DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document IVO Group’s Research and A V Development &9ST Report j ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

Editorial Board Pekka Salminen, Research Director Yijo Laiho, Director, Energy Systems Hannu Kaikkonen, Development Manager Christian Leisio, Communications Manager

English Editors Sheryl Hinkkanen Roderick Fletcher j Translators IVO Translation Services Sirkka Short, pp. 24-25, 34-35, 38-39 Kristina Halme-Tapanainen, pp. 20-21

Terttu Rantalainen, pp. 8-19, 22-23,28-29,43 g Kirsti Makinen, pp. 4-5, 30-31, 36-37 | Ari Penttila, pp. 6-7, 26-27,40-41 Sheryl Hinkkanen, pp. 32-33 j Graphic Design ' IVO Communication Services Kari Pilkkakangas

| Drawings Mauri Kunnas, Postal Museum/Finland Post Ltd., p. 39 Pauli Valikangas, p. 32 Wilhelm von Wright, Federation of Finnish Fisheries Associations, p. 31 Edutek, DTP-Adas Ltd, Helsinki, p. 43

j Photographs 1 IVO Photo j Keijo Westerberg, pp. 1,3,5,6,9,11,13,19,21,23,42,44

___ Juhani Eskelinen, pp. 7,25,27,29,30,31,32,34,38 2 Jaana Kankaanpaa, p. 41 Hackman Designor Oy Ab/Iittala Glass Factory, p. 41 Finnish Nature Photo Archives, Raimo Hameenaho, p. 31 Heikki Sihvonen, Risto Siitonen, p. 32, 33 Jorma Piironen, Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, p. 32 Pekka Rotkonen, pp. 16,17,37 Esa Kurkikangas, p. 14 T. Kohonen, p. 19

Printers Oy Edita Ab

441 002 ISBN 951-591-047-1 Printed matter ISSN 1238-6006 ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

4% Contents %

'•:% tr

EESF^M

Operations B. u^see hr Enermet m the Forefront of Research—ana /: i erytfirg Works1' Energy Measurement 36 Smoothie l ft

Electric Vehicle3< t***Z?J55**»

* irffllr. $* te Rfl< pH* 10 °tb ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 1

The I VO Group is a Finnish company mastering all aspects of the entire energy chain, and operat­ ing and enhancing its services extensively on the international market. The company has numerous subsidiaries and representative offices around the world.

The Group employs over 7,000 people, and its turnover totals more than FIM 12,000 million. We invest nearly 2% of our turnover in research and product development. This annual brochure presents examples of our work, which concentrates on the improvement of the economic and environ­ mental aspects of energy services.

IVO Technology Centre starts operations

Energy Innovation 1997 is being published at about the same time as the research and development activities of the IVO Group are being reorganised. The IVO Technology Centre’s operations will be characterised by intensive interaction between re­ search, product development, testing and expert services, and by international contacts and network­ ing. The services provided by the 270 employees of the IVO Technology Centre come under the col­ lective brand name of IVO Tech.

Success in the international energy market requires efficiency and swift action. Naturally, this rule also applies - with particular force - to the IVO Tech­ nology Centre, which was established so that we could meet the immediate needs of our customers better and at the same time take advantage of the medium-term and long-term opportunities offered to us in the future.

Power plants become versatile processing facilities

Thermal power technology is a key area in our development work. This technology is discussed in the articles describing new solutions related to the combined generation of electricity and heat, solu­ tions which increase the number of fuel options for power plants and bring new elements into the product range alongside electricity and heat. The recently developed bed mixing dryer allows the burning of moister fuels than used to be the case, and in such a way that the energy used for drying is recovered. This clearly increases the profitabil­ ity of a power plant. A contract for the first deliv­ ery of the new dryer product to a customer has been signed. In (he area of power plant development, the IVO Group has its own key technology, namely the numerical model calculation of processes. The new flow software enables die controlled planning of the Low-NOx burning and beat transfer in a power plant boiler. The software development is continu­ ing, so that its use will enable improvements in die technology related to the use of multiple and mixed fuels, a technology which interests many of our customers today.

Competitive advantages from environmentally-oriented energy generation

Research on the water aspect continues to be an area of emphasis in our company, whose origins lie in the Imatra hydropower plant. The articles deal with the reduction of short-term regulating activities at power plants and with the protection of the endangered lake salmon. The improvement of environmental conditions is also discussed in an article investigating possible new uses for the vig- orous but currently untapped flora which grows beneath the transmission lines that criss-cross our landscape.

Networking of operation and maintenance

Much remains to be done to improve the operation in practical life, the range of electric vehicles is The people behind progress and maintenance of industrial equipment. Such already becoming sufficient for the daily trips of improvements require the effective use of informa­ an average user in urban surroundings. F inland Post We have also interviewed some of the researchers tion and new service networks. The articles show Ltd, for its part, is a pioneer in the use of electric who have contributed significantly to their fields. how the enormous data flows involved in power vehicles for light delivery jobs. The IVO Group’s Behind every accomplishment there is always a plant processes can be utilised in new ways, how electric vehicle project team has developed a person dedicated to the achievement of his or her direct connections to the internal events of trans- continuous charging system for the Elcat 200 life's work. formers can be created, how a training simulator model, enabling the vehicle to take advantage of. introduces the operators to extreme situations that all stops close to electric sockets, just as travellers’ I hope that Energy bmovariom /P97 will take you are very seldom encountered in reality; and how die horses took advantage of stops in earlier days. on a useful and interesting journey into our com­ skilled and purposeful maintenance of gas turbines mon energy future. yields definite monetary savings for the owners. Development work serving our energy customers is discussed in three articles. The aim is to create A major research project associated with the Lovii- new competitive model solutions for the use of sa nuclear power plant - recovery heat treatment electricity, and to test them in practice. The "Elec­ of the reactor pressure vessel - was successfully trically Heated Houses of the Century" research Pekka Sal min en completed in conjunction with the annealing work project completed its second year of monitoring the Professor proper. From now on, research will concentrate on energy consumption of one hundred electrically Research Director tests of the accident behaviour of the reactor and the heated houses in various parts of Finland with a IVO Technology Centre containment building, and on new computer varied range of meters. A report was completed on models. These are needed for the licensing of the a simi lar three-year proj ect involving one hundred plant after 1998, when the first phase of the plant electrically heated service buildings. Field tests modernisation is completed. were carried out at small and medium-sized indus­ trial enterprises in different customer sectors. Im­ Electric vehicle successful in environmental tests portant new reference sites were obtained in the field of electrically heatable glass. Part of the new Calculations provide indisputable evidence of the Helsinki airport terminal was, for example, fitted environmental advantages of electric vehicles; and with glass wall surfaces. I ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 i

VimMc Vehicle— Near or Vue

Author: Yrjo Laiho Traffic is rapidly becoming the number one environmentalprob- km, especia/fy m me&opoZf&zn areoa. veAic/a$ Aave ma/iy important advantages to offer. Air quality would be improved, I ; since electric vehicles do not pollute the environment. The im- /wovemenf oAfomaf mzjgAf ggwaW twfA fAaf reaw/fing/mm fAe i/zf/Wwc/ion o/" (fwO-zcf Aeof /or fAe Aeaff/tg o/" neWem##/ buildings. Electric vehicles also present considerable potential /or gne/gy coMfgrvef/on.

The amount of energy that could be Dally trip* ait short The family's first car — been required than was originally conserved depends on how the elec­ as economical as possible thought. The batteries are still the tricity needed by the electric vehicles The issue can be approached by ex ­ key component. Their reliability and is generated. The table compares the amining how much a car is needed. On the basis of the above considera­ life must be increased. Similarly, it efficiency figures of an electric vehi­ The figure illustrates the daily dis­ tions, it can be asked whether the should be possible to bring down the cle and a combustion-engine vehicle tances travelled in an average pas- primary criterion in the selection of price of batteries, in order to reduce in die Finnish conditions, where (he senger car per year. The longer trips a vehicle should, in fact, be its eco­ operating costs. No radically new efficiency of electricity generation is are shown first, andthe days when nomical operation in city traffic. In technical breakthroughs are neces­ about 55 per cent. According to the the car is not used at all are shown other words, the first car for daily use sarily called for. table, an electric vehicle is more than last. Really long daily trips are made would be a handy and economical twice as efficient as a combustion- very seldom; on 10 to 15 days a year, vehicle for driving short distances, Batteries are now manufactured prin­ engine vehicle, when calculated in usually during holidays and at week- and the second car would be, for in­ cipally to start vehicles, and thus the terms of primary energy. ends. stance, a rental vehicle intended for requirements are different. If the longer trips, and used only as need­ market for batteries needed by elec­ Using the latest technology, an elec- Most often, the car is driven fairly ed. tric vehicles were seen to be appreci­ tric vehicle has a range of about 100 short distances; daily trips to and ably bigger than at present, competi­ kilometres a day when its batteries from work, shopping trips and other It is easy to see that present-day ve­ tive sources of supply would quickly are charged at night- This is naturally errands. The car is not at all in use hicles are oversized for the needs of emerge to meet the demand. As to the much less than the range of a car on 100 days of the year. On 200 days, city traffic. Rather than helping, high outlets needed for charging electric equipped with a combustion engine. the car is driven less than 100 Idlo- power and other features improving vehicles, the situation is very good in On the other hand, the maximum metres a day. The performance of the car’s performance are a hin­ Finland, since many motorists al­ performance of a modem car is hard­ today’s electric vehicle is sufficient drance in a traffic jam. Large size and ready have an electric socket for heat­ ly ever needed in congested city traf­ for these needs. As battery technolo- Aster speeds require plenty of room; ing purposes. The same sockets can fic. An electric vehicle is equally able gy develops, the daily distances can there is a greater risk of damage and be used for charging batteries. to meet today's urban transportation be extended gradually so that only accidents, and so on. needs. the longest trips would be beyond die Deliveries to blaze the trail range of an electric vehicle. The electric vehicle is already a via­ ble option for urban traffic needs. Creation of an atmosphere conducive Much less development work has to investments plays a key role in ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

Average daily distances Comparison of energy efficiency between vehicles travelled by car (km)

Energy chain of a combustion-engine vehicle:

Oil refining 87% Fuel transports 93% Efficiency of motor andvehicle 15.5%

Total efficiency | I 12.8%

Energychain of an electric vehicle:

Efficiency of electricity generation 55% (in Finland)

Transmission anddistribution 94 % Charging and discharging of batteries 75% Efficiency of motor and vehicle 71 %

