device as a string of mini- functions which within the micro -instruction. In the consisting of a number of bits divided operate on the elements described in more complicated instance, control into individually addressable words or the machine organization section. A passes to one of a number of equally bytes. Before a single memory location typical mini- function is the OR on line spaced successors. is read, its address must be put into A of Fig. 4. It specifies that the first the read address register. The defini- A simulator consists of two parts. One two elements are combined with a tion of the memory must include the part constructs a model of the object logical OR and the result is put into the read -address and read -data registers, to be simulated and the other part third element. A hard -wired function as well as the same information for exercises this model by setting initial is put in by a FUN card. Each FUN write registers. In addition, memory conditions and monitoring the ele- card contains a string of mini -func- access times must be specified. Fig. 3, ments of the model. In the case of tions which are executed only if cer- ALSIM, the model is a description of tain tests are true. Line B shows a sim- the computer being simulated. The ple function, MDR, containing one model (see Fig. 2) includes: mini -function.

1) A description of the machine organ- EON /MC DEF The card (line c) designates an ization, A-- -0EFINI A,R!G,l DEFINE AUD,RIG,1 elementary test which can be per- 2) A functional description of the avail- DEFINE IA,RUG,Z able micro- operations, and DEFINE CC,REG, formed either by a micro -instruction DlFINI COUNT,RIG,1 3) A description of the microinstruc- OPINE DR,REG,D2 or by a function micro -operation. A DEFINE DUMMY,RIG,I! tions expressed as a sequence of the DEFINE E,RED,I DPINI BD,REG,T2 micro -instruction evaluates an equa- micro -operations from 2) above. DEFINE FMAD,RE0,7 DEFINE FMAR,RIO,I2 tion to determine the next micro- OPINI ICAR,RI0,1 DEFINE ILC,REG,2 instruction to be executed. A function Machine organization DEFINE IR,REG,)2 MIN/ L,REG,I DEFINE NAR,REB,24 micro -operation uses an equation to The machine organization section of DEFINE MMR,REG,AI DEFIN! MR,REG,D2 permit or inhibit the execution of a in DEFINE NR,RIG,l the model describes the computer DEFINE NT,REG,I certain mini -function. An equation DEFINE OCR,REG,2 terms of its physical features, e.g. reg- DEFINE OFR,Rl0,1 can be very simple, like line c of Fig. DEFINE DV,REG,1 isters and memories. The registers and DEFINE FMR,RIG,4 4 DEFINE 333,3EG.2 which compares register x to field busses are specified with REG and Bus DEFINE R2,11EG,1 DEFINE ICAR,RI11,1 URO7, or it can be a sequence of Each the DEFINE 1,1110,1 cards. contains the name of DEFINE UR,RED,IZ simple comparisons combined by DEFINE R,RE0,1 REG element, followed by the word or E- --OPINE MM,MM! MI0. 1023, e,MAR,MR,NAR,MA,R3,M2,CD Boolean F-- .OIFINE FM ,FMIM,123,)20MAD,DUMMY,PBAD,OR operators. BUS, followed by the length of the R-- -0EFINE $UM,IU1,32 DEFINE IUS,SU$ 832 register or bus. The main D- -0IFINE ADDER, AOD!R,32,O,OV,II,t,ICARJG The micro -operation section has two difference DEFIN! R10IE10,L10.)) R2,FIELD,L1A.71 120111.0,L10.71 C-- DEFINE 007011ILD,URID1.31/ between the two devices is that a reg- DEFINE S070II6D,SUNIGI.1l) more input cards which do not de- ister is a storage device while a bus is DEFINE FMADMI,RIELD,FMADI7.61 scribe micro -operation. However, Fig. 3- Example of input for machine organiza- merely a collection of data lines for tion section. these cards give the simulator the

www.americanradiohistory.com MAP card in Fig. 4. A microinstruc- STDIOLIC 60 LIar=:s that each symbolic micro -instruction ^; ona.+ SPORE a tion card is identified by the letters EO B O 2100,I,UFA7,MI,Y,T,I,Y,T,T,I,2110,2114 will contain symbolic address, one E0 2104,T:U'307,1:L4,,,T,T,Y,Y,Y,Y,2114,2110 symbolic func- (elementary operation) in the first 50 2110,I,0iDa,:I71,3L'ADJ,L4,XA,J0CF2,EI,0000,2100 equation name, seven ED 2114,2,OiLl,Eq1,BITsUB¡44,4Ia,SCCF2,EI,0000,21C0 and branch ad- two columns. B) 0000,2,T,T,T,T,T,T,I,2100,21C0 tion names, four dresses. The capabilities described above en- Fig. 5 -Input for micro -instruction section. The last card in the micro-operation able ALSIM to model almost any section is the EOM card. This card microprogram format. Direct control MAP A,T,F,R,R,C,O gives the order in which events take requires the presence of one function ECM EVAL,.T1 E,.FI COTO,.O1,(cZ'1) C0r0,002,(*T19 place during one micro- instruction. (micro- operation) and two or more Fig. 6 -MAP and EOM card for direct control. That is, it tells when there is instruc- operands in the EOFLOW cards. Fig. 6 tion overlap, and it specifies the order gives an example of the MAP and in which the tests are evaluated and EOM cards which describe a direct - MAP A,T,F,P,F,F,0 the functions are performed. The ex control memory with two operands. ECM EVAL*T1 rZx,ar1 EIEC,*F2 E1'nC,.F3 r1E0,w74 OOT0,+01,(w71) 00T0,+01.1,0W) pression *F2 refers to the second func- The function, F. operates on the two registers specified in the EOFLOW Fig. 7 -MAP and EOM card for indirect control. tion in the current micro- instructions. Instruction overlap is accomplished card. Indirect control requires several EOFLOW by allowing the apiece symbol ( @) functions in the cards, and NAP A,T,T,F,F,O 7 MAP to refer to a function in the previous no operands. Fig. shows the ECM EVAL,wT1,AT2 EIIEC,*F1 a-Ie.,.F2 E)DC,*F3 EeF3:.F4 micro -instruction. Line í specifies that and EOM cards required for indirect 00T0,.61,(*T1T2') OO10,n01.1,(*T1'ir2) the following actions take place for control with four micro -operations. OOTO,411.2,(iT1tT2') 0OT0,061.3,(*T1-CT2) each micro- instruction: The use of symbolic addresses gives ALSIM great flexibility in modeling Fig. 8-MAP and EOM for four -address branch- I) Evaluate the test. ing. various addressing schemes. The sim- 2) Execute the seven functions in the current micro- instruction. plest scheme is the one in which each 3) Then go to the first or second branch micro- instruction contains one branch EOM EIC,*F1 FISC, *F2 DOTO,.01,(a1.0) 0OTO,*02,(R1.1) address depending on whether the sym- which is executed when the test is bolic test is true or false. 0OrO,*03,(R1.2) CCTO,A04,(R1 -3) true. Fig. 7 shows EOM and MAP Fig. 9 -EOM card for branching based on cards which could represent this type 1. Micro -instruction register section of addressing. The NPL 500 uses an The micro- instruction section reads addressing scheme which is altogether JOB STARTED AT 084715 the data cards that specify the indi- different. The next address (Fig. 8) is vidual micro- instructions. The format calculated in two parts. The eleven A---LOAD R20 L,50 LOAD REO PSR,2 of these micro -instructions follows the high -order bits come from the con- LOAD RB) I,0 LOAD RAM CDUNT,0 MAP card from the micro- operation trol word itself. and the two low - LOAD Re73 DR,8 MAD RDT IR,129876 section. As in the MAP card, the com- order bits are the results of two LOAD RD3 U3,456789 II---LOAD ?LEI F4440,24 ponents are: tests. Thus, control can go to any one C- --SNAP A F.1,2110,4 D..-TRACE A 2110,0000 of four consecutive micro- instructions. 6-.TEtCL9 0000 1) The symbolic address of the micro- In this case, EOFLOW P BEGIN 2100 T5 E30 instruction, the card con- Fig. 10 -Input for exercising model. 2) The names of the equations that tains the address of the first one. and determine the next address. the EOM card determines which 3) The names of functions performed branch to take. Finally, the next ad- flexibility required for modeling during the execution of a microinstruc- dress could be determined by the many different microprogram struction. 4) The names of registers that are used contents of a particular register. Fig. tures. The first is the MAP card (line as explicit operands. and 9 shows this with register R1. o) that gives the format of the micro- 5) The address of all possible successor instruction. A micro- instruction is micro- instructions. Exercising the model written as a combination of the fol- Figure 5 gives an example of micro- IIIe microprograms are verified by lowing elements: instruction cards corresponding to the exercising the model which was built 1) The symbolic address of the micro-

instruction (A), WADER A AUD Et CC COUNT DA D64MY E ILO FMAD FNAR ICAR ILC IR L 2) The names of equations that deter- 00 0 0 00 00000008 00000000 0 OOOOOOOO0000000000 00 00000000 0 o 00129876 50 NI OCR OFR OV RC. '_i RL SCAR T L'3 I SOH DOS mine the next address (T), 0 0 00 0 0 2 0 0 0 00456789 o 00000000 00000000 3) The names of functions which are performed during the execution of a micro-instruction (F), 4) The names of registers which are NF::oRY FRI1:T FOR 1_1 directly , specified (e) and 000000 00 00 00 00 00 00 DO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5) The addresses of all possible suc- *0003E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 cessor micro-instructions (a).

The MAP card NI::C3T PRINT FOR All lists these letters to Cc0000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 correspond to the format the .0^.040 00000025 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 of sym- Oc.048 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 bolic micro- instructions. The typical *000078 00000000 00000000 00000000 MAP card, shown in line D, indicates '. SNAP A /OTIVATED *..*.. I! nlr:'T Ilia FI C3^-040 00000025 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 (_007;8 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 76 *000078 00000000 00000000 00000000 Fig. 11- Initial values of registers and memories. www.americanradiohistory.com # *** TRACS ACTIVATED **41** EOADDR A AUD BA CC COUNT DR DIME E ED FMAD MAR ICAR ILC IR L M 2100 0 0 0 0 01 00000008 00000000 0 000000000000000000 00 00000000 0 0 00129876 50 0 NT OCR OFR 0V PMR Poll RZ SCAR T UR R SUM BUS O 0 00 0 0 2 0 0 0 00456789 0 00000008 00000000 up in the previous three program seg- MP:001 PRINT FOR FM *000040 0057FFFF 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ments. This function is performed by 000048 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 *000078 00000000 00000000 00000000 the fourth segment which: EX.= A AUD BA CC COUNT DR 011ß12 EEO MAD MAR ICAR ILC IR L M 1) Initializes registers and memories by 2110 0 0 0 4 02 00000000 00571FFF 0000000000000000000 40 00000000 0 0 0057FFFF 50 0 NT OCR OPPì OV PM PSR RZ SCAR T UR X SUI4 BUS loading them with special values. 0 0 00 0 0 2 0 0 0 00456789 0 0057FFFF 00000000

2) Monitors the intermediate values of ME :ORY PRINT FOR FM registers, busses, and memories. 000040 0057FFFF 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 000048 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 3) Specifies the address of the starting *000078 00000000 00000000 00000000 micro -instruction, along with conditions SU DLR A AUD BA CC COUNT DR DOM14Y E EO FMAD FEAR ICAR ILC DZ L M for stopping the simulation, and 0000 0 0 0 4 03 00000000 0057F7FF 0 000000000000000000 40 00000000 0 0 0057FFFF 50 0 4) Sets predicted values of memories NT OCR OPR OV PFR FOR RS SCAR T UR 1 5114 BUS O 0 00 0 0 2 0 0 o00456789 0 0057FFFF 00000000 and registers to be compared with the actual results. * *:,*** TRACE A DOACTIVATED **AA** Fig. 12- Printout from TRACE and SNAP cards. The registers and memories are initialized by the use of LOAD cards. LOAD micro -instruction 2100 and prints out which appears with all simulation. In REG cards contain the name of the no more than five times. The TRACE the beginning of the simulation, the register and a right -justified hexa- card starts tracing at microinstruc- initial values of all memories and decimal number with which the reg- tion 2100 and stops at microinstruc- registers are printed out. Fig. 13 ister is initialized. An example is tion 0000. Fig. 12 shows the output shows an example of this output that given in line A of Fig. 10 which puts produced by these cards. There are corresponds to the initializing cards hexadecimal 50 into register L. All three instructions that specify which in Fig. 10. The final values are also registers which are not mentioned in portion of microcode should be simu- printed out at the end. LOAD cards are automatically set to lated. These are the BEGIN, TERM and zero. A fast or main memory is ini- TERMS cards. The first microinstruc- Conclusion tialized by the LOAD MEM card. In ad- tion to be simulated is always spec- to be a significant dition to the name of the memory, ified in the BEGIN card. The simula- ALSM has proved of some of this card contains a hexadecimal tion is terminated either by reaching help in the development RCA It has simulated memory address. The rest of the a certain address or by fulfilling a the computers. logic on ma- numbers on the card are put into certain condition. The TERMS card in control and diagnostics chines with widely differing organ- consecutive memory locations, start- line E of fig. 10 specifies that the simu- ization. The machines include direct ing with that address. Line B gives lation stops when it reaches address as as - an example of the LOAD MEM card. It 0000. Execution can also be terminated and indirect control well read -writable control mem- places the value 25 into location 40, when either a predefined (EON from only and user In to simulation, memory FM, EODEF section) or a symbolic equa- ories. addition the has tion is true. The BEGIN card contains system produced documentation Fig. 11 shows the computer printout and fabrication aids. that contains the initialized values of three ways to stop the microprogram all the registers and memories in the in case there is an endless loop. The model. The intermediate results are simulation stops for a maximum num- Acknowledgment ber of output lines, a maximum number monitored by TRACE and SNAP cards. The authors would like to acknowl- of micro -instructions executed, or a A TRACE card performs two functions. edge important contributions made by maximum time exceeded. First, it specifies that, within a certain Mr. Avijet Ghosh in formulating range in the microprogram, the con- ideas and implementing the design. Additional output tents of all registers are printed out. They are also grateful to Mr. E. H. Secondly, it prints out the address In addition to the TRACE and SNAP Cope for valuable assistance in check- of each micro- instruction executed output, there is also some output ing out the system. within that range. The SNAP card prints out the contents of all memories ROM rZ+0C.01.1;4 C0L.i3ì COCO TF.RM@:ATI6N DOADrR A ADD BA CC C0IZS DR LL::4I E CO MAD MAR within a certain range. 0000 0 0 0 4 03 60000000 00571977 0 000000000000000000 40 00000.000 NT OCR OPR OV á4i PM RI SCAR T UZ I :J:1 BUS If many consecutive words contain O 0 00 0 C 2 0 0 0 00456789 0 C057FFFF 00000000 the same information, they are skipped and their omission is indicated by an asterisk. Since the sym- MORI PRINT FOR IN 000000 00 00 CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 OC 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 bolic addresses of the microinstruc- 40003E0 00 00 CO 00 00 00 CO 00 00 CO 00 00 00 00 OC 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 tions are not printed, the TRACE in- MEMORY PRINT FOR F?I struction is usually included with a 000000 000000{0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 *000040 00571FFF 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 SNAP. The range of operation is spec- 000048 000000(0'00000000 00000000 ified by a starting and ending address or a by starting address and the num- CECI REO IR,500 ber of micro -instructions ****** SCPPLIED VALU{ **RRA* 00000500 which are *A**** ACTUAL VALU' *4,4414* 0057FFFF to be traced. Fig. 10 gives an example of these two cards in lines c and D. CHECK RFD DR,0 The SNAP card starts its output at

CHECK 9204 F4,40,?6 44M *i:* SUPPLIED VALUE *Y.ß:'0** 00000016 4w**** ACTUAL VALUE R -Y*:# 0057FFFF Fig. 13- Initial and final values corresponding to LOAD cards (Fig. 10). www.americanradiohistory.com Ceramic integrated circuit development

R. D. Snyder I J. W. Stephens

The following Consumer Electronics articles present the characteristics of resistors,' capacitors,' conductors and printing inks,' and flip -chip semiconductors' which may be packaged on a single alumina substrate and joined' with certain discrete devices such as multi -layer capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and monolythic integrated circuits to make up a ceramic integrated circuit. This article describes the development process of a ceramic circuit from the selection of a circuit design to the final production circuit.

since the early 1960's, Consumer The process of developing a ceramic Electronics has been actively in- integrated circuit from an initial con- volved in an effort to interface hybrid cept to a final circuit moving in high ceramic circuit technology with its volume production is a lengthy one. product lines. This effort has evolved It also requires coordination and through the inventive stages of deter- teamwork among the many disciplines mining basic theoretical fundamentals and individuals involved to minimize for hybrid circuit fabrication into the production lead times. Technical areas establishment of an efficient manufac- represented in this development cycle turing facility. Production of thick encompass electrical engineering, me- film or ceramic integrated circuits chanical engineering, computer aids, began on April 1, 1970 at the Rock- drafting, photography, and laboratory ville, Ind., plant. This facility contains analysis. equipment specifically designed for Committing a circuit design to such high -volume automatic fabrication a complex process can be costly, and and computer -controlled test and pro- careful initial business and technical cess capabilities. decisions are mandatory to ascertain RE-17-1-5 if a given circuit design lends itself Final manuscript received November 23, 1970. economically to thick -film technology. This planning must be achieved with insight toward the final performance Richard D. Snyder requirements of the circuit and a Ceramic Circuit Development view toward the capabilities and lim- Consumer Electronics Indianapolis, Indiana itations of the development process. received the BSEE from Purdue University in Initial development 1965, and as a participant in RCA's Graduate The developmental process begins Study Program, received the MSEE in 1969 at the regional campus of Purdue University in Indianap- with a circuit designer, who has as- olis. Mr. Snyder joined Consumer Electronics in sembled preliminary performance 1965 as a Design & Development Engineer where specifications for his design, including he engaged in television receiver circuit design in CE's Product Engineering. Since 1969, he has electrical and mechanical measure- been associated with the special Ceramic Hybrid ments, circuit component tolerances, Circuits Group, actively contributing to thick -film and circuit partitioning requirements. circuit design, and applications for television and radio receivers and to computer- oriented test This latter requirement is extremely equipment design for high -volume circuit produc- important at this point, for it carefully tion. Mr. Snyder is presently pursuing studies in defines the boundaries which will con- Business Administration at Indiana University. tain the circuit (s) to be considered. W. Stephens Joseph Next, is familiar Ceramic Circuit Development one who extremely Consumer Electronics with hybrid components and their Indianapolis, Indiana application to thick -film development received the BSEE degree from Christian Brothers College in 1962. From 1962 to June, 1966, he must assemble a data package con- worked in Huntsville, Ala., designing Saturn taining circuit component specifica- ground support equipment and component tech- tions including essential semiconduc- niques. In June 1966, he joined RCA as a Resi- dent Engineer at Memphis, Tennessee. In October tor parameters; resistor tolerances; of 1968, he transferred to his present position of power ratings; noise characteristics; Staff Engineer where he is engaged in product de- capacitor tolerances; voltage ratings; velopment, circuit applications, and the design of computer interfaces and test systems. temperature coefficient; and inductor

www.americanradiohistory.com metric efficiency have been difficult dielectric screening, capacitor top to obtain. electrode screening, resistor screening, insulator coat screening, solder ma- step in the development The next terial screening, discrete component cycle is completed with the aid of a r attachment, and encapsulation. A draftsman, who is keenly familiar photo -rubylith (Fig. la) is prepared layout guide lines and with circuit from the master layout drawing of substrate size considerations. With the the circuit for each of these screen- guidance of an engineer, particularly rL ing steps. For each process step, the where extremely critical circuits are rubylith positive is photographically involved, the draftsman becomes a reduced and used to prepare a nega- key man in determining the final lay- tive film. A high -quality screen mesh, out and package configuration. With is chosen consistent the the minimum spacing guidelines, the which with material to be screened, is used in draftsman must now complete a series conjunction with the photographic of routines in placing each component negative to produce a finished screen from the circuit schematic diagram (Fig. lb) for each manufacturing on the layout for each circuit corn- ponent involved. These minimum step. mechanical dimensions have been compiled essentially by experience Prototype sample preparation gained from manufacturing considera- Now that all screens for a given cir- tions, and limitations and are abso- cuit have been carefully defined and lutely necessary if high - automated prepared, the next important stage in Fig. 1- Rubylith (a, top) and finished screen volume production is to be expected (b, bottom) for the metalizer pattern on a the development cycle is sample cir- kinescope driver circuit for color television. at high yield levels. As the circuit is cuit preparation. Small quantities of developed on the layout by the drafts- finished circuits are fabricated by the requirements. Specially developed man, the engineer simultaneously sample circuit facility for immediate computer programs are available to weighs his circuit performance limita- electrical circuit performance checks, automatically reduce screened resistor tions against compliance with me- physical and chemical analysis of ma- and capacitor specifications to mechanical layout guideline limitations terials, and early life test data. These chanical dimensions for use in drafting until an optimum set of compromises samples initially simulate what will a circuit layout. The resistor program is resolved. be produced in high volume later in examines ink resistivity, maximum manufacturing. The circuit perfor- At this stage of development, a master voltage and power ratings, power den- layout drawing of the circuit exists mance is reviewed carefully with the sity, and maximum and minimum as- in a 10:1 ratio of drawing size to circuit designer at this time, before pect ratios. The capacitor program finished circuit size. This high ratio committing further work on the cir- examines dielectric constant and di- cuit. If the is used to assure extremely high defini- performance specifications electric thickness to produce screened tion, or resolution, and reduced ef- are not met, changes in the layout capacitor dimensions. Where capac- fective dimensional errors in the final require iteration of the previous de- itor physical sizes become unwieldy, circuit screens. velopment steps until the performance discrete units requiring less surface specifications are achieved. It is ex- area such as multiple layer ceramic tremely important that the time in- Rubylith and screen preparation chip and /or tantalum chip capacitors volved here be minimized; this are carefully selected. Inductors re- In fabricating a circuit, the typical requires close coordination and co- quire special attention, since good - manufacturing sequence is as follows: operation of all people involved. At quality, low -cost inductors with a substrate preparation, metalizer (con- this point, the plans are complete for broad range of values and high volu- ductor) pattern screening, capacitor a circuit which will give the customer

Fig. 2- Manufacturin stages for a colcr kinescope driver circuit.

www.americanradiohistory.com high performance levels at low costs. As the circuit development becomes finalized, specifications and drawings relating to purchased components and materials are formalized to assist purchasing and manufacturing people in the procurement and use of these items in production. Hybrid component specifications for screened - printed resistors and capacitors are translated to "inputs" to a computer- controlled measurement system which monitors the electrical values of components on substrates emerging from firing furnaces." Fig. 3- Ceramic integrated circuit and discrete versions of the kinescope driver circuit. When a final packaged circuit has achieved satisfactory electrical. me- the developmental process) for Con- be made without the necessity of the chanical, and environmental per- Electronics chroma, utilization of parts and little formance requirements, sumer include old with approval video, audio, VHF, UHF for televi- or no material loss. Also, different sub- samples are selected represent which sion; and audio driver and power out- parts for which only component value what the customer can expect from put circuits for radio. These designs or tolerance differences are required production quantities. After these include a wide variety of hybrid and for different product models may be samples are given approval, manufac- discrete components that have been made during the same production run turing proceeds to fabricate the quan- designed or selected to be compatible by simply using different test and ad- tities specified by the customer on a with both ceramic circuit manufactur- just conditions. 3) The capability high -volume basis. 2 Fig. typifies ing technology and the circuit applica- of having different layouts for the three important manufacturing process tion. same circuit, quick production change- stages for the color kinescope driver over capabilities, and the standardiza- circuit and the color demodulator While the development process itself tion of package design provide the circuit presently used in television is an expensive operation (as is always ability to have second sources both for receivers. the case for preparing prototypes), the materials in the process and for the high-volume manufacturing capability complete ceramic circuit. Modular Test considerations with consistent repeatability and ex- packaging concepts also are consistent At a pre-determined time before pro- cellent performance provide economic with both conventional soldering op- duction of a circuit, final electrical advantages over other manufacturing erations and plug -in socket designs. test equipment is simultaneously de- techniques. There are other charac- The process of developing a ceramic veloped and teristics which also provide for physi- used in final production integrated circuit from initial concept as a rapid cal and cost advantages, such as the check of manufacturing to final production model involves, output on certain important electrical elimination of the encapsulation and com- like most finished marketable prod- specifications, which assure the cus- packaging of each individual ponent which reduces size, weight, ucts, a delicate balance of business tomer that he is receiving a function- and technical decisions and compro- ally acceptable product. The produc- and cost; and yet, overall circuit en- environmental mises to arrive at a product having tion output is also sampled on a capsulation provides protection for the entire circuit. As an low cost, good quality, and conse- quality basis with the use of specially quently providing high customer satis- designed test equipment, indicating example, the ceramic kinescope driver con- faction. not only acceptability but also more circuit shown in Fig. 3 requires final prod- detailed information on the quality siderably less volume in the a heat sink on level of the product. This function is uct, does not require an invaluable aid to improved manu- the power transistor, and is almost References half the weight of the discrete version. 1. Allington, T. R., "The Advantages of Screen - facturing process control and a def- Printed Resistors "; RCA Engineer, this issue. inite key to building customer confi- 2. Shelby, J H., "Capacitors for Ceramic Inte- A unique manufacturing versatility grated Circuits "; RCA Engineer, this issue. dence levels. is RCA's ceramic 3. Wang, Y. H., "Rheological Properties of also realized with Printing Inks "; RCA Engineer, this issue. integrated circuit technology which in- 4. Hegarty, B. A., "Flip -Chip Semiconductor Conclusion Devices for Hybrid Circuits "; RCA Engineer, cludes three very important considera- this issue. Ceramic integrated circuits offer the tions: 1) The process is consistently 5. Shaw, E. R., "Joining Operations for Ceramic Circuits -A State of the Art Survey "; RCA circuit designer a hybrid manufactur- repeatable. In- process testing of com- Engineer, this issue. ing and device technology which is ap- ponents, adjustment capabilities, and 6. Brombaugh, C. A., Oakes, M., Stephens, J. W., Tretter, L. L., "The Use of Small plicable to a broad spectrum of circuit final functional testing maintain high Computers for Ceramic Circuit Production "; applications. Examples of applications quality levels the process. RCA Engineer, this issue. throughout 7. RCA Consumer Electronics, RCA Reprint which have been developed (or are in 2) Design changes in many cases can PE -515, RCA Engineer, Vol. 16, No. 5.

