Abel Gance and the End of Silent Cinema
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Abel Gance and the End of Silent Cinema Paul Cuff Abel Gance and the End of Silent Cinema Sounding out Utopia Paul Cuff Warwick University Coventry, UK ISBN 978-3-319-38817-5 ISBN 978-3-319-38818-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-38818-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016958116 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: © Adrien Barrère, ‘Abel Gance: Cinéaste a explosion’, illustration in Fantasio (December 1930) (Author’s collection) Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland NOTE ON FORMATTING REFERENCES I have used the Harvard system for citations within the text (author | year: volume/page). Square parentheses [ ] within a citation indicate a fi rst publication date. Please see the Bibliography and Filmography for a detailed explanation of source material. EMPHASES All italicized emphases within quoted material appear in the original sources. NAMES For the sake of agreement with original material, my text retains the native spelling of French names and titles. TITLES To distinguish them from works of literature, titles of fi lm projects are formatted in small caps. v vi NOTE ON FORMATTING TRANSLATIONS Unless otherwise noted, all translations of French-language material are my own. For other foreign-language material, I have tried (wherever pos- sible) to use the most modern and reliable English editions available. CONTENTS List of Figures xi Acknowledgements xiii Preface: The Sublime and the Ridiculous xv Part I Overcoming the Past 1 Introduction 3 1 In the Shadow of War 5 Medium and Message 5 Accusations 8 Fate 15 Reclaiming History 17 Notes 20 2 Towards Utopia 21 Art as Religion 21 Utopian Narratives 30 Notes 39 vii viii CONTENTS 3 Prophets of the Future 41 Cinematic Messiahs 41 Embodying Revolution 45 Taking Action 53 Note 55 4 Cinema and the Life of Space 57 Citizens of Space 57 The Psychic Universe 61 Art and Metaphysics 67 Magic, Music, Light 72 Note 77 Summary 79 Part II Impossible Dreams 81 Introduction 83 5 Artistic Integrity and Industrial Change 85 Author and Industry 85 World Cinema 91 The Coming of Sound 98 Notes 104 6 A History of Incompletion 105 Leadership and Recruitment 105 Sacred Labour 110 Crises 115 Distribution 121 Reverberations 125 Notes 129 Summary 133 Note 135 CONTENTS ix Part III The Marvel of Ruins 137 Introduction 139 7 Passion and Performance 143 Premonitions 143 Projecting the Voice 151 Rivals 154 Film as Testament 160 Notes 165 8 Fighting to be Heard 167 The Speed of Exchange 167 Voices of Authority 169 Resolutions 172 Note 176 9 The World on Fire 177 Absence and Excess 177 Orgies 182 The End 190 Epilogue 197 Note 198 Summary 199 Notes 204 Conclusion: ‘Why have I been only what I am?’ 205 The Burden of Reality 205 Alternative Histories 210 Looking to the Future 214 Filmography and Bibliography 217 Index 237 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 Adrien Barrère, ‘Abel Gance: Cinéaste a explosion’, illustration in Fantasio (December 1930) (Author’s collection) xix Fig. 2 Jean-Adrien Mercier, poster for LA FIN DU MONDE (1930–31) (Courtesy of Gaumont) xxiii Fig. 3 Photograph of a truck advertizing LA FIN DU MONDE (1930?) (Author’s collection) xxiv Fig. 2.1 Reproduction of manuscript diagram by Abel Gance (1928) 26 Fig. 3.1 Front cover of Cinémagazine (January 1931) (Author’s collection) 46 Fig. 3.2 Image capture from LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Gaumont) 47 Fig. 5.1 Advertisement for J’ACCUSE, Kinematograph Weekly (22 April 1920) 87 Fig. 6.1 Advertisement for DAS ENDE DER WELT, Film-Kurier (Berlin) (9 August 1930) 119 Fig. 6.2 Advertisement for DAS ENDE DER WELT, Film-Kurier (Berlin) (11 April 1931) 123 Fig. 6.3 Advertisement fl yer for LA FIN DU MONDE (1931) (Author’s collection) 124 Fig. 7.1 Image capture from LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Gaumont) 147 Fig. 7.2 Image capture from LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Gaumont) 148 Fig. 7.3 Image capture from LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Gaumont) 149 Fig. 8.1 Image capture from AUTOUR DE LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Le Centre national du