Total efficiency 27.5%

60 720 780 240 300 360 Days of the year expanding the market for electric cles is large enough to justify invest- vehicles. A clean and noiseless urban ments. Technology created through environment and energy conserva­ this development work could then be tion are the main arguments for elec­ applied to other vehicles as well. tric vehicles. Yet a new product can­ not reach the market, unless its ben­ Environmentally-minded efits can be evaluated in terms of enterprises as trendsetters money. On the other hand, the auto­ mobile industry will not make the Acquisition and manufacture of elec­ necessary effort for development and tric vehicles intended for delivery investments unless a market for the purposes should be made appealing. product is envisioned. Somehow, this Both legislation and tax-related as­ vicious circle must be broken. sistance are needed to start the ball rolling, not only in Finland but at A solution can be sought by consid­ least on the EU level. Above all else, ering the analogous problem: “How there is a need for environmentally­ is an elephant eaten?” The answer is conscious customers who want an that you start at the tail. In this case, electric vehicle and environmentally- the ‘tail’ might be deliveries within minded enterprises that offer trans­ cities. The daily trips made by deliv­ port services of the kind described ery vans do not include the holiday above. A good example is Finland peak, and electric vehicles can there­ Post Ltd., which has progressed from fore meet the transport needs. Deliv­ words to deeds. The company’s envi­ ery vans are seen simply as transport ronmental programme includes the tools; they are not purchased for then- important commitment of using elec­ value as a status symbol or for some tric vehicles for postal transports. other special features. Furthermore, More enterprises of this kind are tire global market for delivery vehi­ needed. ! ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

“Companies which have long traditions in product development do not lack good and feasible ideas. In young companies the situation is the op­ posite: people have not yet become accustomed to Product developers are unanimous: producing enough patentable ideas and to imple­ menting them. From the viewpoint of an expert in the area, the organization of product development holds a key position. No company can afford to research and develop everything. The company must look at its business operations and find the right areas for R&D investments to focus on. When you then add persistency and tradition in product development, the elements of profitable R&D ac­ ------— Author: Christian Leisio...... tivities start coming together. If the product devel­ Researchers and product developers seldom have the opportunity to publicly express opment of a company is not a profitable business, their views on the importance of their work. Usually it is only company directors or something is often wrong in one’s own thinking, not in the R&D operations proper,” Demjatin sums those who pay for the work — the customers — who talk about such matters. In the following article, however, four distinguished experts working in the IVO Group present up. their views on the importance oftheir work in the sphere ofresearch and product devel­ Emphasis on the development of opment. ecologically sustainable products

Pauli Demjatin considers that the development of environmentally benign technologies constitutes one of the most important trump cards bringing success in the world. When he was developing his own Low-NOx burner, he went to Japan to learn from experts there. “Working for a year in the fa­ The construction and operation of a power plant design of models has required a great deal of re­ mous research centre of Babcock-Hitachi in Hiro­ in such a way that it will be maximally competi­ search ami product development. Using the models shima provided plenty of new information on sul­ tive and environmentally benign involves sever­ to full advantage also requires knowledge gained phur and nitrogen reduction technologies for power al factors; and this also applies to the renovation through experience. Of the models developed by plants. In Japan, I also noticed how important of an old power plant These days, a mastery of us, the SOLVO and AKDEMUS calculation pro- environmentally benign technologies are consid­ power plant modelling is one of the crucial ele­ grams intended for power plant design and boiler ered in all the densely populated countries of the ments. furnace calculation are currently the best ones. Our Far East. It is precisely in these countries that most competitors have no tools like these at their dis­ future power plants will be built.” The importance of models lies in the fact that they posal,” he states. make a number of tools affecting the design and “Ecologically unsustainable systems must not be construction of a power plant available to one Although IVO's experts already master diemod ­ introduced there. For the same reason, new meth­ design engineer. “A design engineer simultane­ elling of nearly all die main power plant process- ods and technologies are constantly being studied ously has at his or her disposal the know-how of es, Raiko thinks that much still remains to be done and devised at IVO as well, in order to improve the specialized designers of power plant main com- in the area. "We have calculated that it will take a air pollution control of power plants. One of the 5 ponents from dozens of power plants and the most couple of years more to successfully model fluid­ most interesting future projects is the development recent data from scientists in his or her field. The ized bed combustion, for instance," he says. of a simple method by means of which old pulver­ models help the designer fit these data together, ized coal boilers are converted into lower-emission so that all the possible boundary conditions, lim­ “Maintain the pace or lose the race” fluidized bed boilers. A company whose R&D re­ iting values and assumptions will be taken into laxes for even one day cannot keep pace,” says account in the end product. The models serve as Pauli Demjatin of IVO Power Engineering special­ Demjatin, summing up the views of IVO Power a kind of an interpreter of many scientists’ izes in the development of burners used in power Engineering on the necessity of research and de­ achievements,” says Markku Raiko, Research plant boilers. The Low-NOx burner, RI Jet (Rapid velopment. Manager of IVO Power Engineering Ltd. Ignition), developed at IVO is Demjatin’s handiwork. He has also planned all the installa­ Raiko, who is responsible for the planning of re­ tions of RI Jet burners in the tangentially fired search on thermal power at IVO Power Engineer­ boilers of power plants located in Finland, the ing and also participates in the actual work, em­ Czech Republic and Poland. Demjatin also holds phasizes that modelling is long-term work. “The a patent for his inventi on. Markku Raiko takes an active interest in orienteering. "A map is a model of the terrain and your best way of getting to your destination. The same holds true for the use of calculation models when you are designing power plants ," he states.

Since the age of nine, Pauli Demjatin has been keenly interested in ornithology, specializing in the study of bird migration. In Estonia in the spring of 1995, he recorded 1.4 million migrating aquatic birds on a single day. This achievement gained him a place in the Guinness Book of Records. ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

system, devised to measure the bending of shafts, beams or — say — the rollers of a papermaking machine, has recently been put into commercial use at IVO.

An advocate of electric heating

Teijo Perila, Product Manager at the IVO Technol- ogy Centre, has been marketing and developing electric heating systems for detached houses for more than ten years. According to Perila, invest- ment in the product development of electric heat­ ing from the 60s onwards has gradually increased the popularity of electric heating, so that from the 80s onwards it has been the commonest method of heating detached houses. “ Electric heating has constantly been developed systematically. Boilers, storage heaters and soon panel heaters, too, will be a thing of the past. These systems will be replaced by room-specific electric heating integrated into house structures. Heating will be provided either through the floor, windows or ceiling—or through all of them at the same time. Home comfort and the possibility of choosing the heating method for each room are features which residents of detached houses appreciate in a heating system, ” Teijo Perila states...... ‘ : ...... A versatile man who invents, for defects cannot always be found by using con­ Perila considers that from the viewpoint of elec­ develops, markets and sells ventional displacement sensors and vibration tricity consumers the competition resulting from measurement methods. In such cases T-DAS is an liberalization of the electricity market has positive Raimo Mattila, who works at the I VO Technology invaluable tool when used in conjunction with effects. The efficiency of the sector continues to Centre, is an innovator with a wide range of tal­ vibration measurements. At Tennessee Valley increase. However, other side of the coin is the fate ents, a man who invents, develops, markets and Authority’s Paradise power plant in the United of projects in this field which require long-term sells products of his own. Manila's best-known States, for instance, we used the T-DAS system to investments and co-operation. “Electric heating invention to date is the T-DAS Turbine Diagnos­ diagnose the cause of malfunction in the large has traditionally been developed and improved tics and Analysis System, which fits into a few steam turbine of well over 1,000 megawatts. through co-operative projects involving various suitcases. This portable laser-based equipment has Thanks to T-DAS, the company saved a tidy sum companies operating in this area. How can we been successfully used, for instance, to measure of money. They were full of praise for us there,” continue this line of action, which has proved so turbine displacements. Mattila says, recalling his trip to the US. successful, under the new competitive circum­ stances? Can we co-operate and compete at the ! “The system has a wide variety of uses. For exam- “I consider it important to be able to participate in same time? The IVO Technology Centre possesses extensive know-how on electric heating and elec­ Jg" pie, it enables fresh' fingerprints' of a new turbine the marketing and selling of my invention. Of tricity use; it also has good laboratory facilities. to be taken. By comparing them with the Gnger- course, you get the most constructive feedback on They will continue to be available for such prints taken later using T-DAS, we obtain infor­ your success only from customers. I also regularly mation on the behaviour, vibration levels and dis­ travel all over the world conducting measurements projects," he says. placements of the turbine in the different process with the help of T-DAS. During these trips I have situations,” explains Mattila, who has just returned noticed how important a company’s own products from the UK, having participated in turbine com­ and expertise are to companies operating on the missioning tests at the South Humber Bank Power international markets. Only companies which Station. stand out from the mass can succeed,” he adds with emphasis. The measuring system, which has been patented by Mattila, is also used during start-ups after tnr- A measuring system for the bending of long com- bine overhauls and outages, and for troubleshoot- ponents is Raimo Manila’s latest T-DAS applica- ing in the case of rotating machinery. “The reasons tion, for which he has applied for a patent. This ENERGY INNOVATION 1997! ! ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

