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Historic Resources of the Santa Fe Trail (Revised)

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NPS Form 10-900-b (Rev. 01/2009) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/31/2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NPS Approved – April 3, 2013 National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (formerly 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. For additional space, use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items New Submission X Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Historic Resources of the Santa Fe Trail (Revised) B. Associated Historic Contexts (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) I. The Santa Fe Trail II. Individual States and the Santa Fe Trail A. International Trade on the Mexican Road, 1821-1846 A. The Santa Fe Trail in Missouri B. The Mexican-American War and the Santa Fe Trail, 1846-1848 B. The Santa Fe Trail in Kansas C. Expanding National Trade on the Santa Fe Trail, 1848-1861 C. The Santa Fe Trail in Oklahoma D. The Effects of the Civil War on the Santa Fe Trail, 1861-1865 D. The Santa Fe Trail in Colorado E. The Santa Fe Trail and the Railroad, 1865-1880 E. The Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico F. Commemoration and Reuse of the Santa Fe Trail, 1880-1987 C. Form Prepared by name/title KSHS Staff, amended submission; URBANA Group, original submission organization Kansas State Historical Society date Spring 2012 street & number 6425 SW 6th Ave. telephone 785.272.8681 city or town Topeka state KS zip code 66615-1099 e-mail D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR 60 and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. (_________ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) SEE FILE Signature and title of certifying official Date State or Federal Agency or Tribal government I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. Signature of the Keeper Date of Action NPS Form 10-900-b (Rev. 01/2009) OMB No. 1024-0018 Historic Resources of the Santa Fe Trail (Revised) Kansas Name of Multiple Property Listing State Table of Contents for Written Narrative Provide the following information on continuation sheets. Cite the letter and title before each section of the narrative. Assign page numbers according to the instructions for continuation sheets in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (formerly 16B). Fill in page numbers for each section in the space below. Page Numbers E. Statement of Historic Contexts E 1-110 (if more than one historic context is documented, present them in sequential order.) Introduction E 1-6 Exploration and Illegal Trade, pre-1821 E 6-12 I. International Trade on the Mexican Road, 1821-1846 E 13-39 II. The Mexican-American War and the Santa Fe Trail, 1846-1848 E 39-45 III. Expanding National Trade on the Santa Fe Trail, 1848-1861 E 45-57 IV. The Civil War and the Santa Fe Trail, 1861-1865 E 57-62 V. The Santa Fe Trail and the Railroad, 1865-1880 E 62-69 VI. Reuse and Commemoration of the Santa Fe Trail, 1880-1987 E 69-79 VII. The Santa Fe Trail in Missouri E 80-88 VIII. The Santa Fe Trail in Kansas E 88-95 IX. The Santa Fe Trail in Oklahoma E 95-100 X. The Santa Fe Trail in Colorado E 100-105 XI. The Santa Fe Trail in New Mexico E 105-110 F. Associated Property Types F 111-133 (Provide description, significance, and registration requirements.) I. Transportation Sites F 112-123 A. Trail Segments F 116-118 B. Later Transportation Segments F 118-120 C. Ferry and Toll Bridge Sites F 120-121 D. Navigational Aids F 121-123 II. Travel and Trade Sites F 123-126 A. Natural Amenities F 123-125 B. Buildings, Structures, and Building Sites F 125-126 III. Military and Skirmish/Battle Sites F 127-128 IV. Trail Graves and Cemeteries F 129-131 V. Monuments and Memorials F 131-132 VI. Cultural Landscapes F 132-133 G. Geographical Data G 134-139 H. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods H 140-142 (Discuss the methods used in developing the multiple property listing.) I. Major Bibliographical References I 143-158 (List major written works and primary location of additional documentation: State Historic Preservation Office, other State agency, Federal agency, local government, university, or other, specifying repository.) I. Bibliography I 143-156 II. Image List I 157-158 Appendices 159-228 Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 USC.460 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, PO Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. 8/2002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Historic Resources of the Santa Fe Trail (Revised) Section number E Page 1 STATEMENT OF HISTORIC CONTEXTS From 1821 until 1880 the Santa Fe Trail figured prominently in the history of the West. The name “Santa Fe Trail” first appeared in print in 1825, being mentioned in the Missouri Intelligencer and Boon’s Lick Advertiser.1 Prior to and after this date, the road was known by a variety of names on maps, in the contemporary press, and in later books and articles. These names included the “Mexican Road,” “Mexican Trail,” “Spanish Trace,” “Santa Fe Trace,” “Santa Fe Road,” “Road to Santa Fe,” “Road to Independence,” “Missouri Wagon Road,” “Road from Santa Fe, N.M to Kansas City, Mo,” and “Road from Santa Fe, N.M. to Independence, Mo.”2 Whatever its name, the route of this trail between the Missouri River and the Rio Grande was a highway for travel and communication between these two areas of North America. It was the first great Euro-American land trade route. From 1825 to 1827, it was the first major road network to be surveyed west of Missouri, and as such, it was a template for future road development. The Santa Fe Trail differed from the Oregon, California, Mormon, and other trails which served as highways for emigrants bound for new homes in the far West. The bulk of traffic along the Santa Fe Trail, especially prior to 1848, consisted of civilian traders – Hispanic and American – with some military traffic and few emigrants. Soon after Mexican Independence in 1821, the Santa Fe Trail evolved into an international trade route linking the United States with Santa Fe in northern Mexico. Enhancing its international aspect, the Santa Fe Trail connected the eastern US – via the Boonslick Road in Missouri – with the pre-existing El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (the “King’s Road” or “Royal Road to the Interior”), which linked Santa Fe with central Mexico. Much emphasis is placed on the importance of the Euro-American traders to the Santa Fe Trail, but historian Ross Frank notes in his book From Settler to Citizen that “the late colonial [1750-1820] economic development of the province may well have provided a compelling reason for the attraction of New Mexico to American merchants as the major point of overland trade connecting Mexico and the United States after 1821.”3 The importance of Mexican markets and merchants in the economic system that helped create and sustain the trade cannot be overlooked. The Santa Fe Trail was an important link in a large and complex commercial network that connected two continents – Europe and North America – and several countries, including the United States, Mexico, England, and France. Traders in Missouri were tied to merchants, manufacturers, and wholesalers in St. Louis, Pittsburgh, New York City, Baltimore, and other eastern cities, who in turn were connected to merchants in Europe, especially London and Liverpool. Likewise, traders from Santa Fe were linked to Chihuahua, Durango, and other communities to the south along El Camino Real, as well as California to the west. Some of the imports arriving in Santa Fe continued south into central Mexico where many of the goods that were shipped northeast out of Santa Fe originated. In 1848, following US victory in the Mexican-American War, the United States’ Territory of New Mexico was created. The focus of the trail at this time began to shift to domestic trade and communication across the expanding country.
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