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Savannah River Archaeological Research Program Savannah River Archaeological Research Program ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM prepared by the staff of the Savannah River Archaeological Research Program This study was conducted through funding provided by the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC09-81SR10749. The report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy, nor their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, make any warranty for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately-owned rights. SAVANNAH RIVER ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM SOUTH CAROLINA INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA December 1989 Revised December 2016 Archaeological Resource Management Plan SAVANNAH RIVER ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM Staff Keith Stephenson Program Manager George Wingard Program Co-Manager Tammy Herron Curator Christopher Moore Public Outreach Adam King Special Projects Archaeologist Christopher Gillam GIS Specialist Walter Clifford Field Survey Director Lisa Pittman Field/Lab Technician Haley Thompson Assistant Curator Brian Milner Database Manager Glen T. Hanson Program Manager: 1976-1989 Mark Brook and Richard Brooks Co-Program Managers: 1989-1994 Mark Brooks Program Manager: 1989-2014 Graduate Students Jessica Cooper MA Program, Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia Savannah River Archaeological Research Program TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vii Chapter I Introduction (Richard D. Brooks and Mark J. Brooks) .......................... 1 Purpose and Goals of the Savannah River Archaeological Research Program ............................................................................... 1 Purpose of the SRARP ................................................................... 1 Goals of the SRARP ....................................................................... 2 Program History ................................................................................. 3 1973-1977 ....................................................................................... 3 1978-1981 ....................................................................................... 3 1981-1987 ....................................................................................... 7 Organization of Report ....................................................................... 9 Chapter II Environmental and Archaeological Background (Mark J. Brooks, Richard D. Brooks, Glen T. Hanson and Kenneth E. Sassaman) .......... 11 Introduction ......................................................................................... 11 Environmental Background ................................................................ 11 Paleoclimate and Vegetation .......................................................... 11 Full Glacial (25,000 - 15,000 B.P.) ............................................ 11 Late Glacial (15,000 - 10,000 B.P.) ........................................... 11 Post-Glacial (10,000 B.P - Present) ........................................... 13 Paleohydrology ............................................................................... 13 Modern Climate .............................................................................. 14 Physiography/Geomorphology ....................................................... 15 Macroenvironmental Zones of the SRS .......................................... 15 Human Food Resource Potential of Macroenvironmental Zones ... 17 Hunter-Gatherer Food Resource Potential ................................. 17 Agricultural Potential ................................................................. 18 Discussion .................................................................................. 19 Archaeological Background ................................................................ 19 Archaeology in the Coastal Plain of the Savannah River Valley ... 19 Prehistory in the Coastal Plain of the Savannah River Valley........ 21 Paleoindian (10500 - 9500 B.C.) ............................................... 21 Early Archaic (9500 - 6000 B.C.) .............................................. 22 Middle Archaic (6000 - 3000 B.C.) ........................................... 25 Late Archaic (3000 - 1000 B.C.) ................................................ 26 Early Woodland (1000 - 600 B.C.) ............................................ 27 Middle Woodland (600 B.C.- A.D. 500) ................................... 28 Late Woodland and Mississippian (A.D. 500 - 1450) ............... 29 History and Archaeology in the Middle Savannah River Valley .................................................................................... 31 Settlement of the Savannah River Valley .................................. 31 Archaeological Resource Management Plan Colonial Land Use/Settlement Patterns ..................................... 31 Revolutionary War in the SRS Area .......................................... 32 Early National Agricultural Development and Land Use .......... 32 Agricultural Intensification and Over-production during the Antebellum Period ............................................................... 32 Antebellum Plantation Life.................................................... 33 Antebellum Transportation .................................................... 34 Antebellum Agricultural Land Use and Crop Production ..... 34 Civil War and Reconstruction 1861-1876 ................................. 35 Tenant Farming .......................................................................... 36 Agricultural Land Use and Crop Production ............................. 37 Chapter III Resource Modelling (Kenneth E. Sassaman) ......................................... 39 Introduction ......................................................................................... 39 Prehistoric Sites .................................................................................. 39 Summary of the Results of Locational Analysis of Prehistoric Archaeological Resources on the SRS ........................................... 39 Locational Patterns of Site Functional Variability ......................... 40 Archaeological Sensitivity Map of the SRS ................................... 43 Historic Sites ....................................................................................... 47 Conclusions ......................................................................................... 52 Site Use Grid Maps of Archaeological Sensitivity and Site Location .......................................................................................... 52 Future Goals ................................................................................... 53 Chapter IV Land Use and Archaeological Impacts (Richard D. Brooks, Glen T. Hanson and George S. Lewis) .................................................. 55 Land Use Activities 1973-1987 .......................................................... 55 Introduction..................................................................................... 55 Land Use Activities ........................................................................ 56 SRS Operations and Construction ............................................. 56 Forest Management Activities ................................................... 57 Borrow Pit Activities ................................................................. 57 Utilities ....................................................................................... 57 Ecological and Forest Research ................................................. 57 Special Activities ....................................................................... 57 Forestry Effects on Cultural Resources ............................................... 58 Timber Harvesting .......................................................................... 63 Other Forest Products ..................................................................... 63 Reforestation and Site Preparation ................................................. 63 Prescription Burning ....................................................................... 65 Timber Stand Improvement ............................................................ 65 Thinning .......................................................................................... 65 Fire Protection ................................................................................ 65 Construction Effects on Cultural Resources ....................................... 68 Conclusions ......................................................................................... 70 Savannah River Archaeological Research Program Chapter V Archaeological Resource Management Plan (Richard D. Brooks and Mark J. Brooks) ..................................................................................... 71 Land Use Review Process ................................................................... 71 SR-88 Process ................................................................................. 71 Natural
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