The aim of the project is to verify culated-water heating systems and energy measurements of new de­ average. Heating accounts for about parameters connected with the en­ heating systems of renovated de­ tached houses show that there have 15,800 kWh, heating of household ergy balance sheet, heating systems tached houses. The test houses in the been no great changes in the charac­ water for about 4,000 kWh, and and structures of detached houses in study also include one low-energy teristic rates of consumption of the household electricity for 9,000 kWh. the model configurations and test house, whose heating energy require­ test houses when these rates are com- The greater the number of electric sites under study. The project moni­ ment is smaller than usual, owing to pared with the findings of studies appliances used in the home to make tors the efficiency of new heating improved thermal insulation. conducted in the 1980s. The types of housework easier and living more systems in real-life conditions. The heating currently under investigation comfortable, the smaller is the feedback received directly from the At several test sites, special attention involve storage heating systems, amount of heating electricity re­ customers will be used to further de­ is paid to the control of heating. whereas the systems covered by the quired. Studies show that 60 to 80 per velop electric heating. Mechanisms especially devised for previous study were mostly of the cent of such household electricity storage heating systems are used as direct type. When a storage-type also contributes to room heating as a Energy consumption at the test sites control devices. The temperature heating system is used, the character­ side effect is being monitored by means of nu­ level is adjusted by means of either merous energy meters. The starting One may ask what benefits have re­ point for measurements is the power sulted from development work in the company’s electricity meter. In addi­ area of electric hearing, since con­ tion to this, two of the three main sumption has remained at the same components of total consumption — level for ten years. The benefit has heating and household hot water — come from the fact that the heating are measured. To itemize the con- system has been changed from one of sumpdon of household electricity, direct electric hearing to one of elec­ optional additional meters are in­ tric storage heating. Storage hearing stalled; these items of consumption using cables produces heat mainly at include external consumption, elec­ night, when electricity is cheaper. tric sauna stove, indoor lighting, and cooling and freezing equipment. The Residents feel comfortable in | number of additional meters is usu- electrically heated houses I ally four. .RasearcA deve/op/nanf of 7FD m fAe area of eZecfnc Aeof- Aoas# a fraaKfiom going AacA aAnosf fAzrfy years. ResearcA Residents of the test houses involved In addition to energy measurements, in the research project were asked to temperature measurements are also aonaf affwrfAerprogress in fAis area is confirming. 7n fAe pur­ assess factors affecting comfort in conducted at the test sites. These suit qffAis goaf 7FD anti power co/npowes iauncAetf fAe "Efec- their homes. Draughts, evenness of measurements are connected with frzea/fy Heofed .Houses offAe Century "pro/ecfybttryears ago. heat, moisture/dryness, odours, comfort, including temperature 7%efirst resuits sAow fAaf efecfric Aeafing continues to &e very noise, surface temperatures and cost/ stratification in rooms, temperatures co/Tipefzfzve wzfA ofAer Aeafing .systems, /f is an economicai way quality criteria were defined as the of the concrete slab at different of Aeafing fAe Aome wAicA aiso increases fAe comfrrt of fAose factors affecting residential comfort. heights, surface temperatures of elec­ iiving fAere. In the group of new detached houses, tric windows, and outdoor tempera­ the overall ‘grade’ awarded to com­ ture. Temperatures are monitored fort was 9.2 when on a scale of 4 to continuously in the form of PC 10 (10 being the highest grade). Elec­ measurements. tric hearing systems incorporating floor and window hearing received More than one hundred sites a centralized control system or a ther­ istic rate of consumption usually in­ especial praise. According to the re­ monitored mostat located on the main distribu- creases slightly. In this case the rise spondents, warm surfaces and the tion board that responds to the out- was about five per cent. According to lack of draughts were factors which The research project covers more door temperature. These control de­ the measurements, the characteristic increased comfort. than one hundred test sites all over vices help optimize the heat require- heat consumption rates of the test Finland. The heating systems of new ment of a detached house fitted with sites fitted with floor heating and The residents were also asked to de­ detached houses include electric an electric storage heating system in ceiling heating were 26.2 kilowatt- fine which features of their current heating systems such as floor, ceiling accordance with the outdoor tem- hours per cubic metre per year (kWh/ heating system they appreciated and window heating, and combina­ perature. m3, y), whereas in the previous study most. All groups echoed the tradi­ tions of these. They represent state- they were 25.0 kWh/m\ y. tional sales arguments for electric of-the-art electric heating technol­ Miner changes in energy balance heating: ease of use, precise control ogy, in which the heating equipment sheets of houses The measurements show that a de- and reliability. is integrated into structures. Other tached house of 160 square metres heating systems under study are cir- The project’s first interim results on consumes 28,800 kWh of energy on I ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

The metering work of the “Electrical- MM# ly Heated Houses of the Century" project will continue until the end of March 1997. After this, the data will be assembled and summarized. In the best instance, metering has been con­ ducted over four heating periods, and the number of metered years totals about 300. This will bring to a con­ clusion the work of 330 energy me­ ters and 500 temperature sensors. The electric heating R&D will then have taken another small step for­ ward.

Electric heating continues to be Reijo Laitala and Matti Haapakoski conducting measurements connected with competitive comfort in a test house located in Vantaa, Finland. The measurements determine temperature conditions in a house and The “Electrically Heated Houses of factors affecting the quality of the indoor air. the Century” project studied the ac­ Monitoring the energy consumption of the quisition costs of the heating systems house is also an essential element of their work in the test houses. In the calculation of costs, characteristic rates of con­ most economical heating method in sumption obtained from research terms of overall cost The acquisition project measurements were used. The cost of the system, including instal­ characteristic consumption rate for lation, is FIM 33,500, while the an- oil heating was calculated from nual operating costs are FIM 7,200. measurements of circulated-water The acquisition of an oil heating sys ­ systems, using an annual efficiency tem costs FIM 73,000 and its opera­ of 85 per cent as the boiler efficien­ tion FIM 7,300. The comparison cy. shows that an additional investment of FIM 40,000 does not mean any Among the systems compared, room- savings at all in operating costs. En- specific electric heating using elec­ ergy prices as of October 1996 were tric cables and ceiling foils is the used in Ac calculation.

Energy costs of new detached houses j Energy prices: Oil (J-ltikWh) FIM f.830-1 I October 1996 Electricity general tariff FIM 0.394/kWh Basic rate FIM 54-'mth | heating tariff FIM 0.3S5/kWh day Basic rate FIM 107/mtb MM lUU-'KWnmgtl!

13

electric heating * *) Floor,-ceiling hectic **) Cuvuiated-watsf floor heating

Household electricity typical house or" Heating 140 nr. 500 nr Training display of a work station. ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

/MO Genero&'on Servfcgy /&/ A&s ovgra// re^oRfiAz/f (p /or fAe qpgraffoR maiM^enwzcg of its cuyfo/Rgr;' ^owerOR fAe Atwiy of ZoRg-ferm coRtracts. farf- RgryA^p is fAe Aep concept aW cw^fome/y ore fAtts oAZe lo coRcenfrale OR fAezr own Recife Au^iRe^ oc/hnlief. /(e^eorcA aRtf cfeveZopmeRlpm/ect9 ore przmorffy ozmc

I VO Generation Services ensures successful imple- In addition, the model makes it possible to give simulated failures for the trainees to deal with. mentation of the operation and maintenance con­ basic training to the staff of power plants which are Such advance training makes it possible to avoid tracts through the training of staff. At the Vanaja still under construction. Such personnel would different malfunction situations in the real-life power plant, staff are receiving hands-on training otherwise have no opportunity to practise the op­ process. in a real setting. The training covers die operation eration of the new plant. For the Vanaja plant's and maintenance of a combined-cycle gas-fired own staffs the accurate process model provides the The training program is tailored to the needs of the power plant. To assist in the training, IVO Gen­ opportunity for intensive further training in areas group to be trained, and it comprises theoretical eration Services Ltd, IVO Power Engineering Ltd including the analysis of various malfunction and training supported by simulator training. The top­ and the IVO Technology Centre have jointly de­ failure situations and a (borough understanding of ics covered include operation of the process, main­ veloped a training simulator, which is based on the Ac process and automated functions. The system tenance, operational economy, operational reliabil­ AFROS simulation software of TVO Power Engi- also gives all people working at the plant the op­ ity, automation and instrumentation, and questions neering and the Technical Research Centre of Fin- portunity to improve their skills and enhance their concerning materials. The instructors are experts land. technical knowledge concerning the entire process. in their fields drawn from the IVO Group.

Better knowledge about the entire Training in malfunction situations contributes System can be used at other power plant process to the taking of correct decisions power plants as well in a real-life situation The purpose of the system is to act as a training The training simulator also operates on a portable simulator for diegas turbine and combined-cycle At the Vanaja power plant, (he gas turbine is start­ work station, so that it is easy to transport. It can power plants owned by 1GS. Normal operation, ed up and shut down daily, except during the win­ thus be used for training in — for example — modes of operadon and disturbance control of a ter period, and the energy is stored in a heat accu­ Malaysia. At the location of training one needs combined-cycle power plant can be practised on mulator. This means that the actual process can be only displays suitable for group training—and the the simulator. Trainees can also enhance their tech­ used to provide training in start-up and shut-down simulator is ready for operation. nical knowledge of the behaviourof the plant's procedures and in normal operation. It is not, how­ process and of plant dynamics. In addition to the ever, possible to employ a similar training proce­ The present simulation model of a combined-cycle actual control room staff, other operating staff, dure for malfunction and failure situations. The use gas-tired power plant can easily be tailored to new such as operating engineers and personnel in of the simulator enables staff to follow more closely power plants as well, and the basic software can charge of mechanical, electrical and instrumenta­ the way in which conditions develop at different be modified to suit the type of the plant and the tion maintenance, can also use the system to in- stages of the process and to return to interesting various needs. crease their knowledge of the plant’s behaviour. situations. The instructor can also select various ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

The power plant also supplies indus­ models for furnace calculation devel­ trial steam at an output of 65 mega­ oped at IVO when these models are watts to the Metsa-Serla Kangas Pa­ used to calculate the effects of boiler per Mill four kilometres away. In conversion on temperatures and addition, the power plant generates flows in the furnace. electricity at an output of 87 mega­ watts for the Finnish grid. The boiler renovation reduced emis­ sions of nitrogen oxides by 30 per Innovation through research cent Sulphur dioxide emissions were also cut by a third, since the new In 1993, the pulverized fuel boiler of combustion technology also makes it the power plant, still in full working possible to use various wood fuels. condition, was converted into a bub- The occasional odours and dust emit­ Experts: Martti Aijala and Jarkko Ahtikari Editor: Anne Repo bling fluidized bed boiler. More than ted into the environment were elim­ 7%e ce/rfraZ fmnwA (own ofTyvasApZa w Aome fo on ezrergy two years of preparatory research inated when the plant abandoned the i generofzoM_/ocrZifp wAicA if regar%ZaZ as one offAe mosf swccess- preceded the conversion. For exam- preliminary drying of peat In con- jWpower-^Zamf co/^gwofions w fAe worAf Dwnng fen yews ple, the IVO Technology Centre stud- nection with the boiler conversion, icd the occasional unpleasant smell the power plant capacity was raised of qperafion, (Ae Z!awAaZoA(i Power PZanf, wAicA produces Z^O emitted into the environment and al- from 265 megawatts to 295 mega­ TMegawa^s ofrZigtricf Aeof, 6J megowa&f ofZ/wZity AiaZ sfewn a/wZ temadve ways of dealing with this watts. All of the additional energy &7 megawaAy qf ekcfncify Aas proved swceess/W m ferms of problem. Since the conversion, the was able to be used, thanks to the AofA /?rq/ftaAZZZ(y awZ fecAnoZogy Rauhalahti Power Plant has offered extended district heating network. a favourable and varied environment for research and development activ- New fuels ities involving the simultaneous combustion of various fuels. Rauha- The combination of bubbling fluid­ lahti has also acted as a model plant ized bed technology and pulverized to verify the performance of flow fuel combustion technology enables Well-chosen technical solutions and tion of its own, having shifted re- systematic research have made it sponsibiiity for steam production to possible for the power plant to adapt the power plant in 1992. to changing conditions. Emissions have been reduced, and efficiency has The availability of all thermal power increased.The range of fuels has also plants owned by IVO has also been been widened. compared annually with internation­ al statistics. The energy availability | Energy availability figures of IVO's power plants has been high­ among the highest in the world er, regardless of whether it is com­ j pared with that of corresponding Operating at an efficiency of 85 per thermal power plants in the Nordic cent, the Rauhalahti Power Plant has countries, continental Europe or been the champion of energy avail- North America. ability (tgdE) statistics throughout its lifetime. The five-year average for Beat, steam and electricity energy availability during operating from the same plant time has reached as much as 98.9 per cent, while the overall figure for The Rauhalahti Power Plant pro­ Finnish power plants is 94.7 per cent. duces nearly 90 per cent of the dis­ trict heat needed by the town of Jy- For the Metsa-Serla Kangas Paper vaskyla and the surrounding rural Mill, the uninterrupted production of municipality of Jyvaskyla. The most steam at Rauhalahti is worth its distant consumers are 15 kilometres weight in gold, since even the shori- away. The return water is used to heat est break in the power plant's produc­ Viherlandia, a horticultural cultiva­ tion immediately halts papermaking tion, exhibition andsales centre lo­ at the mill. Indeed, the paper mill has cated beside the power plant. completely given up steam produc- ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