www.americanradiohistory.com result of the author's experience with Joining operation for ceramic thick -film ceramic circuits which employ an 85% alumina substrate and a circuits the silver -palladium conductor system. -state of art Solder selection E. R. Skaw Criteria for the selection of solder alloy include the following: The ceramic circuit process engineer has several techniques available to him when it 1) the alloy comes to joining discrete components and leads to thick -film ceramic circuits. Wettability -does under consideration "wet" (or react with) the However, considerations of reliability, strength, and electrical parameters generally conductor in a controllable manner? limit him to only one technique -soldering. In many cases, this is a very unfortunate 2) Conductor adhesion -does the ap- circumstance. Selection and application of solder and the control of the related plication of the solder in any way dis- parameters are discussed in this paper. rupt the conductor-to- substrate bonding mechanism and cause a loss of adhesion? 3) Temperature selection -is the melt- ROCESS ENGINEERS in both printed impart high resistances in certain fre- ing point of the solder sufficiently high so as to not be affected by temperature rcircuit and ceramic circuit fabrica- quency ranges to solder (compared excursions to which the circuit will tion are faced with at least one corn- bonds) . The complex metallurgy of subsequently be subjected and yet suf- mon problem -how to economically the ceramic circuit and the extreme ficiently low so as to not degrade the and reliably join discrete components sensitivity of its many components to circuit during its application? and leads to the circuit. The ceramic sudden increases in temperature com- 4) Solder- conductor reaction -what is the nature of reaction of the solder circuit offers further restrictions due to pletely rule out the joining technique with the conductor, i.e., is there solid its very complex metallurgy and strict of brazing with its high temperature solution or are intermetallic corn- processing requirements. requirements. Solder, at first look, ap- pounds formed? If compounds are pears to be the answer to all problems formed, do they degrade the circuit or Thermal compression bonding, con- the solder connection? ductive epoxy, solder, and brazing are related to joining. It forms a strong, all candidates for joining components reproducible bond which does not im- Wettability to the ceramic circuit. Thermal com- part additional resistance to the cir- When we think of the phenomena of pression bonding works well for very cuit. It can be applied by a variety of "wetting" we generally think of the small (0.010 diameter or less) wires - techniques, each of which is amenable interfacial forces as between water and gold preferably -but fails for large to high -speed production. Also the use glass. These forces give rise to an devices and leads. Conductive epoxy is of such an old stand -by as solder entire family of phenomena including effective in applications requiring a makes the process engineer and elec- capillary rise which is characterized by large -area bond, and its use does not trical engineer feel a little more at a characteristic interfacial angle require that additional processing home in the new and often exasper- known as the wetting angle. For solder techniques be added to the sequence of ating world of thick -film ceramic systems, the same considerations are fabrication of a thick -film circuit. circuits. valid at least in a qualitative manner However, conductive epoxy bonds do However, the use of solder is not with- as they are modified* somewhat by the as its be not appear to be as strong bonds out problem areas, and these will *The wetting of solder systems is directly related achieved by other means (e.g., sol- discussed in detail. This paper will to many other phenomena such as substrate cleanliness and particularly the nature and type der) ; they are questionable as to repro- review the selection of a solder, the of flux employed. The cleaning processes and ducibility, especially when used for technique of its application, and the selection of fluxes each constitute areas of in- very small -arca connections, and they control of the parameters employed to vestigation too large to be included in this dis- make the solder joint. The discussion cussion. The reader is referred to the many Reprint RE- 17 -1 -9 works which have already been published in Final manuscript received February 26, 1971. and conclusion of this paper are a these fields.

Eugene R. Skaw Ceramic Circuit Development Consumer Electronics Indianapolis, Indiana received the BA from Carroll College in Helena, Montana and the MS in Chemistry from Tufts University. Mr. Skaw was employed from 1962 through 1965 by Sprague Electric where he worked in semi -conductor research, specializing in the materials aspect of semiconductor technology. He joined Consumer Electronics in 1965, and helped to initiate semiconductor technology. He is presently responsible for developing testing procedures to characterize thick -film circuits and their components. Mr. Skaw has been granted one U. S. patent for his work in ceramic circuits and has published articles concerning semiconductor technology. He is chairman of three American Society of Testing and Materials task forces which are concerned with testing thick -film materials.

www.americanradiohistory.com the process engineer a fairly large de- idus temperature. A few degrees cen- gree of freedom in choosing processing tigrade are manageable, and eutectic parameters. For example, if a solder is systems are preferred. chosen which has a very low wetting The working temperature (melting angle -very large change in diameter point plus 30 to 50° C, sometimes of solder sphere -then extreme control referred to as pot temperature) should of the time -temperature cycle required be high enough that the assembled for the soldering process must be circuit is not subject to degradation achieved. On the other hand, if a very during subsequent soldering opera- large wetting angle is selected, then, tions. A minimum melting point in the within the limits of the system, the range 180 to 200° C is necessary for time -temperature cycle for the solder- of most circuits as tin -lead eutectic mix- ing process is non-critical. Wetting an- tures (melting point equal to 180° C) gles in the medium to high range offer are most commonly used for joining A hot -plate system for reflow joining. the process engineer many advantages; the thick -film circuit into the system in the time -temperature requirements are nature of the reaction between the which it is to be used. Additionally, not too demanding and it is possible to metal re- the produce heat during opera- solder and the basis which selectively solder small areas without circuits in of either a solid tion. The melting point of the solder, sults the formation having to produce artificial "dams" to in fact, the of the solution or an intermetallic compound, limit solder spread. and nature reaction or both. However, the wetting phe- of solder with basis metal should be nomena applies sufficiently well to sol- such it is not affected or accele- Conductor adhesion that der systems that the wetting angle can rated by the temperature of operation be used as a criteria for the selection of Adhesion of the conductor to the sub- (adhesion values should not be re- a solder alloy for any application in- strate consists of many contributing duced by more than 10% during 1000 factors. A physical contribution to ad- cluding thick -film circuits. hours of operation) . hesion results from the surface rough- The procedure for measuring the ness of the substrate alumina. A On the high end, the circuit and its wetting angle for a thick -film circuit chemical contribution to adhesion re- components become sensitive to tem- requires (1) the application of solder sults from diffusion of the metal atoms peratures in excess of 500° C. Further to a circuit, (2) preparation of a cross - into the substrate. A chemical - restrictions may be found in the use of section of the circuit, and (3) measure- mechanical contribution to adhesion is silicone or related types of insulating ment of the angle between the solder a result of flux and frit partially diffus- overcoats which may be present on the and conductor. A test which is more ing into the substrate and bridging circuit. readily performed employs a small back to the flux and frit remaining in sphere (or disk) of known diameter of the conductor. A further contribution Solder-conductor reaction alloy under question. The the solder to the total adhesion may be found in Finally the nature of the reaction of solder sphere is placed upon the con- oxide bridging between the conductor the solder with the basis metal is im- ductor and the circuit brought to a metal and the alumina substrate. All portant. Nearly all the more common suitable temperature (30 to 50° C the mechanisms of bonding with the solder compositions rely upon tin being above the melting point of the solder) exception of the purely mechanical one one of the major constituents. Tin time for a suitable period of then are subject to disruption by an im- forms intermetallic compounds with cooled. The change in diameter of the properly applied soldering process or palladium and with gold. These inter - solder sphere is determined and pro- by a wrongly selected solder alloy. metallic compounds tend to be hard vides a suitable barometer of wettabil- (Subsequent portions of this paper and brittle and in the case of palla- ity for most applications. will pursue this matter in greater dium, they are non -solderable (at least detail.) Temperature selection with all the more common solders) . Formation of these intermetallic com- The temperature selected plays an im- Measuring adhesion becomes an im- pounds completely destroys all chemi- portant role in the measured wetting portant process control technique. It is cal contributions to the adhesion angle in that higher temperatures re- therefore necessary that a standard mechanism, and while it is possible to duce the surface tension of the solder procedure be established. Such a pro- control their formation during the ac- and promote the reaction between the cedure -with slight modifications- is tual soldering operation, their rate of solder and basis metal. Higher temper- found in ASTM F1 Document 7D10 formation at temperatures as low as atures also increase the formation of Method B. It is this author's opinion 125° C is sufficiently high that complete oxides (tin -based solders) which tend that this procedure meets all require- loss of chemical adhesion is found in to increase the surface tension of the ments of being readily and reproduci- periods as short as four hours at that solder and limit the extent of the reac- bly applied to adhesion testing for temperature. tion with the basis metal. Therefore, a ceramic circuits. compromise temperature must be se- For reasons of control it is advanta- Application of solder lected. geous to use a solder alloy which does It soon becomes obvious that the selec- not have a large "plastic" region, i.e., a Once a solder alloy has been selected tion of the proper solder alloy offers large spread between liquidus and sol- as a best compromise for the criteria

www.americanradiohistory.com discussed above, the process engineer at this point that the real problem - This system combines fiber optics, must decide how he is going to apply it child of present -day soldering tech- solid -state infrared detectors and logic to the circuit. Time -honored methods niques rears its cute little head- controls. The use of fiber optics per- of dip or wave soldering introduce namely, in what form do you apply the mits the monitoring of very small spots several problems including handling in required heat and, worse yet, how do -less than 0.010 -inch diameter-with- volume, masking, and dissolution of you control it? out the necessity of making physical the basis metal into the molten solder. contact. The system as it now stands Conventional heating techniques con- The latter becomes a critical area of has a total response time of the order sist of one form or another of resist- control since the components of the of one millisecond, a lower detection ance heated tool, (e.g., solder iron, basis metal are readily soluble in the limit of about 125° C and an accuracy parallel -gap, and formed resistance solder. of 1 to 3° C. (Future improvements in tool) infrared focused or -either fiber optic technology and in the logic Fortunately in the last few years, sol- blanket -type, convection oven or fur- circuit controls will extend the limits der has become available in paste or nace or a modified hot plate. In some of this system even further.) cream forms. Applications of solder in cases combinations of these are em- this form employs screening equipment ployed. Control of these systems is lim- With the new detector -control system and technology already present in a ited to varying the power level of the in mind, it is now possible to conceive thick -film manufacturing area. Further tool and the dwell time of the tool on a joining system which will allow each it simplifies the application of solder the part or of the part in the hot zone. connection to be made as a separate to selected areas. It is critical that a For most production purposes, it is operation with the main limit now sufficient volume of solder be available necessary that a soldered joint be ac- being in the mechanical handling sys- to adequately wet the surface being complished in 1 second or less which tems. A high -speed joining system joined and form a good fillet -the requires that the melting, holding, and which makes each connection sepa- strength of the solder joint being de- cooling of the solder occupy less than rately and employs not one but two or rived largely from the fillet. Ordinary 0.5 second. These requirements of time even three heat sources -the source stainless -steel mesh screens as cur- are outside the controllable response being chosen to provide optimum con- rently available do not provide suffi- time of present -day soldering systems. trol for each component -is thus feasi- cient volumes of solder paste to Many factors come into play here. ble. Extremely high yields are a real accomplish a good solder joint. It is Among these are; substrate camber, possibility since the proper heating pa- necessary to provide a backing for the tool cleanliness, and, most impor- rameters can be set and controlled for screen some 0.008 to 0.010 inch in tantly, there is no way to measure the each individual component. It will still thickness. Since the application of the solder temperature at these rates. prove a must to pre -solder both the solder is -with few exceptions -a circuit and the components where pos- non- critical operation due to the flow- Because of these limitations, systems sible as this guarantees the proper ing and wetting action of the molten have evolved which tend to treat com- wetting of all parts and the proper solder, a perfectly acceptable solder ponents as equals and which attempt volume of solder for fillet formation. to ignore effects such as camber, etc. paste mask can be prepared by ma- And in certain critical cases, pre - chining 0.015 to 0.020- inch -thick steel These systems involve a batch opera- soldering facilitates removal of harm- sheet. Such masks are inexpensive and tion concept in which solder is placed ful flux residue. very durable. on the substrate either by dipping as preform or paste. Multiple components Acknowledgment -generally differing greatly in mass Joining and solderability -are assembled on "1'he author wishes to acknowledge the The method of joining- accomplish- the circuit, which is then placed in an help of his coworkers E. Kovac and ing the actual solder joint -is one oven, passed through a furnace, set B. Terry of Consumer Electronics. which has been widely cussed and under an infrared lamp, or put over a discussed. Since the solder joining op- glorified hot plate. In desperation, eration is the penultimate processing some systems have infrared lamps step in the fabrication of a circuit, it is added to the hot plate to try and imperative that it be an operation compensate for camber and differen- which has 100% yield. To accomplish tial mass effects. this goal, it is necessary to: Needless to say, these methods have 1) Pre -solder the circuit, been at best only marginally success- 2) Pre -solder all components and reject ful. However, there seems to be no those which do not properly accept solder. alternative without better detection 3) Accomplish the actual joint by a and control systems. simple solder -to- solder reflow, and 4) Recognize that each component is But all is not lost. In June 1970, different in mass and heat capacity and, Vanzetti Infrared and Computer Sys- therefore, join each separately using tems, Dedham, Mass., announced what parameters which are optimum for most certainly will prove to be the each. harbinger of new concepts for ultra- Components being placed on circuit boards. Flowing of the paste and component joining are accomplished While all of this may sound easy, it is high speed heat detection and control. in one operation in the infrared oven.

www.americanradiohistory.com advantages over any other available Capacitors for ceramic type; these advantages will be examined in the following paragraphs.

integrated circuits Screen -printed capacitors The American consumer electronics J. H. Shelby industry has steadily lost sales to foreign decade. Any technology chosen to replace the present printed circuit board, discrete com- competitors over the last To compete effectively with low -price ponent technology must be capable of offering a wide range of circuit functions. The foreign goods, it is necessary to lower circuit functions required for consumer electronics equipment use a wide variety of the manufactured cost of our prod- capacitors. Ceramic integrated circuits now being applied to RCA's line of consumer ucts. Hybrid ceramic integrated cir- electronic equipment can be manufactured using these capacitors as an integral part cuits produced in large volume can of the circuit. The required capacitors are discussed in this paper. help lower these manufacturing costs. Screen -printing techniques are used ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS designed and The capacitor requirements of min- in ceramic circuit technology to place manufactured by Consumer Elec- iaturized circuits cover roughly the most passive components and con- tronics for home entertainment prod- capacitance range of 1 pF to 100 F. ductor patterns onto ceramic sub- ucts contain a variety of capacitor The capacitors are used in bypass, strates. Screen printing is a high- types. These range from small values coupling, and tuned circuit applica- speed, highly automatic, and there- (1 to 1000 pF) for temperature com- tions. Since there is little probability fore, potentially low-cost means of pensating capacitors to high values that consumer electronic circuits in making electronic circuits. It is only ca- (0.5 to 50,000 1 F) for bulk -type filter the near future can be designed with- natural then that screen -printed capacitors. out these capacitors, any technology pacitors have received much emphasis chosen to replace the present printed at CE. Capacitors for consumer electronic circuit board technology must be cap- equipment can generally be catego- The manufacturing of screen -printed able of satisfying these basic capac- rized into classes: 1) capacitors capacitors requires basically four two itor requirements. that are small enough to use on minia- steps: 1) the bottom electrode is turized circuits and 2) capacitors too Ceramic integrated circuit technology screen printed, dried and fired; 2) the large for miniature circuitry. as developed by Consumer Electron- dielectric is screen printed and dried; ics' Ceramic Circuit Department is 3) the top electrode is screen printed The latter group generally consists of capable of manufacturing circuits with and dried; and 4) the top electrode metal canned aluminum electrolytic capacitors in the required range of 1 and dielectric are co- fired. Firing tem- capacitors, and polystyrene, polyvinyl pF to 100 tuF. No other single tech- peratures for capacitor dielectrics vary chloride, mylar, polycarbonate, and nology can at present do this. from +850 to + 1050 °C. The re- mica electrostatic capacitors. sultant structure consists of ceramic Capacitor requirements and metallic particulates held together Reprint RE- 17 -1 -10 of miniaturized circuits Final manuscript received February 26, 1971 by a glassy matrix. This type of mono- What general type of capacitors are lithic structure, when constituent used on ceramic circuits to fulfill the materials are chosen wisely, gives re- James H. Shelby Ceramic Circuit Development capacitor requirements? Table I de- liable performance. A cross section Consumer Electronics fines and categorizes the capacitor re- and top view of the resultant capac- Indianapolis, Indiana design of itor is shown in Fig. 1. received the BS in Electrical Engineering from quirements for miniaturized Purdue University in 1964. He was employed by consumer electronic circuits. To meet Screen -printable dielectric materials the P. R. Mallory Company in 1967 as a Product the requirements outlined in Table I, Engineer specializing in tantalum are now commercially available with capacitors. Mr. three types of capacitors are presently Shelby joined RCA in 1969 and is presently en- dielectric constants from approxi- gaged in screen -printed capacitor -development. used RCA ceramic - on circuits: screen mately 6 to 1000. Materials with He also supervises the Environmental Test Labo- printed ceramic; multilayer ceramic ratory of the Ceramic Circuit Department. dielectric constants up to 2000 are chip; and unencapsulated solid- tanta- now being evaluated. In ceramic cir- lum chip. cuit engineering the term capacitance Each of the three types has certain per square inch is used rather than Table I- Capacitor requirements for miniaturized circuits. Type Description Capacitance Range General Characteristics

A Temperature 1 pF to 1000 pF Predictable temperature coefficient compensating Drift on life 2% or less Q greater than 1000 for N1500 or less Q greater than 500 for greater than N1500 Insulation resistance (IR) greater than 1011 ohms B General 5 pF to 0.1 AF Drift on life 10% or less purpose IR greater than 2x1010 ohms Dissipation Factor (DF) less than 3% C General 0.1 AF to 100 pF Drift on life 10% or less purpose DF less than 8% IR greater than 108 ohms

www.americanradiohistory.com BOTTOM EIECTI00E drift with life are directly propor- BOTTOM tional to relative dielectric constant. ELECT1001 TOP DIELECTRIC Therefore, a designer who requires ELECTRODE TOP OMEECTIM SBISTIAR low loss and stable performance (0000100E SBBSTIATr should use the material with the lowest possible dielectric constant. Screen -printed ceramic capacitors have been evaluated against discrete component specifications and results Fig. Fig. 2- "Planar" Capacitor structure 1- Screen printed capacitor structure show equal or, in most cases, superior performance. dielectric constant. This term is de- stant at approximately 0.0022 inch, rived as follows: C= KA /4.45d where Some low dielectric constant (10 to top electrode areas for these capaci- 4.45 consists of permittivity of free 60) materials show great promise as tors become quite small. They become space and conversion factors from extremely low loss (high Q or low so small (0.01 x 0.01 inch) that they MKS to FPS system; C is capacitance DF) temperature compensating capac- are difficult to screen print and obtain itors. 1 (pF : K is the relative dielectric con- Q in excess of 1000 at MHz high yields. To overcome this prob- stant; A is mutual electrode area is now obtainable. These materials lem, a special type of screen -printed (in.') ; and d is dielectric thickness are available with various capacitance capacitor was designed. The top and (in.) . coefficients of temperature, e.g., NPO, side view of this capacitor is shown C/A = K/4.45d N750. Thus we can predict that Type in Fig. 2. Basically two capacitors are A (see Table I) capacitors will be A constant dielectric thickness of placed in series. The equivalent ca- available in the near future as screen - 0.0022 inches pacitance is given by the equation. was chosen after evalu- printed capacitors. ation of empirical data showed insu- C = CiC,/ (Ci+ lation resistance (IR) and dissipation A disadvantage of screen -printed and for the special case where Ci=C= factor (DF) were adversely affected capacitors has been the lack of a pro- by thinner dielectrics. Therefore, if duction, means of trimming fired Ce, = C2/2 given a specific dielectric constant, capacitors to obtain specific ranges of This the related capacitance per square capacitance, and hence, increase design allows us to screen print sizable top electrode areas and yet inch would be given by C /A =103K. yields. This production tool has been obtain very small capacitance; it al- This formula is used to calculate the available for screen -printed resistors lows the printing of four times the needed top electrode area for a capac- for many years. Either aluminum normally required top electrode area itor. For example, a material with a oxide abrasive powder or a laser is for identical capacitance values. dielectric constant of 1000 gives a used for trimming resistors. Recently, design factor of approximately 100,- glass bead abrasive powder, in con- Multilayer ceramic capacitors 000 pF per square inch. Thus, a top junction with a 1 MHz capacitance electrode area of 0.01 square inch bridge, successfully trimmed screen- Multilayer ceramic capacitors are would be needed to make a 1000 pF printed capacitors to as low as 1.5 pF. used on ceramic integrated circuits to capacitor. This system or a laser trim system fill the Type B (see Table I) capaci- There is no maximum size for a will probably be in wide production tance requirements above approxi- screen -printed capacitor except the use soon. mately 0.006 µF or whenever it dimension of the However, would be more desirable from a cost substrate. Wide use is now made of inductor - standpoint to use ceramic chips rather a capacitor of dimensions 0.250 x capacitor tuned circuits in the con- than screen -printed ceramic capaci- 0.250 inch is a realistic large -size sumer electronics industry using dis- tors. If other chip components (dis- capacitor. Using this maximum area crete components. Setting the tuned crete transistors or diodes) are placed of 0.0625 square inch and a design frequency by manually adjusting the on a circuit, the cost of placing a factor of 100,000 pF per square inch, ferrite core of an inductor has his- multilayer ceramic chip capacitor we can make a 6250 pF capacitor. torically been a costly job. When along with the other discrete chips Now under evaluation is a paste with capacitor trimming becomes a viable may be less than screen printing a a dielectric constant of 2000. This production tool, it is conceivable that single capacitor. However, if the cir- would double the present maximum these circuits could be manufactured cuit uses more than one capacitor capacitance to 12,500 pF. Also, a using screened capacitors and the de- and can be designed using one di- designer when using screen -printed sired frequency obtained by trimming electric paste, the screen -printed capacitors is not restrained by stand- the capacitor. Thus a now costly capacitor will probably be less expen- ard shapes or sizes. He may choose manufacturing step could be done sive than ceramic chips even if other almost any shape, e.g., square, rec- automatically and cheaply. This is an chip components need to be placed tangular, trepezoidal circular, or com- example of dynamic trimming. on the circuit. The RCA Ceramic binations of each, and within certain Capacitors for tuned circuits and Integrated Circuit Department has an limits-any size. other applications frequently have in -house development program for The electrical properties of dielectric very small values (5 to 50 pF) . Since multilayer chip capacitors in progress. materials vary. Generally, the dissipa- capacitance is directly proportional to tion factor, temperature coefficient of electrode area and since dielectric Multilayer ceramic chip capacitors are capacitance, frequency sensitivity, and thickness must stay relatively con- manufactured by stacking layers of 85

www.americanradiohistory.com TANTRUM "green" (unfired) dielectric materials materials are used in Type C capaci- RISER that have been metalized by screen tors. printing in such a way that every

