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THE TEMPLE ESTATES of DELOS, RHENEIA, and MYKONOS 245 It Is Not Known Precisely When the Practice of Leasing Farm Estates to Tenants Was First Introduced

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THE TEMPLE ESTATES of DELOS, RHENEIA, and MYKONOS 245 It Is Not Known Precisely When the Practice of Leasing Farm Estates to Tenants Was First Introduced THE TEMPLEESTATES OF DELOS, RHENEIA, AND MYKONOS (PLATES 89-90) NIM ANY templesin ancientGreece derived revenues from investmentsand loans, but the Temple of Apollo at Delos is the only one whose records are preserved in sufficient quantity to enable us to follow its financial career in considerable detail for'several centuries. This good fortune has come about not only because the site of Delos has remained virtually deserted throughout the Christian era.' but also because temple officials at Delios appear to nave iept tneir accounts ana permancin records with more care than was exercised by many of their contemporaries. Approxi-' mately one fifth of the inscriptions of Delos contain fragmentary or complete accounts of the treasurers of the Temple of Apollo. The earliest specimen of which we have any knowledge antedates the Peloponnesian War, and was a comparatively brief record: it consisted merely of a list of various sources of revenue and the total amount of money received from each source.2 Although methods of bookkeeping appear to have varied sonmewhatwith different treasurers, the accounts tended to become more detailed as time went on, and towards the end of the Amphictyonic Period (454- 314 B.C.) it was customary to include in the permanent records itemized expenditures and lists of individual rent-payers and debtors as well as a summarized financial state- ment. During the Period of Independence (314-166 B.C.) the accounts were rendered still mor'efully by the Hieropoioi, who were annual officials in charge of the Temple's finances. The Hieropoioi were accuistomedto keep their daily records on papyrus and to post a wooden notice board every month, and were obliged to make a monthly financial report to the Delian Boule.3 At the end of their term of office the Hieropoioi 'For a convenient summary of the history of Delos during the Christian Era, see A. C. Orlandos, B.C.H., LX, 1936, pp. 68-71. 2 I.G., 12, 377; Tod, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, P, No. 54. For the references and a discussion of prices of papyrus rolls, see J. A. 0. Larsen, Ron Greece (Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, IV), pp. 396-397. The papyrus appears to have been used for bookkeeping as well as for business documents (T. Homolle, Les archives d;e lintendance sacree a' Delos, pp. 12-13). There were two types of records on wooden tablets.. At the close of each year there was made a wooden duplicate (8EXros)of a part, if not all, ofi the text of the annual stele (I.G., XI, 2; 148, line 70; 154, A, line 46; and especially 287, A, line 197): this tablet was probably stored in the temple archives, as its wood was the durable cypress (Inscr. de Delos; 372, A, line 116; 440, A, line 47). Wood was also used to make notice boards (ir6Tcvpa and eVKW/XaTL) on which were posted monthly reports (rTU Ao'yWCKaTa p.jva: I.G., XI, 2; 145, line 44; 161, A, line 89; Inscr. de Delos; 372, A, line 116; 461, Ab, line 26), records of business contracts (ovyypa0acs: Inscr. de Delos; 372, A, line 116; 461, Ab, line 22), lists of guarantors and possibly contracts with them (et's&y- Hesperia,XVII, 4 American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Hesperia ® www.jstor.org 244 JOHN HARVEY KENT included in their annual report an inventory of sacred objects under their jurisdiction as well as a fully itemized record of all monies received and expended, and it was their custom to publish this report by engraving it on stone and to set up their inscrip- tion in the temple precinct, where the public might inspect-and doubtless audit- their records. This custom was continued by the successors of the Hieropoioi during MYKolos HAGIOS 06 (~~~~~~~~~~EORGIOf~ SACREO" ISTH4MUS 0~~~~~~~~ APE SYKIA y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t - *06 ELOS~~~~~~~~~KIO~TR PAKfrIEASOONSI rg K"ERRo /to ~ ~ ~ o z.. Fig. 1. Delosand Vicinity the Athenian Colonial Period (post 166 B.C.) until shortly after 140 B.C., at which time it seems to have been abandoned,possibly in order to avoid unnecessary expense.4 Rentals from estates that wAereowned and.leased by the Temple of Apollo seem to have been among the earliest of the various sources of temple revenue, though yVrEls: I.G., XI, 2, 287, A, line 43; Inscr. de Delos; 461, Ab, line 26; 503, line 9), and inventories of sacredobjects (raZt 7rapa8o'o-Eat: Inscr. de De'los; 372, A, 116; 442, A, line 204). The difference between a vrevpov and a AEviIKwJJawas probably one of construction; both types were whitened (I.G., XI, 2; 203, A, line 34; 287, A, line 81). Cf. Homolle, op. cit., p. 13; W. A. Laidlaw, A History of Delos, pp. 139-140. For the monthly reports to the Boule, see pages 274, 279, and 281. 