the use of several fuels. In the fluid­ certificate for operation and mainte­ The. Rauhalahti Power Plant has been awarded an ISO 9002 quality certificate—the first ized bed, different wood fuels, such nance of the Rauhalahti Power Plant certificate of its kind in Finland. The picture shows about a quarter of the peopleresponsible as sawdust, wood chips and bark, can — the first certificate of its kind in for the high quality at the plant: (jrtmdeft) Anne Repo, Riitta Rissanen, Sipi Ralckola; Towo . be burnt in addition to the main fuel, Nyyssonen, Pari Mikkonen, Kydsii Rannila, Pir/o Koiehmamen, Jarkko Ahlikari, Risio Finland. Centring efforts on quality Pelkonen, Seppo Korkonen (upj. Airi Hannula. Jukka Kaiho. Tapio Peiiomdki, Aulikki peat. If necessary, small amounts of has led to a more systematic way of Alakangas , Mario Salonen and Kalevi Pynnonen. - : ; • crushed coal can also be fed into the operating and to increased monitor- fluidized bed. Pulverized coal can be ing; and precise monitoring has, for bun# using the pulverized fuel com­ example, considerably reduced main­ bustion technique, because the coal tenance costs of the power plant The burners were retained unchanged. improvement of quality has also re­ Pulverized coal is fed from the pul­ quired the monitoring and analysis of verized fuel bunkers into the furnace deviations. within five minutes in the event of an unexpected interruption in the supply The ownership basis of the power of the main fuel. At present, oil is plant changed at the beginning of 17 used only as a start-up fuel in the 1996. A customer, the Jyvaskyla En- main boiler. ergy Board, became one of the own- ers. The Rauhalahti Power Plant, the Peat has accounted for 84 per cent Savela Power Plant and the ten heat- and wood fuels for 15 per cent of the ing stations in the Jyvaskyla area are fuels consumed annually at the power owned by Jyvaskylan Energiantno- plant. Reserve fuels have made up tanto Oy, a production company around one per cent owned by IVO and the town of Jy ­ vaskyla. The power plants and heat­ The customer appreciates quality ing stations are operated and main­ tainedby IVO Generation Services Tke Rauhalak ti Power Plant has. operated with a minimum of interrupiions. The high energy In 1994, the Finnish Standards As- Ltd, a company specializing in this availabilityis. achieved through precise research, efficient technical solutions; an opr ■■■■•■ sociation awarded IVO Generation area. preprintsmode of operation and preventivemaintenance. Jarmo Jussila {left) and Risto . Services Ltd an ISO 9002 quality ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 1

Different fuels

Conventional fuels such as coal and natural gas have tradidonally been used in energy production; these fuels have a high heating value and are easy to bum. New problems arose when different bio- mass fuels — peat, wood waste, sawdust, bark, MspefimcHj JjsyzmwjUj wood chips, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and black liquor produced in the pulp industry — began to -Huizjjjy be used as fuels. In Finland, the use of biomass as fuel for (he gen­ eration of electricity and heat is in the top class ------...... Expert: MarttiAijala Editor: Virva Ohtonen -...... worldwide. Some 20 per cent of all the fuels used 7FD cam ywafZy c&zi/M mayfgry i% fAe co-gengrorioM q/^ Aggf oW g/gcriicf/y — are domestic biofuels. Only Sweden is on the same CHP vl? wg/Z a? footing of fAg i??wg ^om fAg vigwyoini q/joAznngr^, AwiAfgrg #%f qpgro- level as Finland. In other industrialized countries, for?, 7FD 2? gnginggr; af$o vfgw powgr p7o«t? fA/owgA (Ag gy&? q/^ fAg prodwcf ckvgfqpgr the proportion of biomass is considerably lower. awf invgn/on 7%w qppwooA Aa? 7«?w/W in fwggga^/W /xwgr/iAz/zf gon^guraAow, in- The heating value of biofuels is lower than that of l vgnAoayaW jzofgnt?, anci in AoW vision?. ! coal, and they contain moisture, which means that combustion is less even. And in fact, a large amount of research on the combustion of biofuels i from the power plant operator’s viewpoint has ! been conducted at IVO. Problems have included the fouling of boiler furnaces and agglomeration of the fluidized bed, i.e. the adhesion of the bed materials to each other.

One good example of innovation is IVO’s Toran- used to full advantage for the generation of heat Besides the fuel dryer, another result of the re­ ki power plant in Kuusamo. It combines many fea­ and electricity. search and development work is the Ardemus flow tures typical of current technology. The power calculation program adopted at the Rauhalahti plant produces both heat and electricity, and is Efficient and environmentally acceptable Power Plant in JyvaskylS. The program makes it fairly small, producing heat at an output of 21 possible to calculate flow and temperature patterns megawatts and electricity at an output of 6 mega­ The co-generation of electricity and heat is an ex ­ in the furnace, and in this way phenomena asso­ watts. The power plant uses domestic and, in par- cellent arrangement in terms of both the environ­ ciated with combustion can be better understood. ticular, local fuels: peat, sawdust and wood chips. ment and efficiency. As much as possible of the en­ Economy and a high level of efficiency The plant concept has been developed so as to be ergy containedin the fuel is recovered, and this as simple as possible, which also makes operation also reduces environmentally harmful emissions. and monitoring as easy as possible. When economy of scale is not an option, small In (his respect, Finland ranks among the world's power plants must be simple enough to be efficient. And that is not all Efficiency at the power plant top countries. The co-generation of electricity and IVO has therefore made efforts to devise power reaches as much as 105 per cent when die fhel is heat has been very widely adopted. And in F inland, plant concepts requiring a minimum of supervi- Jg" dried before being burnt. The fuel dryer developed we have (he natural prerequisites. Buildings need sion. In this way, power plants can be made eco­ and patented by experts of the IVO Technology to be heated all through (he long winter. More than nomically feasible. Centre and IVO Power Engineering dries (he fhel a third of all buildings are already heated by dis­ before it is fed into the boiler. trict heat. High efficiency and low environmental impact continue to be major development issues. The ef- This invention is almost like a perpetual motion In addition, the production processes of the forest ficiency of processes can be increased by altering device. The heat source for drying is the hot sand industry use large amounts of steam—in the dry­ connections in the water/steam cycle, in which case from the bubbling fluidized bed boiler. Fuel and ing of paper, far instance. On die other hand, the the process provides 10 to 20 per cent more elec- sand are carried through the dryer by means of cir- production process of a paper mill produces waste tricity. A bold — though not unrealistic — vision culated steam. The steam produced during drying fuel, which can, in turn, be used in energy produc­ involves increasing the electric power to die level is used to generate district beat. The dried fuel and tion. of die district heat power. In other words: in the sand are fed into the bubbling fluidized bed boiler, best case, a power plant such as that in Kuusamo where the fuel bums evenly at just the correct tem­ would also generate electricity at an output of 21 perature, so that (he energy contained in it can be megawatts instead of the present 6 megawatts. ! ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 j

It is possible to employ gasification, technology, for instance, to raise the electricity/heat ratio of a power oic:ti'r.l;.-.c sar.v r.cc: ,oa.i\.vo„.d pro­ vide more electricity This application is not yet at a commercial level, however.

The availability of a power plant is also one indi­ cator of efficiency; and good results have in fact been obtainedin this respect. For example, the ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

As time passes, materials and struc­ The annealing of die reactor pressure Technical Research Centre of Fin­ ready had a &iriy reliaWe pictnre of tures wear. It is only a question of vessel was a tedmically challenging land and other institutes. the effects of this treatment. However, time - of a year or a milknmum. In procedure, but not a unique opera­ an extensive research programme the pressurevessel of a light water tion. A total of 14 reactor pressure The work was started on a fairly was initiated in order to establish the reacton strong madron radiation ac­ vessels in die former Soviet Union small budget. The first research acceptability of the annealing pro­ celerates ageing of the steel, resulting and Eastern Europe had undergone projects aimed at a rough analysis of cess. This programme supplemented in embrittlement This phenomenon similar treatment before Loviisa, re­ the effects of annealing on mechani­ earlier research and verified its find- is particularly common in reactor ports Jyrki KobopSS, Senior Design cal properties of the irradiated base ings, It was carried out by IVO, VTT pressure vessels manufactured in the Engineer ofIVO Power Engineering material, weldmatoial and cladding Manufacturing Technology and tike 1970s for several pressurised water Ltd. IVO Power Engineering was material Towards the end of the Russian company MOHT OTJIG reactors. Unlike die behaviour of responsible for the design and super­ 1980s, research operations were ex ­ RM. many other materials, however, age­ vision of the whole project. tended, and material sample chains ing of steel can be stopped, and its Computer models and original toughness properties can be verification procedures restored. Annealing gives the steel a new lease of life. The research that was conducted veri­ fied the recovery behaviour of the Annealing took a hundred hours weld material and indicated that an­ The 20 years old pressure vessel as good as new nealing would not have any harmful A consortium consisting of Skoda effects on other materials used in Nuclear Machinery Plzen Ltd and the pressure vessels. It also proved pos-: Bohunice nuclear power plant from sible to obtain a very reliable predic-; the Slovak Republicdid the actual tion of the re-embrittlement rate of annealing of the Loviisa 1 pressure the weld material during future op­ vessel. The equipment used at Lovii­ eration. However, this prediction will sa has already been used for the an­ be further verified by means of moni- nealing of two reactor pressure ves­ toring during operation and with sels at the Bohunice plant. —— -...... Expert: Jyrki Kohopdd Editors: Raili Virsu and Arto Henriksson -—...... supplementary materials tests. 7 of fAe .Loviisa nwoZeorgrowerpZanf was amitea/af or con­ The Loviisa reactor pressurevessel nection wifA fAe rc/wc/fing owiage in f&c stonnzer of 7PP6. TAis In the design phase, computer mod­ was annealed using a resistance heat-: els were used to model the annealing mg device installed inside an empty f%pe qfAeof freafmenf nesforgri fAe fowgAnasr /wopcrii&s of iAc and the stresses on the pressure ves­ pressure vessel. In the annealing jwesswre v&sW wAicA Aari Accn cntAriiiicri 6y newinon sel wall resulting from the annealing process, the embrittled weld in the roriiaiion, so fAof if is oimo^i ggwivoicni io a new wcW. ZAc pTooo.-« 7L.1- arc tiirej-dimen-mn- core area and its immediate vicinity ireorineni iiseif was an oniiiiary ntcfaiitagicai/rmcedarc iAai al computer models were made of the: (to a distanceof about one metre) foot only a few days. Bwi iAc moicrioi &Azdies iAai preceded if pressure vessel and in its surround­ were heated to the target temperature Aegon overfz/ken years ago and Aave /nzf Z7D af fAefonefonf ing. These models were used to de-: of +475-505* C, and this tempera­ of worid-tvide experfisc in fAe area of radiafion emAriffiemenf. termine heat transfer in the pressure turewas maintained for a hundred vessel andin its surroundings and to hours. determine thermal fields in the vari- ous phases of annealing. Thermal The work required co-operation be- fields and models were used to deter­ ^ tween the Loviisa power plant and mine thermal loads and the resulting the personnel of the annealing con- Preparations took some 15 years were placed in the Loviisa reactors stresses. 'or:;.;r. — u:: xnbe" of'.CiVrv.cgx;.". ;for irradiation in connection with the* areas, including electrical, instru­ At Loviisa, preparations for the an­ annealing studies. In order to verify the results, the mentation, process, construction and nealing of the pressure vessel began modelling was done separately by quality assurance engineering. More as far back as tile early 1980s, when These investigations were aimed at IVO Power Engineering Ltd and than Arty people horn four compa-i it was noticed that embrittlement of determining optimal heat treatment Skoda Nuclear Machinery Plzen Ltd. nies and three countries took part in- the welding materials was occurring parameters and, in the final phase, at The analyses conducted made it pos­ the annealing. Thanks to detailed much more rapidly than had been c. a;t::.g changes Vrc urr.cricc sible for one to be sure in advance advance planning and flexible co-i anticipated. Investigations started material during a new irradiation. that the pressure vessel could be an­ operation, it was possible to complete! with laboratory tKts charting the e& nealed according to the specified re­ the entire annealing process in less: :'c\: ' r.-rcc'..-..' :<■ :r.a.e: The actual implementation project quirements and that the stress level than two weeks. addition to the work doneat IVO, for the annealing started at the begin- research was also conducted by the ning of 1994. At this point, we aL: I ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

