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Facts on File DICTIONARY of EARTH SCIENCE The Facts On File DICTIONARY of EARTH SCIENCE Revised Edition The Facts On File DICTIONARY of EARTH SCIENCE Revised Edition Edited by Jacqueline Smith The Facts On File Dictionary of Earth Science Revised Edition Copyright © 1976, 1979, 2000, 2006 by Market House Books Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, please contact Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-6000-2 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Compiled and typeset by Market House Books Ltd, Aylesbury, UK Printed in the United States of America MP 10987654321 This book is printed on acid-free paper PREFACE This dictionary is one of a series designed for use in schools. It is intended for stu- dents of earth sciences, but we hope that it will also be helpful to other science students and to anyone interested in science. Facts On File also publishes dictionar- ies in a variety of disciplines, including astronomy, chemistry, biology, computer science, physics, mathematics, forensic science, weather and climate, and marine sci- ence. This book is based on an edition first published by the Macmillan Press in 1976 and it was last revised in 2000. This second Facts on File edition has been extensively re- vised and extended. The dictionary now contains over 3500 headwords covering the terminology of modern earth science. A totally new feature of this edition is the in- clusion of over 1,500 pronunciations for terms that are not in everyday use. An ap- pendix lists the chemical elements and their properties and includes a list of Web sites and a bibliography. A guide to using the dictionary has also been added to this lat- est version of the book. We would like to thank all the people who have cooperated in producing this book. A list of contributors is given on the acknowledgments page. We are also grateful to the many people who have given additional help and advice. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Editors (previous editions) Stella Stiegeler B.Sc. John O. E. Clark B.Sc. Contributors B. M. Abbott B.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S. Anna Clyde B.Sc. Andrew Hill B.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S. I. P. Joliffe B.Sc., M.Sc, Ph.D., C.I.C.E., F.C.S., F.R.G.S. R. B. Lanwarne B.Sc. P. A. Smithson B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.Met.S. T. J. Speechley B.Sc. F. A. Sultan B.Sc., M.Sc., D.I.C. S. D. Weaver B.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S. A. C. Wornell B.A. Pronunciations William Gould B.A. vi CONTENTS Preface v Acknowledgments vi Guide to Using the Dictionary viii Pronunciation Key x Entries A to Z 1 Appendixes The Chemical Elements 383 Web Sites 385 Bibliography 387 vii GUIDE TO USING THE DICTIONARY The main features of dictionary entries are as follows. Headwords The main term being defined is in bold type: abyssal rock A type of intrusive igneous rock formed deep within the Earth’s crust. Variants Sometimes a word has a synonym or alternative spelling. This is placed in brackets after the headword, and is also in bold type: bed (stratum) The smallest division of stratified sedimentary rocks, consisting of a single distinct sheetlike layer of sedimen- tary material ... Here, ‘stratum’ is another term for ‘bed’. Generally, the entry for the synonym consists of a simple cross-reference: stratum See bed. Abbreviations Abbreviations for terms are treated in the same way as variants: Antarctic bottom water (AABW)A cold and extremely saline water mass, the most dense water of the global oceans, that forms in the Southern Ocean along the coast of Antarctica ... The entry for the abbreviation consists of a reference: AABW See Antarctic bottom water. Multiple definitions Some terms have two or more distinct senses. These are numbered in bold type aggregate 1. Mineral fragments and/or rock particles that combine to form a hard mass. 2. (in soil science) A cluster of soil particles that have bonded together through aggre- gation. viii Cross-references These are references within an entry to other entries that may give additional useful information. Cross-references are indicated in two ways. When the word appears in the definition, it is printed in small capitals: ablation cone A cone of