cinéma et de l’image animée) 175 xi xii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 9.1 Image capture from LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Gaumont) 184 Fig. 9.2 Image capture from LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Gaumont) 187 Fig. 9.3 Image capture from LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Gaumont) 189 Fig. 9.4 Image capture from LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Gaumont) 190 Fig. 9.5 Image capture from LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Gaumont) 192 Fig. 9.6 Image capture from AUTOUR DE LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Le Centre national du cinéma et de l’image animée) 193 Fig. 9.7 Image capture from AUTOUR DE LA FIN DU MONDE (Courtesy of Le Centre national du cinéma et de l’image animée) 194 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My fi rst thanks must go to Kevin Brownlow, whose restoration of N APOLÉON is responsible for my continuing passion for the work of Abel Gance. I fi rst saw NAPOLÉON at the Royal Festival Hall in London on 4 December 2004, and a great deal of my subsequent creative activity can be traced back to this event. As a student writing my undergraduate dissertation on Gance, I discovered that Brownlow was a tremendously forthcoming correspon- dent and source of information—and I shamelessly continued to exploit his generosity. During the writing of the present book, he allowed me access to his private collection of interview and press material on Gance. For this and for countless other instances of help and kindness, I offer him my deepest thanks. This book has its origins in a chapter of my PhD thesis written in the Department of Film and Television Studies at the University of Warwick. My supervisor, Jon Burrows, patiently read through a large volume of material on LA FIN DU MONDE —even after it became clear that I would never fi t this material into my thesis. Thanks to his sagacity, this research has ultimately found its rightful place in a separate work. I also want to express my gratitude to the research culture and teaching environment at Warwick, where numerous friends, colleagues, peers, and students have enriched my thinking and my work. The archival research for this book could not have taken place without the aid of many people in person and via correspondence. I wish to thank the staff of the Bibliothèque du Film and Fort de Saint-Cyr fi lm archive of the Cinémathèque Française (Paris), the Arts du Spectacle department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris), and the Národní Filmovy xiii xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Archiv (Prague). In France, many people shared with me their knowledge and their time—I want to thank Laurent Husson, Nelly Kaplan, Christine Leteux, Laure Marchaut, Georges Mourier, Sarah Ohana, and Elodie Tamayo. For reading various parts of this book and offering invaluable sugges- tions for improvement, I am very grateful to Kevin Brownlow, Wujung Ju, Erik Schelander, and Nicholas Viale. To the latter, I also owe lifelong gratitude for taking me to see N APOLÉON in the fi rst place. I offer special thanks to my mother, Anne Cuff, for translating the German press mate- rial on Gance. At Palgrave, Lina Aboujieb has been of immense help throughout the production of this book. I would also like to thank Charles Drazin for his very kind endorsement. Finally, Natalie Stone has provided me with all the love and encourage- ment that I could ever need to believe my work was worthwhile. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the fi rst opportunity. PREFACE: THE SUBLIME AND THE RIDICULOUS FALLEN EAGLES At the start of 1812, Napoléon Bonaparte had completed his overthrow of several hundred years of monarchical tradition and redrawn the map of Europe in the hope of establishing universal democracy; by the end of 1812, he was fl eeing incognito from the frozen hinterland of Russia in which he had lost an army of over 500,000 men. History has disregarded most of the many excuses the Emperor offered for this unprecedented military failure, but his summary of the change in fortune is still remem- bered: ‘It is but one step from the sublime to the ridiculous’ (Pradt 1815: 215).