in (he pressure vessel wall during the annealing would remain so low that stresses resulting from thermal dif­ ferences could not damage it.

Embrittlement monitoring continues

After the annealing, new test pieces were installed in die reactor pressure vessel in order to confirm the effect of die annealing and to monitor re- embridlement during operation after the annealing.

By determining the effects of repeat- ed annealing, the programme initiat- ed after this procedure also serves as a preparatory measure for a possible new annealing. Only after several years will it be possible to decide when Loviisa One may need to be annealed again.

The pressure vessel of Loviisa I has been used for about 20 \ears The annealing, restores the toughness properties oj steel to almost the equivalent ojne\v steel, ana the process cm be repeated if necessary.

The embrittled material of the weld in the core area of the Loviisa 1 pressure vessel vsas repaired by restoring the lattice structure of the steel at a high temperature to a condition as good as new. I ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 |

A steam turbine, which is most commonly found at a coal, oil, peat or nuclear power plant, can be described in terms of the diesel engine of, say, a car: it is a rather lazy but tough and long-lived 'I'M Bw BmMjih servant. Hot steam, with a temperature of up to 600 degrees Celsius, is fed into the steam turbine and, as it expands, it causes the multi-stage turbine blading to rotate at a speed of several thousands of revolutions per minute. Because the turbine is ran at a very even velocity, it is normally not broken easily, and extensive overhauls which shut down the entire power plant are needed only at intervals of 5 to 10 years on average...... Experts: Jorma Saarinen and Juhani Uronen Editor: Christian Leisio ...... oAf/zfy of a power pknf fo ge/ierafe gnagy ecomomioo/(y fo o greaf exfenf For its part, the energy generator of a natural gas- on (Ag of fAg AzrAfzzg. ZAggg dayy, on iMcngasiMg/y Az^g MwmAgr of (Aggg fired power plant, a gas turbine, accelerates ex ­ power plant “motors ” are gas turbines. IVO’s expertise in the operation, maintenance tremely quickly and rotates very fast indeed; it is like the turbo-charged engine of the IndyCar racer amf rgpdfr of fwrAi/igg Aoggcf on /ong pracficoZ gzpgrzgmcg aW fAg company & which hurtles along at a speed of well over 300 own refgorcA. w oko no arranger fo fAg dengn and coiwfrwcfzon of new gay kilometres per hour at Indianapolis. The capacity fwrAzng pAzni^. of gas turbines to generate power is also demon­ strated by the fact that they “send” both jumbo j ets and Hornets thundering into the sky. These gas- turbine motors have a similar operating principle, the distinguishing features being size and fuel. Aircraft use kerosene, while power plants most commonly use natural gas, with light foei oil as the backup fuel. In recent years, the traditional power generation power plant as a whole. This is particularly evident devices, water and steam turbines, have ever more in the case of the combined operation of a gas tur­ At power plants, the scale of gas turbines may vary frequently given way to gas turbines, which rep­ bine and a steam turbine — that is, at combined- from a few hundred kilowatts to more than 250 resent state-of-the-art technology. This has been cycle gas-fired power plants, which simultaneously megawatts. The size affects the speed of rotation: the case particularly in industrial countries, where generate electricity and heat. For a person possess­ the smallest gas turbines rotate at well over 10,000 power plant owners require power plants to be ing such skills, the gas turbine represents a bun­ revolutions per minute, and the largest ones gen­ more economical and environmentally benign than dle of energy which is m ore economical and envi­ erally at 3,000 revolutions. One reason for the before and to pay for themselves more quickly. ronmentally more acceptable than conventional economy of gas turbines, when one compares them Although the price of a new gas turbine is lower turbine systems. with other types, is their superiorability to vary than that of the old turbine systems, and it gener­ their output — in other words, to generate exactly ates energy more efficiently, the economical oper­ One-cylinder engine and Diesel cannot keep the required amount of energy at the right time. ation of a gas turbine requires much in the way of up with the turbo IVO has over 30 years of experience with gas expertise and special solutions. turbines To put it playfully and simply, the operation of a 22' The behaviour of a gas turbine is more sensitive water turbine at a hydropower plant can be com­ than that of water and steam turbines. The gas paredwith the good old one-cylinder Wikstrom The gas turbine currently represents the most ad­ turbine requires more frequent maintenance and marine engine, winch drives a fishing boat steadi­ vanced technology used at power plants. The pres­ maintenance outages, and the maintenance staff ly at a speed of 8 to 16 knots on average. The op- surized gas which rotates the turbine blading is ex ­ must possess top-level expertise. Keeping a gas erating principle and the technical construction of tremely hot, reaching a temperature of as much as turbine running daily for as long as possible re­ a water turbine are fairly simple; water is conduct­ 1,300 degrees. High temperatures and large tem­ quires the extensive use of high-tech methods and ed to the turbine, and the water then makes the perature changes put the resistance of turbine ma­ programs in order to monitor its operation and turbine blades rotate. They, in turn, rotate the gen- terials to a very severe test. Continuous monitor­ condition. erator, which produces electricity. Although the ing of the turbine’s operation is therefore vital. volume, the velocity and the temperature of the Being a sensitive and swiftly rotating engine, the The design of a new power plant fitted with a gas water flowing through the turbine change accord­ gas turbine must be subjected to certain examina­ turbine also requires special knowledge based on ing to the time of year and the power output re­ tions at least once a year. Repairs are also a de­ experience, research and product development. quired, the turbine does not need to be overhauled manding task, since stopping the turbine even for The skills of equipment manufacturers are not al­ very often. a short time means unplanned production losses ways sufficient to enable them to deal with the and unanticipated reduction of cash flow for the power plant. i ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

IVO has over 30 years of experience in die opera­ owned by IVO once a year. This inspection includes tion of gas turbines. The company acquired its Gist a very thorough visual and acoustic examination of gas turbines, intended as backup engines for its the turbine blades. In visual examination, a tiny ca- power plants, at the beginning of the 1970s. Their ble — much thinner Gian a fingertip — is slipped outputs were still modest: at the Vanaja natural gas- inside the turbine. At the end of the cable is a minia­ fired power plant, 50 megawatts; and at die Naan- ture camera, which provides good-quality video tali coal-Gred power plant and die Loviisa nuclear images of the condition of the turbine blades. Abnor­ power plant, 2x20 megawatts at each facility. Since malities suchas cracks and erosion are documented then, IVO has constructed gas turbine plants at Kou- in the examination report for future examinations. voia, Vanaja and Sahanmaki to supply district heat The Kirkniemi power plant, connected to a paper In the acoustic examination, computer programs mill, is nearing completion. A few years ago, IVO monitor vibration of the turbine by means of vari­ acquired a similar industrial power plant from Enso- ous sensors. In addition, the power plant has large Gutzeit Oy in Kotka. numbers of computer programs designed for condi­ tion monitoringof the turbine. These feed real-time IVO’s know-how spreads worldwide data into the power plant’s mainframe computer day and night all year round. An essential element of In addition, IVO has participated in gas turbine such data is the latest information on the condition power plant projects at the Mertaniemi plant in Lap- of the turbine. By combining the on-line information peenranta and the Vuosaari plant in Helsinki, Fin­ obtained from the turbine with previous operating land; in Brigg and Peterborough in the British Isles; data, it is possible to run the turbine with the maxi ­ in TelukGong in Malaysia: and in Map Ta Phut in mum efficiency and economy. This would not be fea­ Thailand. At these plants, the largest individual tur­ sible without tire software especially developed for bines are of the order of 130 megawatts, while the this purpose at IVO. total power plant output can rise to nearly440 mega­ watts. Most of these power plants constructed in Shorter maintenance outages result from R&D recent years have been fitted with a combination of a gas turbine and a steam turbine, a system known The shortest planned maintenance measure for which as the combined-cycle technology. a gas turbine is stopped is the inspection of the com- bustion chamber, which is conducted once a year. It IVO’s largest and most impressive project is the takes IGS experts an average of five to ten days to combined-cycle gas-fired power plant of1260 mega- do the job. An intermediate overhaul—the ‘turbine watts to be constructedat the mouth of the Humber hot-section inspection’ — is performed at intervals River in the UK, where IVO has played die role of of several years and requires a plant shut-down main developer. A total of five large gas turbines of averaging 20 days in length. A complete overhaul of 160 megawatts will be installed at the plant, and they IVO’s gas turbines is performed once every five years will be key components of the power plant. on average; the entire power plant is shut down for 30 to 35 days. Support for one's R&D is important Thus one of the main targets of IVO's R&D work is Over the years, IVO has invested heavily in research to further shorthen these outage times. At the Kou- and development related to the operation and main­ vola heating plant, for instance, IVO examined the tenance of gas turbines. The numerous computer hot section of the turbine and replaced the first-stage programs devised at IVO have made it possible to blades in 30 to 32 days during normal working ^ increase the availability of gas turbines, to lengthen hours. The work can also be carried out in 15 to 19 their maintenance intervals, and to reduce the time days, depending on various circumstances. needed for repairs. In addition, computer programs developed for the management of material Sows, In. recent years, IVO has been successful throughout emissions into the environment and costs of gas tur- the world in offering owners of gas turbine plants bine plants have contributed towards IVO’s acquir­ operation and maintenance contracts under the terms ing an international role as a designer, builder, owner of which IVO assumes overall responsibility for the Juhani Uronen, Product Manager for gas turbines at IVO Generation Services Ltd, and Jorma Saarinen, Technology and operator of various gas turbine plants. gas turbines, including spare parts and maintenance. Manager at the IVO Technology Centre, beside the gas IVO’s own product development combined with its turbine ofthe Vanaja power plant. This first coal-fired power Routine visual and acoustic examination once a extensive experience with gas turbines offers good plant in Finland, inaugurated in 1939, adopted the modem year combined-cycle technology with the installation of a gas opportunities for such co-operation. Not all suppli­ turbine in addition to the steam turbine in 1989. IVO Generation Services Ltd (IGS) carries out an ers of equipment or spare parts are capable of pro­ overall inspection of the gas turbines of power plants viding such service. ------| ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 j