Multilayer ceramic chip capacitors POSITIVE SOLDEI other metal layer can be joined elec- TU which fill the requirements of Type trically. The parallel plate structure A temperature compensating capaci- is fired at temperatures ranging from TARPON PROCESSED COPPER tors are commercially available. ANODE 1200C to 1800 °C. The resultant ca- Fig. 4 -Solid tantalum capacitor structure pacitor is a parallel combination of individual capacitors whose Solid tantalum chip capacitors values on the circuit in essentially the same add according to the expression Solid tantalum unencapsulated chip manner as the multilayer ceramic C,-CT +C_ +C,, where n is the num- capacitors fill the requirements for chip, using a solder flow technique ber of dielectric layers. Type C capacitors. Generally, if the (see Fig. 4). With this structure, very high capaci- capacitance value needed is between tance per circuit board area can be 0.5 and 100 µF, a solid tantalum chip achieved by stacking several layers. will be used because it is the only Summary Height of these components (0.018 commercially available capacitor in inch to 0.060 inch) varies depending that range with a size which will fit Screen -printed capacitors provide a upon the number of layers used to our circuits. Although multilayer highly reliable component while al- achieve the required capacitance. The ceramic chip capacitors are available lowing high- speed, large -scale produc- circuit board area needed varies de- in ratings up to 10 ,,F, size and cost tion. Thus, screen -printed capacitors pending upon the manufacturer. are generally prohibitive. are capable of being low -cost compo- The multilayer capacitors which we nents. Screen-printed capacitors now use have pads on each end of the chip Solid tantalum capacitor chips are can meet the requirements of Type B as shown in Fig. 3. These pads are the manufactured using the following (see Table I) capacitors through electrical connections to the capacitor general steps: slug pressing, presin- 0.006 µF and in the near future and are solderable. They are attached tering, sintering, electrochemical di- should go up to 0.012 microfarads. onto our metallizing system by using electric formation, pyrolytic deposi- Screen -printed capacitors soon will an RCA -designed solder flow system. tion of Mn0_, copper plating, and have the capability of supplying all solder coating. The resultant capaci- the requirements for Type A capaci- The materials used in multilayer cer- tor has the greatest volumetric effici- tors. Screen -printed capacitors can be amic chip capacitors give dielectric ency for a capacitor (with the excep- printed to very small capacitance constants up to approximately 20,000. tion of some wet -slug tantalums) on values with high yields and they lend Materials with this high dielectric the commercial market. It has a themselves, coupled with trimming constant can be used in multilayers, low profile and small over -all size capability, to dynamic circuit trim- but not in screen -printed capacitors, (typically 0.110 x 0.050 x 0.025 inch) ming. because multilayers can be fired at which makes it usable on ceramic higher temperatures. Typical firing integrated circuits. Fig. 4 is a cross Multilayer ceramic chip capacitors temperatures are from 1200 to sectional view of a tantalum chip. are commercially available to fill our 1800 °C. while screen -printed dielec- needs for Type A capacitors; Type B trics are fired below 1100 °C. Elec- Since these tantalum chips are unen- capacitors above 0.006 µF and below are susceptible trical characteristics of multilayers are capsulated, they quite 0.006 µF, if there is a cost advantage greatly dependent upon the material to physical damage. One tantalum over screen printed capacitors; and a - used and, as in screen -printed capaci- manufacturer has designed carrier Type C capacitors up to approxi- -type in the ca- tor materials, electrical performance strip package which mately 0.5 F. generally degrades with increasing di- pacitors are shipped and handled until placed on the circuit. electric constant. For this reason Unencapsulated solid tantalum chip multilayer ceramic chips manufac- capacitors are used to fill the require- Another problem is that these bare tured to meet the requirements of ments for Type C capacitors. The chips are susceptible to moisture ab- Type B capacitors usually contain bare is and sorption. The moisture absorption rate chip physically delicate materials of dielectric constant 2500 must be handled care. Until they varies according to chip size and man- with or less. The high dielectric constant are finally must ufacturing efficiency. Moisture absorp- encapsulated they be protected from moisture. tion even varies in lots supplied by the same vendor. It is important that these parts be stored in dry boxes and Unencapsulated tantalum chip, cer- O.12ú shipped in cartons with desiccant. amic multilayer chip, and screen- Attention printed ceramic capacitors are all be- CROSS SECTION °A" also should be given to the humidity level in the chip placement ing used on present production area. In the ceramic integrated circuit circuits. Each have distinct advan- DEGREE OF (BURIED manufacturing the rela- tages for specific applications. All FREEDOM ] ELECTRODES area at CE, tive humidity is kept below 40 %. three have proved to be reliable corn- KA C pf K. C ONS TA C 4.437 NT ponents A= 1N2 when subjected to testing in T IN The tantalum chip capacitor is placed extreme environments. Fig. 3- Multilayer Capacitor structure 86

www.americanradiohistory.com RES STOP CONDUCTOR The advantages of screen -printed resistors

T. R. Allington

III R2 R3 M Ili RS III CS LCOMMON Thick -film technology has led to the development of the improved glaze resistor which Fig. 1- Eight- resistor test circuit. equals the characteristics of the best composition resistors normally used in the to an internal purchasing specifica- manufacture of consumer products. The flexibility in electrical characteristics offers tion", which is used for evaluation of the circuit designer an unparalleled tool never available before with the discrete com- traditional discrete resistors. The tar- ponent. This paper briefly describes some of the more important advantages to be get was to meet or exceed the gained from using the screen -printed resistor. performance of the best known components. This goal was achieved or exceeded in nearly every character- rr HE SCREEN -PRINTED RESISTOR is If a close tolerance value is needed, istic. I made from a resistive ink, con- e.g., ±2 %, the resistors are normally sisting of a glass frit, organic bind- adjusted to the required value by re- Costs ers and solvents, and a resistive moving part of the resistive film. The expense of screen printing a phase. The resistive phase generally This is generally accomplished by us- resistor is mainly in labor and over- consists of an oxide of either palla- ing an abrasive powder or by laser head, the material cost being small. dium, thallium. or ruthenium com- evaporation of the film in an iso- Therefore, the second and subse- bined with other precious metals. In lated area. quent resistors printed at the same the manufacturing process, the ink time from any ink are obtained at The electrical characteristics of the is "squeegeed" through a stainless cost a sin- resistors depend on the metals and little extra over printing steel screen which has a photographic metal oxides used and the firing con- gle resistor. A circuit with several emulsion in the mesh where no ink resistors printed ditions. The work described in this together then be- (or paste) is required on the ceramic comes very economical. paper is based on extensive studies of substrate positioned below the screen. pallidium oxide /palladium /silver sys- The performance of the thick -film re- The pattern then is allowed to set- tems. sistor is good enough in many appli- tle. dried at an elevated temperature cations to serve as a replacement for (125 to 150 °C) , and fired at temper- Test circuits more expensive types.' ' atures between 500 and 1000 °C. de- Many test circuits for evaluating pending on the metal system used. Resistor value screened resistors have been devel- Most carbon composition resistors oped; the most frequently used one is with wide tolerances of -±10% or shown in Fig. 1. This circuit provides Trevor R. Allington, Ldr. ±20% are sorted by the manufacturer Ceramic Circuit Development for a range of aspect ratios (length/ from a production batch targeted Consumer Electronics width) from 10 to 1 down to I to 5. Indianapolis. Indiana Resistor sizes vary from 0.500 x 0.050 around the nominal value. However, received the G.R.I.C. in 1957 and the A.R.I.C. in the narrow -tolerance (such as ±5 %) 1959, both from the Royal Institute of Chemistry. inch to 0.060 x 0.180 inch. A life -test London. From 1952 to 1961, he was Works Chem- facility was automated with this test resistors, have already been removed ist at Welwyn Electrical Ltd. During 1961 to 1963, from the batch. Thus, a circuit de- he was Chief Chemist with E.M.I. (ARDENTE) and circuit, the data being recorded by signer specifying a ±-10% resistor also lectured in Chemistry at Brunel College, computer. Any effect due to changing London. He worked on thin -film resistors at Mor- sizes and geometry of the screened re- does not generally get a typical gaus- ganite Resistors Ltd. as Senior Chemist from 1963 circuit. to 1967. In April 1967, Mr. Allington joined the sistor also showed up on this RIIIMAL YALE Ceramic Integrated Circuits Department at Indi- on the anapolis, to work in thick -film technology. Also, the effect of processing 'Since writing this article. Mr. Allington has left electrical characteristics of the re- a) RCA. sistors was observed. However, this aspect of the work will not be dis- 11\ Ils cussed here, except to note that all resistors processed at the Indianap- olis location are processed to optimize their properties and for the best pos- b)

sible yield for production. u+ 5 L Ot Other test patterns were used to investigate effects of geometry on noise, temperature coefficient of resistance. c) and voltage coefficient of resistance. All testing was carried out according Fig. 2 -a) Normal distribution; b) typical bimodal distribution of a ±10% carbon com- RE- 17 -1 -7 Reprint ponent resistor; c) typical screen -printed Final manuscript received August 18, 1970. adjusted distribution. 87

www.americanradiohistory.com .11 IN,IN N sian distribution (see Fig. 2a) around .N 15

the nominal value. In fact, he gets ACCEYANE UNIT lo ola +5 to +10% and -5 to -10 %, or a RESISTIVITY bimodal distribution (see Fig. 2b) . 04.1115/51 With the screen -printed thick-film 1000 resistor, the designer gets a mixture

of adjusted and unadjusted resistors IN and his -±10% resistor is now more IN z« 310 100 510 100 MGM Il 11CMES 10 truly distributed around the nominal Fig. 4- Voltage coefficient of resistance and length of resistor. value as shown in Fig. 2c. (The fig- .5N 401 .5N .1N 100 1 110 101 S01 /N 511

OF IESIStAMCE TO ure shows drift in the direction of 5flo50A1NF CIFRICFN 1 115°C .15°CI metal /metal oxide resistors may coeffi- increasing resistance. This is the nor- Fig. 5- Distribution of temperature change up to 6% in ohmic value but cient of resistance with resistivity. mal drift direction.) they do not open- circuit. No resistors contrast to carbon resistors, screen - -film be made tested at CE in Indianapolis have ex- The thick resistor can printed resistors are entirely inor- any tolerance a hibited catastrophic failure after mil- to any value and ganic and cannot possibly burn or designer may suit his appli- lions of hours of component testing specify to even support combustion under nor- 96.3 instead of under normal load conditions. cation; e.g., k0±5% mal atmospheric conditions. The drift 100 1 2 as is the normal practice. ±5% The screen -printed thick -film resistor on this overload test when applied to Often, a designer has to specify a may be designed to give any required the screened thick -film resistors is more expensive ±5% resistor because stability. A long, thin resistor, e.g., generally less than 0.2 %. It has been a tolerance of ± 10% is too wide; but 0.500 x 0.050 inch wide will give found that resistors can be over- the thick -film resistor can be any about 1/5 of the drift of a 0.050 x loaded by 150% and 200% for 1000 intermediate tolerance such as 7 or 0.050 -inch resistor, all other test pa- hours with changes under 3%.6 A 8 %; the wider the tolerance, the bet- rameters being equal. large safety factor may therefore be ter the yield; the better the yield, the As with all resistors, screen -printed built into this type of resistor. cheaper the resistor. components also have a limiting volt- High- temperature aging age not to be exceeded. This is speci- Load Life no fied by voltage per unit length of This test is performed with load All testing is carried out using inter- applied, is 150 resistor. Hence, it is only necessary to but carried out at °C mittent DC load (or drift as it is com- lengthen the screened resistor to infor 1000 hours. Again, the screen - monly called) . The use of Dc is essen- crease its voltage rating. This flexi- printed resistor remains well within tial to determine any ionic drift in using 2% of its initial value and is within either resistor or substrate. Even pro- bility is not available when the limited patterns of discrete re- 3% after 4000 hours. This is a far tective coatings in direct contact with sistors. Typical composition resistors superior performance than attained the resistor may have a deleterious by have a fixed interterminal distance the discrete carbon resistor. Fur- effect on the resistor under load. In- (see Fig. 3). thermore, the drift can be reduced termittent load is desirable to simu- even further by selecting the optimum late typical consumer usage. Drift is partially a function of adjust- thickness of resistor. Generally, the ment- nozzle height and powder flow General drift of the screen -printed thinner resistors perform better.' from an air abrasive system. When resistor is of the order of +2% or less this adjustment technique is opti- Voltage coefficient in 1,000 hours, dependent on resis- mized, most of overspray is elim- tivity, ink supply, protective coating, the Voltage coefficient of the resistor a further reduction in the and resistor geometry.' inated and (VC) is generally unimportant with amount of drift and lower noise low value resistors, as high voltages The carbon composition resistor is levels may be realized.` are not applied with normal wat- highly reliable. However, high resis- The wattage rating applied to the tage ratings. However, with values tance values (over 1 ma) having a resistor also determines the drift on above 1000 ohms, this is a very im- limiting voltage specified, operate un- load. The higher the wattage, the portant characteristic. Most screened der light DC load conditions, i.e., very greater the drift. The designer may materials evaluated have shown neg- low such as 0.02 wattages watt. When ative voltage coefficients. This char- high humidity conditions exist with utilize this property and select the minimum size required for the acteristic is a very useful "tool" in this light Dc load condition, open cir- power to be dissipated. This provide a selection of vendor materials, as vary- cuits can occur with ,the carbon re- will ing VC, values are available depend- sistor. This does not happen with the savings in material. ent on the ink system used. screen -printed resistor. The glass/ Overload The designer can also chose the VC, The testing procedure requires that needed by selection of resistivity and all resistors used in CE must with- correct aspect ratio. Since the VC, is stand an overload of 21/2 times their inversely proportional to the length normal wattage rating for 5 seconds of the resistor' (see Fig. 4) and di- Fig. 3- Typical construction of a carbon without burning or changing from the rectly proportional to the resistivity, composition resistor showing fixed inter - terminal length. initial value by more than ±21/2 %. In the lower the resistivity, the lower

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II iuiimiiiiiiiii mechanism for giving the circuit de- effect, especially for values over 50 is signer the TC,. requirements he needs. MI where the discrete component be- p 10 1 fiii sr However, when several resistors on a haves very poorly. 1 11R í1fl! circuit can be produced by screening 1 =11133 Voltage limitation t..ltttt a single ink, the TC, for all of these - This characteristic is well recognized C\f1 resistors on that circuit will "track" with the discrete resistor, but has only =Emma together within 15 to 25 ppm. Ex- recently been described for the thick - cellent TC, tracking is available at sot film resistor by Herbst." Knowing the IIII.i.t11 .tl M .11 no extra charge when the thick film 111 ,s MS 11 .11 17 M voltage limitation of the screen - MIA .111e1í1 II is used. printed resistor ink, the resistor can Fig. 6 -Noise variation with area of resistor. Noise be designed to give the circuit engi- the VC,. The discrete resistor has a It is well known that the least noisy neer the voltage stability required by fixed VC whereas the screen -printed resistors are the wire -wound and thin - simply increasing the length of the resistor can be "tailored" by chang- metal-film types. It would be a log- resistor. This can be done by mod- ing the geometry. ical assumption to expect the best ifying the resistive path of the screened resistors to be those made Soldering effect screened resistor to increase the from the lower resistivity inks with The effect on resistance of soldering length as shown in Fig. 7, rather than the higher metal contents. This holds decreasing the width as is the normal a finished circuit containing screen - true. However, screen -printed resis- printed resistors is so negligible (less practice. tors can be designed to give varying than 0.2 %) ; it can be ignored in New materials are already on the noise levels." The larger the volume most cases. No longer need the circuit market with greatly increased voltage (or area, with constant thickness) , designer worry about his parameters gradients from 250 volts /inch of the lower the noise (see Fig 6) . The exceeding specification limits due to a length with the PdO /Pd /PdAg sys- longer resistors also give lower noise resistor changing tolerance when it is tems up to 1,000 volts /inch and levels. soldered into a chassis. more from the newer systems. New inks are being introduced which Storage life approach the low noise levels of the Summary The storage life of these resistors is high- stability metal -film resistors with The advent of the screen -printed phenomenally good. Shelf life over 2 the added advantage of not being thick -film resistor has introduced a years show changes to bewithin the subject to catastrophic failure as can tool of tremendous flexibility to cir- resistor bridge error. This may be an occur with the thin -film resistors (i.e.. cuit designers. The importance, how- advantage to a buyer who has to those with thicknesses of about 200 to ever, of good liaison between circuit exercise close control of his stock for 500 angstroms) . designers and the materials scientist fear of his resistors drifting out of working with the screen -printed re- Radio frequency characteristics tolerance as shown in Fig. 2c. sistor inks cannot be overemphasized. The RF characteristic is the frequency Temperature coefficient at which the resistor impedance is References The normal range of temperature en- 90% of its Dc resistance. This char- 1. Stein. Sidney J., and Ugol, Louis, "Effect of Firing Conditions on Stability and Properties countered with consumer products is acteristic is rarely mentioned by of Glaze Resistors "; 1968 Hybrid Microelec- +25 to +85 °C; hence, the work on tronics Symposium; Rosemont, Ill. (Oct 28- vendors, yet it is important to manu- 30) temperature coefficient of resistance facturers of RF equipment. Investiga- 2. Hoffman, L., Popowich, M. J. (E. I. Du- pont), "Some Important Process and Per- (TC,) has been concentrated in this tion of this phenomena has led to some formance Characteristics of 'Birox' Thick range.'° The target values of TC, of the interesting observations." The posi- Film Resistor Compositions," Electronic Components Conference (1970) Proceedings, best composition resistors available to- tion of the resistor on the ceramic p. 201. gether with typical screen -printed resis- substrate, length of conductors. com- 3. Hoffman, Dr. L. C., Popowich, M. J.. Schubert. K. E.. and Bouchard, R. J. (Du- tors is shown in Table I. The TC, position of the resistor ink, and the pont); "Preliminary Data For New High depends largely on two factors; the geometry of the resistor all interact. Performance Resistor Series "; I.S.H.M. Sym- posium at Dallas (Sept 1969) Proceedings. processing of the resistor and its com- Measurements of RF characteristics 4. Allington, T.R., "DC Load of Resistors." private correspondence. position (or resistivity) . The higher were made on an RX meter, Boonton 5. Allington, T. R., "Adjustment of Resistors." the resistivity, the more negative the Model 250 A have indicated that for a private correspondence. 6. Allington, T. R., "Overload on Screened Re- . is a TC, (see Fig. 5) Here then typical composition resistor, the high- sistors," private correspondence. er values rapidly deteriorate in per- 7. Allington, T. R.. "Performance and Thick- Table I- Allowable TC, with temperature. ness of Screened Resistors." private cor- Maximum temp. coeff. formance. The screen-printed resistor respondence. Nom. resistance (PPM / °C) averaged over has been designed to minimize this 8. Allington, T. R., "VC, and Length of (ohms) indicated temp. range Screened Resistors," private correspondence. 9. D. W., "Solder Changes with +25 to +85 °C MOM Small, - Screened Resistors," private correspondence. Thru 10 135 +335 10. Allington, T. R., "TC, of Screened Resis- Over 10 thru 100 165 +435 tors," private correspondence. Ie11R 1111 100thru 1k 215 +550 11. Allington, T. R., "Noise of Screened Re- MAI 1w1 J sistors," private correspondence. 1k thru 10k 250 +650 12. Allington, T. R., "RF Characteristics of 10k thru 100k 300 +765 Screened Resistors," private correspondence. 100k thru 1 meg 335 +865 MASI/ 111111 ar1II1 hn 13. Herbst, D., "Voltage Sensitivity Geometry of 11 OWN 3111111 Thick Film Resistors "; I.S.H.M., Dallas 1 meg thru 10 meg 385 +985 Fig. Method of adjustment to improve (Sept 1969). 10 meg thru 100 meg 415 +1100 7- voltage gradient effect. 14. RCA Specification No. 2015204.

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering system The use of small computers The engineering measurement system incorporated a Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP8 computer which for ceramic circuit production since 1967 has been the "work- horse" C. A. Brombaugh M. Oakes of the Department. With this equipment, numeric J. W. Stephens L. L. Tretter values are taken in digitized form via an interface and stored on magnetic tape for future Small computers are used to provide process control in the manufacture of ceramic analysis. Seven pieces of equipment circuits for Consumer Electronics. This article describes the evolution of the com- have been interfaced including a puting facilities and the development of the present production system at CE. Inde- semiconductor tester. Since work pro- pendence and reliability of hardware and software are stressed, together with a ceeded simultaneously in all areas of description of typical problems encountered in setting up this type of new operation. device development, the system was designed to time -share its data collecting service among them. IN 1966, a group of engineers were The foremost problem was to meas- assembled at Consumer Electron- ure test batches, recording a value for The software in this system is typical in special ics (CE) to develop ceramic -based each resistor so that mean value and of that used purpose, small hybrid circuits suitable for use in distribution of values could be easily computer systems. It was written in consumer electronic devices. (A hy- compared. The solution was to lower assembly language and expanded as brid circuit consists of a ceramic test probes onto the circuit and take new measuring devices were added. base upon which layers of conductive readings from a scanner and digital All basic software for the system, metalizer are screen printed, with re- resistance meter; the value of the such as floating point and arithmetic sistors and capacitors added in suc- readings then were transferred to routines, were written as required. cessive operations. After each printing paper tape. This tape was fed through A background mode was provided operation the circuit is fired in a a Teletype to a time -shared computer for simultaneous analysis of data pre- traveling -belt furnace as shown in and processed by Fortran programs. viously stored. Fortran language anal- Fig. 1.) Although hybrid circuits had These early results proved very suc- ysis programs were developed to been in use in the electronics industry cessful, and this work ultimately de- calculate mean and standard devia- for some years, the problems facing termined the evolutionary path of test tion of data batches, draw histograms this engineering group were unique. equipment utilizing computers. The on a plotter, and calculate percentage next step was to develop a means to in life During development, thousands of change devices- resulting from handle the bulk of data analysis; for testing. circuits, each with several devices, this task the Ceramic Circuit Depart- were printed and fired in tests to opment obtained a small computer. As the volume of data collected daily timize variables such as ink viscosity, on this system grew, attention turned screen mesh, and firing temperature to the possibility of using the com-

PRINTING DRYING TEST and time which influence the final FIRING FURNACE puter at night. This was considered MACHINE / HEAD value. Work was begun first re- feasible since analysis routines were with ) TRAVELING BELT sistors and later with capacitors. run in a batch mode, and reliability of 60 FEET APPROA. the machine was high. So, unattended computer operation was developed Reprint RE- 17 -1 -6 Fig. 1- Relationship of printing, drying fir- Final manuscript received February 26, 1971. ing, and testing. and christened. "Fly-by- Night."

Martin Oakes Charles A. Brombaugh Ceramic Circuit Department Ceramic Circuit Department Consumer Electronics Consumer Elctronics Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana received the B. Eng (EE) from Sheffield University received the BSEE from the University of Cin- (England) in 1960. From 1960 to 1963, he was cinnati in 1965 and the MS in Electrical Engineer- employed by the Mullard Radio Valve Co., where ing from the University of California at Berkeley he was concerned with the development and op- in 1966. He joined Bell Telephone Laboratories in eration of processes for the mass production of 1965 as a computer systems designer on the glass encapsulated semiconductors. In 1963, he Nike -X and Sentinel defense projects and sub- moved to the London Electrical Manufacturing Co., sequently worked in telephone station equipment to manage pilot operations and production of a design. In 1969, he joined Consumer Electronics variety of discrete capacitors. He joined Con- as a member of the Engineering Staff. At CE, he sumer Electronics in 1967 as a member of the has worked on the development and implementa- Engineering Staff and worked on development of tion of a computer -controlled hybrid- circuit- printing techniques for hybrid circuits. Recently, component manufacturing system, being primarily he has been concerned with development of corn - concerned with the computer software. Mr. Brom- puterized process control techniques and the baugh is a member of Eta Kappa Nu. design and implementation of the software for use in the ceramic circuit system.

www.americanradiohistory.com a histogram for a single device pro- INCREASING duces a distribution as in curve I of TEMPERATURE TARGET RANGE Fig. 2. Repeating the same test at a MEAN OF I AND 2 later time might produce histograms resembling those in curves 2 or 3, \\T I BELT SPEED when either mean value or distribu- - I,IxG uiFl I- tion have changed. It was obvious, Fig. 3- Influence of firing temperature and time in resistance value. o therefore, that although all the known ca variables were optimized, there are This required testing every compo- still many unknown factors. nent on a circuit at key points - It was customary to specify a nom- clearly a job for a computer, but of inal value for a component and its what size? tolerance; this corresponds with the RESISTANCE By late 1968, the initial concept Target Range in Fig. 2. It required Fig. 2- Distribution of resistance value. envisaged a system having one fur- planning to keep the bulk of the nace for producing resistors and one population within this range. A single To get into the system, each engineer for capacitors with provision for an parameter which could be changed with measurements awaiting analysis additional furnace for each. This im- late in the printing and firing se- prepared a short punched -paper-tape. mediately determined that there would quence was needed to control the These individual tapes were com- be four measuring stations. The final value. It was found that the bined on a single tape and conveyed planned production rate required pro- value of a resistor varies with tem- to the computer operating system (1) cessing two circuits per second, i.e., perature and time of firing as shown the name of an analysis program one at each furnace with a component in Fig. 3. Since firing is the last op- which is loaded from magnetic tape, density of twelve resistors and four eration in the sequence, changing the and (2) the location of data. capacitors. The system would be re- belt speed of the furnace provided quired to make over 60 measurements A high -speed punch output contains the necessary control tool. per second and sort each circuit. the results of the analysis and, on During an extended printing trial, completion, each program exits to Another consideration was that the consecutive samples of circuits were the operating system which loads the system had to have high reliability; measured and appropriate changes next program. Embodied in this sys- This meant back-ups for the com- made in the belt speed to keep the tem are error -detection and recovery puter, also, a high degree of indepen- mean value within a previously cho- procedures which prevent the com- dence was needed between furnaces. sen range. For best results, the time puter from halting until all programs If one stage of the production were to interval between evaluating the mean have been executed, after which the have problems, the others must not value and deciding how much to operating system shuts off the com- be interrupted. puter and the external input /output change the belt speed had to be small. devices. This system is still in use for The feature of storing data had engineering development. Production requirements proved useful and was to be incorporated. The rates of measurement Process control It was necessary to calculate yield envisaged required automatic han- and reduce losses in production by dling and probing of each substrate It was found from printing and firing removing circuits which could never with the computer issuing the neces- test batches of resistors that plotting be good at early stages in the process. sary control signals and deciding

Larry L. Tretter Joseph W. Stephens Ceramic Circuit Department Ceramic Circuit Department Consumer Electronics Consumer Electronics Indianapolis, Indiana received the BSEE from Purdue University, Lafay- Indianapolis, Indiana ette, Indiana in 1964. From 1964 to 1966, he was received the BSEE degree from Christian Brothers employed by the Motorola Two -Way Communica- College in 1962. From 1962 to 1966, he worked in tions Div., Chicago, where he worked on all - Huntsville, Ala., on the design of Saturn ground transistor FM transmitters and noise blankers for and tech- high- frequency FM receivers. In 1966, he jcined support equipment component testing Consumer Electronics in the Advanced Develop- niques. In June 1966, he joined RCA as a Resident ment Department where he worked on color video Engineer at Memphis, Tennessee. In October of tape recorders for use in the consumer market. In 1968, he transferred to his present position of his present position, he is engaged in the design where he is in product of computer systems for process control, produc- Staff Engineer engaged tion counting, and final testing. He is currently development, circuit applications, and the design enrolled in a graduate program at Purdue Uni- of computer interfaces and test systems. versity.