FIRN, ice, or snow covered in rock debris caused by dif- ferential ABLATION. In this case there are cross-references to the entries for ‘firn’ and ‘ablation’. Alternatively, a cross-reference may be indicated by ‘See’, ‘See also’, or ‘Compare’, usu- ally at the end of an entry: alpine A type of climate found in moun- tainous areas above the timberline but below any permafrost level. Grass and other low-growing plants make up the typ- ical vegetation. See also alp. Hidden entries Sometimes it is convenient to define one term within the entry for another term: anemometer ... An instrument for mea- suring wind speed and often wind direc- tion. The most common type, the cup anemometer, has three cups mounted sym- metrically about a vertical rotating axis .... Here, ‘cup anemometer’ is a hidden entry under ‘anemometer’, and is indicated by italic type. The individual entries consists of a simple cross-reference: cup anemometer See anemometer. Pronunciations Where appropriate pronunciations are indicated immediately after the headword, en- closed in forward slashes: abiotic /ay-bÿ-ot-ik/ Describing a non- living factor in an ECOSYSTEM. Note that simple words in everyday language are not given pronunciations. Also head- words that are two-word phrases do not have pronunciations if the component words are pronounced elsewhere in the dictionary. ix PRONUNCIATION KEY A consonant is sometimes doubled to prevent accidental mispronunciation of a syllable resembling a familiar word; for example, /ass-id/ /acid/,rather than /as-id/ and /ul-tră- /sonn-iks// /ultrasonics/, rather than /ul-tră-son-iks/. An apostrophe is used: (a) between two consonants forming a syllable, as in /den-t’l/ /dental/,and (b) between two letters when the syllable might otherwise be mispronounced through resembling a familiar word, as in /th’e-ră-pee/ /therapy/ and /tal’k/ /talc/. The symbols used are: /a/ as in back /bak/, active /ak-tiv/ /ng/ as in sing /sing/ /ă/ as in abduct /ăb-dukt/, gamma /gam-ă/ /nk/ as in rank /rank/, bronchus /bronk-ŭs/ /ah/ as in palm /pahm/, father /fah-ther/, /o/ as in pot /pot/ /air/ as in care /kair/, aerospace /air-ŏ- /ô/ as in dog /dôg/ spays/ /o/ as in buttock /but-ŏk/ /ar/ as in tar /tar/, starfish /star-fish/, heart /oh/ as in home /hohm/, post /pohst/ /hart/ /oi/ as in boil /boil/ /aw/ as in jaw /jaw/, gall /gawl/, taut /tawt/ /oo/ as in food /food/, croup /kroop/, fluke /ay/ as in mania /may-niă/ ,grey /gray/ /flook/ /b/ as in bed /bed/ /oor/ as in pruritus /proor-ÿ-tis/ /ch/ as in chin /chin/ /or/ as in organ /or-găn/, wart /wort/ /d/ as in day /day/ /ow/ as in powder /pow-der/, pouch /e/ as in red /red/ /powch/ /ĕ/ as in bowel /bow-ĕl/ /p/ as in pill /pil/ /ee/ as in see /see/, haem /heem/, caffeine /r/ as in rib /rib/ //kaf-een/,/ baby /bay-bee/ /s/ as in skin /skin/, cell /sel/ /eer/ as in fear /feer/, serum /seer-ŭm/ /sh/ as in shock /shok/, action /ak-shŏn/ /er/ as in dermal /der-măl/, labour /lay-ber/ /t/ as in tone /tohn/ /ew/ as in dew /dew/, nucleus /new-klee-ŭs/ /th/ as in thin /thin/, stealth /stelth/ /ewr/ as in epidural /ep-i-dewr-ăl/ /th/ as in then /then/, bathe /bayth/ /f/ as in fat /fat/, phobia /foh-biă/, rough /u/ as in pulp /pulp/, blood /blud/ /ruf/ /ŭ/ as in typhus /tÿ-fŭs/ /g/ as in gag /gag/ /û/ as in pull /pûl/, hook /hûk/ /h/ as in hip /hip/ /v/ as in vein /vayn/ /i/ as in fit /fit/, reduction /ri-duk-shăn/ /w/ as in wind /wind/ /j/ as in jaw /jaw/, gene /jeen/, ridge /rij/ /y/ as in yeast /yeest/ /k/ as in kidney /kid-nee/, chlorine /klor- /ÿ/ as in bite /bÿt/, high /hÿ/, hyperfine /hÿ- een/, crisis /krÿ-sis/ per-fÿn/ /ks/ as in toxic /toks-ik/ /yoo/ as in unit /yoo-nit/, formula /form- /kw/ as in quadrate /kwod-rayt/ yoo-lă/ /l/ as in liver /liv-er/, seal /seel/ /yoor/ as in pure /pyoor/, ureter /yoor-ee- /m/ as in milk /milk/ ter/ /n/ as in nit /nit/ /ÿr/ as in fire /fÿr/ x A aa /ah-ah/A LAVA with an extremely ments left at the side of a glacier following rough spinose surface. Compare block ABLATION. lava; pahoehoe. ablation till TILL material formerly pre- AABW See Antarctic bottom water. sent on the surface of glaciers and ice sheets and subsequently deposited as a result of Aalenian /ah-lee-nee-ăn/ The earliest part the melting of the ice beneath. These de- of the Middle JURASSIC Period.
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