Progress has been driven by the de­ warm air should rise, not 611. Even Heat from the ceiling, floor and on the market. Heating large window sire for comfortable and cozy spaces after more than twenty years of posi­ windows — more pleasantly surfaces is above all a matter of com­ to live in. The fact that people leave tive experience, there is still one big fort. A warm window surface cuts home to work imposes considerable shot in the field who “believes” that A large warm surface distributes heat down the chilly feeling at the window demands on a heating system. It must in homes with ceiling heating, heat more evenly than a small one. The and also prevents drafts from form- function perfectly under all circum­ can’t get down under die table. same applies to heaters. In a room in ing in the room. stances. A break in heat generation which large structures — the ceiling, just for a day may leadto damage Ceiling heating system works like floor and windows — act as heaters, Window heating is widely used in costing thousands. Nature’s own heating system —die the temperature is extremely even. public buildings with very large — Sun. In the same way as radiated heat Heaters with a small heat-emitting sometimes even house-sized—win­ Finns pay a lot for their housing. And travels through space from the Sun to surface create temperature stratifica­ dow surfaces. But it is also the most gradually they have learned to de­ the Earth, the heat from a ceiling tion. In old houses, temperature strat- practical form of heating for ordinary mand value for money. Oil heaters— heating system warms the room area iftcation made itself Alt in the Act windows, bay windows and other and their oily smell—have no place below it. that beside the stove it was suffocat- types of individually designed glass in the modem home interior; and areas in single-family houses. separate boiler rooms for oil heaters, oil tanks and the manifold swallow up More than 200 precious square metres of living electric heaters tested space. It is therefore quite under­ standable that electric heating sys ­ Imatran Voima is Finland’s foremost tems based on the concept of heat- expert in the field of electric heating. radiating structures are so popular SyjfueiJi/m Id JimMuie Over the past ten years, the I VO with Finns building single-family Technology Centre has tested nearly homes. 200 different electric heating systems 9 — electric radiators, mass storage No more woollen socks heaters, heating cables, floor heating systems, thermostats, hot water heat­ Residents of single-family houses ------Expert: Teijo Perila Editor: Tommy Wikstrom ------ers and ventilation heat recovery sys ­ have long been known as the ‘wool­ Over dze post/%/fy yeors,/zeotfrzg systettzsin szng/e^/omz/y Aozzses tems. len-sock brigade’. The reasons for Aove ta&en a great /eap forward. First wood-6wming stoves their devotion to this article of cloth­ For the testing of heating equipment, ing have been poorly insulated base gave way fa of/ Aeaters; t&en t/zese were sitperseded centra/ the I VO Technology Centre at floors and the desire to save on heat­ Aeafzng .systems; and now convenffona/ centra/ Seating sys­ Myyrmaki, on the outskirts of Helsin­ ing costs. New single-family houses tems Aave /ost t/zeirsway witA f/ze incneasing/y widespread zzse ki, has been equipped with modem are provided with proper insulation of room-speci/zc Seating systems. testing facilities, including a cold and, increasingly, with floor heating. room especially designed for research Cable floor heating is safe and pleas­ on building heating. ant The use of cheap night-time elec­ tricity to store heat in floors saves a Data have been amassed primarily good sum of money each year. for utilities to use in their customer advice service. The test results also But above all, floor heating makes a provide a very effective guide for jj- tidy contribution to comfortable liv­ R&D. ing. One of life’s great pleasures is to Ceiling Ails heat wide areas of the ingly hot, while near a door or win­ come home after a hectic day at work Maintaining a competitive edge ceiling, and from there heat is radi- dow it was freezing cold. and to be able to do household chores requires constant R&D ated to the room space below, warm­ barefoot. It’s a fact, after all, that ing the floor and die surfaces of the In modem houses there’s no need to people feel good when their feet do. The heating market is very compefi- pieces of furniture below. As they freeze. The heat-emitting structures tive in Finland. In Ac single-family warm up, these surfaces in turn emit do not have to glow with heat. If Heat from the ceiling even gets house sector, the main competitors heat evenly over the whole room there are wide warm surfaces, a tem- under the table are electricity and oil. In new single- area. The warm air fills the entire perature a couple of degrees lower family houses, the market share of room — including the space under than normal is sufficient to keep the Of all the forms of heating, it is ceil- electric heating is about 60-70 per the table. After all, on a cloudy sum­ occupants happy. ing heating that has attracted the cent; oil accounts Ar slightly more mer day, it is no cooler under the most abuse. The sellers of competing than 10 percent. The electric heating garden table than on top of it. For some years now, a new-genera- types of heating claim that it goes tion window heating system has been systems are mainly room-specific: against the laws of physics. After all, ENERGY INNOVATION1997 1 heat is produced in just the right Low-energy houses achieve amount and where it is needed. energy savings with the aid of ordinary dectric heating Small-surface heaters have gradual- concepts ly given way to heating structures. But progress does not stop, and con- Imatran Vbima is participating in (he stant R&D work is needed. design of a low-energy house being built in the Helsinki suburb ofTapa- The latest research on electric heat- nila. The insulation of die house has ing has focused on the areas of con- been improved to meet the low energy- trol, sizing, design andinstallation. consumption requirements, but no Comfort in the home has become an expensive special solutions have ever more important criterion for been designed for die heating system. development. New and interesting Standard electric heating provides aspects of the regulation of floor heat­ the best means to achieve sufficient­ ing include the control of storage ly low headng-eneigy consumption capacity according to the outdoor in the low-energy house. temperature and temperature control using a room thermostat. Previously, Even in ordinary electrically heated floor heating was controlled by homes built in compliance with ex ­ means of a floor thermostat. The isting standards, the heating-energy thermostat kept the temperature of consumption is only about half that the floor surface as even as possible. of homes using water central heating. Current thinking is that the air tem­ perature of a room contributes more to comfort than does the floor tem­ perature.

Design guidelines help research findings benefit electric heaters

It is not worthwhile conducting re- searchjust for a small circle of inter- ested parties. The greatest benefit is achieved when the research results lead to clear design guidelines on the use‘of'different electric heating con­ cepts. These guidelines help electri­ cal designers and contractors to use the latest research in order to imple­ ment their heating concepts in best possible way. The guidelines provide clear instructions on sizing, and rec­ ommendations on heat control and points to be considered during instal- ladon. Design guidelines have been prepared for electric heating in gen­ eral and for window and floor heat- ing in particular. In addition to the design guidelines, FVO’s customers have access to a large number of re­ search reports dealing with electric An interactive exhibition on household use heating. of energy, on display at the Finnish Science Centre Heureka. In a space representing the average home, the visitor can learn about home heating systems and about the energy consumption of household appliances and equipment. ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

Transformer oil indicates faults — moisture is monitored Maintenance costs may even be halved when AlAough the moisture content of transformer oil does not reveal Ac moisture situation of the entire D ji-Muz MaJu/j Mom- transformer, shifts of moisture from coils to oil, caused by load fluctuations, can be measured. The shift can be detected in transformers known as for Bm Bw^mi/ulwjjj ‘wet’ transformers. In collaboration with the equipment manufacturer, a device has now been developed for permanent installation on the side of Ae transformer. The sensor of the device trans­ mits real-time data on Ae moisture of transform­ ■ Expert : Risto Pirhonen Editor: Lem Lustre er oil to Ae operation control system. The first per­ fewer fra/w/brmer,?ore f&e eape/mve aing/e compomeMfy q/" ^00 &F frona- manent installation was made during a general mission grid substations. The acquisition price of a transformer is about FIM15 to 20 overhaul of a power transformer in December mz/Zton. ^4 go<%f way to ezte/wf tAe service Zi/e q/"a frama/br-mer co7mtfera6(y w to con- 1996. afwot a gewero/ overAaw/. 7%e eotTKKftome q/" coft-e^ctent momtenowoe i; tAe oomeot Since moisture in a transformer arises mostly from timing q/" f&e genera/ overAau/, wAicA t«wa//y coats a cowp/e m;//zon finnisA nwzr&s. ‘breaAing’ caused by load fluctuations, Ae air en­ tering the transformer should be as dry as possi­ ble. Air is led Arough an air-dry element where it is dried by means of silica gel.