www.americanradiohistory.com MAGNETIC System hardware having to modify any of the existing TAPE hardware or software. STORAGE Both the resistor and capacitor sys- POPS tems are located in the production One of the uses of the communication /i COMMUNICATIONS BUS area near the measuring stations and is the loading of the test and LOG system are packaged in RFI shielded cab- production programs for use by the PDPB PDPB inets to eliminate noise problems. resistor and capacitor systems. If a /I /I Each system is totally independent, failure occurs in the communication RES. CAP. but connected to a common commu- bus, each of the computers can inter- nication bus allowing the data col- face with a portable high -speed paper - lected to be transmitted to a central tape reader for loading these programs. 2 FURNACE NO. I 1 2 computer which records the data on Fig. 4- Interconnection of computers on the communication bus. magnetic tape for later evaluation. System self test All three computer systems were de- capability of the where to sort the circuits when un- signed to allow interchangeability be- One very important loading. The measuring equipment tween computer main frames. If a test system is being able to rapidly its test accuracy and sys- was to use a programmable scanner computer failure occurs in either the check own and bridge which requires the com- resistor or capacitor system, the main tem operation. Each system has a module contains a set of puter to issue a command to initiate frame of the data collection system test which measurement of each device. Produc- can be removed from that system and standard components and control cir- tion data was needed quickly and in interchanged with the malfunctioning cuits to check the test accuracy of real time, hard copy being a prerequi- computer in approximately thirty min- each range of the test instrument and site. utes. During the period of time re- each channel of the scanner. A special quired to repair the faulty computer, computer program controls the opera- only the ability to log data is for- tion of the system and checks each Computer selection feited. function for operational malfunctions and measurement errors. This pro- The hardware for both the resistor and gram and a complete set of computer One medium -size computer was con- capacitor systems is the same (see in three diagnostic routines are run daily as sidered but found lacking Figs. 5 and 6) except for the actual a routine system test and can also be crucial respects: measurement device and its associated used as a valuable trouble-shooting interface to the PDP8 /I computer. 1) The whole system would have to be aid. finished, debugged, and put into oper- Each system has circuit handlers mov- ation simultaneously. ing and sorting measured circuits on In addition to the test module, each 2) The requirements of "modular -inde- command from the handler interface. system has a set of basic standard pendence" would not be met. Associated with each handler is the components which are measured after 3) The interrupt and data processing as as 24 rate would nearly saturate a single corn- test head with many probes every twenty circuits during produc- puter. for testing of a circuit. Under control tion testing. This capability constantly of the computer, the test and scanner monitors the general operation and The engineering machine (PDP8 interface can connect through the accuracy of the system. computer) had proved reliable, and scanner any two of these probes to considerable software and hardware the test instrument input and perform experience had been accumulated; Component measurement a measurement on the component accuracy and speed therefore, three Digital Equipment being probed. Corporation PDP8 /I computers were The test equipment for the resistor chosen and interconnected as shown Each system has instrumentation for system is a Vidar 521 integrating digi- in Fig. 4. the measurement of the belt speeds tal voltmeter and a Vidar 531 ohms-to- of the two furnaces under control. volts converter. The system measures Each computer has a standard ca- These measurements are entered to resistors from 1 ohm to 10 megohms pacity of 8,192 twelve-bit words. To the computer by way of the belt - with an accuracy of 0.1% and a sys- implement the second furnace in the speed interface. Both systems have tem speed of about 40 milliseconds case of the resistor and capacitor sys- interfaces for output of fixed error per measurement. tems, requires the addition of 4,096 and information messages to a system words. All three computers have an display, which provides a quick The test instrument for the capacitor optional extended arithmetic element method of communication with the system is a General Radio Co. Type which consists of circuits that per- operator. 1680 -A automatic capacitor bridge. form integer multiply and divide The bridge measures both capacitance operations. The engineering PDP8 All three of the production computers and conductance values ranging from

computer is the same configuration have interfaces which allow each to 1 picofarad to 100 microfarads and

as the production computers except communicate with any other com- 1 nanomho to 1 mho, respectively. it has discrete circuit logic instead of puter under program control. The Basic measurement accuracy is 0.1% integrated circuit logic. The PDP8 communication system allows the of the reading; however, for measure- and all the PDP8 /I's have ASR 33 connection of additional computers ments made at the extremes of each Teletypes for output of hard copy. to the communication bus without range the accuracy decreases de-

www.americanradiohistory.com pending on the range and ratio of capacitance to conductance. Typical

ASR 33 measurement speeds are 300 to 600 TELETYPE milliseconds per capacitor depending on range changes and value. MAGNETIC TAPE UNITS Production software concepts PDPB /I COMPUTER PAPER TAPE DATA LOGGER READER PUNCH When planning the production system, it was decided to use the Fortran SYSTEM STATUS DISPLAY DISPLAY PANEL programming language as much as possible. Some efficiency in program and speed in OMMUNICATIONS, size were sacrificed order TI OTHER to take of the level PORTABLE TAPE advantage higher P TEST SYSTEMS READER BELT SPEED language. These advantages include 0MMONICATIONS COUNTER #1 TRANSDUCER the following:

BELT SPEED 1) Less overall time required in pro- BELT SPEED COUP TER TO TRANSDUCER gram development and later modifications,

SYSTEM STATUS 2) Availability of previously written DISPLAY DISPLAY PANEL arithmetic functions, 3) Formatted input /output operations,

PDPB /I COMPUTER and ASR33 CMCUFT TEST E CONTROL TELETYPE 4) Use of a language understood by HANDLER TI engineering personnel. TEST HEAD OUT UI The resulting software structure consists of one 4 -I< bank of memory con-

TEST HEAD taining Fortran language programs INT H1 and one 4 -t< bank of memory contain-

CMCUIT ing assembly language routines. In HANKER NANDLEP Rt general, the assembly language routines are the input /output and related '-J` V COMPUTER INTERFACE INSTRUMENYATMN basic "system" programs while the Fortran routines perform process control calculations on the data, checking

Fig. 5 -Block diagram of system used for measur ng and logging data. that it is within limits, and generating information for the system operator as required.

Measurement system software MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT =_SNassi_. The resistor measurement system controls the following functions:

1) Measurement of each resistor on a circuit, comparison of the individual values with sets of limits, and sorting of the circuit as either "good ", "adjustable" (by reworking one or more components) , or "reject ". 2) Transmission to the logging computer for recording on magnetic tape the value of each resistor on a circuit. MI Ili All r 3) Periodic typing out of a running mean value and histogram for each resistor, for observation by the operator. 4) Displaying to the operator the status of the system, including any information requiring his attention. 5) Typing specific process control instructions for the operator. 6) Typing out the value of each resistor on a specific circuit upon request. A flow chart for these operations is shown in Fig. 7. All information re- Fig. 6 -The assembled measuring system. quired to setup the measurement sys-

www.americanradiohistory.com START OF in the future this can be converted to systems via the communication sys- PRODUCTION BATCH a computer controlled operation. tem. Features of the logging system CHECK STANDARD ALERT OPERATOR include the ability to initialize new COMPONENTS IF IN ERROR speed The relationship between belt tapes while data is being recorded CIRCUIT ARRIVES and resistance is described by a sec- AT MEASURING and automatic switching between STATION ond degree polynomial, which for tapes when one becomes full. The I small changes can be approximated MEASURE CIRCUIT I logging machine is located in the com- by a linear function. Thus the calcu- SORT CIRCUIT AND puter room where a display shows INDEX HANDLER lations are based upon the linear rela- the status of the entire production tionship y =mx +b, where y is the UP -DATE ALL system. The logging computer utilizes CALCULATIONS value, x is belt speed, control resistor a multi -programming scheme permit- and m and b are values initially en- AT END OF SAMPLE ting routines to be called from mag- TYPE SUMMARY AND tered from paper tape. Actually m CALCULATE BELT netic tape on demand and executed SPEED CHANGE IF and b may vary from their predeter- REDUIRED while data collection continues. mined values due to changes in the SEND DATA TO environment and proper- LOGGING COMPUTER production Off -line circuit parameter ties of the resistive inks. At the end tape preparation Fig. 7- Operations required to test circuits. of each sample, new values for m and To minimize the time required to b are computed and used for a closer a circuit is entered into the tern for particular approximation. enter the circuit parameters on a circuit parameter tape through measurement systems, a compressed the teletypewriter. When production The running mean values are corn- data format is used for the data tapes. personnel change circuits, only a new puted for a group of consecutive cir- To aid in preparing the tape, a circuit parameter tape and test head cuits called a sample. Also a six -cell Fortran program is run on a com- are required. histogram is kept for each of the re- puter time -sharing system. The opera- sistors and typed out with the mean at tor enters the data from the master Process control involves keeping the the end of the sample. layout drawing into the program mean value of one selected resistor All of the data required for initializ- which makes certain validity checks on the circuit, called the control re- ing the system for a particular circuit on the data, converts the tolerances sistor, within a pair of limits desig- is entered into the computer by read- taken from the drawing into absolute nated "action" limits. This control ing a paper tape with the teletype- limits as required by the measurement resistor is be usually chosen to the writer. During initialization, the time systems, and punches out at the tele- one with the least tolerance. Since the and date are typed in. The time is typewriter the compressed format value of each of the resistors on the used to set a clock which is thereafter parameter tape. The generated tape is circuit in the as a varies same way updated by the system. The time and then read back into a verification function of furnace belt chang- speed, date are printed with certain of the program to ensure that no transmis- ing the belt speed to keep the control output data to provide a time refer- sion errors occurred during the resistor its action limits also within ence. They are also sent along and process. keeps the other resistors on the circuit stored with each block of data logged within their ranges. Fig. 8 shows the Conclusion to provide an easy method for identi- relationships of the limits with which fying the data when it is subsequently The system described in this paper is each is resistor compared and the retrieved for analysis. used for a special purpose, but a action limits, which apply only to the number of basic concepts are used control resistor. If the mean value of The capacitor measurement system which would be important to any the control resistor drifts outside the performs the same functions as the production control scheme. Those action limits during a sample, at the resistor system except that at this concepts are: end of the sample a new belt speed time, no process control information 1) Dividing a large system into a num- is calculated. The operator is alerted is provided to the operator. For ca- ber of subsystems tied together by a and the new target belt speed setting pacitors, both capacitance and dissi- communication bus so that they are is typed. Presently, belt speed changes pation factor are compared with lim- still independent. This independence are implemented manually; however, its before sorting. provides both inherent reliability and the capability to build up and expand UPPER The programs for both measurement the system in modular steps. LOWER ADJUST TARGET DESIGN REJECT REJECT LIMIT LIMIT MEAN MEAN LIMIT systems are stored on magnetic tape 2) Using a high -level language for much at the logging machine. Before produc- of the software to conserve the time ii required tion commences each day, the pro- to implement or modify a REJECT CIRCUIT ADJUSTABLE CIRCUIT I ACCEPTABLE CIRCUITS REJECT system. CIRCUIT grams are sent from the logging PROCESS 3) Implementing a OUT OF ACTION REQUIRED PROCESS ACTION PROCESS OUT system such that in- CONTROL IN REQUIRED DF CONTROL machine via the communication sys- tervention by the programming staff is CONTROL tem to the measurement systems. not required when routine production changeovers occur. LOWER UPPER 4) Developing hardware and software ACTION ACTION Data logging system software LIMIT LIMIT within the department which provides

I engineering I The main function of the logging sys- support to production. THE MEAN Of Thus, additional features can be added THE tem is to record, on magnetic tape, CONTROL to the system after a period of use in Fig. Resistor test limits. RESISTOR SHOULD data received from the measurement 8- LIE WITHIN THIS the production facility. RANGE 94

www.americanradiohistory.com Flip -chip semiconductor ALLMINU4 STAGE

devices for hybrid circuits PYROLYTIC GLASS DEPOSITION B. A. Hegarty

Ceramic modules using thick -film processes are becoming increasingly important as a circuit manufacturing method. The design, manufacture, and attachment of active PHOTO- RESIST devices compatible with such modules is discussed. The author concludes that solder reflow flip -chips form the most attractive system and will have far -reaching implica- tions in the circuit manufacturing field. 1

ETCH & ZINCATE

N THE MANUFACTURING of thick- 2) Conventional plastic encapsulated film modules, of critical impor- chips. 1 ' 3) Beam -lead chips. tance is the question of how to add 4) Solder reflow flip- chips. NICKEL PLATE active components. This paper describes the current approach of Con- Each of these have to be evaluated sumer Electronics (CE) to this against the ultimate yardstick corn- problem. It will be seen that, at least posed of overall circuit cost, relia- SOLDER DIP TO FOFRI LOW ASPECT for transistors and diodes, the pre- bility, and flexibility. RATIO SOLDER BU+P ferred technique is the use of solder Given the above mentioned volume reflow flip -chip devices. The process- and rate requirements, a comparison 1 ing of such chips is discussed as well APPLICA -ION OF can be made of the various alterna- DISCRETE SOLDER as aspects of the bonding to the ce- tives as they apply to this particular BALLS & REFLOW ramic circuit boards. thick -film manufacturing technology

(see Table I) . 1 Why flip- chips? As might be expected, the status SAW INTO CHIPS Some aspects of existing thick -film quo represented by current manufac- processing at CE and its future vol- turing, (conventional chips and plas- Fig. 1 -Flip -chip wafer processing. ume predictions should first be con- tic encapsulated chips) , gives the sidered. The three -year forecast for greatest immediate flexibility. How- circuit production is approximately ever, its inherently poor showing on 10 million modules per year. To pro- Brian A. Hegarty, Ldr overall cost and reliability demands Semiconductors cess these through the various printing that other answers be found. Consumer Electronics and trimming steps, each individual Indianapolis, Indiana received the B. Sc. (Honors) from National Uni- CE has critically investigated single - circuit module has to be handled at versity of Ireland in 1960. He first worked at a rate of one per second. This is step bonding processes, particularly Westinghouse Physical Research Labs in England achieved by expensive precision auto- solder reflow which appears to be on high -voltage, high -power diodes and diffusion techniques. In 1964, Mr. Hegarty began work at matic equipment. All modules are the best system, at least for transistors S.T.C. Semiconductors on four -layer devices, automatically placed in precision align- and diodes. Pilot facilities have been thyristors, gate- controlled switches, and bi- direc- ment under various screen -printing setup to process wafers to the con- tional switches. In 1967, he joined the Ceramic Circuits Department of Consumer Electronics, In- heads and then conductors, resistors, ventional aluminum stage and then dianapolis and has since investigated single -step and capacitors are successively printed. finish with solder bumps. bonding processes for semiconductor devices, This use of automatic equipment especially solder reflow flip -chips for low -cost, In spite of the good rating given high -volume circuits. rather than hand labor is, of course, to flip -chips in Table I with regard an important point in the overall to their adaptability to IC's, sourcing economics of circuit manufacture. To and second sourcing may be difficult. fit this rate of module processing, ac- Beam -leaded devices offer the next tive components (assuming four per most attractive alternative and as the circuit) , must be placed at roughly relative volume of Ic's be the same rate. will smaller, so problems associated with To examine the question "Why flip - their slower placement capability are chips?" an evaluation of the follow- not immediately serious. ing possible alternative components is necessary: Flip -Chip processing and bonding

1) Conventional aluminum chips. Wafer processing

Reprint RE- 17 -1 -11 CE has developed an inexpensive pro- Final manuscript received March 5, 1971. cess, outlined in Fig. 1, for making

www.americanradiohistory.com Table I- Comparison chart to show device compatibility with thick -film manufacturing technology. Total Cost Reliability Flexibility factors Rating

Handling Expand - Basic Placing Placing Repair- Overall Bond Hernie!- Rugged- Overall Avail- Power able Overall cost cost Speed ability Rating strength icily mess Rating ability Variety Handling to /.C.'s rating Aluminr.m chips (wire bond) V. Good V. Poor V. Poor Poor V. Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor V. Good V. Good Fair Good Good Poor Plastic encapsulated (solder reflow) Good V. Poor V. Poor Good Fair Fair Fair Good Fair V. Good V. Good Fair Poor Good Fair Beam -lead ' (T.C. bond)** Poor Fair Fair hood Fair Good V. Good Poor Good Poor V. Poor Fair V. Good Poor Fair Flip -chips (solder reflow) Good V. Good V. Good Fair Good Good Good V. Good Good Poor Poor Good Good Fair Good

" Includes cost of masks, etc. for new design. Takes up too much real estate on circuit board. Thermal compression bond. glass-encapsulated solder -bump semi- This method for wafer processing conductor devices. Basically the steps results in a well -passivated structure are as follows: with a thick dense glass, completely protecting the aluminum against 1) Conventional planar processing to scratching and metal corrosion. It the aluminum stage using relatively also adequately protects the sub- thick aluminum, 16kA, (see Fig. 2) . structure consisting of the diffused 2) Pyrolytic deposition of a thick junctions. A cross section of the com- (2 -3 µm) boro- silicate glass of such pleted structure is shown in Fig. 5. a composition to closely match the expansion coefficient of silicon. This Chip handling V allows the deposition of such a thick In this method, the wafer is diced Fig. 2 -Wafer at aluminum stage. film without cracking. This glass is using a slurry saw to provide chips then densified in steam at 450 °C for with regular vertical sides, allowing two hours. it to be used in conventional vibratory 3) Photo -resist masking of the glassed feeders. The chips are fed along an in- wafer to allow etching of selective clined grooved track which discards holes over the aluminum contact pads. those with the bumps facing upward. 4) Using an hydrofluoric acid mixture Commercially available chip han- containing a zinc ion, the glass is dlers are now used to test and clas- etched to the aluminum pads; prefer- sify each chip. An attractive feature ential plating of zinc now takes place of flip -chips is their handling rugged- on the aluminum. ness, enabling them to be sorted and resorted many times. 5) Displacement of zinc by nickel in Fig. 3 -Wafer after solder dipping. an electroless nickel bath. Good chips are now transferred to a similar piece of handling equipment, 6) Dipping of the wafer in a solder which has a station where circuit bath to form low- aspect -ratio solder boards can be placed. The prototype bumps; 5 mils diameter by 1 mil shown in Fig. 6 requires only that the high, 1:6 (see Fig. 3) . boards be manually placed in receiv- 7) Application of discrete solder balls ing nests. The chips are automatically through a metal mask to the fluxed placed. with coarse alignment, on wafer so as to provide one solder various programmed points on the cir- ball over each bump. On reflowing, cuit. This type of placement head or a large aspect ratio solder bump (1:1) multiple heads may be attached to is formed which is necessary for self - an automatic substrate handler such registration bonding (see Figs 4a and as is used in the printing operations. Fig. 4 -a) Application of discrete solder balls; b) wafer with high aspect ratio solder 4b) . balls. PB -SN SOLDER BALL THERMAL OXIDE

PASSIVATING GLASS

NI - PLATE ALUMINUM METALIZER ZN PLATE

N-TYPE SI Ni -TYPE SI Fig. 6- Prototype placement equipment. Fig. 5- Cross -section through solder bump (not to scale). 96

www.americanradiohistory.com Chip -to- circuit bonding Device design Many basically different types of devices can be placed on the same By a combination of the solder -bump As is clear from Table 1. there is a circuit aspect ratio and the geometry of the strictly limited range of flip -chip de- allowing the designer wide metallizer pattern on the substrate, vices presently available to a circuit freedom of choice. Flip- chips, with their inherent ruggedness. and the a unique chip self -registration process designer. Devices currently available case with which they can be handled is obtained. See Figs. 7a and 7b. within CE in flip -chip form include a wide range of general purpose NPN due to their regular shape, combined The circuit is fluxed and the chip planar epitaxial transistors and di- only with the need for coarse place- placed in a coarse alignment position. odes. In development are high voltage ment accuracy because of the self - To achieve complete wetting by the and PNP general purpose devices. All registration mechanism, will add a four bumps. all that is necessary is are planar structures, have four bumps new dimension to linear circuit design for the chip to be placed such that and are on chips of identical me- manufacture and reliability. just two bumps touch the metallizer chanical size and shape. pads anywhere within the 9- mil -diameter circle. See Figs. 8a and 9. Flip -chips properly designed. are in no way inferior to conventional back The circuit is now reflowed on a hot side contact devices and in many plate or other heat source until the cases are superior. With optimum b) solder melts. The base collector design, saturation volt- wetting of the first 30 - two substrate pads then brings the ages are not a problem. 18 - chip down as the solder spreads to to One interesting and extremely useful fill the whole pad. The tendency for innovation using flip -chips is to place 2-3 the solder to form a minimum surface the emitters directly under the solder R --8-- K area vertical column while liquid, Fig. 8-a) Chip placement (view through bumps. In this way, heat generated causes the chip to move into precise chip); b) chip and circuit after reflow. in the collector-base junction under alignment and the remaining bumps the emitters is transmitted directly to to solder. The confining shape of the the substrate. resulting in a very low lead -out pattern (5 mils, see Fig. 7b) thermal resistance from junction to constricts the flow of solder away substrate. A few devices using this from the pad area during the short principle are in the design and evalu- reflow cycle. This maintains the chip ation stages (see Fig. II) . So far, ther- 2 to 3 mils off the substrate after re- mal resistances as low as 10 °C /watt flow. See Fig. 8b. from junction to substrate have been obtained for devices with 320 -sq. mil This self- registration phenomenon, as emitter areas. demonstrated in Fig. 9, greatly reduces the need for ultra -precise place- Circuit crossovers can also be de- ment of the chip on the circuit board signed in many varieties on flip -chips by mechanical equipment and is an and can be more attractive economi- outstanding feature of the solder re- cally than printed crossovers when flow process. only a few are required.

Fig. 9 -a) Actual test circuit; b) with coarse In Fig. 10, the chip is shown sheared Conclusions replacement of chip; c) after reflow. from its mounting. The failure mechanism in this case is the disruption Hybrid circuit manufacture. using sol- of the metallizer- ceramic interface. der reflow flip- chips, provides an ex- Shear strengths up to 100 gm /bump cellent technical and economical sys- are standard. tem for high- volume. low -cost circuits.

Fig. 10 -Chip sheared from substrate.

Fig. 7 -a) Chip outline; b) metallizer pattern on ceramic. Fig. 11- Experimental device with solder 97 stripes on the emitters. www.americanradiohistory.com the shear strain rate is not directly Rheological properties of proportional to the shear stress; the viscosity is not constant but varies with shear rate. Another effect may printing inks be manifest as a decrease of viscosity with time under constant shear rate. Y. H. Wang Where these effects occur, they are In an investigation conducted at CE, a Ferranti -Shirley cone and plate viscometer was usually combined in various degrees, utilized to characterize the rheological properties of thick -film inks. Rheograms were i.e., they usually occur in combination obtained for structural breakdown during repetitive runs at constant shear. An attempt and are known as viscoelastic effects. was made to relate rheological differences among the various inks investigated. A Elastic deformation is always held feasibility study for the establishment of process control criteria is also discussed. to be a function of stress, where the rate of deformation for flow is a func- THICK FILMS are layers of con - cone and plate viscometer was used tion of shear. Differential equations ductive, dielectric or resistive inks to characterize the rheological proper- describing combined viscoelastic ef- that are deposited on a substrate. The ties of conductive, dielectric, and re- fects are generally setup with three ink contains the necessary polycrystal- sistive inks. Rheograms and data have basic terms: an elastic one involving line solid ingredients having various been obtained showing changes in deformation, a viscous one involving electrical characteristics -high metal flow properties with repetitive cycling. rate of deformation, and an inertial content for conductors, a proportion A uniformity evaluation was also per- term involving acceleration.° of high dielectric constant glasses for formed at constant shear. An attempt capacitors, and various resistivity ox- is being made to determine rheological Flow is also described as being ides and metals for resistors. These differences among all types of ink. solids are suspended in liquids forming a highly viscous suspension. To General principles keep the solids in suspension, gel form- Rheology is the science dealing with matter. a) Newtonian: the re- ing materials may be utilized. the deformation and flow of sistance of newtonian Deformation is a movement of parts systems is independent of rate of shear The flow properties, or rheology, of or particles of a material or body rela- SHEAR STRESS and time. inks are among the factors that de- tive to one another, such that the con- termine the amount of ink deposited tinuity of the body is not destroyed. on a ceramic substrate by screening. If under the action of finite forces the Rheology interacts with other factors deformation of the body increases with of the screening process such as mesh time continuously and indefinitely, the b) Non -newtonian size, squeegee pressure, speed and di- thixotropic: the re- material is said to flow.' sistance to flow of rection of screening, and line width. thixotropic materials Ideal viscous bodies display flow, with Therefore, an understanding of the decreases time with the rate of flow being a function and /or with increased rate of shear. rheological properties of inks is nec- of the stress. The coefficient of vis- essary not only to explain the mech- cosity is defined as the ratio of shear anism of ink transfer, but to predict stress to shear strain rate. The coeffi- a screened thickness and to increase cient of viscosity is measured in terms uniformity and precision of screened c) Non -newtonian of "poise" and is generally called sim- plastic: beyond a images. given rate of shear, ply Many fluids do not ex- permament physical viscosity. SHEAR STRESS deformation will re- In a project at CE, a Ferranti -Shirley hibit simple viscosity. In some cases sult and resistance to flow will be independent of rate of shear. an elastic deformation may occur be- Reprint RE- 17-1 -8 Final manuscript received September 2, 1970. fore true flow begins. In other cases

Y. H. Wang* Ceramic Circuit Development Consumer Electronics d) Non -newtonian Indianapolis, Indiana N pseudo-plastic: the resistance MS in Mathematical Statistics from to flow of received the pseudo -plastic mate- Purdue in 1959. In 1959, he joined the Television SHEAR STRESS rials decreases with Picture Tube operation at Marion, Indiana as de- increasing rate of sign and development engineer. In 1961, he shear, but stabilizes at comparatively high rate of shear. worked at the Chemical and Physical Laboratory of Record Engineering. His primary responsibilities were in experimental design, system engineering related to control and operational systems, and consultation in the fields of mathematics and sta- e) Non -newtonian di- tistics at divisional level. In 1967, he joined the latant: the resistance Ceramic Circuit Development group and has been to flow increases with working in the area of material engineering, evalu- rate of shear due to increased friction be- ation, and process system. He is a member of the tween internal par- American Statistical Association, Operations Re- /A*snftss ticles. search Society of America, Institute of Mathemat- ical Statistics, and is listed in American Men of Science. Fig. 1-Typical viscosity graphs. *Since this article was written, Mr. Wang has left 98 RCA.