4 The latest dated temple account is from the year 140-39 B.C. (Inscr. de Delos, No. 1450). THE TEMPLE ESTATES OF DELOS, RHENEIA, AND MYKONOS 245 it is not known precisely when the practice of leasing farm estates to tenants was first introduced. Thucydides relates that in 523 B.C. the island of Rheneia was cap- tured by Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos, and.was presented by him..to the Delian Apollo: this gift probably marks the earliest of the various holdings in real estate to which the Temple of Apollo held title. It is uncertain how soon after 523 B.C. the part of the island that was retained by the temple was converted into estates, but presumably the interval would not have been long, so that it well may be that the earliest leases issued for estates on Rheneia dated from the late sixth century B.C. It is, however, clear that the temple authorities did not assume direct control of the entire island. They appear to -have shepherdedthe Rheneians into the northwest area of Rheneia, west of the hills that are known today as Loutra and Pyrgos, where they permitted them to fotunda small town and to continue to live in an independent city state.6 At the same time a narrow strip of land in the southeast half of the island, bordering on the strait that separates Delos from Rheneia, seems to have been set aside as a cemetery area.7 The remainder of the island, consisting of most of the 5 Thucydides i, 13, 6; iii, 104, 2. For the date and circumstances of Polycrates' action, see H. W. Parke, Class. Quart., XL, 1946, pp. 105-08. Cf. also F. Courby, Explor. archeol. de Delos, XII, pp. 207-218; P. N. Ure, The Origin of Greek Tyranny, p. 71; Laidlaw, op. cit., pp. 57-58; C.A.H., IV, p. 102. Glotz-Cohen, Histoire grecquie, I, p. 283. The existence of this state in the fifth century B.C. is attested bv the Athenian tribute lists (Meritt, Wade-Gery, McGregor, The Athetnian T7ributeLists, I, pp. 392-93), and its continuance during the Hellenistic Age is attested in many Delian inscriptions (e. g., I.G., XI, 2; 161, A, line 11; 287, A, lines 159-160; cf. P. Roussel, De'os colonie athe'nienne,p. 16). The excavations conducted at the site of the town by Stavropoullos (cf. IIpaKKTLKa, 1900, pp. 67-69) and Pippas (cf. B.C.H.; XLVII, 1923, p. 529; XLVIII, 1924, p. 484) are for the most part unpublished: the excavators' notes, together with Stavropoullos' records of his excavation of the great cemetery, were in 1939 in the Museum of Mykonos, where they were being studied by K. A. Rhomaios (one article has appeared to date: AEXn'ov,XII, 1929, pp. 181-224)-, but due to their age and bulk the work was proceeding slowly. The chief discovery in the town of Rheneia is a rectangular structure ca. 30 m. by 12 m. which seems to be a Mithraeum: it has a paved forecourt to the west and a large blue marble bench at the east (rear) end of the interior room, behind which is a small apse containing a Hellenistic dolphin mosaic (cf. P1. '89, No. 1). There seems little doubt that the territory of the city-state embraced the whole northwest part of the island, which is a theatre-shaped geographical unit. The town's chief export seems to have been gneiss flagstones (cf. L. Cayeux, Explor. arche'ol. de Delos, IV, pp. 22-24). The acropolis of the state was situated on the summit of the hill of Pyrgos; its ruins, also unpublished, include a high wall ca. 100 m. in length and foundations of two ancient towers, each ca. 8 m. square. Extensive walls of mediaeval date suggest that this was the site of the fourteenth century castle of the Knights of Saint john (cf. J. 'Cantacuzenus,Historiarun, II, 29 [Corpus Script. Hist. By-antin., XX]; M. Buchon, Revue de Paris, 1843, XVI, p. 339; R. C. Jebb, J.H.S., I, 1880, p. 38; W. Miller, The Latins in the Levant, p. 585). Cf. Fig. 2 and P1. 89, No. 2. 7 The cemetery area extends from almost the north end of the strait between Rheneia and'Delos to a spot opposite the Bay of Phourni, and south of the area the Rheneian shore consists of the steep hills of Phylladi Martiou and Marmarokopio (cf. A. Bellot, Explor. archeol. de Delos, I, P1. I; this splendid map is reproduced in Cayeux, op. cit., P1. I); it is thus apparent that none of the temple estates bordered tupon the strait.
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