Here, too, collaboration with Ae equipment manu­ facturer has been successful. The outcome is a sen­ sor for constant measurement of air humidity. The measurement data are compared to changes in Ae TVS has been developing measurement methods damage. On-line measurements eliminate over- silica gel and, when necessary, new instructions are that are able to detect incipient faults before they sized maintenance ‘just in case’ and, for instance, provided for replacing Ae silica gel. lead to serious or permanent damage. At best, these the number of oil analyses can be cut by half. Paper insulation provides much information methods can even cut maintenance costs in half. On-line measurements can be used in a power Power transformers require constant upkeep. At transformer, for instance, to monitor gases dis- The criteria for determining wheAer a power some point during its life, a transformer usually un- solved in transformer oil in the transformer tank transformer needs a general overhaul include Ae dergoes a general overhaul, which can extend its as a result of faults, as well as to monitor the mois­ embrittlement of Ae paper insulation in the active service life by 20 to 30 years. The general overhaul ture content of transformer oil and the condition part, Ae moisture of Ae paper insulation, and Ae is a major operation, during which the ‘active part’ of the air-dry element. Gases are monitored by tightness of Ae coils. Embrittlement can be affect­ inside the transformer tank — the iron core and means of a sensor installed in the transformer tank. ed by correct loading of Ae transformer, whereas coils — is cleaned, repaired, tightened and dried. The sensor measures the circulating oil constant­ Ae accumulation of moisture in Ae paper insula­ At the same time, the on-load tap changer, the ly for any gases that might indicate a fault. Since tion is inevitable. On average, Ae paper insulation auxiliary devices and the bushings are overhauled, most substations are unmanned, the measurement accumulates a moisture content of about three per 2g" 2nd any additional devices that may be needed are data are transferred to an operation control system, cent in 25 to 30 years. Continuing Ae operation installed. in which each transformer has a pre-set alarm limit of a wet transformer involves Ae risk of breakdown for starting intensified action. The goal is to de­ caused by moisture passing from Ae coil to Ae oil. On-line monitoring cots maintenance costs velop a reliable sensor that has a simple structure andthat can transmit measurement signals with­ With the methods now in use, determination of the During its operation, a transformer undergoes out a computer at Ac substation. moisture content always requires that Ae operation many measurements to monitor its condition. For of Ae transformer is interrupted for a few days. In several years, I VS has been focusing on the devel­ Components made by different manufacturers have addition, transformer oil needs to be drawn off, the opment of continuous on-line measurements. This been subject to operating tests in the substation en- hatch opened and a paper sample taken. Problems monitoring can cut maintenance costs by as much vironment. On the basis of Ac test results, an ini­ arise because Ae transformer is disconnected from as half because Aey reveal an incipient fault be- tial batch of 19 fault gas analysers will be installed normal operation and, naturally, because Ae down­ fore it has developed into serious or permanent in transformers andlinked A Ac operation con- time costs are considerable. The goal of the I VS trol system. The ultimate goal is to equip all 400 project is to develop a device that is quick to in­ kV and 220 kV power transformers with this kind stall during normal transformer operation and that of device during 1997-1999. provides a reference sample without downtime. ' ENERGY INNOVATION 1997|

The matter is being studied and comparative tests Tauno Pihiaja installing an on-line gas analyser in the transformers oil sampling pipe. are being carried out. If the results are consistent, the prototype will move on to production, and measurements of insulation paper in transformers suspected of having too much moisture will com­ mence. The first tests are planned for winter 1997.

Sensors reveal faults — hearing k also needed

If die coils in a transformer loosen, the transform­ er's resistance to short circuits suffers andcauses a permanent risk of damage. A loose structure is itself arisk factor when the active part is lifted from the transformer tank. The only way to determine that structures have loosened is to listen to the transformer and to draw conclusions on the basis of past experience.

IVSis studying the possibility of installing perma­ nent sensors in the active part of a transformer. Using connections protected against interference, the sensors would transmit signals indicating the tightness of the insulation. The goal is to develop a long-life sensor and a cabling system resistant to Two truck-mounted cranes lifting the active parts (weight 155 interference, which would enable determination of tonnes) of the Hikia PM2 transformer during general the need for tightening on the basis of measure- overhaul. ments. Risto Pirhonen (left) andjuha Vina exchanging ideas about transformer on-line measurements in an authentic environ ­ The first installations have already been complet­ ment. ed and the first measurement results will be ob­ tained when the transformer is dried. It will then be possible to ascertain the extent of looseness and to determine alarm limits.

Successful maintenance on site, too

General overhaul of transformers has so far taken place at the manufacturer’s plant or at mainte- nance sites designed specifically for this purpose. Transporting a transformer is always a risk — and a major cost Actor. 1VS has launched a project on general overhaul in the substation environment. The overhaul is carried outusing, for instance, truck-mounted cranes to lift the active part from the transformer tank on site.

The practical experience gained is positive. Cranes were easily able to lift and lower the active part of the transformer undergoing overhaul. Since the need for transport was eliminated, time was saved and no transport risks were involved. The first general overhaul completed in the substation environment also showed that cost savings were achieved. ------:------: ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 1

of operation and maintenance staff is the EXIS process information system devised at IVO specifi­ jyjjgjmi U jz q/ cally for energy applications. The system includes calculation of the power plant balance sheet, cal­ culation of the operational economy, management Dim of the water chemistry, energy management, emis­ sion control, fuel calculation and condition moni­ toring, processing and recording of the measure- Omi/imiaEJ 'Co/reei ment data, processing and recording of alarms, and output of the datain a processed form.

An example is the management of water chemis­ try with the aid of process measurements read di­ ...... -...... Expert: Tuula Kuokonen Editor: Heli Kurki...... rectly from the automation system. Only the results 7%e dizzying jpoce of w&ic& zn/b/TMOfion fecAmoZogy ZkK dleveZqpaZ Aoy At%Z o cowitZgr- of measurements made separately are fed into the a6Ze g^kcf on fAe opgrofiom ontZ moiMfenomce q/power pZooA os weZZ. Modern power system manually. pZonk Aove 6een awZomoZaZ fo o greof exfemf, omtZ o Zo/ge Mwm&er q/°Zy^ormofiom fys- In addition, the model-based SOLVO system, fems o&sZ# qperofZMg ffq^ m doZZy decwZon-mo^ing. which can also be connected to the EXIS environ­ ment, has been developed for monitoring the op­ erational economy. SOLVO can provide the plant staff with daily information on developments in the power plant’s operational economy. In addition, the data which it provides assist experts in assess­ ing the current condition of the plant and in plan­ ning the scheduling of maintenance measures.

KUTI manages maintenance data The efficient operation and maintenance of a power chemistry, and flame control. Object-oriented ex ­ plant depends on a combination of many elements, pert systems were developed for TrendAcc in or- Versatile information systems designed to manage which can, however, be reduced to three essential der to interpret the results; these systems stand up equipment, documentation and maintenance data | requirements: skilled staff, effective information to international comparison even today. have in practice proved to be one of the corner­ systems and efficient technical support services. A stones of operations at power plants with only a successful combination of these three elements Greater speed, efficiency and economy small staff. guarantees correct decisions under varying circum­ stances. The rapid development of information technology The KUTI maintenance management system and has created totally new opportunities for data its latest version ‘PowerMaint’ ensure systematic A front-runner in R&D processing and calculation. Improved data trans­ maintenance operations. The basic component of fer offers increasingly better opportunities for re­ the information system includes data on such as­ The IVO Group has always been in the forefront mote data processing and remote diagnostics ser­ pects as equipment, preventive maintenance, spare of development as far as the utilization of novel vices. Thanks to measurement technology, meas­ parts and documentation, and also contains main­ operation and maintenance technologies is con- urements have become more economical than be- tenance instructions. The preventive maintenance 25" cemed. Its development work is always target-ori­ fbre. It has also been possible to carry out totally section gives maintenance intervals for compo­ ented, being guided by customers’ needs. Actual new kinds of measurements. nents on the basis of the manufacturer’s recom­ development needs have often been noticed thanks mendations, operating hours and failure data. In to the experience and insights of the Group’s own The implementation of these technologies means addition, maintenance histories of the components staff. IVO has also benefited from its capacity to that the systems included in TrendAcc, for in- — i.e. data on maintenance measures taken dur­ test and adapt systems at the company’s own power stance, can now be utilized in a new way. At the ing operation and spare parts used — are record­ plants. same time their features have been developed in ed in the system. The work management section such a way that they are ever more capable of as- covers the planning of work, the setting of sched­ In the development of some systems IVO has even sisting operation and maintenance staff in their ule targets for the various phases of the work, and been ahead of its time. The diagnostics systems are work. the reserving of personnel, spare parts and mate­ a good example of this. The versatile TrendAcc rials, etc. As a result, the system provides work condition monitoring system was developed at IVO A convenient way of controlling the orders to carry out the daily maintenance measures. back in the late 80s. The system included such fea- operational economy tures as fixed vibration monitoring, lifetime man­ The system also enables maintenance costs to be agement of the process, monitoring of the water One example of the products which assist the work monitored. The data can be used for the planning ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 1 and directing of maintenance operations and, in particular, for the purchasing of subcontracted work. In addition, the system helps in the assess­ ment of the maintenance status and the hnplemen- tation of necessary changes.

The outage planning and resources management system is an important tool in the planning of work. The system employs the data transferred from the maintenance management system to as- sist in scheduling and in optimizing the use of re­ sources.

Centralized technical support available at IVO

The opportunities for remote processing of data are also exploited at IVO. The remote diagnostics cen­ tre, located in a laboratory at IVO’s Myyrmaki site, provides power plants with services covering monitoring, analysis and the interpretation of re- sults. The centre maintains contact with the con- dition monitoring and process information systems of several power plants. At the centre, specialists process and interpret measurement data, using analysis programs and expert systems specially de­ vised for this purpose, and then give instructions to power plants.

In this way the centre simultaneously gathers ex ­ At the Meri-Pori coal-fired power plant , in normal operah ’ one worker is able to operate the entire power plant with i perience from several power plants. The hardware aid of the automation system. and software costs of the centralized system are thus smaller per unit. In addition, time is saved and travel costs are reduced.

At present, the remote diagnostics centre provides support" for vibration monitoring, control of the operational economy and the monitoring of water chemistry. New applications are constantly being developed. Individual failure analyses, condition surveys and training are also essential elements of this centralized technical support.

Everything rests on skilled staff Training is an important factor in familiarization with the process employed at one !s own power plant and in using the data produced by systems. The use of information systems means that the It is of course not economically justifiable — and need for operating staff to control the actual pro­ not even possible — to acquire all of the expertise cess arises less frequently than before. But the im­ needed for every power plant; instead, other alter- portance of the operator’s skill is by no means less­ natives must be found. One option is to use out­ ened. Only through experience and training is it side expert services. Another option is to devise de- possible to become familiar with the process em- cision-making support systems or expert systems ployed at one’s own power plant and to use the data which are capable of interpreting the data and even produced by the systems. An operator needs skill of making recommendations for measures to be — and often special expertise as well — in order undertaken. to interpret even the highly processed data pro­ duced by automation systems. ENERGY INNOVATION 1997: ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 i

different parts of Finland, being used, for exam ­ ple, for the restoration of river channels cleared for Extensive cooperation log floating.