www.americanradiohistory.com either Newtonian or non -Newtonian. tain a constant temperature. The de- In Newtonian flow, viscosity is inde- sired speed is selected and the torsion pendent of time or rate of shear, and noted on the indicator. Various speeds is exhibited by true liquids and dilute and sweep times may be manually se- solutions. If the shearing rate is lected, and five ranges of shear stress plotted against shearing stress, a indications are available using scale straight line results passing through factors from X1 to X5. the origin. Non -Newtonian liquids or A wide range of non -Newtonian inks liquids with non -linear viscosities, ex- can be evaluated by choosing the ::-+ hibit viscoelastic properties. These can ._r;..+ proper cone, spring time interval, and +Q.+a be characterized by several types of M+i+i speed combination. A detailed expla- á flow including plastic, pseudo -plastic, nation of the instrument may be found dilatant, and thixotropic flow (see in Refs. 2 and 3. Fig. 1) . Experimentation Instrumentation The viscometer for this investigation Because of the non -Newtonian vis- was equipped with an 1120 gm -cm :t cosity of inks, the use of "steady -state torque spring and regular small cone. Fig. 2 -The Ferranti -Shirley cone and plate flow" viscosity determination is not viscometer: A) X -Y recorder, B) control and All inks involved in this investigation indicator unit, C) measuring unit, D) auto- adequate for correlation with printing exhibited non -Newtonian flow charac- matic gap- setting unit, E) amplifier unit, F) Among constant temperature water bath. characteristics. the instruments teristics, i.e., a change in shear rate which lend themselves to non-steady- (Y) will cause a non -proportionate system state measurement of viscosity is the dom orientation after the change in shear stress (X) . The orig- cone -plate viscometer. shearing action is removed. If the ori- inal rheograms obtained from the Fer- entation of the linear polymers is One such instrument currently in use ranti- Shirley viscometer for various cumulative, the viscosity may decrease is the Ferranti -Shirley cone and plate conductor, dielectric, and resistor inks with time at a constant rate of shear. viscometer shown in Fig. 2. This are reproduced in Figs. 3a through 3i. This is known as the thixotropic ef- instrument has a number of advan- Table I presents an analysis of these fect. The solid particles or pigments tages. By properly choosing the angle rheograms. of various shapes, will also contribute of the cone, the shear rate can be made to non -linearity of viscosity due to uniform in the gap. The gap narrows Discussion of rheological orientation. Anisotropic particles ran- investigation with decreasing radius to compensate domly oriented offer resistance to flow. for the slower linear velocity, and thus Inks for electronic application are Under shear, the particles tend to ori- the shear rate is independent of radius. composed of more than one ingredient ent in a direction with the smallest The instrument uses very small quan- including a large proportion of finely cross section perpendicular to the tities of ink for each test, a small frac- divided powders of metal, glass, or shear plane. With such orientation, tion of a milliliter. both, which, after firing, form the per- the resistance to flow is minimal. manent film. Because of the nature of To obtain a rheogram of a substance Some interesting rheological gels and the large proportion of solids, differ- from the Ferranti -Shirley viscometer, ences among various inks have been the viscosity of the inks are subject to a sample of ink is placed between the demonstrated in this investigation. In non -linear effects. stationary plate and the cone making most cases, they are complex and may a very small angle to insure uniform In most cases, the viscosity decreases involve more than one type of flow in shearing of the entire sample. The ink with shear rate. Because, when at a single ink system. Ink rheology is under test is sheared in the space rest, these polymeric substances are therefore theoretically fascinating, but formed when the apex of the upper randomly oriented and matted to- interpretation of data is frustrating. cone just touches the lower plate. The gether. The lack of order is also true cone is rotated to a programmed at low shear rates. At a high rate of Establishment of evaluation criteria schedule and driven by a variable shear, breakdown of the random orien- The use of the Ferranti- Shirley cone speed motor through a gear train and tation occurs and the linear molecules and plate viscometer is relatively re- torque spring. The variable speed tend to align with a linear orientation cent. The method has been found at- motor shears the sample from zero in the direction of flow. The overall tractive to some extent, because it is r /min to a predetermined maximum resistance to flow is thereby reduced, easy to use and requires only small at a uniformly increasing rate and then and as a result, the viscosity of the ink quantities of ink. In addition, the uniformly reduces the shearing to zero decreases with increasing rate of shear. rheological information can be read again. The torsion, due to viscous This is the so called pseudoplastic off directly from the rheogram with drag, is measured by a potentiometer effect. A typical flow curve for pseudo - little calculation. In general, this vis- arm coaxial with the spring, the volt- plastic material is shown in Fig. 1d. cometer is suitable for demonstrating age being plotted on an X -Y recorder. Another characteristic of the high differences in rheological properties of In addition, a water circulating bath molecular weight, linear polymer gel inks used for electronic circuits. Thix- is attached to the equipment to main- is the time required to revert to a ran- otropic effects and plastic effects can

www.americanradiohistory.com r /min 30 Sweep time (sec.) 60 114 r /min 30 be readily seen. One of the steps is to Scale factor Xi Sweep time (sec.) 60 X -Att'n 50 Scale factor X3 reduce the information contained in Y -Att'n 50 X -Att'n 75 a Bath temperature ( °C) Y -Att'n 60 the rheogram to numerical value or Bath temperature ( °C) 25 indices, thus the process control and the criteria for evaluation of thick -film ink can be established by utilizing the NN mathematical and statistical tech- SNAII stoss IIMS /Cle1 Fig. 3a- Rheogram of conductor ink DP I + I I I niques. 8318, a standard silver. 20.000t 40.000 60.000 05025 100,000 121,0111 140.000 SRN VOSS 10INS/C10'I r /min 4N 30 Sweep. time (sec.) 60 Fig. 3f-Rheogram of dielectric ink DP Index of reproducibility Scale factor Xi 8289. X -Att'n 75 of film Y -Att'n 60 Rheological properties thick Bath temperature ( °C) 25 ink may change from lot to lot. A ra- C tionalized index is needed to measure = lu and compare the change in rheological properties under working conditions 4205 110 NNA, MISS (11110/01' I r /min 30 of the process system. For example, it DP Sweep time (sec.) 60 Fig. 3b- Rheogram of conductor ink 8261. Scale factor X3 is proposed that the index can be de- X -Att'n 75 Y -Att'n 60 fined as the ratio of t, (first sample or r /min 30 Bath temperature ( °C) 25 Sweep time (sec.) 60 standard value from the previous run) Scale factor X7 20.00 NM N.''' 05,00 X -Att' n 50 . to t,; , (second sample) Such an in- Y -Att'n 50 SIGAS 210002 I BTNS/CII I Bath temperature ( °C) 25 dex can be readily determined by Fig. 3g- Rheogram of dielectric ink ACI 0001. the expression t; ; + /t, , t,, + /t; , .. . It is felt that this method offers a

simplified approach to the evaluation 2005 0000 4105 SIN SMEAR STIESS ininft 'l of inks. It certainly permits a straight- Fig. 3c- Rheogram of conductor ink 01 6121 -S. r /min 30 Sweep time (sec.) 60 forward method of measurement and 455 r /min 30 Scale factor X4 Sweep time (sec.) 60 LN4 X -Att'n 75 provides a rational expression for any Scale factor X3 1M Y -Att'n 60 X -Att'n 75 Bath temperature ( °C) 25 variation that may exist. A Shewhart Y -Att'n 60 C 104 Bath temperature ( °C) 25 control chart technique may be ap- 111 plied to determine the average of the average indices (X) and average range 052

(R) , so that projected limits can be 40,000 50,000 120000 114,1M 200.000 240,005 SMEAR STRESS /CM'I Then, any calculated in- IOlMES established. Fig. 3h- Rheogram of resistor ink DP 8584. dex, beyond the limits, may be con- 20,000 40,005 10,05 10.000 100,000 120,050 WEN STRESS I OINS /CM'l sidered an abnormal or questionable Fig.3d- Rheogram of dielectric ink DP 8315. lot. r /min 30 Timm 30 Sweep time (sec.) 60 Sweep time (sec.) 60 Scale factor X4 Thixotropic loop Scale factor X3 X -Aft' n 75 X -Att'n 75 Y -Att'n 60 Y-Att'n 60 Bath temperature ( °C) 25 Thixotropic breakdown is fostered by Bath temperature ( °C) 25 an increase in the shear stress, by extending the shear time, or by both. 1- The thixotropic effect is a valuable property, for at high shear rates (dur- 51,051 II,NN N.IN ing screening operation) the low vis- II,IN 121,105 INNS SIGN MEP NN /NÌ l SNN snusisIN5 /S00'í cosity that is produced facilitates ink Fig. 3e- Rheogram of dielectric ink DP 8315 flow and insures uniform thickness. At ESL 4640. Fig. 3i- Rheogram of resistor ink DP 8089. low shear rate (after a screening operation) the restoration of structural 1) That the dispersion of the solids is By theoretical calculation and empiri- viscosity prevents undesirable ink not significantly changed by thixo- cal data, it is possible to determine the sagging and running. tropic breakdown at the specified shear rate, and squeegee speed of a printer in relation For any given ink, the amount of 2) That quick recovery of the structure to the shear rate of the viscometer. If thixotropy present can be evaluated in should occur when active shearing a particular screening operation is per- is removed to prevent running or formed at a rate of 2000 second -5 in a terms of area enclosed by the so- called secondary flow of the image. "thixotropic loop," and can be defined Presco Printer, then the corresponding as the thixotropic index. The thixo- shear i-ate on the Ferranti -Shirley vis- Ratio of two rates of shear tropic index may be obtained by mea- cometer requires 132 r /min with the suring the area under the curve; the Rheology is primarily concerned with present regular small cone. greater the area, the greater the thixo- the deformation of cohesive bodies. The ink is subjected to two rates of tropy. Desirable thixotropic properties The viscosity of inks exhibit consider- shear during screen printing. The ink are: able changes with time and shear rate. must not resist being pushed between

100

www.americanradiohistory.com Table I- Rheological properties of printed inks graphed in Figs. 3a through 3i. cosity level after 20 minutes of shear- Rheogram Ink type Results and analysis of rheological investigation ing time. The viscosity value was 10% Fig. 3a DP 8318, The rheological properties of this ink can be considered lower than that of the beginning. A a standard close to Newtonian. There is some plastic effect as shown regression equation can be established silver-palladium by the initial rise. There is also some nonlinearity as conductor ink shown by decreasing viscosity with shear rate. to describe this relationship. Fig. 3b DP 8261, a The cominant feature of this ink is the thixotropic effect. new conductor This ;s shown by the "hysteresis loop" which is due to ink developed the decrease of viscosity with time. There is some plastic Summary by Du Pont effect as shown by the relatively initial portion of the curve. The requirements and problems of the Fig. 3c 0í6121 -S, a new This ink shows a pronounced plastic effect. Appreciable thick -film ink system have been men- conductor ink flow does not occur until the applied shear stress exceeds developed by Owens - 4000 dynes /cm=. Associated with this is also a pro- tioned and the importance of shear- Illinois, now under nounced thixotropic effect. engineering evaluation stress /shear-rate curves in depicting Fig. 3d DP 8315, a 'this ink displayed a similar flow to that shown in Fig. the flow properties of non- Newtonian standard low K 3a. There is some thixotropic effect with a small yield inks has been emphasized. Such curves dielectric ink for value. However, the viscosity of this ink is one -third screen -printed higher compared with the ink type shown in Fig. 3a, if provide a key to the molecular struc- capacitors both rheograms are converted to the same scale. ture and give information as to the Fig. 3e ESL 4640, a This ink has a gel -type flow with strong pseudoplasticity. substitute ink A higher yield value and a lower viscosity were obtained, rheological properties of plastic vis- for DP 8315 if compared to the same type ink shown in Fig. 3d cosity, yield value, and thixotropy on (dielectric ink DP 8315). There is a pronounced thixotropic effect in this ink. which the practical performance of the Fig. 3f DP 8289, a For this ink, a large thixotropic loop was formed by the ink depends. Inks serving the same medium K crossing area of the up and down curves. The second and dielectric for third run on the same sample show a continuing decrease function have been shown to have screen -printed in viscosity. Each run was made within a few minutes of widely different rheological behavior. capacitors the preceding run. Although there was some relaxation of the material, the relaxation was not complete. The vis- As a sequel to this work, it is to be cosities at the selected maximum shear rate were 31,494; 28,236; and 24,616 centipoises for the first, second, and determined what characteristics are third runs respectively. In contrast to this ink, the sample most desirable for screening opera- of the other type of ink showed only a small decrease in viscosity at the same shear rate on a second run of the tions. In the meantime, it is apparent same sample. For verification purposes, a fresh sample that a single viscosity specification is was taken from the same jar, and rheograms were obtained under the same running conditions. The viscosities inadequate to characterize an ink. The were 31,494; 27,512; and 26,064 for the first, second, and viscosity of these inks is not only time third runs respectively. These viscosities are nearly the same as the first sample. The cause of this effect is prob- dependent but also dependent upon ably due to a breakdown of some loosely knit structure resident in the system. shear rate. Fig. 3g ACI 0001, a The shear -stress /shear -rate relationship graphed in Fig. dielectric ink 3g shows a sort of hybrid flow; it simulates Newtonian Acknowledgment developed by flow at high rates of shear with slight pseudoplastic effect American Components, at low rates of shear. The change from one type of flow Inc., now under to thz other is not sharp but rather gradual. The author thanks Dr. A. M. Max of engineering evaluation Purdue University for acting as a con- Fig. 3h DP 8584, a This ink shows a small degree of plastic effect and thixo- in this He has made in- standard low tropy. The higher viscosity, 50,197 centipoises, occurs at sultant work. resistivity ink the assigned maximum shear rate of 456 second -1. How- valuable suggestions and provided ever. the thixotropic effect is confirmed by the viscosity dis- decrease to 47,301 centipoises on the second run. The co- helpful background material for efficients of thixotropic breakdown (X) at constant shear cussion. rate _an be calculated by using the formula: is X- Ys- Yr /lntl References where Yi and Ys are the viscosity of the down curve.* Skaw, E. R., and Wang, Y. H. "Methods For Fig. 3i DP 8089, a A slight thixotropic and plastic effect are also shown in Determining Viscosity of Paints and Pastes standard high the -heogram. This ink has a lower viscosity, in general, used in Thick Film Electronics "; Preliminary resistivity ink compared with the graph of Fig. 3h. The viscosity was ASTM Specification (June 1970); p. 2. 34,750 centipoises at the assigned maximum shear rate 2. Van Wazer, J. R., Lyons, J. W., Kim, K. Y., (456 second-1), which decreased to 33,300 centipoises on and Colwell, R. E., Viscosity and Flow Meas- the second run. The rate of viscosity changes from the urement; Interscience Publishers, New York first run to the second run is smaller compared with low (1963) p. 3. resistivity ink, DP 8584. 3. Ferranti Electric Inc., "The Ferranti -Shirley Viscometer System "; Plainview, New York. the mesh of the screen onto the sub- hibit prolonged changes under con- Bibliography strate during printing, and it should tinued shear, as encountered while 1. Boylan, J. C., The Application of Rheology To Parenteral Suspensions and Emulsions"; not flow beyond the original dimen- screening in the printer. If we assume The Bulletin of the Parenteral Drug Association sions of the screen under the force of the change under continued screening (July /Aug. 1965); vol. 19, No. 4, p. 103. 2. Patton, T.C., Paint Flow and Pigment Dis- gravity. In an experimental run, the to be the same as those under contin- persion; Interscience Publishers, New York of a particular ink was five in a (1966). viscosity ued shearing the viscometer, then 3. Coleman, B. D., Markovitz, H., and Noll, W, times higher when run under a shear simulation model can be established. Viscometric Flows of Non -Newtonian Fluids; Springer- Verlag, Inc., New York (1966) . rate of 5 r /min compared with the In an experimental run for a particular 4. Boylan, I. C., "Rheological Estimation of the same ink under a shear rate of 100 ink, the data showed there was not a Spreading Characteristics of Pharmaceutical Semisolids "; Journal of Pharmaceutical Sci- r /min. Thus, an appropriate ratio and great change of viscosity during the ences, (September, 1967) Vol. 56, No. 9. projected limit should be established. 5. Miller, L. F., "Paste Transfer in the Screening first two minutes of shear. It then Process "; Solid State Technology (June, 1969). Simulation model for continuous screening gradually decreased with time, and 6. Max, A. M., "Rheology of Inks For Thick Film Technology "; unpublished Report (Sept. The rheological properties of ink ex- maintained a relatively constant vis- 1970).

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www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and Research Notes

Brief Technical Papers of Current Interest (COMPRESSED AIR

BUILT INTO INSTRUMENT

ELECTROSTATIC SHIELD

230 MESH SCREEN (STAINLESS STEEL) Procedure for making triboelectric measurements Si i li SPECIMEN HOLDER L 54

E. C. Giaimo, Jr. EXHAUST RCA Laboratories Princeton, N.J. AEITHLET VACUUM TUBE ELECTRO MODEL 200

SIMPSON VOLTMETER MODEL 260 - method described for making triboelectric measurements The Fig. 3- Electrometer circuit for triboelectric measurements. on powders is simple and appears to be accurate. It not only allows for the determination of the position in a triboelectric series of one material with respect to another but it also provides a means for measuring the magnitude of the generated charge. 1) The materials to be tested are pulverized, mixed together, In addition, the method allows one to determine the percent and inserted in the screened specimen holder. concentration of one material with respect to another especially 2) E_ is set to zero after closing switch S4. in developer mixtures used in electrophotographic printing. 3) Switch Si is closed in order to discharge the capacitor C. Procedure 4) E1, the electrometer reading, is set to zero by the "zero Pulverized samples of the two materials which are to be mea- adjust" knob on the Keithley Vacuum Tube Electrometer sured are placed in a shielded metallic container. The container (Model 200) . has two screens so that compressed air can be blown through 5) The compressed air supply is turned on carefully and the it. The particle sizes of the samples are chosen so that one will deflection of the meter on the electrometer is observed. Switch be retained and the other removed from the container by the S3 is thrown to such a position that the polarity of E2 will be passage of air. If the container is connected to an electrometer, proper to keep E, at zero as E2 is increased during the buildup both the sign and magnitude of the charge residing on the par- of charge on the capacitor C. ticles retained in the container can be determined. 6) The air is allowed to flow until the voltage E, ceases to The device is shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. Referring to Fig. 3, the change. procedure for making a measurement is as follows: 7) At this time, the value of E2 is noted.

Fig. 1- Device for making triboelectric measurements. Fig. 2- Measurement system.

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www.americanradiohistory.com By following the above procedure, the electrometer is used as a 4% in order to realize clean background in electrophotographic i null indicator so that no charge is withdrawn from the sample prints. The drooping characteristic observed is due probably to under test. As a result, the generated charge can be measured. a saturation effect. An iron particle of a given size and shape The input resistance of the instrument is greater than 10" ohms can only retain a finite number of toner particles. All other under these conditions. toner particles in excess of this number acquire no charge and are only held in the mixture by mechanical forces. The values of E: obtained can be used directly to obtain the relative positions in a triboelectric series of various materials TEST CONDITIONS with respect to a reference material. On the other hand, if one ( I ) P648 TONER +POWDERED Fe >200MESH wishes to determine the magnitude of the charge generated in each case, the relationship q -CE_ can be used. (2) 0.2gm. SAMPLE USED IN EACH CASE (3) VOLTAGE MEASURED ACROSS 450pF There are certain precautions that should be observed to obtain accurate data. First, adequate electrostatic shielding is necessary 120 around the specimen holder and the "Hi" terminal of the electrometer to eliminate the influence of extraneous fields. Sec- ond, the value of C should be large enough so that the elec- 100 trometer input is not driven too far positive. If this should happen, the large forward grid current that would flow might ? 80 dissipate some of the charge. Driving the electrometer down w scale, on the other hand, has no deleterious effect for the elec- a trometer tube is driven into the cutoff region, no forward grid 60 current can flow, and the charge will be conserved. o > Results 40 To classify several electroscopic toners with respect to their triboelectric activity in the presence of carrier iron, a series of 20 tests were made using the procedure outlined above. The series is based on Ferrum Iron Powder, Type V, Commercial Grade, obtained from Charles Hardy, Inc. Before o use, the iron was 0 2 4 6 8 10 screened and only that which did not pass through a 200 mesh PERCENT TONER CONCENTRATION screen was kept for testing. The toners classified above iron BY WEIGHT acquire a positive charge when mixed with the powder while Fig. 4- Voltage vs. percent of toner concentration. those below iron acquire a negative charge. The numbers after Table Il -Toner concentration measurements on P648 toner in the each toner listed in Table I are averages of three voltage read- presence of iron. ings. Each value taken did not deviate from the average by % Toner by wt. Wt. of sample Average voltage more than 5% in the worst case. 0 0.2 g -0.3 Table I- Triboelectric classification of several electroscopic toners. 1 0.2 g 20 2 0.2 g 34 Voltage % Toner 3 0.2 g 53 generated Wt. of concentration 4 0.2 g 69 across sample by wt. 6 0.2 g 80 Material 450 µµF tested (gm) in iron 8 0.2 g 110 RCA toner P342 10 0.2 g 116 (experimental) 66 0.2 2 RCA toner P648 The following Triboelectric Series was determined using the (experimental) 34 0.2 2 Experimental method and apparatus described herein: toner #5640 -35 -2 33 0.2 2 Experimental Material Nature of material toner #5640 -38 -2 30 0.2 2 RCA toner P664 28.5 0.2 2 RCA toner P342 Toner powder Fe 0.3 0.2 0 RCA toner P648 Toner powder A commercial toner 7.8 0.2 2 Experimental toner #5640 -35 -2 Toner powder Experimental toner #5640 -38 -2 Toner powder RCA toner P664 Toner powder As a representative, RCA toner P648 was chosen for determin- Glass Carrier powder ing whether the method and apparatus were suitable for making Iron Carrier powder Commercial toner toner concentration measurements. Table II and Fig. 4 indicate Toner powder Nickel Carrier powder that the method works satisfactorily. Each value of voltage listed and plotted is an average of three readings which did not All materials above a particular one are positive with respect differ from the mean by more than 5% in case. the worst to it. The graph helps to confirm a previous observation that the upper limit on toner concentration should be in the vicinity of Reprint RE-17-1-21I Final manuscript received October 28, 1970.

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www.americanradiohistory.com Classical unijunction oscillator with a CR2 prevents R4 from sinking current from CR1 while Cl is bootstrap PL output charging, and R4 provides a low- impedance discharge path for Cl. The typical waveform at the junction of R3, R4, and CR1 has rise and fall times in the microsecond range. Hysteresis circuit R5 -R7 supplies positive feedback to the base of 02, when 02 is switching.

As 02 starts to turn ON (or oFF) the T2L gate goes high (or low) and this feedback speeds up the switching of 02. The hysteresis guarantees that the collector voltage of Q2 passes through the threshold of the T2L gate fast enough to preclude multiple switching. R6 and R8 were selected as low - value resistors to enhance the switching speed of the circuit. This circuit will drive edge- triggered counters without incurring any false counts. With the component values shown in Fig. I, the circuit will function as a 6 -Hz oscillator with less than 3% drift and an output drive capability of two TL loads.

The unijunction oscillator circuit is useful in applications requiring T=L compatibility or a low- frequency oscillator (chiefly in computer peripheral devices) . R. A. Mancini G. H. Fairfax, Leader Special Circuits Design Design Integration & Reliability Systems Development Division Systems Development Division Computer Systems Computer Systems Palm Beach Gardens, Fla. Palm Beach Gardens, Fla. Simple photo alarm does double duty

Reprint RE- 17- 1- 21IFinal manuscript received April 6, 1971. J. F. Kingsbury' Graphic Systems Division Dayton, N.J. A unijunction oscillator incorporates current clamping and Since this article was written, Mr. hysteresis to produce a stable, wide-frequency- range, TL com- Kingsbury has transferred to RCA patible oscillator. Laboratories, Princeton, N.J. The range of RI (Fig. 1) is from 3.9 to 510 kilohms, and the range of CI is from .01 to 33µF. The approximate frequency of oscillation is given by 1= 1.55 /RC. The minimum and maximum frequencies of oscillation, which correspond to the maximum and minimum values of RI and CI, are 0.1Hz and Reprint RE- t7- 1- 211Final manuscript received November 16, 1970. 40.0kHz, respectively.

The simple circuit in Fig. 1 is very effective for detecting missing When RI is split into a fixed resistor and a variable resistor, the light pulses. The new, low -cost RCA CA3062 light sensor and initial component tolerances can be adjusted out. To guarantee amplifier integrated circuit is used to detect light pulses that are the ability to set the oscillator frequency, the sum of the fixed synchronized to the 60 -Hz line frequency. Its amplifier output and variable resistors should be 1.5 times the calculated re- momentarily grounds diode CRI, when SI is in position A. This sistance and the be value of RIP should twice that of Rl. continuously resets the timing network of a unijunction transis- Current -clamping circuit R3 -CR1 stabilizes the valley point of tor every 16.7 ms. Since the network reaches peak -point voltage in 20 ms, the does 01, as well as insuring that 02 is biased off during the charging transistor not fire. of CI; R2 provides temperature compensation for Q1. If tem- If an object interrupts the light beam, the UIT will reach its perature stability is a 1% film resistor and a desired, wirewound peak -point voltage and fire the SCR, turning on an audible alarm variable resistor should be used for R1; and a low- leakage, (e.g. a sonalert alarm) . temperature -stable capacitor such as mylar or metalized poly - carbonate should be used for Cl. Using these stable timing com- The CA3062 was placed at the focal point of a typical condens- ponents guarantees a frequency drift of less than 3% over the ing lens and operated successfully at a distance of over 60 feet, temperature range of 0 to 70 °C. using the RCA 40736R and a similar lens as the infrared emitter.

