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Recinto Universitario “Rubén Darío” Facultad De Ciencias E Ingeniería Departamento De Biología

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Recinto Universitario “Rubén Darío” Facultad De Ciencias E Ingeniería Departamento De Biología RECINTO UNIVERSITARIO “RUBÉN DARÍO” FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS E INGENIERÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Monografía para optar al Título de Licenciada en Biología con Mención en Administración de Recursos Naturales. EVALUACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD MALACOLÓGICA EN LA PLAYA DE LA COMUNIDAD DE PONELOYA, LEÓN, 2017. Autor: Bra. Dennice Carolina Sandoval Sánchez. Tutor: MSc. Josué Hernández Hernández Managua, 11 de Diciembre, 2017. Dedicatoria Esta monografía está dedicada a mi Abuelita Lucia Sánchez por siempre estar conmigo en las buenas y las malas, educarme y amarme, a mi madre Carolina Sánchez por haberme dado la vida el tesoro más preciado, a mis hermanos Sergio Sánchez y Miguel Sánchez por lo que representan para mí y ser parte importante de mi familia. ii Agradecimientos En primer lugar agradezco a Dios por brindarme las bendiciones necesarias para lograr mis metas y ser mi guía en la vida. A MSc Ligia Rueda por incentivarme a realizar estudios sobre Malacología. A mis compañeros pasantes Br. Marlon Rodríguez, Bra. Belia Mena, Bra. Gabriela Díaz, Br. Rodrigo García por brindarme el apoyo durante mi estadía y la realización de mi tesis. A mi tutor MSc. Josué Hernández por brindarme su valiosa colaboración y orientación en el desarrollo de este trabajo. iii Resumen Evaluación de la Diversidad Malacológica del Pacifico de Nicaragua en la Playa de Poneloya 2017. Este trabajo investigativo relacionado con los moluscos marinos localizados en la Playa de Poneloya tiene la finalidad de evaluar la diversidad malacológica de esta zona de estudio, tomando como referencia la identificación de las diversas especies recolectadas en estanques naturales y modificados, tomando en cuenta sus características morfológicas además incorporando parámetros ambientales abióticos siendo estos la temperatura y el PH que son condiciones físicas que colaboran con el ambiente que propicia a la diversidad biológica que requieren los moluscos. Este grupo marino de moluscos representa fuente de alimento para los pobladores de la comunidad, además son productos de fácil comercialización .y son utilizados artesanalmente por los pobladores acostumbrados a explotar algunos grupos de especies presentes en el ecosistema, sin tener información acerca de las especies existentes en la zona Como consecuencia existe poco conocimiento de los moluscos, de tal forma que este trabajo investigativo es de mucha importancia porque permitirá aumentar la base de datos de la diversidad de moluscos en la zona de estudio al igual como el de la zona pacifica en general. Para realizar este trabajo investigativo de moluscos se aplicó un estudio descriptivo y puntual que permitió poder observar y a la vez inventariar los moluscos marinos de la zona, teniendo en cuenta una debida metodología, cuyos resultados fueron la identificación de 82 especies, organizados en 9 órdenes y 39 familias. iv Índice I. INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................. .1 II. ANTECEDENTES................................................................................................ .2 III. JUSTIFICACIÓN................................................................................................ .3 IV. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA........................................................... .4 V.OBJETIVOS........................................................................................................... .5 VI. MARCO TEÓRICO..............................................................................................6 6.1 Ecosistemas Marinos .............................................................................................. .6 6.2 Zona Marítima ........................................................................................................ .6 6.3 Tipos de Playas existentes en el Pacifico de Nicaragua ......................................... .7 6.3.1 Playas Rocosas .................................................................................................... .8 6.3.2 Playas Abiertas .................................................................................................... .8 6.4 Generalidades de Moluscos.................................................................................... .8 6.4.1 Hábitat ................................................................................................................. .9 6.4.2 Reproducción y desarrollo................................................................................... .10 6.4.3 Clasificación ........................................................................................................ .11 6.4.4 Importancia Económica y Ecológica................................................................... .12 6.4.5 Presencia de Moluscos en el Pacifico de Nicaragua............................................ .13 6.4.6 Moluscos Endémicos de Nicaragua..................................................................... .14 6.5 Parámetro Ambiental.............................................................................................. .14 6.6 Métodos para medir la Biodiversidad..................................................................... .14 6.7 Marco Legal Relacionado a los Ecosistemas Marinos Costeros ............................ .15 VII. PREGUNTAS DIRECTRIZ 7.1 Preguntas Directrices.............................................................................................. .17 VIII. DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO 8.1 Tipo de Estudio....................................................................................................... .18 8.2 Área de Estudio ...................................................................................................... .18 8.3 Población y Muestra ............................................................................................... .19 8.4 Operacionalización de las variables (MOVI) ......................................................... .20 8.5 Métodos, técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de datos .................................... .21 8.6 Técnicas para los Cálculos ..................................................................................... .24 v 8.7 Plan de tabulación y análisis................................................................................... 24 IX. ANÁLISIS E INTERPRETACIÓN DE RESULTADOS 9.1 Orden Taxonómico de los Moluscos Identificados en Poneloya ........................... 25 9.2 Presencia de Moluscos con Parámetros Ambientales ............................................ 32 9.3 Composición y Abundancia de Moluscos en la Playa de Poneloya....................... 33 X. CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................. 88 XI. RECOMENDACIONES...................................................................................... 89 XII. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................ 90 vi Índice de Tablas Tabla N° 1 Legislación de zonas marino costeras de Nicaragua ................................... 16 Tabla N° 2 Ubicación geográfica de los puntos de muestreo en la playa de Poneloya . 19 Tabla N°3 Operacionalización de las variables ............................................................. 20 Tabla N°4. Ubicación taxonómica de la clase gasterópodo localizada en Poneloya ..... 25 Tabla N°5 Ubicación taxonómica de clase bivalvos localizada en Poneloya ................ 27 Tabla N° 6 Ubicación taxonómica de la clase poliplacóforo localizada en Poneloya .... 27 Tabla N° 7 Familias con alta representación de Moluscos en Poneloya........................ 28 Tabla N° 8 Ordenes con alta representación de Moluscos en Poneloya ........................ 30 Tabla N° 9 Parámetro ambiental pH y ToC durante las campañas de muestreo en Poneloya ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Tabla N° 10 Moluscos con mayor DiR Y H en la playa de Poneloya............................ 33 Tabla N° 11 Índice de Shannon para las diferentes Clases de Moluscos Localizados en Poneloya......................................................................................................................... 38 Tabla N° 12 Composición del Phyllum Mollusca en la Playa de Poneloya .................. 38 vii Índice de Graficas Gráfica N° 1 Órdenes Representativos de Gasterópodos..............................................31 Gráfica N° 2 Órdenes Representativos de Bivalvos......................................................31 Gráfica N° 3 Gasterópodos con Mayor DiR .................................................................37 Gráfica N° 4 Bivalvos con Mayor DiR .........................................................................37 Grafica N° 5 Clases con Mayor Cantidad de Ordenes ..................................................39 Grafica N° 6 Clases con Mayor Cantidad de Familias..................................................39 Grafica N° 7 Clases con Mayor Cantidad de Especies.................................................40 Anexos. Anexo No. 1: Pronósticos de Marea para el Mes de Abril, Mayo y Julio de 2017. Anexo No. 2: Ficha de Campo. Anexo No. 3: Diario de Campo. Anexo No. 4: Encuesta Dirigida a los Habitantes de la Comunidad de Poneloya. Anexo No. 5: Categorías Taxonómicas de los Molusco en Poneloya. Anexo No. 6: Ficha de identificación. Anexo No. 7: Galería de Imágenes. ix I. INTRODUCCIÓN La zona marino costera, representa un área que conforman los océanos,
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