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Revue Des Études Slaves, LXXXVIII 1-2 | 2017, « 1917 En Russie Revue des études slaves LXXXVIII 1-2 | 2017 1917 en Russie. La philologie à l’épreuve de la Révolution Catherine Depretto (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/res/800 DOI : 10.4000/res.800 ISSN : 2117-718X Éditeur Institut d'études slaves Édition imprimée Date de publication : 31 juillet 2017 ISBN : 978-2-7204-0551-8 ISSN : 0080-2557 Référence électronique Catherine Depretto (dir.), Revue des études slaves, LXXXVIII 1-2 | 2017, « 1917 en Russie. La philologie à l’épreuve de la Révolution » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 31 juillet 2018, consulté le 24 septembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/res/800 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/res.800 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 24 septembre 2020. Revue des études slaves 1 SOMMAIRE Introduction. 1917 en Russie : la philologie à l’épreuve de la Révolution Politique de la langue, évolutions disciplinaires, trajectoires individuelles Catherine Depretto La révolution et la langue De la philologie à la linguistique : l’éclatement d’une discipline Sylvie Archaimbault L’orthographe soviétique : prémices, programmes, mise en œuvre Аlexandra Pletneva Абхазский аналитический алфавит академика Н. Я. Марра Эволюция, революция и языковое строительство Vittorio S. Tomelleri Local Language Planners in the Context of Early Soviet Language Policy : The Case of Mariupol Greeks Vlada Baranova Крестьянский язык и революция. Письма во власть до и после 1917 года Alexander Nakhimovsky Mutations disciplinaires, enjeux méthodologiques The Emergence of Modern Scientific Communities in Late-1910s and Early Soviet Russia : the case of the Moscow Linguistic Circle Dušan Radunović Заседание московского лингвистического кружка 1 июня 1919 г. и зарождение стиховедческих концепций О. Брика, Б. Томашевского и Р. Якобсона Igor Pilshchikov Science, révolution, poésie : le cas d’Ivan Nikanorovič Rozanov (1874-1959) Nikolaj Bogomolov De l’art autonome du texte à la parole d’autrui : Boris Èjxenbaum et la rhétorique Stefania Sini Андрей Белый о ритме «Mедного всадника» Ilona Svetlikova The Excursionism Project and the Study of Literary Places (1921-1924) Frances Nethercott « Наследство и наследственность» : эволюция критики русской детской литературы 1910-1920-х годов Svetlana Maslinskaya Revue des études slaves, LXXXVIII 1-2 | 2017 2 Savants et politique La vie ne s’interrompt jamais. Julian Oksman et la Révolution Vadim Parsamov La trajectoire d’Al′fred Bem à travers sa correspondance (1917-1921) Stéphanie Cirac Spiritual Streams and Cultural Models Pursued by Russian Literary Scholars exiled in Interwar Czechoslovakia (R. Jakobson versus E. Liatsky) Miloš Zelenka Le point sur la question Le retour du parti socialiste-révolutionnaire dans l’actualité historiographique Pierre Boutonnet Chronique bibliographique Nicolae Milescu Spătarul, Dicționarul greco-slavo-româno-latin (secolul al XVII- lea) / Греческо-славянско-румынско-латинский словарь (XVII век) / Greek- Slavonic-Romanian-Latin dictionary (17th century) Chișinău, Editura ARC, 2015, 1552 pages Vera Tchentsova Giovanni CODEVILLA, Chiesa e Impero in Russia : Dalla Rus′ di Kiev alla Federazione Russa | Storia della Russia e dei paesi limitrofi : Chiesa e Impero Milano, Jaca Book, 2011, 683 pages | Milano, Jaca Book, 2016, 4 volumes Pierre Gonneau Mark BASSIN, Sergey GLEBOV, Marlène LARUELLE (eds.), Between Europe and Asia. The Origins, Theories, and Legacies of Russian Eurasianism Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015, 267 pages Svetlana Gorshenina Georges NIVAT, Les trois âges russes Paris, Fayard, 2015, 320 pages Thomas Chopard Andrei L’vovič TOPORKOV (ed.), Неизвестные страницы русской фольклористики Moskva, Indrik, 2015, 575 pages Catherine Depretto Philippe SERS, Kandinsky : l’aventure de l’art abstrait | Klänge = Résonances. Kandinsky et la nécessité intérieure Paris, Hazan, 2015, 330 pages | Paris, Hazan, 2015, 2 volumes Jean-Claude Marcadé Ksenja Muratova, Неизвестная Россия. Русское искусство первой половины ХХ века. Шедевры коллекции Татьяны и Георгия Хаценковых Milano, Silvana Editoriale, 2015, 501 pages Jean-Claude Marcadé Revue des études slaves, LXXXVIII 1-2 | 2017 3 Tetjana Filevs′ka (ed.), Казимир Малевич. Київський період 1928-1930 Kyïv, Rodovid, 2016, 336 pages Jean-Claude Marcadé Jean-Jacques MARIE, Histoire de la guerre civile russe, 1917-1922 Paris, Tallandier, 2015, 425 pages Thomas Chopard Milada POLIŠENSKÁ, Czechoslovak Diplomacy and the Gulag. Deportation of Czechoslovak Citizens to the USSR and the Negotiation for Their repatriation, 1945-1953 Budapest – New York, Central European University Press, 2015, 421 pages Françoise Mayer Sylvie APRILE, Maryla LAURENT, Janine PONTY, Polonaises aux champs. Lettres de femmes immigrées dans les campagnes françaises (1930-1935) Paris, Le Rocher de Calliope/Numilog, 2015, 281 pages Philippe Rygiel In Memoriam Aleksandr Jur′evič GALUšKIN 1960-2014 Catherine Depretto Revue des études slaves, LXXXVIII 1-2 | 2017 4 Introduction. 