When SI is in position B the circuit now detects interruptions in + 30V +30V + SV +5v a steady light beam, sounding an alarm only when an interruption does not occur (e.g., in monitoring items on a conveyor RIP R2 R6 R8 belt) . IOOK 15011. 430.11. 470(1 +12v

OI ALARM RI 2NI671 42.2K OUTPUT il7a PULSED LIGHT IN RS 62011 2N3529 RESET p SWI H R4 11F CI CRI R3 2011. 0.00111F 51 3.OUF IN914 2.71( 112W IW M ÁR CR2 IN914 22K 0.011 F -30V =

Fig. 1- Unijunction oscillator. Fig. 1 -Photo alarm circuit.

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www.americanradiohistory.com ACOUSTIC PHONON SPECTROSCOPY AI,O, FILMS Prepared by Electron -Beam -C. H. Anderson (Labs, Pr) Case Western Evaporation of Hot -Pressed AI,O, in Oxy- Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio; 3/4/71 gen Ambient -D. Hoffman, D. Leibowitz (Labs, Pr) J. of Vacuum Science and EXCITED CATHODE -RAY- EMISSION Technology, Vol. 8, No. 1; 1 -2/71 SPECTIROSCOPY of Trace Rare Earths Part V. Determination of Dysprosium -R. ALUMINUM OXIDE, Optical Absorption E. Shrader, S. Larach, R. A. Kauffunger and Defect Structure in Thin Amorphous ;Labs, Pr) Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. Films of -E. Harari (AED, Pr) American 54; 1971 Physical Soc. Conf., Washington, D.C.; 4/26/71; Bull. of Amer. Phys. Soc. ELECTRON -PROBE MICROANALYSIS - Principles, Scope, and Limitations -E. P. ANTHRACENE ELECTROLUMINESCENT Berlin (Labs, Pr) Philadelphia Electron CELLS with Tunnel- Injection Cathodes- Microscope Society Mtg., Moorestown, J. Dresner, A. M. Goodman (Labs, Pr) Pen Recent N.J.; 3/19/71 Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 58, Ne. 11; 11/70 RCA OPTICAL DIFFERENTIAL METHOD, Ab- ASYMMETRIC p -n JUNCTION DIODES, technical papers sorption Measurements of Shallow Im- A Refined Step- Recovery Technique for purity Doped Silicon by Use of the-H. Measuring Minority Carrier Lifetimes and and Podium and presentations Fujita, Y. Okada (Labs, Pr) Physical Soci- Related Parameters in -R. H. Dean, C. J. ety of Japan, Tokyo University; 4/71 Nuese (Labs, Pr) IEEE Trans. on Electron Both published papers and verbal presentations are indexed. To obtain a pub- Devices, Vol. ED -18, No. 3; 3/71 lished paper, borrow the journal in which it appears from your library, or write RF Co-Sputtered Multicomponent Sys- or call the author for a reprint. For information on unpublished verbal pre- tems, Compositional Determination of- Bi Sb,,, Hot Electrons and Impact Ioniza- sentations, write or call the author. (The author's RCA Division appears paren- J. J. Hanak (Labs, Pr) J. of Vacuum Sci- tion in -T. Hattori (Labs, Pr) J. of the thetically after his name in the subject -index entry.) For additional assistance 29, No, in locating RCA technical literature, contact: RCA Statt Technical Publica- ence and Technology, Vol. 8. No. 1; Physical Society of Japan, Vol, 5; tions, Bldg. 2 -8, RCA, Camden, N.J. (Ext. PC- 4018). 1 -2/71 11/70 This index is prepared from listings provided bimonthly by RCA Division Electrons and Holes Technical Publcations Administrators and Editorial Representatives -who SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY of CaF,, Mobilities of should be contacted concerning errors or omissons (see inside back cover). Semiconductors -E. R. Levin (Labs, Pr) in -J. Dresner, P. M. Heyman (Labs, Pr) Subject index categories are based upon the Thesaurus of Engineering Electrochemical Society Mtg., New York; Physical Review B, Vol. 3, No. 8; 4/15/71 Terms, Engineers Joint Council, N.Y., 1st Ed., May 1964. 4/21/71 CaF,, Theory of Photochromic Centers UNSHIELDED CAPACITOR PROBE TECH- in -R. C. Alig (Labs, Pr) Physical Review NIQUE for Determining Disk File Ceramic 8, Vol. 3, No. 2; 1/15/71 Subject Index PHONON TRANSPORT, Influence of Dis- Slider Flying Characteristics -G. R. persion and Relaxation Time Approxima- Briggs, P. G. Herkart (Labs, Pr) INTER - CuCr,S,.,CI Electrical and Magnetic Titles of papers are permuted where tion on -R. Klein, R. K. Wehner (Labs, MAG, Denver, Colorado; 4/13 -16/71 Properties of -K. Minematsu (Labs, Pr) necessary to bring significant keyword(s) Pr) Helvetica Physics Acta, Vol. 43, No. 8; Physical Society of Japan, Tckyo Univer- X -RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROS- to the left for easier scanning. Authors' 1970 sity, 4/71 COPY, Determination of Copper and division appears parenthetically after his SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS, Indium in Single Crystal Cu.,In,,Cr,S, by DIVALENT LANTHANIDE IONS in Cal- name. Interaction of 9.3 GHz Longitudinal Phonons with -K. Ametani, F. Okamoto (Labs, Pr) cium Fluoride, Magnetic Circular Di- Electrons in -M. Cohen, Y. Goldstein, B. Annual Mtg. of Japanese Chemical Soci- chroism Spectra of -H. A. Weakliem, C. Abeles (Labs, Pr) Physical Review B, Vol. ety, Osaka, Japan; 4/71 H. Anderson, E. S. Sabisky (Labs, Pr) 3, No. 7; 4/1/71 Physical Review, Vol. 2, No. 11; 12/1/70 170 Manufacturing & SERIES 100 SUPERCONDUCTIVE TUNNELING, Effect Fabrication EPITAXIAL GaAs, Microstructure! Effects BASIC THEORY & of Microwave Phonons on -R. W. Cohen production techniques for mate- on the Minority-Carrier Diffusion Length in S. B. F. METHODOLOGY (Labs, Pr) Physics Letters Vol. 33A, No. rials, devices, & equipment. -M. Abrahams, Williams, C. J. 5; 11/16/70 Buiocchi (Labs, Pr) Applied Physics Let- DUAL GAS LASER PROCESSING SYS- ters, Vol. 18, No. 6; 3/15/71 120 Life Sciences & Medicine THERMAL FLUCTUATIONS in Crystal TEM with a Common Precision Pressure Lattices, Scattering of Light by K. FAST INSULATOR . biology, physiology, psychology, -R. Gauge and Gas -Filling Manifold -H. E. -TO -METAL TRANSI- medical sciences. Wehner. R. Klein (Labs, Pr) Swiss Physi- McCandless (Labs, Pr) J. of Vacuum TION Metal Oxide, Optical Induction of- cal Society Mtg., Lausanne, I. W. R. see also: 135 INFORMATION THEORY & Switzerland; Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2; Balberg, Roach (Labs, Pr) Inter- OPERATIONS RESEARCH 5/30 -5/1/71 3 -4/71 national Conf. on Low Mobility Materials, Eilat, Israel; 4/5 -8/71 WAVE PROPAGATION in Turbulent Me- IC MASK MANUFACTURING Concepts; MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS, Ultrasonic Holog- dium: Random Eddy Model -D A. de Control of Fine Line Widths-R. A. Gesh- FER ROELECTR IC-PH OTOCONDUCTOR raphy H. Vilkomerson (Labs, -O. Pr) Col- Wolf (Labs, Pr) 1971 USNC /URSI -IEEE ner (G &CS, Camden) Electronic Packag- OPTICAL STORAGE Medium Utilizing loquium at Brooklyn Polytechnic Insti- Spring Mtg., Washington, D.C.; 4/8 -10/71 ing & Production, 2/70 Bismuth Titanate-S. A. Keneman, G. W. tute, Brooklyn, N.Y.; 3/4/71 Taylor, A. Miller (Labs, Pr) Ferroelectrics, 135 Information Theory & 180 Management & Business Vol. 1; 10/70 125 Physics Operations Research Operations FERROELECTRIC SbSI, Soft Phonon . . . electromagnetic field theory, ... codes, modulation methods, signal organization, scheduling, market- quantum mechanics, basic particles, processing, communication theory, ing. Mode and Mode Coupling in -E. F. Steig - plasmas, solid -state, optics, thermo- game theory, queueing theory, compu- meier (Labs, Pr) Seminar, NATO Ad- dynamics, solid mechanics, fluid me- tational linguistics, decision theory. MOTOR CARRIER EXEMPTION from the vanced Study Institute, Geilo, Norway; chanics, acoustics. Fair Labor Standards Act-Private Car- 4/13 -20/71 SECOND ORDER PHASE LOCK LOOP see also: 205 MATERIALS (ELECTRONIC) riers-J. D. Thrush (Corp., Camden) ACQUISITION TIME, Minimax Solution of Labor Law Journal; 3/71 GaAs OPTOELECTRONIC COLD CATH- -S. L. Goldman (GCS, Camden) Univ. of ODE STRUCTURES, Electron Emission BAND TAIL STATES, Occupation Statis- Pennsylvania; 4/29/71 195 Miscellaneous Theory & from -H. Schade, H. Nelson, H. Kressel tics of-D. Redfield (Labs, Pr) American Methodology (Labs, Pr) Physical Electronics Conf., Physical Society Mtg., Cleveland, Ohio; 140 Circuit & Network Theory Gaithersburg, Md.; 3/15 -17/71 3/29/71 . . methods for circuit synthesis & G -MTT NATIONAL LECTURESHIP, 1970 analysis; network topology, equivalent -H. Sobol (Labs, Pr) IEEE Trans. on GALLIUM NITRIDE -J. I. Paikove (Labs, EFFICIENT ELECTRON EMISSION into circuit methods. Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. Pr) Solid State Seminar, University of Vacuum from a p -n Junction Structure - (for specific circuit applications, see MTT -18, No. 12; 12/70 California, Berkeley, Calif; 3/22/71 H. Kressel, H. Schade, H. Nelson (Labs, the appropriate 200 -series category) Pr) American Physical Society Mtg., INVENTION-J. A. Rajchman (Labs, Pr) GE -DOPED GaAs Grown by Liquid -Phase Cleveland, Ohio; 3/29/71 MOS MODELS and Circuit Simulation-J. INTERMAG, Denver, Colorado; 4/13- Epitaxy, Efficient Photoemission from - E. Meyer (Labs, Pr) RCA Review, Vol. 32, 16/71 H. Schade, H. Nelson, H. Kressel (Labs, No. 1; 3/71 Pr) Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 18, No. ELECTROMAGNETISM, A Difficulty in 4; 2/15/71 General Relativity with Acceleration Ef- POWER AMPLIFICATION with Anomalous fects in H. Cherry (Labs, -W. Pr) Ameri- Avalanche Diodes -H. J. Prager, K. K. N. SERIES 200 HETEROEPITAXIAL GERMANIUM AND can Physical Society Mtg., Washington, Chang, S. Weisbrod (Labs, Pr) IEEE MATERIALS, DEVICES, & SILICON, Interdependence of the Elec- D.C.; 4/26 -29/71 Trans. on Microwave Theory and Tech- COMPONENTS trical Properties and the Defect Structure niques, Vol. MTT -18, NA. 11; 11/70 in -D. J. Dumin (Labs, Pr) J. of Vacuum IRRADIANCE FLUCTUATIONS in Turbu- Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 1; 160 Laboratory Techniques & 205 Materials lent Air, Strong -D. A. de Wolf (Labs, Pr) (Electronic) 1 -2/71 Optical Society of America, Tucson, Ari- Equipment preparation & properties of conductors; semiconductors; zona; 4/5-8/71 . experimental methods & equipment, magnetic, ISOELECTRONIC IMPURITIES in Semi - lab facilities, testing, data measure- electro- optical, recording, & electro- conductors-W. Czaja (Labs, Pr) German ment, spectroscopy, magnetic materials LIQUID HELIUM FILMS S. Sabisky electron micros- Physical Society Mtg., Munster, Germany; -E. see also: 270 MATERIALS (Labs, Pr) Solid State Seminar, Brown copy, dosimeters. 3/23 -26/71 (MECHANICAL) University, Providence, R.I.; 2/25/71 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRIC 105 CHEMISTRY LANTHANUM TRANSITION METAL SUL- Determination of Chlorine in Single Crys- 125 PHYSICS FIDES LaMS,; M =Cr, Mn, Fe, and PHONON Co, MEAN FIELD THEORIES, Life- tals of Some Chalcogenide Spinels-K. 160 LABORATORY TECH- Synthesis and Crystallographic Proper- time Effects in -R. K. Wehner, R. Klein Ametani (Labs, Pr) Annual Mtg. of the NIQUES & EQUIPMENT ties of -T. Takahashi, T. Oka, O. Yamade, (Labs, Pr) Physics Letters A, Vol. 34, No. Japanese Chemical Society, Osaka, 170 MANUFACTURING & K. Ametani (Labs, Pr) Materials Research 1; 1/25/71 Japan, 4/71 FABRICATION Bulletin, Vol. 6; 1971 105

www.americanradiohistory.com TRANSMISSION LIQUID CRYSTALS, Recent Develop- SHALLOW IMPURITY DOPED SILICON GaAs: Si DIODES, Electroluminescence JOSEPHSON- JUNCTION Through a ments in the Field of-R. Williams (Labs, by Use of the Optical Differential Method, Characteristics and Efficiency of-I. LINE, Wave Propagation -R. Pr) American Vacuum Society, Bound Absorption Measurements of -H. Fujita, Ladany (Labs, Pr) J. of Applied Physics, Hirota (Labs, Pr) Physical Society of Brook, N.J.; 4/12/71 Y. Okada (Labs, Pr) Physical Society of Vol. 42, No. 2; 2/71 Japan, Tokyo University, 4/71 Japan, Tokyo University; 4/71 LIQUID CRYSTALS, Recent Develop- GaAs TRANSISTOR with an AI,Ga,.,As 240 Lasers, Electro- optical, & ments in the Field of-R. Williams (Labs, SILANE AND GERMANE, Selective Epi- Wide -Gap Emitter -H. P. Kleinknecht Optical Devices Pr) Seminar, Department of Chemistry, taxy Using -D. J. Dumin (Labs, Pr) J. of (Labs, Pr) Semiconductor Device Re- ... design & characteristics of lasers; Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.; Crystal Growth, Vol. 8; 1971 search Conference, Munich, Germany; components used with lasers in electro- 4/20/71 4/71 optical systems, lenses, (excludes: SILICON, Field Effect Electrolumines- masers). LIQUID HELIUM FILM ABSORBED on cence in -A. M. Goodman (Labs, Pr) MICROSTRIP L -BAND OSCILLATOR, Sili- see also: 205 MATERIALS (ELECTRONIC) Surfaces of CaF SrF and BaF, -E. S. Semiconductor Device Research Confer- con Avalanche- Diode -A. Rosen, J. As- 210 CIRCUIT DEVICES & Sabisky, C. H. Anderson (Labs, Pr) Amer- ence, Munich, Germany, 3/16 -20/71 sour (Labs, Pr) IEEE Trans. on Microwave MICROCIRCUITS ican Physical Society Mtg., Cleveland. Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT -18, 215 CIRCUIT & NETWORK Ohio; 3/29/71 SILICON on Insulating Substrates for No. 11; 11/70 DESIGNS MOS Circuitry, The Epitaxial Deposition LIQUID HELIUM, Surface States of Elec- 245 DISPLAYS of -G. E. Gottlieb, J. F. Corboy, G. W. MULTI LAYER PRINTED WIRING 125 PHYSICS trons in -R. Williams, R. S. Crandall, A. Cullen, J. H. Scott (Labs, Pr) Metallurgi- Preventive Medicine for PTH H. Willis (Labs, Pr) Physical Review Let- BOARDS, cal Transactions, Vol. 2; 3/71 in A. Geshner (G &CS, Cam- COHERENT OPTICAL SOURCES for ters, Vol. 26, No. 1; 1/4/71 Failure -R. den) S. Jolly (Labs, Pr) Circuit Manufac- Communication-J. I. Pankove (Labs, Pr) SINGLE CRYSTALS of CdCr,S, and BIREFRINGENT turing, August 1970. Proc. of the IEEE Vol. 58, No. 10; 10/70 LOW ORTHOFERRITES CdCr,Se Analysis of the Reflectivity for Digital Optical Devices -R. B. Clover, Data of -H. Fujita Y. Okada (Labs, Pr) DIGITAL ELECTRO -OPTIC GRATING De- C. Wentworth, S. Morszkowski (Labs, Pr) PRINTED WIRING PLATED THROUGH Physical Society of Japan, Tokyo Univer- Hammer INTERMAG, Denver, Colorado; 4/13- HOLES, High Reliability Design Criteria flector and Modulator -J. M. sity; 4/71 Physics Letters, Vol. 16/71 for Multi Layer -R. A. Geshner, D. P. (Labs, Pr) Applied (G &CS, Camden) 4th Annual 18, No. 4; 2/15/71 SINGLE- DOMAIN BISMUTH TITANATE, Schnorr LOW BIREFRINGENT ORTHOFERRITES Printed Wiring Workshop, American Elec- Depoling of -G. W. Taylor, S. A. Kene- M. Hammer Optical Sensing of Bubbles in -R. Clover, troplaters Society Meeting, 4/28/71 LIGHT DEFLECTION -J. man, A. Miller (Labs, Pr) Ferroelectrics, (Labs, Pr) The City College of New York, C. Wentworth (Labs, Pr) INTERMAG, Vol. 2, No.1; 1/71 New York; 3/12/71 Denver, Colorado; 4/13 -16/71 215 Circuit & Network Designs analog & digital functions in elec- MACROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS, Electronic SOUND ABSORPTION in He II, Pressure LIQUID CRYSTALS, Display Related Dependence of Klein, R. K. Wehner tronic equipment; amplifiers, filters, Processes in -S. E. Harrison (Labs, Pr) -R. Characteristics of -J. A. Castellano (Labs, Pr) Swiss Physical Society Mtg. modulators, microwave circuits, A -D (Labs, Pr) Society of Photographic Sci- Colloquium at Drexel University, Phila- converters, encoders, oscillators, delphia, Penna.; 4/20/71 Lausanne, Switzerland; 4/30-5/1/71 entists and Engineers, Chicago, Illinois; switches; logic & switching networks; 4/21 -23/71 Nb,Sn, Evidence for a First -Order Struc- SrTiO Stress Induced Ferroelectricity in masers & microwave circuits; timing tural Transformation in -L. J. Vieland, R. -W. J. Burke, R. J. Pressley (Labs, Pr) & control functions; fluidic circuits. PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SENSOR for Card W. Cohen, W. Rehwald (Labs, Pr) Physi- Solid State Communications, Vol. 9; 1971 see also: 210 CIRCUIT DEVICES & Readers-F. V. Shallcross, W. S. Pike, cal Review Letters, Vol. 26, No. 7; MICROCIRCUITS P. K. Weimer, G. M. Gryszman (Labs, Pr) 2/15/71 STRESSED SrTiO, Raman Scattering and 225 ANTENNAS & IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, Vol. Phase Transitions in -W. J. Burke, R. J. PROPAGATION ED -17, No. 12; 12/70 ORGANIC CRYSTALS of Large Band Pressley (Labs, Pr) Solid State Communi- 220 ENERGY & POWER Gap, Conduction in Filled Bands as a cations, Vol. 9; 1971 SOURCES SEMICONDUCTOR LASER DIODES and Possible Conductivity Mechanism in -W. 140 CIRCUIT & NETWORK Their Applications -H. Kressel (Labs, Pr) Helfrich (Labs, Pr) Faraday Society Dis- SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, Transition Metals THEORY Electrical Engineering Colloquia, Poly- cussion, Nottingham, England; 4/14- and the Frohlich Mechanism for-A. technic Institute of Brooklyn; 4/26/71 16/71 Rothwarf (Labs, Pr) Colloquium at Ohio AVALANCHE -DIODE OSCILLATOR, A University Athens, Ohio; 3/12/71 Compact Microstrip High -Power High - SILICON VIDICON, Optical Storage Uti- PHONON SCATTERING IN KCI:Li', Heat Efficiency-S. G. Liu (Labs, Pr) IEEE lizing a -E. Luedicke, R. Silver (Labs, Pr) SYSTEM Nb,Sn, The Trans- Pulse Studies of-D. J. Channin (Labs, Martensitic Trans, on Microwave Theory and Tech- Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 58, No, 11; 11/70 formation in J. Vieland, A. W. Wick - Pr) American Physical Society Mtg., -L. niques, Vol. MTT -18, No. 11; 11/70 Cleveland, Ohio; 3/29/71 lund (Labs, Pr) Physics Letters, Vol. 34A, SOLID STATE IMAGE SENSORS, Sys- No. 1; 1/25/71 FILTER, 400 -MHz Acoustic Surface Wave tems and Technologies for -P. K. Weimer PHOTOCHROMIC CaF EPR Studies of (Labs, Pr) IEEE Intl Convention, New THIN FILMS OF LIQUID HELIUM, Phonon Pulse Expansion and Compression -C. -C. H. Anderson, E. S. Sabisky (Labs, L. D. Gandolfo Van York City; 3/22 -25/71 Interference in -C. H. Anderson (Labs, Grasse, A. (EASD, Pr) Physical Review B, Vol. 3, No. 2; Nuys) IEEE Transactions on Microwave Pr) American Physical Society Mtg., ULTRASONIC HOLOGRAPHY for Medical 1/15/71 Theory and Techniques, MTT -19, No. 2; Washington, D.C.; 4/26 -29/71 Diagnosis H. Vilkomerson (Labs, Pr) 6/71 -D. PHOTOCHROMIC CALCIUM FLUORIDE Colloquium at Brooklyn Polytechnic In- by Additive Coloration, Preparation of- VAPOR -GROWN In,.,Ga,P, The Prepara- stitute, Brooklyn, N.Y.; 3/4/71 tion J. Nuese, D. HUM-BUCKERS, Television -J. L. Hath- W. Phillips, R. C. Duncan (Labs, Pr) and Properties of -C. Richman, R. B. Clough (Labs, Pr) Metal- away (NBC, N.Y.) J. of SMPTE, Vol. 80; Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 2, 3/71 245 Displays lurgical Transactions, Vol. 2, 3/71 2/71 . . . equipment for the display of PHOTOCHROMIC INDIGOIDS. III: A graphic, alphanumeric, & other data in Y and La OXYSULFIDES, Energy Loss INTERPHONE AMPLIFIER, A New High Photochromic Element Based on the cis - communications, computer, military, & and Energy Storage from the Impedance L. Hathaway (NBC, N.Y.) trans Photoisomerization of a Thioindigo Eu" -J. other systems; CRT devices, solid state Charge- Transfer States in H. Fonger, NAB Chicago, Ill.; 3/30/71 Dye -D. L. Ross (Labs, Pr) Applied -W. Convention, displays, holographic displays (ex- Pr) J. the Electro- Optics, Vol. 10, No. 3; 3/71 C. W. Struck (Labs, of cludes: television). chemical Society, Vol. 118, No. 2; 2/2/71 SEQUENCE GENERATORS & MATCHED see also: 205 MATERIALS (ELECTRONIC) Taps, PHOTOCHROMIC STRONTIUM TITAN - FILTERS with Adjustable Acoustic 345 TELEVISION & ATE, Photoconductivity in -R. Williams ZnO-I. Investigation of the Dark Cur- Surface Wave -D. Gandolfo (EASD, Van rent, High BROADCAST SYSTEMS (Labs, Pr) J. of Applied Physics, Vol. 42, Field Behaviour of -H. Kiess Nuys) IEEE /GMTT Microwave Symp. the Physics and Chemistry No. 3; 3/1/71 (Labs, Pr) J. of Washington, D.C.; 5/17- 19/71; Proc. HOLOGRAPHY, After- Dinner-M. Lurie of Solids, Vol. 31, No. 11; 1970 (Labs, Pr) Rutgers Engineering Society, PYROLYTIC ALUMINUM OXIDE FILMS SIGNAL -LOSS DETECTOR Suitable for Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J.; ZnO SURFACES: I. Surface State D. on Silicon Substrates, Dielectric and In- -J. Audio and Video System -S. Atwood 4/21/71 Levine, A. Willis (Labs, Pr) Physical Elec- terface Properties of -M. T. Duffy, J. E. (NBC, N.Y.) NAB Cony. Chicago, Ill.; tronics Conf., Gaithersburg, Md.; 3/15- Carnes, D. Richman (Labs, Pr) Metallur- 3/31/71 LIGHT -VALVE ARRAYS, A Method of 17/71 gical Transactions, Vol. 2, 3/71 Matrix Addressing Polarization Rotating 220 & or Retarding-G. W. Taylor (Labs, Pr) RARE -EARTH -DOPED CaF Optical 210 Circuit Devices & Energy Power Sources ... batteries, solar cells, generators, Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 58, No. 11; 11/70 Studies of a Photochromic Color Center Microcircuits reactors, power supplies. in -D. L. Staebler, S. E. Schnatterly . electron tubes & solid -state devices MAGNETIC HOLOGRAPHY, Reconstruc- (Labs, Pr) Physical Review B Vol. 3, No. (active & passive); integrated, array, & tion Effects in -R. S. Mezrich (Labs, Pr) see also: 210 CIRCUIT DEVICES & 2; 1/15/71 hybrid microcircuits; field- effect de- IEEE Trans. Magnetic, Vol. MAG MICROCIRCUITS on -6, vices; resistors & capacitors; modular No. 3; 9/70 PROTECTION TECHNIQUES, Power Sup - RARE- EARTH -DOPED EXYSULFIDES for & printed circuits; circuit interconnec- ply-F. C. Easter (EASD, Van Nuys) 14th GaAs -Pumped Luminescent Devices -P. tion; waveguides & transmission lines. RELIEF HOLOGRAMS in Dichromated Midwest Circuit Theory, N. Yocom, J. P. Wittke, I. Ladany (Labs, see also: 220 ENERGY & POWER Symp. on Univ. Gelatin, Spatial Resolution of -D. Meyer - Pr) Metallurgical Transactions Vol. 2; SOURCES of Denver; 5/6 -7/71; Symp. Proc. hofer (Labs, Pr) Applied Optics, Vol. 10, 3/71 205 MATERIALS (ELECTRONIC) No. 2; 2/71 225 ANTENNAS & 225 Antennas & Propagation REVERSAL LIQUID TONING, Relation- PROPAGATION antenna design & performance; 250 Recording Components & ships Between the Physical Properties of 215 CIRCUIT & NETWORK feeds & couplers; phased arrays; ra- Equipment Electrolax Layers and Speckles in -E. C. DESIGNS domes & antenna structures; electro- . tape, disk, drum, film, holographic, Huller (Labs, Pr) Society of Photographic 140 CIRCUIT & NETWORK magnetic wave propagation; scatter; & other assemblies for audio, image, Scientists and Engineers, Chicago, Illi- THEORY effects of noise & interference. & data systems; magnetic tape, tape nois; 4/21 -23/71 see also: 340 COMMUNICATIONS heads, pickup devices, etc. ANOMALOUS AVALANCHE DIODES, EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS see also: 340 COMMUNICATIONS SEALED SILICA CRYSTAL GROWTH Power Amplification with -H. J. Prager, 345 TELEVISION & EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS AMPOULE, An Improved Design for a- K. K. N. Chang, S. Weisbrod (Labs, Pr) BROADCAST SYSTEMS 360 COMPUTER EQUIPMENT R. Widmer (Labs, Pr) J. of Crystal Growth, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and 320 RADAR, SONAR, & 345 TELEVISION & Vol. 8, No. 2; 1971 Techniques, Vol. MTT -18, No. 11; 11/70 TRACKING SYSTEMS BROADCAST SYSTEMS 106

