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Refugee Representation in Malaysia: a Study of Media Representations and Personal Narratives

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Refugee Representation in Malaysia: a Study of Media Representations and Personal Narratives REFUGEE REPRESENTATION IN MALAYSIA: A STUDY OF MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS AND PERSONAL NARRATIVES CHARITY LEE CHIN AI Malaya of FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR University 2016 REFUGEE REPRESENTATION IN MALAYSIA: A STUDY OF MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS AND PERSONAL NARRATIVES CHARITY LEE CHIN AI Malaya DISSERTATION SUBMITTED INof FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR University 2016 UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: (I.C/Passport No: ) Registration/Matric No: Name of Degree: Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis (“this Work”): Field of Study: I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringementMalaya of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya (“UM”), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or useof in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM. Candidate’s Signature Date: Subscribed and solemnly declared before, Witness’s Signature Date: Name:University Designation: ABSTRACT This study explores the representation of refugees living in Malaysia from two perspectives. Firstly, this study analysed representations of refugees in Malaysian media discourse by the significant Other in Malaysia, namely elite political voices and the Malaysian press. Secondly, the perspective of the refugee or the Self was explored through narrative analysis of refugee in-depth interviews. The analysis of the media texts revealed representations of the refugee along two binaries. First, the refugee as either an illegal immigrant or a recognised refugee. Second, the refugee as a social, political and security threat or a victim. The government voices frequently represented refugees negatively to legitimise keeping them out or managed as illegals. The alternative voices representedMalaya refugees as victims to foreground the government’s violation of international law and human rights. Three common identity themes emerged fromof the thematic analysis of refugee narratives: the refugee as homo sacer (the bare life), victim and the idealised Self. The refugee narratives were filled with stories that highlighted their victimisation and helplessness as they embraced, resisted or re-represented the existing representations assigned to them by the elite voices. Positioning analysis on the narratives of long-term refugees revealed that representations of refugees in wider discourse often left them with little room to negotiate a sense of Self despite living in Malaysia like a Malaysian. Despite feeling a sense of belonging to Malaysia,University they struggled to manage problematic situations involving the local people and authorities because of particular identity claims they had to take up either by choice or out of necessity. This study hopes to provide insight into the complexity in representing refugees as well as to give refugees a space for actively responding to representations that involve them. Through iii future work from this study, it is hoped that a wider audience will come to understand how disempowering discourses and simplistic representations of refugees can often have damaging and long-lasting effects on the daily lives of this vulnerable group. Malaya of University iv ABSTRAK Kajian ini berminat menyelidik representasi orang pelarian dari dua perspektif yang tertentu. Pertama, kajian ini menganalisis representasi orang-orang pelarian dalam wacana media Malaysia oleh Orang yang terpenting di Malaysia, iaitu suara-suara politik elit dan wakil- wakil akhbar Malaysia. Kedua, perspektif orang-orang pelarian atau Diri diterokai melalui analisis naratif wawancana mendalam orang-orang pelarian. Teks-teks media dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan wacana kritis (van Leeuwen 2008, Reisigl & Wodak 2009). Naratif-naratif orang pelarian dianalisis dengan dua kaedah. Pertama, satu analisis tematik semua wawancara orang-orang pelarian dibuat untuk menyelidik tema-tema sepunya berkaitan tuntutan identiti orang-orang pelarian membuatMalaya dan bagaimana mereka memberi respons kepada representasi-representasi mengenai mereka. Kedua, naratif-naratif yang terpilih dianalisis menggunakan rangka posisioningof (positioning) naratif-dalam-interaksi (1997, 2004). Analisis teks-teks media menunjukkan representasi orang-orang pelarian sepanjang dua binary. Pertama, orang pelarian sama ada sebagai seorang imigran haram atau seorang orang pelarian yang diiktiraf. Kedua, orang pelarian sebagai ancaman sosial, politik dan keselamatan atau seorang mangsa. Suara-suara kerajaan kerap merepresentasikan orang- orangUniversity pelarian secara negatif untuk melegitimasikan kegiatan menghalang kemasukan orang pelarian atau kegiatan mengawal mereka sebagai imigran haram. Suara-suara alternatif merepresentasikan orang pelarian sebagai mangsa untuk menekankan pelanggaran undang- undang antarabangsa dan hak-hak manusia oleh pihak kerajaan. v Tiga tema identiti sepunya muncul dari analisis tematik naratif-naratif orang pelarian: orang pelarian sebagai homo sacer (hidup belaka), mangsa dan Diri ideal. Naratif-naratif orang pelarian dipenuhi cerita-cerita yang menonjolkan kemangsaan dan ketidakupayaan mereka selaku mereka menerima, menentang ataupun merepresentasi semula semua representasi yang ada yang telah diberi kepada mereka oleh suara-suara elit. Analisis positioning naratif- naratif orang pelarian jangka panjang menunjukkan bahawa representasi-representasi orang pelarian di dalam wacana yang lebih luas memberi mereka ruang yang sempit untuk merundingkan identiti diri walaupun sudah tinggal di Malaysia sebagai warga Malaysia. Walaupun mereka menpunyai rasa kepunyaan terhadap Malaysia, mereka bersusah payah untuk mengendalikan situasi-situasi bermasalah berkaitan orang-orang tempatan dan pihak berkuasa kerana tuntutan identiti tertentu yang merekaMalaya terpaksa menerima sama ada secara pilihan atau keperluan. Kajian ini harap dapat memberi tinjauan mendalamof mengenai kerumitan merepresentasikan orang-orang pelarian dan juga untuk memberi orang-orang pelarian ruang untuk memberi respons kepada semua representasi yang melibatkan mereka dengan aktif. Melalui lebih kajian dalam masa depan, saya berharap lebih banyak orang dapat memahami bagaimana wacana yang tidak memberi kuasa dan representasi yang terlalu simplistik boleh memberi kesan-kesan yang merosakkan dan berjangka panjang ke atas kehidupan harian kumpulan lemah ini. University vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to acknowledge that my doctorate journey would not have been at all possible without the grace and strength from my Lord, Jesus Christ. His providence and grace during the especially challenging moments of this journey will always be one of the most valuable life lessons I will ever learn. Special thanks goes out to my loving and supportive family. To my husband, for his continued moral support, patience, love and sage advice from his own recent doctorate journey, thank you for being my rock. To my parents and brother, for their care and concern throughout this journey and help in so many ways, I could not have asked for a more loving family. You have all constantly set the standard high for me but always with unwavering support because of your faith that I could meet those standards. I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. ZuraidahMalaya Mohd Don, for her continued faith in my ability to pull through and encouraging words along the way. Thank you also for being a great example of academic excellence and passion for the field. I have learnt so much and I appreciate it all. of Thank you also to Dr. Surinderpal Kaur, Dr. Francis Perlas Dumanig and Dr. David Yoong, the esteemed panel, who have provided me valuable feedback and guidance throughout this journey. Thank you especially to Dr. Surin for her encouraging words to me about having the confidence to do the kind of research that is important and makes a difference. Finally, to those closest to me, who have given me their precious support, often in more ways than they realise, my Tapestry family, church members, concerned friends and my confidants, thank you so much. University vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iii Abstrak .............................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... vii Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................
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