1917 en Russie : la philologie à l’épreuve de la Révolution Politique de la langue, évolutions disciplinaires, trajectoires individuelles Catherine Depretto NOTE DE L'AUTEUR “Révolution” : on utilisera le terme au singulier d’abord par commodité et souci d’élégance, mais aussi pour insister sur le continuum que représente la suite des événements à partir de février 1917. À la suite de Marc Ferro (cf. la Révolution russe de 1917, 2e éd., Paris, Flammarion, coll. Champs, 1977 et ses interviews récentes, reproduites dans plusieurs magazines historiques français) et de Nicolas Werth (la Russie en révolution, Découvertes Gallimard, 2003 ; les Révolutions russes, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je ?, 2017), on considère qu’il y a en 1917 plusieurs révolutions, politique, sociale, nationales, un moment convergentes, mais qui divergent de manière radicale après la prise du pouvoir par les bolcheviks en octobre. Si techniquement Octobre est un coup d’État et si les masses n’y ont pas pris part, une révolution sociale n’en est pas moins à l’œuvre dans l’ensemble du pays. Les différences sociales et les antagonismes de classe sont peu de chose au regard de la séparation qui existe actuellement entre les amis du mot et ses ennemis1. 1 Cette déclaration sibylline, extraite de l’article « Le mot et la culture (1921) d’Osip Mandelštam, affirme néanmoins avec force l’existence d’un lien profond entre révolution et langage (logos). La conviction du poète selon laquelle un texte est riche de ses potentialités sémantiques et tire sa puissance de son rapport à un autre texte, l’a sans doute rendu tout particulièrement sensible à ce qui, dans les périodes de Revue des études slaves, LXXXVIII 1-2 | 2017 5 bouleversements historiques, affecte la langue en tant qu’institution sociale2. Par-delà sa singularité, l’exemple de Mandelštam qui, dans une suite d’articles du début des années 1920, tente de penser le rapport langue-culture à la période postrévolutionnaire, nous conforte dans l’idée que la langue et tout ce qui en dépend, de la création poétique à la politique linguistique, est au cœur de ce qui se joue en Russie à partir de 1917. 2 Aussi, pour rester fidèle à son champ d’étude traditionnel et à la discipline dont c’est l’objet, la Revue des études slaves a-t-elle choisi d’interroger 1917 sous l’angle de son impact sur la philologie3, envisagé du triple point de vue des modifications subies par la langue, des mutations disciplinaires et des destinées scientifiques. Si séries politique et sociale d’une part, linguistique et artistique de l’autre suivent rarement une même chronologie, considérer que les changements qui affectent les unes sont sans conséquence sur les autres est tout autant illusoire. Mais ces interactions sont complexes, contradictoires ; elles suivent des voies non rectilignes et ne sont pas toujours identifiables. Malgré des changements, parfois significatifs, la langue reste stable. Quant à l’art, comme le rappelait de façon provocatrice Viktor Šklovskij deux ans après la révolution, « [il] est indépendant de la vie et sa couleur n’a jamais reflété celle du drapeau qui flotte sur la forteresse de la cité4 ». 3 Dans la Russie des années 1910, de nombreux éléments parlent en faveur d’une révolution intellectuelle et culturelle à l’œuvre, au sens le plus large, et touchant, en particulier, la philologie. Comme le rappelle Sylvie Archaimbault dans l’article liminaire, celle-ci est l’objet d’une remise en cause disciplinaire qui va certes conduire à une redéfinition de son champ, mais qui contient également en germes des facteurs essentiels de renouveau. 4 De quelle façon ces tendances au renouveau sont-elles touchées par la révolution ? Là résident des questions auxquelles il est toujours difficile de répondre de façon nuancée, sauf à reprendre le schéma d’un premier mouvement ascendant des tendances avant- gardistes en art, novatrices en sciences humaines, rapidement suivi d’un reflux et d’une disparition définitive, avec l’imposition du réalisme socialiste et du matérialisme dialectique dans l’URSS stalinienne des années 19305. Pour cette raison, les différentes contributions de ce fascicule mettent l’accent, de préférence, sur les premières années postrévolutionnaires, et non sur le plus long terme. Les auteurs ont essayé de cerner au plus près ce qui était modifié après 1917, malgré la présence d’éléments de continuité. 5 Un premier sujet illustre bien la difficulté à distinguer ce qui appartient à l’avant et à l’après de la révolution : la réforme orthographique, promulguée le 23 décembre 1917 et entérinée par une suite de
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