www.americanradiohistory.com SPACECRAFT Tape Recorders, Long 150 ENVIRONMENTAL & spacecraft, & special -purpose televi- MAGNETIC MEMORIES -Present Status Life -C. R. Hume (AED, Pr) IEEE Na- HUMAN FACTORS sion. and Future Trends -R. Shahbender (Labs, tional Telemetering Conf.; Univ. of 320 RADAR, SONAR, & see also: 340 COMMUNICATIONS Pr) IEEE International Convention, New Southampton England; 4/13- 15/71; Conf. TRACKING SYSTEMS EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS York City, 3/22 -25/71 Proc. 210 CIRCUIT DEVICES & TIROS OPERATIONAL WEATHER SATEL- MICROCIRCUITS MASS MEMORY'S PROMISE: Megabits LITE SYSTEM, Evaluation of Data Man- WIDEBAND IMAGE RECORDER for the 250 RECORDING COMPO- Accessible in Microseconds, Holographic agement in the -E. Elizonds, W. Hane- Earth Resources Technology Satellite - NENTS & EQUIPMENT -R. D. Lohman, R. S. Mezrich, W. C. man, J. Seliga (AED, Pr) IEEE National F. D. Kell, J. M. Hayes, (GCS, Camden) Stewart (Labs, Pr) Electronics, Vol. 44, Telemetering Conf., Washington, D.C.; COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION -Are National Telemetering Conf., Washington, No. 2; 1/18/71 D.C.; 4/12/71 4/14/71 They in Your Future ? -W. B. Varnum (CSD, Camden) NAB, Chicago, III., 320 Radar, Sonar, & Tracking 3/31/71; NAB Technical Papers OPTICAL MEMORIES, Holographic -R. 275 Mechanical, Structural, & Systems D. Lohman (Labs, Pr) Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J.; 2/24/71 Hydraulic Components microwave, optical, acoustic, & ERTS [Earth Resources Technology Sat- bearings, beams, servo's, valves, other systems for detection, acquisi- ellite] RBV [Return Beam Vidicon] IMAG- etc. tion, tracking, & position information. ERY, Simulation of -B. P. Miller, J. M. STORAGE AND MEMORY DEVICES and see also: 270 MATERIALS (MECHANICAL) see also: 315 MILITARY WEAPONS & Barletta, O. Weinstein (AED, Pr) Remote the Promise of Recent Research, The LOGISTICS Sensing Meeting: Univ. of Michigan; Hierarchy of -J. A. Rajchmar (Labs, Pr) HYSTERESIS MOTORS and New Damp- 305 AIRCRAFT & GROUND 5/15/71; Proceedings. IEEE Intl Convention, New York City, ing, On Hunting in -S. P. Clurman (GCS, SUPPORT 3/22 -25/71 HOLOGRAPHIC MOVIES, Embossed -W. Camden) Intermag Conf. Denver, Colo- 310 SPACECRAFT & GROUND J. Hannan (Labs, Pr) SPIE Seminar -in- rado; 4/13-16/71 SUPPORT SYNCHRONIZATION OF TWO PROCES- Depth on Holography, Boston, Mass.; 225 ANTENNAS & SORS, Machine Design for 4/14 -15/71 Sequential - PROPAGATION M. Kleidermacher (GCS, Camden) Univ. HUM -BUCKERS, Television L. Hath- of Pennsylvania; 4/2/71 LINE -SCAN IMAGING SYSTEM for Tac- -J. away (NBC, N.Y.) J. of SMPTE, Vol. 80; tical Reconnaissance -C. Masucci (AED, 2/71 Pr) Symp. on Tactical Reconnaissance 365 Computer Programming & Applications and Su-veillance, Washington, D.C.; INTERPHONE AMPLIFIER, A New High 4/13 -15/71 . . . languages, software systems, & SERIES 300 Impedance -J. L. Hathaway (NBC, N.Y.) general applications (excluding: spe- SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT, & 340 Communications NAB Convention, Chicago, Ill.; 3/30/71 cific programs for scientific use) APPLICATIONS Equipment & Systems SIGNAL -LOSS DETECTOR Suitable for see also: 360 COMPUTER EQUIPMENT . . . industrial, military, & commercial Audio and Video System-S. Atwood systems; telephony, telegraphy, & Studies R. Kaplan 305 Aircraft & Ground Support tel- (NBC, N.Y.) NAB Convention, Chicago, CACHE System -K. airborne instruments, flight control emetry (excluding: television & broad- Ill.; 3/31/71 (Labs, Pr) SIGOPS Workshop on System ... Perfomance Evaluation, Cambridge, systems, air traffic control, etc. cast radio). Mass.; -7/71 see also: 340 COMMUNICATIONS see also: 345 TELEVISION & 360 Computer Equipment 4/5

BROADCAST SYSTEMS . EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS processors, memories, & periph- 250 320 RADAR, SONAR, & RECORDING COMPO- erals COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION -Are TRACKING SYSTEMS NENTS & EQUIPMENT see also: 365 COMPUTER PROGRAM- They in Your Future ? -W. B. Varnum 225 ANTENNAS & MING & APPLICATIONS (CSD, Camden) NAB, Chicago, III., PROPAGATION 250 RECORDING COMPO- 3/31/71; NAB Technical Papers MICROWAVES in Civil Aviation -J. H. 135 INFORMATION THEORY & & Pratt (EASD, Van Nuys) IEEE Symp. on NENTS EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS RESEARCH Commercial Applications of Microwave 135 INFORMATION THEORY & & MESSAGE SWITCHING Overview 380 Graphic Arts Devices; Palo Alto. Calif.; 2/9/71 -An OPERATIONS RESEARCH and New Directions -J. V. Fayer, I. Suss - Documentation printing, photography, & typeset- kind (GCS, Camden) Petroleum Industries CARD READERS, Photoconductive Sen- ting; writing, editing, & publishing; in- 310 Spacecraft & Ground Electrical Assoc.. Galveston, Texas; sor for -F. V. Shallcross, W. S. Pike, P. K. formation storage, retrieval, & library Support 4/20 -22/71 Weimer, G. M. Gryszman (Labs, Pr) IEEE science; reprography & microforms. . spacecraft & satellite design, Trans. on Electron Devices Vol. ED -17. PROGRAM- launch vehicles, payloads, space mis- 345 Television & Broadcast No. 12; 12/70 see also: 365 COMPUTER sions, space navigation. Systems MING & APPLICATIONS see also: 110 EARTH & SPACE . . . television & radio broadcasting, COMPUTER MEMORIES -State of the SCIENCES receivers, transmitters, & systems; tele- Art and Remaining Challenges-J. A. VIEWGRAPHS, Designing Presentation - 325 CHECKOUT, MAINTE- vision cameras, recorders, & other Rajchman (Labs. Pr) American Physical G. F. Fairhurst (EASD, Van Nuys) STWP, NANCE, & USER SUPPORT studio equipment; closed circuit, Society Mtg., Cleveland, Ohio; 3/29/7' LA Chapter Technograph; 2 -3/71

Author Index Communications Systems Clover, R. B. 205 Ladany, I. 210 Division Cohen, M. 125 Larach, S. 160 Subject listed opposite each author's Cohen, R. W. 205 Leibowitz, D. 205 name indicates where complete citation Clurman, S. P. 275 Corboy, J. F. 205 Levin, E. R. 160 to his paper may be found in the subject Fayer, J. V. 340 Crandall, R. S. 205 Levine, J. D. 205 index. An author may have more than Geshner, R. A. 170, 210 Cullen, G. W. 205 Liu, S. G. 215 one paper for each subject category. Goldman, S. L. 135 Czaja, W. 205 Lohman, R. D. 360 Hayes, J. M. 250 Dean, R. H. 205 Luedicke, E. 240 Kell, F. D. 250 de Wolf, D. A. 125 Lurie, M. 245 Kleidermacher, M. 360 Dresner, J. 205 McCandless, H. E. 170 Astro- Electronics Division Schnorr. D. P. 210 Duffy, M. T. 205 Meyer, J. E. 140 Sciambi, L. J. 170 Dumin, D. J. 205 Meyerhofer, D. 245 Barletta, J. M. 345 Susskind, I. 340 Duncan, R. C. 205 Mezrich, R. S. 245, 360 Elizonds, E. 310 Varnum, W. B. 345, 365 Fujita, H. 160, 205 Miller, A. 205 Haneman, W. 310 Fonger, W. H. 205 Minematsu, K. 205 Harari, E. 205 Goldstein, Y. 125 Mroczkowski, S. 205 Hume, C. R. 250 Goodman, M. 205 Nelson, H. 125, 205 Masucci, C. 320 RCA Laboratories Gryszman, G. M. 240, 360 Nuese, C. J. 205 Miller, B. P. 345 Hammer, J. M. 240 Oka, T. 205 Seliga, J. 310 Abeles, B. 125 Hanak, J. J. 160 Okada, Y. 160, 205 Weinstein, O. 345 Abrahams, M. S. 205 Hannan, W. J. 345 Okamoto, F. 160 Alig, R. C. 205 Harrison, S. E. 205 Pankove, J. I. 205, 240 Ametani, K. 160 Hattori, T. 205 Phillips, W. 205 Corporate Staff Ametani, K. 205 Helfrich, W. 205 Pike, W. S. 240, 360 Anderson, C. H. 160 Herkart, P. G. 160 Prager, H. J. 140, 210 Heyman, P. M. 205 Pressley, R. J. 205 Thrush, J. D. 180 Anderson, C. H. 205 Assour, J. 210 Hirota, R. 225 Rajchman, J. A. 195, 360 Balberg, I. 205 Hoffman, D. 205 Redfield, D. 125 Bertin, E. P. 160 Hutter, E. C. 205 Rehwald, W. 205 Electromagnetic and Aviation Briggs, G. R. 160 Jolly, S. 210 Richman, D. 205 Systems Division Burke, W. J. 205 Kaplan, K. R. 365 Roach, W. R. 205 Carnes, J. E. 205 Kauffunger, R. A. 160 Ross, D. L. 205 Easter, F. C. 220 Castellano, J. A. 240 Keneman, S. A. 205 Rosen, A. 210 Fairhurst, F. G. 380 Chang, K. K. N. 140. 210 Kiess, H. 205 Rothwarf, A. 205 Gandolfo, D. A. 215 Channin, D. J. 205 Klein, R. 125, 205 Sabisky, E. S. 125, 205 Grasse, C. L. 215 Cherry, W. H. 125 Kleinknecht, H. P. 210 Schade, H. 125, 205 Pratt, J. H. 305 Clough. R. B. 205 Kressel, H. 205, 240 Scott, J. H. 205

107

www.americanradiohistory.com Schnatterly, E. 205 Stewart, W. C. 360 Weimer, P. K. 240, 360 Wittke, J. P. 205 Shahbender, R. 360 Struck, C. W. 205 Weisbrod, S. 140, 210 Yamada, 0. 205 Shallcross, F. V. 240, 360 Takahashi, T. 205 Wentworth, C. 205 Yocom, P. N. 205 Shrader, R. E. 160 Taylor, G. W. 205, 245 Wicklund, A. W. 205 Silver, R. 240 Vieland, L. J. 205 Widmer, R. 205 National Broadcasting Company Sobol, H. 195 Vilkomerson, D. H. 120, 240 Williams, B. F. 205 Staebler, D. L. 205 Weakliem, H. A. 205 Williams, R. 205 Atwood, S. 215, 345 Steigmeier, E. F. 205 Wehner, R. K. 125, 205 Willis, A. H. 205 Hathaway, J. L. 215, 345

Semiconductor Vidicon Target Having trog (CE, Ind) U.S. Pat. 3,578,901; May Switching Regulator Having a Diode Electronically Alterable Light Response 18, 1971 Connected to an Intermediate Tap of a Characteristics -S. R. Hofstein (Labs, Choke -F. L. Putzrath, C. A. Michel Pr) U.S. Pat 3,576,392; April 27, 1971 Control Circuits for Preventing Kinescope (CSD, Camden) U.S. Pat. 3,577,065; May Patents Color Saturation During Blooming -D. H. 4, 1971 Circuit Producing Output Pulse of Polar- Willis (CE, Ind) U.S. Pat. 3,578,903; May ity Dependent on Relative Times of Oc- 18, 1971 Sequence 'And' Gate with Resetting Granted currence of Input Pulses -J. J. Amodei Means -T. B. Martin, H. J. Zadell (CSD, (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,576,448; April 27, Circuits Using Transistors to Provide Camden) U.S. Pat. 3,577,087; May 4, 1971 to RCA Engineers 1971 Variable Phase Shift-R. R. Norley (CE, Ind) U.S. Pat. 3,579,095; May 18, 1971 Spring Actuated Sequential Color Filter Photochromic- Photoconductive Memory for Image Tubes -E. Hutto, Jr., P. F. Joy, -P. M. Heyman, Z. J. Kiss (Labs, Pr) Automatic Gain Control Systems-J. R. Jr. (CSD, Camden) U.S. Pat. 3,572,229; U.S. Pat. 3,576,546; April 27, 1971 Harford (CE, Som) U.S. Pat. 3,579,112; March 23, 1971; Assigned to U.S. Govern- May 18, 1971 ment Retrieval of Holographically Recorded Data -W. J. Hannan (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. Signal Translating Stage -J. R. Harford Relaxation Oscillator Gated by Transistor As reported by RCA Domestic Patents, 3,578,836; May 18, 1971 (CE, Som) U.S. Pat. 3,579,133; May 18, Switch -M. Rotolo, Jr. (CSD, Camden) Princeton 1971 U.S. Pat. 3,579,144; May 18, 1971 Method of Making a Semiconductor Ar- Laboratories ticle and the Article Produced Thereby- Push Button Mechanism -H. J. Mackway A. I. Stoller (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,579,057; (CSD, Camden) U.S. Pat. 3,579,160; May Apparatus for Monitoring and Controlling May 18, 1971 Solid State Division 18, 1971 the Concentration of Toner in a Devel- Mix C. Gillespie, R. Herman, M. oper -H. Coupling and Driving Circuit for Matrix Counter or Shift Register Stage Having M. Sowiak (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,572,551; Array -P. K. Weimer (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. Both Static and Dynamic Storage Cir- March 30, 1971 Aerospace Systems Division 3,579,189; May 18, 1971 cuits-R. W. Ahrons (SSD, Som) U.S. Pat. 3,573,498; April 6, 1971 Circuit for Detecting a Change in Voltage Harel Vacuum Evaporation Apparatus -A. Low Inductance Interconnection of Cryo- Level in Either Sense -D. J. Barth (ASD, (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,562,672; March 30, electric Memory System-R. A. Gange Phase Splitting Amplifier -C. F. Wheat- Burl) U.S. Pat. 3,575,608; April 20, 1971 1971 (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,579,206; May 18, ley, Jr. (SSD, Som) U.S. Pat. 3,573,645; 1971 April 6, 1971 Digital Computer Controlled Test System for Developing Electrostatic Apparatus -W. E. Bahls, R. E. Benway, A. C. Images G. Olden (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. -R. Single Crystal Zinc Oxide and an Electro- Method of Making a Phosphorus Glass Grover, J. Regnault, D. M. Priestley, L. 3,572,922; March 30, 1971 photographic Plate Made Therefrom -R. Passivated Transistor -A. P. Storz, F. P. M. Whitcomb (ASD, Burl) U.S. Pat. 3,576; Williams (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,579,332; Chiovarou (SSD, Som) U.S. Pat. 3,575,- 494; April 27, 1971 Photochromic Device Based Upon Photon May 18, 1971 743; April 20, 1971 Absorption -Z. J. Kiss (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,572,941; March 30, 1971 Repair of Thin -Film Structure Such as Astro- Electronics Division Cryoelectric Memory-R. A. Gange (SSD, Electrical System and LSI Standard Cells Som) U.S. Pat. 3,576,551; April 27, 1971 Apparatus for Generating Test Signals -H. R. Beelitz (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,573,- Consumer Electronics Useful in Measuring Television Trans- 488; April 6, 1971 C -MOS Dynamic Binary Counter -A. K. mission Performance Without Affecting Selective Anodization Apparatus and Yung (SSD, Som) U.S. Pat. 3,577,166; Receiver Synchronization S. Bond, Stroboscopic Display Apparatus -J. C. -D. Process -W. H. Laznovsky (CE, Som) May 4, 1971 A. C. Schroeder, D. H. Pritchard (AED, Miller, C. M. Wine (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. U.S. Pat. 3,573,176; March 30, 1971 Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,576,390; April 27, 1971 3,573,785; April 6, 1971 Circuit for Starting and Maintaining a Color Killer and A.C.C. Circuits -P. R. Discharge Through a Gas Discharge Vehicle Road Guidance System W. Method of Electrostatic Recording on a -G. Ahrens (CE, Som) U.S. Pat. 3,573,354; Tube -R. W. Longsderff (SSD, Lanc) U.S. Gray (AED, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,556,244; Thermoplastic Recording Element -F. H. Janu- April 6, 1971 Pat. 3,577,174; May 4, 1971 ary 19, 1971 Nicoll (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,574,613; April 13, 1971 Video Muting Circuits -G. E. Anderson Transistor Package for Microwave Strip - Process for Manufacturing Microminia- (CE, Som) U.S. Pat. 3,573,365; April 6, line Circuits F. Belohoubek (SSD, ture Room Temperature Electroless Nickel -E. Electrical Component Mounting As- 1971 Som) U.S. Pat. 3,577,181; May 4, 1971 semblies-S. P. Knight (AED, Pr) Plating Bath -N. Feldstein (Labs, Pr) U.S. U.S. Pat. 3,554,821; April 23, 1971 Pat. 3,574,664; April 13, 1971 Noise Immunity Circuit -T. A. Bridge- Pulse Width Stabilized Monostable Multi - water (CE, Ind) U.S. Pat. 3,573,492; vibrator-R. C. Heuner (SSD, Som) U.S. Gas Environment for Turn -Off Method and Circuit for Liquid April Recorder- Repro- 6, 1971 Pat. 3,578,989; May 18, 1971 ducer Systems -H. Esten (AED, Pr) U.S. Crystal Display Element -E. O. Nester, B. Pat. 3,569,637; March 1971 J. Lechner (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,574,492; Method of Making Ohmic Contact to April 20, 1971 Oscillator Circuit with Series Resonant Coupling to Mixer -D. J. Carlson (CE, Semiconductor Devices -E. Wonilowicz, Apparatus for Generating Test Signals H. F. Machnacz (SSD, Som) U.S. Pat. Useful in Decreasing Response Time of Liquid Ind) U.S. Pat. 3,573,631; April 6, 1971 Measuring Television Transmis- 3,579,375; May 18, 1971 sion Performance Crystals -G. H. Heilmeier (Labs, Pr) U.S. Without Affecting Re- Pat. 3,575,491; April 20, 1971 FET Control System Employing a Storage ceiver Synchronization -D. S. Bond (AED, Capacitor and Switching Tube Means - Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,576,390; April 27, 1971 Fast Self -Quenching of Dynamic Scatter- L. M. Lunn (CE, Ind) U.S. Pat. 3,575,612; ing in Liquid Crystal Devices -G. H. April 20, 1971 Graphic Systems Heilmeier (Labs, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,575,493; Computer Systems April 20, 1971 Automatic Frequency Control Apparatus Compensation Circuit for Electronic -J. Craft (CE, Som) U.S. Pat. 3,577,008; Photocomposition System-J. C. Schira Priority Circuit-T, D. Floyd (CS, Fla) Field Effect Transistor, Content Ad- May 4, 1971 (GSD, Dayton) U.S. Pat. 3,573,786; April U.S. Pat. 3,576,542; April 27, 1971 dressed Memory Celli. R. Burns (Labs, 6, 1971 Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,575,617; April 20, 1971 Integrated Circuit Biasing Arrangements -J. Avins (CE, Som) U.S. Pat. 3,577,167; Constant Velocity Vector Generator-S. Patents Cathode Ray Tube With Screen Compris- May 4, 1971 A. Raciti (GSD, Dayton) U.S. Pat. 3,576,- and Licensing ing Laser 461; April 27, 1971 Crystals -F. H. Nicoll (Labs, Decimal to Binary Conversion -C. M. Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,575,627; April 20, 1971 Automatic Chroma Control Circuit -J. M. Wright (P &L, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,579,267; May Yongue (CE, Ind) U.S. Pat. 3,578,899; 18, 1971 Color Advertising Display Employing Li- May 18, 1971 quid Crystal-L. A. Zannoni (Labs, Pr) Communications Systems U.S. Pat. 3,576,364; April 27, 1971 Video Amplifier Circuit-D. H. Willis (CE, Division Ind) U.S. Pat. 3,578,900; May 18, 1971 RCA Limited Television System for Transmitting Aux- Speech Synthesizer Providing Smooth Light Probe Circuit for Persistent Screen iliary Information During the Vertical Video Amplifier for Driving a Delay Line Transition Between Adjacent Phonemes Blanking Interval D. Houghton -W. (Labs, Between Grounded Collector and -J. F. Schanne (CSD, Camden) U.S. Pat. Display System-R. J. Clark (RCA Ltd, Pr) U.S. Pat. 3,576,391; April 27, 1971 Grounded Base Stages - --D. F. Griepen- 3,575,555; April 20, 1971 Canada) U.S. Pat. 3,579,225; May 18, 1971 108

www.americanradiohistory.com Dates and Deadlines

As an industry leader, RCA must be well represented in major professional conferences ... to display its skills and abilities to both commercial and government interests.

How can you and your manager, leader, or chief -engineer do this for RCA?

Plan ahead! Watch these columns every issue for advance notices of upcoming meetings and "calls for papers ". Formulate plans at staff meetings -and select pertinent topics to represent you and your group professionally. Every engineer and scientist is urged to scan these columns; call attention of important meetings to your Technical Publications Administrator (TPA) or your manager. Always work closely with your TPA who can help with scheduling and supplement contacts between engineers and professional societies. Inform your TPA whenever you present or publish a paper. These professional accom- plishments will be cited in the "Pen and Podium" section of the RCA Engineer, as reported by your TPA. Dates of upcoming meetings Date Conference Location Sponsors Program information

AUG. 2 -6, 1971 Intersociety Energy Conversion Boston Hilton Hotel, Boston, Mass. G -ED, G -AES, F. A. Creswick, Battelle Mem. Inst., Engineering Conference Solar Energy Society, 505 King Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43201 AIAA et al

AUG. 9 -11, 1971 AIAA /ASMA Weightlessness and Williamsburg, Va. AIAA/ASMA AIAA Editorial Offices Artificial Gravity Meeting 1290 Ave. of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10019

AUG. 11 -13, 1971 Joint Automatic Control Washington Univ., St. Louis, Mo. IEEE Control R. W. Brockett, Pierce Hall, Conference Society AACC /AIAA Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 02138

AUG. 16 -18, 1971 Guidance and Control and Flight Hofstra University, Hempstead, N.Y. AIAA AIAA Editorial Offices Mechanics Conference 1290 Ave. of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10019 AUG. 17 -19, 1971 Astrodynamics Conference Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. AAS /AIAA AIAA Editorial Offices 1290 Ave. of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10019 AUG. 23 -28, 1971 European Microwave Conference Royal Inst. of Tech., G -MTT, Region 8, H. Steyskal, European Microwave Stockholm, Sweden Swedish Academy Conf., Fack 23, 104 50 of Engrg. Sci., Stockholm 80, Sweden IEE, et al

AUG. 24 -27, 1971 Western Electronic Show & San Francisco Hilton & Cow Palace, Region 6, WEMA WESCON Office, 3600 Wilshire Blvd., Convention (WESCON) San Francisco, Calif. Los Angeles, Calif. 90005

AUG. 25 -27, 1971 Int'I. Geoscience Electronics Marriott Twin Bridges Motor Hotel G-G E M. T. Miyasaki, John Hopkins Univ., Symposium Washington, D.C. 8621 Georgia Ave., Silver Spring, Md. 20910

SEPT. 6 -10, 1971 4th IFAC Symposium on Automatic Dubrovn.k, Jugoslavia AIAA AIAA Editorial Offices Control in Space 1290 Ave. of the Americas. New York, N.Y. 10019 SEPT. 6 -10, 1971 London International Symp. City University, London, England G-CT, IEEE G. S. Brayshaw, City Univ., on Network Theory UKRI Section, St. John St., London E. C. 1 England IEE, IERE, City Univ. coop

Calls for papers Deadline Date Conference Location Sponsors Date Submit To: DEC. 6 -9, 1971 Ultrasonics Symposium Carillon Hotel, G -SU 9 -1 -71 abstract Herbert Matthews, Miami Beach, Florida Sperry Rand Res. Ctr., Sudbury, Mass. 01776 DEC. 16 -18, 1971 1971 IEEE Conference on Americana of Bal Harbour, IEE Control 6 -1 -71 short paper Prof. S. K. Mitter Decision and Control Miami Beach, Florida Systems 8 -1 -71 paper Program Chairman (including the 10th Symposium Society, ITG, Dept. of Elec. Engrg., on Adaptive Processes) GoS, Man and Room 35 -229, Cybernetics Mass. Inst. of Tech Cambridge, Mass. 02139

JAN. 17 -19, 1972 AIAA 10th Aerospace Town and Country Hotel, AIAA S -17 -71 abstract General Chairman: Sciences Meeting San Diego, Calif. 12 -7 -71 papers R. H. Korkegi, Director, Hypersonic Research Lab., Aerospace Research Labs. - Bldg. 450, Wright -Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433 JAN. 30- IEEE Power Engineering Statler Hilton Hotel. IEEE Power 9 -15 -71 paper IEEE Office, FEB. 4, 1972 Society Winter Meeting New York, New York Engineering 345 East 47th Street, Society New York, N.Y. 10017 FEB. 14 -16, 1972 AIAA Strategic Offensive/ Monterey, California AIAA 7 -14 -71 abstracts Clement F. Heddleson Defensive Missile Systems General Electric Co. Meeting Room U3230, P.O. Box 8555, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 APRIL 11 -13, 1972 Conf. on Industrial Measure- Univ. of Surrey, IEE, IERE, 6 -21 -71 synopsis IEEE Office, Savoy Place, ment & Control by Radiation Guildford, Surrey, England IPPS, IMC, 11 -8 -71 paper London W. C. 2 England Techniques IEEE UKRI Section et al

APRIL 24 -26, 1972 1972 International Conf. Boston, Mass. IEEE Group Audio 1 -15 -72 paper Mr. Charles Teacher, on Speech Communications Electroacoustics / Philco -Ford Corp. and Processing Air Force 3900 Welsh Road, Cambridge Willow Grove, Pa. 19090 Research Labs.

MAY 21 -24, 1972 IEEE Power Engineering Pittsburgh Hilton Hotel. IEEE Power 1 -7 -72 paper E. D. Eich, Society Tech. Conf. on Pittsburgh, Pa. Engineering Anaconda Wire & Cable Co., Underground Transmission Society Hastings -on- Hudson, N Y. 10706 109

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering News and Highlights Staff Announcements Messrs, Bilby, Brunn, Fuchs, Hillier, John- Awards son, Letts, Morsey, Odorizzi and Werner Missile and Surface Radar Division New top level appointments will report to the Chairman of the Board Miles Johnson was the recipient of the and Chief Executive Officer. Award for At its meeting on June 2, the Board of Annual Technical Excellence Directors of the RCA Corporation, upon 1970. Mr. Johnson was cited for his out- Solid State Division in pro- the recommendation of its Chairman, standing technical achievement posing, developing. and implementing the Robert W. Sarnoff, has elected Anthony William C. Hittinger, Vicc President and AEGIS /MFAR circuits and modular L. Conrad, President of the RCA Corpo- General Manager has appointed Ben A. packaging. ration to be effective August 1, 1971. Jacoby, Division Vice President, Solid State Power and Bernard V. Vonder- Six engineers have been cited for their The Chairman of the Board remains the schmitt, Division Vice President, Solid Technical Excellence in 1971: Chief Executive Officer of the Corpora- State Integrated Circuits. J. J. Campbell accomplished an electro- tion. magnetic field analysis of the MFAR As President, Mr. Conrad will be Chief Government and Commercial Systems phased array radiating aperture. This Operating Officer of the Corporation and, analysis accurately describes the charac- Irving K. Kessler, Executive Vice Presi- subject to direction of the Chairman, teristics of the array elements as a func- the dent, has appointed Maurice G. Staton, direct and supervise the tion of scan angle and frequency. will operations Division Vice President, Advanced Space of the Corporation and perform such J. A. DiCiurcio displayed a high degree Programs; and Kassel K. Miller, Man- other duties as may be assigned to him of ingenuity and engineering excellence ager, Underseas Long -Range Missile Sys- by the In in the design of the AN /TPQ -27 Range from time to time Chairman. tems Programs. this capacity, Mr. Conrad will be respon- Tracker subsystem. sible for all Divisions and Subsidiaries Dr. Harry J. Woll, Division Vice Presi- A. G. Griffiths was cited by Drafting Op- of the Corporation, except the National dent, Government Engineering, has ap- erations in recognition of his outstanding Broadcasting Company, Inc. which will pointed Dr. Jack Hilibrand as Staff En- accomplishment on the AEGIS /MFAR continue to report to the Chairman of gineer, Government Engineering. Antenna Array Assembly and Integration. the Board. In addition, Mr. Conrad will C. Moir, Technical Director for the TRA- have responsibility for the RCA Staff In- Corporate Planning DEX L/S Radar program, singularly ternational activity and the Manufactur- provided all technical guidance for this George C. Evanoff, Vice President, has ing Services and Materials activity. effort, producing a second generation announced the organization as follows: radar which will be the premier re -entry Effective July I, 1971, the following RCA James M. Alic, Director, Corporate Proj- measurements radar for many years to Staff organizational changes will take ects; Eugene J. Dailey, Staff Vice Presi- come. place: dent, International Planning; Charles A. Passavant, Manager, Planning Coordina- Dr. T. Murakami developed the funda- Chase Morsey, Jr. is appointed Executive tion; Frank H. Erdman, Staff Vice Presi- mental time, energy and loss constraints Vice President, Finance and Planning. In dent, New Business Programs; Edward which form the basis of control of the addition to his present responsibility for J. Sherman, Manager, New Business Pro- MFAR radar. He has provided the analy- Corporate Planning, Mr. Morsey will as- grams; Robert L. Krakoff, Staff Vice ses leading to both the understanding and sume responsibility for the Corporate President, Strategic Planning and Acting development of the non -linear signal pro- used the system. Financial activity. Director, Strategic Plans; Peter B. Jones, cessing throughout W. J. Pratt developed and designed a Robert L. Werner continues as Executive Director, Venture Studies; Arthur C. 10-MHz 7 -bit analog -to- digital converter Vice President and General Counsel. In Martinez, Manager, Venture Planning, for the MFAR Signal Processor. This de- addition to his present responsibilities, Katherine B. Teale, Venture Research sign is compact, low in weight and meets Mr. Werner will assume responsibility for Associate; Jerome B. York, Director, Op- the full range of environmental specifica- Patents and Licensing and the Office erations Planning; Thomas J. Aycock, of tions imposed on the AEGIS -MFAR the Corporate Secretary. Manager, Project Assessment; Alexander MacGregor, Manager, Operations Plan- system. James J. Johnson continues as Vice Presi- ning; and Paul Potashner, Manager, Op- Communications Systems Division dent, Marketing. In addition to his erations Planning. Norman Hovagimyan and Mark Meer of present responsibilities, Mr. Johnson will Digital Communications Equipment En- assume responsibility for Distributor and Research and Engineering gineering, Government Communications Commercial Relations. Systems, have received a Technical Excel- Dr. James Hillier, Executive Vice Presi- lence Award for their dedicated efforts Howard L. Letts continues as Executive dent, has appointed Arnold S. Farber to Vice President and, until his retirement and technical creativity in designing, RCA Corporate Engineering Staff. building, and demonstrating state- of -the- on January 1, 1972, will carry out special art performance of a solid state semi - assignments for the Chairman of the Laboratories Board. Astro- Electronics Division Paul Rappaport, Director, Process and George J. Brucker and Thomas J. Faith The following executives will continue Materials Applied Research Laboratory of the Advanced Development Activity their present RCA Staff responsibilities: has announced the organization as fol- received the Engineering Excellence Kenneth W. Bilby, Exec. V.P., Public lows: Glenn W. Cullen continues as Award in recognition of their interde- Affairs Head, Materials Synthesis; Eric F. Hock - pendent efforts in determining the feasi- ings continues as Herbert Head, Recording Ma- bility and design of radiation -resistant T. Brunn, V.P., Consumer Af- terials and Glass Research; Richard fairs E. solar cells. The most significant contri- Honig continues as Head, Materials Char- bution was the technical skill involved in George H. Fuchs, Exec. V.P., Industrial acterization; Paul Rappaport is appointed setting up two complex and compli- Relations Acting Head, SelectaVision Processing; mentary sets of experiments on a poorly - George L. Schnable is James Hillier, Exec. V.P., Research and appointed Head, characterized device and making tech- Engineering Process Research; and Karl H. Zaininger nical and theoretical sense from a continues as Head. Solid State Device similarly complex array of experimental Charles M. Odorizzi, Exec. V.P. Technology. results.

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www.americanradiohistory.com Wall named Division Vice President Shore named Division Vice President Kleinberg named Manager, Corporate Standards Engineering Irving K. Kessler, Executive Vice Presi- Irving K. Kessler, Executive Vice Presi- dent, Government and Commercial Sys- dent, Government and Commercial Sys- tems, Moorestown, N. J., announced the tems, Moorestown, N. J., announced the A. Robert Trudel, Director, RCA Cor- promotion of Dr. Harry J. Woll to Divi- promotion of David Shore to Division porate Engineering Services, has ap- sion Vice President, Government Engi- Vice President, Government Plans and pointed Harry Kleinberg as Manager, neering. Systems Development. Corporate Standards Engineering. Formerly Chief Engineer, Dr. Woll has Formerly Manager of Government Plans headed RCA Government Engineering and Systems Development since 1969, The RCA Corporate Standards Engineer- since 1969. He will continue to be re- Mr. Shore will continue to direct the ing activity works with engineering sponsible for the Government Staff planning activities for G &CS and its sys- groups in RCA's product division in set- Engineering, Central Engineering, Micro- tems development function. He is also ting engineering standards for all RCA electronics Technology and the Advanced responsible for supporting the research products and services. In addition, Cor- Technology Laboratories organizations of efforts of the five operating divisions of porate Standards Engineering provides G &CS. G &CS. liaison between RCA and the national and international professional and gov- Dr. Woll joined RCA in 1941 in Indi- Mr. Shore joined RCA in 1954 as a ernmental institutions dealing with en- anapolis, Ind., and transferred to Cam- staff engineer for the Missile & Sur- gineering standards, such as the American den, N. J., in 1946. During that time he face Radar Division. He progressed National Standards Institute. was engaged in developing advanced through a series of managerial posts in- electronic circuitry for military and com- volving the design and development of mercial applications. In the early 1950's guided missile, radar, and aerospace sys- Mr. Kleinberg received the BS in Engi- he did pioneering work in transistor ap- tems. His positions included Program neering Physics from the University of plications and was leader of the group Manager of the Satellite Inspector proj- Toronto in 1951. After graduation, he that built RCA's first transistorized digi- ect, Chief Engineer for the Communica- worked as a Research Engineer for the tal computer. In 1958 he was named tions Systems Division and Chief Defense Ferranti Electric Co. in Toronto before Manager, Applied Research, and five Engineer for Defense Electronic Products. joining RCA in Camden, N. J., as a Com- years later became Chief Engineer at the Previously Mr. Shore was Civilian Chief, puter Engineer in 1953. While at Cam- Aerospace Systems Division. Systems Liaison Office, Air Force Wright den, Mr. Kleinberg was an Engineering Development Center, Dayton, Ohio, Group Leader on the RCA 501, the first Dr. Woll received the BSEE from North where he served for 13 years. transistorized computer, and served as Dakota State University. He enrolled at Project Manager for the development of the University of Pennsylvania as the first Mr. Shore received the BS in Aeronauti- the RCA 301 Computer. In 1962, he was recipient of RCA's David Sarnoff Fel- cal Engineering from the University of promoted to Manager, Engineering, at the lowship for continued graduate study, Michigan and the MS in Physics from RCA computer plant in Palm Beach and earned the PhD in engineering in Ohio State University. He is a member of Gardens, Fla. He returned to Camden in 1953. Dr. Woll is a member and officer the American Institute of Aeronautics 1969, as Manager, Camden Engineering, of several major engineering societies and and Astronautics, American Ordnance and in November, 1970 was named Man- is a Fellow of the IEEE. He is a contribut- Association, IEEE, Air Force Association, ager, Advanced Development Programs, ing author of the Handbook of Semicon- Armed Forces Communications and Elec- for RCA Computer Systems, the position ductor Electronics and holds 20 patents tronics Association, and Association of he held until he was appointed Manager, in electronics. the U. S. Army. Corporate Standards Engineering.

Promotions Solid State Division Communications Systems Division S. Graf from Engr. to Engr. Ldr., Prod- C. R. Horton from Sr. Member Engr. (R. Electronic Components uct Development A. Santilli, Somer- Staff to Ldr., Design & Development (J. ville, N.J.) S. Griffin, Camden) D. G. Garbini from Supt. Super Power Products Mfg. to Mgr., Mfg. and Produc- K. Orlowsky from Engr., Mfg. to Engr. Systems Development Division Ldr., Mfg. (R. A. Santilli, Somerville, tion Engineering (G. E. Yingst, Lan- H. W. Robinson from Sr. Mbr., Tech. N.J.) caster, Pa.) Staff to Ldr., Tech. Staff (S. L. Muir. D. Ressler from Sr. Engr. to Engr. Ldr., Marlboro) W. M. Sloyer from Supt. Regular Power Product Development (J. C. Miller, Products Mfg. to Mgr., Mfg. & Produc- Somerville, N.J.) RCA Service Company tion Engineering (H. W. Sawyer, Lan- S. B. Davis from Ldr., Engrs., to Mgr., caster, Pa.) Electromagnetic and Aviation Telemetry Sys. Engrg. (K. F. Wenz, MTP, Systems Division Cocoa, Florida) D. M. Weber from Engineering Leader, Manufacturing (Lancaster) to Mgr., Pro- P. Archbold from Prin. Mbr., D &D S. H. Elliott from Ship Instrumentation duction Engineering (N. Menna, Marion, Engrg. Staff to Ldr., D &D Engrg. Staff Engr. to Mgr., Radar Shipboard (C. Ind.) (E. A. Cornwall, Van Nuys, Calif.) Mendez, MTP, Patrick AFB, Florida)

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www.americanradiohistory.com Professional activities Astro- Electronics Division Dr. A. G. Holmes -Siedle was appointed to membership in the Component Re- sponse and Prediction working group of the Defense Atomic Support Agency.

Consumer Electronics Sayford named Manager Smiley named Resident Patent Counsel, Medium Systems, Palm Beach A successful newly organized Midwest Information Systems group Electronic Materials Symposium was con- 4 Raymond E. Smiley has been named Res- Richard B. Sayford has been appointed ducted on June and 5. 1971 at Notre Dame. The registration of about 100 peo- ident Patent Counsel in the Information Manager, Medium Systems at the RCA He ple covered an area from the Midwest Systems group of Patent Operations. Palm Beach Gardens, Computer Systems to the East Coast. RCA personnel were will be located at Computer Systems plant. Mr. Sayford reports to V. O. prominent in the planning as typified by Headquarters, Marlboro, Massachusetts. Wright, President, Systems Development Bob Hurley and Bill Liederbach of Indi- In this position Mr. Smiley will be re- Division. anapolis. RCA Engineers on the program sponsible for liaison between the Marl- included Paul Schnitzler, RCA Somer- boro System Development Division per- ville; Irwin Gordon, RCA Laboratories; sonnel and Patent Operations. Mr. Smiley Mr. Sayford received the BA in Eco- received the BSEE from Case Institute of nomics from the College of William Abraham Max, former RCA of TUPUI Indianapolis; and E. R. Shaw and R. A. Technology, Cleveland, in 1960 where he and Mary in 1952, and the MBA from Vogel, RCA Indianapolis. was elected to Eta Kappa Nu. He also Harvard University in 1954. For 12 years received an MBA in Industrial Manage- he was with the IBM Data Processing ment from the Wharton School of the Division where his responsibilities cov- Systems Development Division University of Pennsylvania in 1965 and ered marketing functions as systems engi- the JD degree from Temple University H. N. Morris, Manager, Palm Beach Prod- neer, salesman, and Manager of Industry Law School, in 1969. Prior to joining uct Laboratory, has been elected Presi- in 1969 as a member of the Patent Development. In this latter position, Mr. RCA dent of the Florida Engineers in Industry Staff, he was employed by Univac as a Sayford was involved with the projection which is a practice session of the Florida Systems Engineer responsible for design of 2- to 5 -year industry requirements. His Engineering Society. The installation took and development of computer peripheral final assignment with IBM was as DP place at the 55th annual meeting of the equipment and by Honeywell. He is a Branch Manager in St. Louis. In 1968 he FES, a branch of the National Society of member of the bars of the District of joined Computer Technology, a firm de- Professional Engineers. Mr. Morris is a Columbia and New Jersey and is regis- veloped in Dallas by Ling -Temco -Vought registered Professional Engineer in the tered to practice before the U. S. Patent Florida. (LTV). As vice president of Computer State of Office. Technology, Mr. Sayford was responsible for a 900 -man facilities- management or- Missile and Surface Radar Division Metchette is new TPA for EASD ganization which provided full -range George J. Branin, Product As- computer services to LTV and other cus- Manager, surance, has been named Chairman of C. S. Metchette has been appointed Tech- tomers in Dallas the area. His next as- the Philadelphia Section of the American nical Publications Administrator for the sociation was with Xerox Corp. in Society for Quality Control. The National Electromagnetic and Aviation Systems Rochester as Manager, Industry Sales, Group has approximately 25,000 mem- Division at Van Nuys, California. In this prior to joining RCA Computer Systems bers. The Philadelphia Section, the fifth capacity, Mr. Metchette is responsible for at Palm Beach Gardens in April 1971. largest, has 650 members. the review and approval of technical papers; for coordinating the technical re- porting program; and for promoting the preparation of papers for the RCA Engi- Degrees granted neer and other journals, internal and external. Mr. Metchette joined RCA in D. Biko, AED, Pr BS in Physics, LaSalle, 6/71 1962 as a technical writer. As Leader D. E. Bowser, EC, Lanc MS in Engineering Science, Penn State, 6/71 of Production Services since 1967, he D. P. Cunningham, EC, Lane MS in Engineering Science, Penn State, 3/71 supervises reproduction typists and tech- T. Lewis, EC, Lanc MS in Engineering Science, Penn State, 6/71 nical editors in the preparation of equip- R. E. Reed, EC, Lanc MS in Physics, Franklin and Marshall, 6/71 ment manuals, contract reports, and R. Shaffer, EC, Lanc MS in Engineering Science, Penn State, 3/71 technical proposals. Prior to joining J. Werntz, EC, Lanc MS in Physics, Franklin and Marshall, 6/71 RCA, Mr. Metchette was engaged in the B. J. Gullege, SDD, Palm Beach design and development of telemetry sim- MS in Computer Science, U. of S. W. Louisiana, Lafayette, 5/71 ulators and decommutators. Mr. Metch- R. M. Rodrick, EC, Hr. MSME, Newark College of Engineering, 6/71 ette served with the US 7th Cavalry S. Gaskell, M &SR, Mrstn. PhD in EE, Univ. of Penn., 5/71 during the Korean War. He received his J. F. Sprinkle, M &SR, Mrstn. BA in Math, Temple Univ., 5/71 BSc from Pacific States University, Los G. R. Field, M &SR, Mrstn. MSEM, Drexel Univ., 6/71 Angeles. S. Halpern, M &SR, Mrstn. Drexel Univ., 6/71 K. B. Rooney, M &SR, Mrstn. BS in Bus. Adm., LaSalle 5/71 F. J. Galvin, M &SR, Mrstn. BS in Bus Adm., Temple Univ. 5/71 J. S. Spencer, M &SR, Mrstn. MS in EE, Penn State, 12/70 D. J. Smaldone, M &SR, Mrstn. MSE in Sys. & En. Op., U of P, 5 -71 S. R. Bastianelli, M &SR, Mrstn. MS in EE, Penn State, 12 -70 S. Eisig, M &SR, Mrstn. BEE, City Col. of New York, 6/71 L. K. Smith, M &SR, Mrstn. MSEE, Univ. of Delaware, 5/71 H. Miller, Jr., M &SR, Mrstn. BS in Mgmt, Rutgers Univ., 6/71

112

www.americanradiohistory.com The Editorial Representativ you :, `oup is the one you should contact in scheduling technical papers and announcements of your professional activities. Government and Commercial Systems Aerospace Systems Division D. B. DOBSON Engineering, Burlington, Mass.

Electromagnetic and C. S. METCHETTE Engineering, Van Nuys, Calif. Aviation Systems Division J. McDONOUGH Engineering, West Los Angeles, Calif. Astro- Electronics Division I. M. SEIDEMAN* Engineering, Princeton, N.J. S. WEISBERGER Advanced Development and Research, Princeton, N.J. Missile & Surface Radar Division T. G. GREENE* Engineering, Moorestown, N.J. Government Engineering M. G. PIETZ Advanced Technology Laboratories, Camden, N.J. M. R. SHERMAN Defense Microelectronics, Somerville, N.J. J. E. FRIEDMAN Advanced Technology Laboratories, Camden, N.J. J. L. KRAGER Central Engineering, Camden, N.J. Government Plans and E. J. PODELL* Engineering Information and Communications, Camden, N.J. Systems Development Communications Systems Division Commercial Systems A. H. LIND* Chairman, Editorial Board, Camden, N.J. N. C. COLBY Mobile Communications Engineering, Meadow Lands, Pa. W. B. TANNER Professional Electronic Systems, Burbank, Calif. R. N. HURST Studio, Recording, & Scientic Equip. Engineering, Camden, N.J. R. E. WINN Broadcast Transmitter & Antenna Eng., Gibbsboro, N.J. Industrial and Automation Systems H. COLESTOCK Engineering, Plymouth, Mich. Government Communications Systems A. LIGUORI* Engineering, Camden, N.J.

ystems Development Division A. HARRIS* Palm Beach Product Laboratory, Palm Beach Gardens, Fla. W. ROLKE' Marlboro Product Laboratory, Marlboro, Mass. L. D. ELBERT Systems Programming Product Laboratory, Riverton, N.J. Data Processing Division B. AARONT Service Dept., Cherry Hill, N.J. Magnetic Products Division A. G. EVANS Development, Indianapolis, Ind. Memory Products Division L. A WOOD Engineering, Needham, Mass. G. MAYMON Graphic Systems, Dayton, N.J. Research and Engineering oratories C. W. SALL* Research, Princeton, N.J.

Electronic Co I . 1 I C. A. MEYER* Chairman, Editorial Board, Harrison, N.J. Receiving Tube Division J. KOFF Receiving Tube Operations, Woodbridge, N.J. J. A. DIERKERS Receiving Tube Operations, Cincinnati, Ohio Television Picture Tube Division J. H. LIPSCOMBE Television Picture Tube Operations, Marion, Ind. E. K. MADENFORD Television Picture Tube Operations, Lancaster, Pa. Industrial Tube Division J. M. FORMAN Industrial Tube Operations, Lancaster, Pa. H. J. WOLKSTEIN Microwave Tube Operations, Harrison, N.J. Solid State D M. B. ALEXANDER Solid State Power Device Engrg., Somerville, N.J. T. J. REILLY Semiconductor and Conversion Tube Operations, Mountaintop, Pa. J. D. YOUNG Semiconductor Operations, Findlay, Ohio I. H. KALISH Solid State Signal Device Engrg., Somerville, N.J. Consumer Electronics C. HOYT* Chairman, Editorial Board, Indianapolis, Ind. R. BUTH Engineering, Indianapolis, Ind. R. C. GRAHAM Radio Engineering, Indianapolis, Ind. F. HOLT Advanced Development. Indianapolis, Ind. E. JANSON Black and White TV Engineering, Indianapolis, Ind. W. LIEDERBACH Ceramic Circuits Engineering, Rockville, Ind. J. STARK Color TV Engineering, Indianapolis, Ind. P. HUANG Engineering, RCA Taiwan Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan Services' RCA Service Company W. W. COOK Consumer Products Service Dept., Cherry Hill, N.J. M. G. GANDER' Consumer Products Administration, Cherry Hill, N.J. K. HAYWOOD Tech. Products, Adm. & Tech. Support, Cherry Hill, N.J. R. P. LAMB Missile Test Project, Cape Kennedy, Fla. RCA Global Communications, Inc. W. S. LEIS* RCA Global Communications, Inc., New York, N.Y. J. D. SELLERS RCA Alaska Communications, Inc., Anchorage, Alaska National Broadcasting C. W. A. HOWARD Staff Eng., New York, N.Y. RCA Records M. L. WHITEHURST Record Eng., Indianapolis, Ind. RCA International Divisi C. A. PASSAVANT* New York, N.Y.

RCA Ltd. W. A. CHISHOLM* Research & Eng., Montreal, Canada Patents and Licensing J. EPSTEIN Staff Services, Princeton, N.J.

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