In order to find new spawning areas, lake salmon VwlBLilJig smolt have been experimentally stocked in various parts of the Vuoksi watercourse and also elsewhere 'iha in Finland - for example in the Onlujoki water- 1VO works together with authorities and research institutes to lllJs£ SiWJWJi improve the living conditions of salmon species in various parts of Finland. Helena Soimakallio., Pia Oesch and Yrjd ...... -...... ------Expert: Helena Soimakallio Editor: Pia Oesck -...... — Tuokko admiring trout entering the Vantaanjoki river to spawn.

ZA at&Zifion to tAe ringed sad, tAe Za/yriMtAiAg &timaa ZaAe system created a/kr t&e Tee dge a/so trapped a apecies q/sa/mon, wAose entire /i/e cyc/e became adapted to ^res*- water ZA order to improve t&e /iving conditions q/" t&is /aAe sa/mon wAicA - /i&e tAe ringed sea/ - is today c/aagi/ig(/ as on endangered species, on intensive research pro­ gramme Aas 6een ZaiazcAaZ. TAe partners inc/ade tAe FinnisA Game and FisAeries FesearcA Znstitate, /kAing and environmenta/ aatAorities and - in co//aAoration witA C/FAFFymmene Gy and Fwwman fbima Gy - tAe TFG saAsidiary Fami/o Gy.

The natural spawning areas of die lake salmon, an the release of fry, the genetic diversity of this fish course. The fish have thrived in these new areas. endemic species in the Vuoksi watercourse, were may be decreasing because of the small number of The research project will attempt to find the most originally located in the northernmost headwaters breeding females and males; and this in turn may suitable tributaries of the Vuoksi watercourse for of the Lieksanjoki, Pielisjoki and Ala-Koitajold lead, for example, to changes in migratory instinct. lake salmon fry and for spawning; the methods rivers. Owing to power plant construction in the To ensure the genetic diversity of the species, more used are to be based on maps and Geld studies. 1950s and 1960s, the route used by the lake salm­ fish that have experienced the natural life cycle are on to reach its former spawning areas was largely needed at the hatcheries. The objective is to find headwaters where unob- obstructed,- and the quality of the remaining structed migration is possible and where fry might spawning areas deteriorated. Information and guidance is provided to fishermen be released. When juveni le salmon have these trib- in order to enable fish to grow to their full catch- utaries imprinted in them, they will return to diem However, the complete extinction of the lake salm­ ing size and in order to preserve their growing to spawn at the age of 4-8 years, completing their on was avoided by the timely initiation of success­ areas and vital sections of the spawning routes. life cycle in this way. ful breeding and stocking programmes. The I number of released fish fry is today actually some­ Better spawning and hatching areas for lake The research project is a joint effort It combines what higher than that of migratory smolt at the salmon the long-term research data on lake salmon collect- time when the waterway was in its natural state. edby the FinnishGame and Fisheries Research The objective of the research project is to create Institute and local expertise on waterways provided Genetic diversity of lake salmon decreasing spawning and hatching areas for the lake salmon by the North Karelia Rural Business District, the by improving oldhatching areas and by finding Environment Agency of North Karelia and power In spite of extensive stocking efforts, the number new potential spawning areas. companies. The study will be completed this of adult salmon available to the hatcheries is small. spring. This is mainly due to the fact that most of the ju­ Old spawning and hatching areas are being im­ venile salmon are caughttoo young, soon after proved with the aid of a computer-based habitat release, within their growing area in the Suur- model. The model attempts to optimise the number Saimaa lake system. of suitable habitats for fry in a river, when the available water volume and shape of the river Even though the existence of the Saimaa lake channel are known. To help the fishing industry, salmon is not in any immediate danger, thanks to the habitat model has been applied previously in ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

The total landarea situated under omarpentalconifers ami for further plants during winter. Nutrientcon ­ grvihgthe meadow fiowemAatbiA- power lines in Finland amounts to product development tent, fi^od plant treatment, and the terflies feed pn the opportunity A tens of thoosaikls of bectfees. These effect of additional feeding ongmzr flourish. Last year, Finland’s first ■latid.:Ae^fewried-hfe;by\Ae:-gri

J%g cona/TMpfzon q/g#gc!!ncily vorieg on wgg&^aoffygqffx Aa&M.MgcfncifycoMMOf 6e jforgdTjn Zazgg ^wondfzgg, mu# fAgrg^r^ 6e gemeroW^gAf af (Ag liTMg %*gn if M g

The Ouhijoki River originates in Lake Oulujdrvi and flows into the Gulf of Bothnia near the town of Oulu. The length of the river is 102 km, the head from Oulujdrvi to the sea is 122 metres> and the mean flow rate is 250 mVs. Four major tributaries flow into the main channel of the Oulujoki. The main channel has seven hydropcrwer plants with a total capacity of429.5 MW. In the section of river between Lake Oulujdrvi and the Monita plant, the fluctuation in the water level resulting from short-term regulation is limited to the stretch below the power plants. | Elsewhere the fluctuation is fairly slight, generally being less than 0.5 metres. However, in the section of river below Monita. which is notfully 'steppedshort-term regulation causes greater fluctuation in the water level. i MAP OF THE OULUJOKI RIVER SYSTEM WITH ITS STEPS mebrosjoKiRivm TOUU. HEAD Hrn 12%5m ^LA-UTOS P&LLI wJRUTANEN i PYHAKOSKI

MONTTA '"-AC SuLU.AWi SL - 3- T-- x A 37 JYLHAMA + 123.20 -120,50 NUOJUA%109, : i m 100 UTANEN* 86.50

PYHAKCSKI *56.50

VC NT'A 2,,:: MERIKOSKi *1C.5C

110 km ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 j The Oulujoki case study was an ex ­ benefit to the ecology of a built-up banks and damage to the landscape. in the region. The implementation of i tension of the interdisciplinary re­ river. The detrimental effect of fluc­ In the lower reaches of the Oulujoki, the Oulujoki boating development | search project launched in 1993 and tuations in the river’s water level on below the Montta power plant in par­ and restoration plan will initially fo­ aimed at clarifying the effects of the recreational use of the lower ticular, the low water levels are a cus on the lower reaches of the river j short-term hydropower plant regula­ reaches could be reduced by chang­ constant, irritating problem for the below the Montta station, as recom- | tion on the river’s fishing industry, es in the way in which regulation is recreational use of the river. mended by the study. The restoration aquatic flora and fauna, recreational carried out, but the costs would be­ work will begin at the River Muhos, use and power economy, and at accu­ come unreasonable. A more effective Model calculations show that raising with the upgrading of the boat trans- j mulating experience on the restora­ method of alleviating such adverse the reservoir level at the Merikoski fer tracks on the dams — a collabo­ tion and management of built-up riv­ effects involves raising the water lev­ power plant will considerably im­ rative project involving the power ers. The assessment of the various el of the reservoir at the Merikoski prove recreational opportunities on company and the Finnish Environ­ impacts involved, amongst other power plant. Thus, rather than rec­ the section of river below Montta by ment Agency. Another object of col­ things, the use of computer models ommending restrictions on the regu- raising the lowest water levels. At laboration will be the City of Oulu’s and methods modified for the study lation of the river, the study con­ new yacht harbour. of short-term regulation in the area of the Oulujoki’s main channel. A new, reservoir-specific management plan to enhance the The Oulujoki case study was a com­ fishing industry prehensive project involving the col­ Impact of the short-term regulation of the Oulujoki River power plants: study completed laboration of the Environment Agen­ The results of the study have been cy of Northern Ostrobothnia, the used for the preparation of a reser­ Finnish Environment Agency, Imat- voir-specific fish management plan - j ran Voima Oy, Kemijoki Oy, Iijoen I'/um Theory a collaborative undertaking by the ! Voima Oy, the Finnish Game and power companies, the authorities and Fisheries Research Institute and the the local fishery associations. The j Technical Research Centre of Fin­ w »'aelk.y plan covers the introduction of fish ! land. The research project’s steering into the river, the setting up of fish­ group also included a representative ...... Expert: Tuomo Sinisalmi Editor: Pia Oesch...... - ing sites, and extensive monitoring. j The plan also takes into account the | of the Municipality of Muhos. Extensive research conducted at tAe Ou/u/oAi /fiver Aas /ed to distinct nature of the power plant practical measures aimed at a//eviating tAe impact of sAort- Restoration and management reservoirs as living environments i measures recommended term regu/ation. dmongst otAer things, tAe power p/ants on tAe and fishing areas. The introduction 1 river Aave Aegun to implement a /isA management p/an con­ of fish in accordance with the plan ; The initial assumption was that ad­ ceived for eacA individua/ reservoir and to create spawning began in the summer of 1996, when verse effects can be alleviated by two areasfor river-spawning^/sA. TAe raising oftAe reservoir /eve/ fish of catchable size were released. basic methods: reducing fluctuations at Meri&os&i, tAe /owermost of tAe river p/ants, wi// Ae started In addition, pikeperch, grayling, lake j in water level by restricting the reg­ in tAe autumn of /9P7 and wi// consideraA/p enAance recrea- trout and small rainbow trout have I ulatory activities of the plants; or tiona/ opportunities a/ong tAe section of tAe river Ae/ow tAe been introduced, and some of these cushioning the impact of fluctuations Montta p/ant, wAere tAe adverse ejects pf//uctuations in tAe have been tagged. in water level and flow rate through river & water /eve/ Aave Aeen tAe most severe. a variety of restoration and manage­ The fishing industry is also being ment measures. By modifying previ­ developed by recreating spawning ously developed methods, the re­ areas — which had almost entirely search rendered commensurable the cludes thatuts uses and ecological Muhos, for example, the lowest war disappeared — for river-spawning damage to the river’s use and ecolo­ conditions should be developed in ter levels will rise by about 0.4 me­ fish. In the Laukka bridge area, for gy and the benefits to the power econ­ various ways. tres. In addition, there will be less example, there has been extensive omy resulting from regulatory activ­ fluctuation in the water level, since reconstruction of the river bed and ities. This enabled comparison of the The lowest water levels are to be the highest water levels will not rise the river bottom with the aim of pro­ effects of different measures from as raised and the recreational opportu­ significantly at Muhos. The reservoir viding suitable depth, flow rate and many angles as possible and with a nities improved. water level at the Merikoski power bottom quality conditions for the re­ maximum of objectivity. plant, owned by Oulun Energia, will production of river-spawning fish. The interviews conducted as part of be raised during the summer of 1997. Areas suitable for similar restoration The study indicated that restrictions the research indicated that the great­ work will be mapped, both in the on short-term regulation will lead to est obstacles to the use of the river The higher reservoir level will facili­ main channel and in the tributaries. substantial economic losses under were the low water levels — which tate movement on the water, and this any circumstances. Such restrictions prevented the full recreational use of will further increase the demand and would not, however, be of any great the river— the silting up of the opportunities for recreational boating I ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

and is also a notable and increasing­ the product range meets the needs of ly important supplier in Central Eu­ firms of different sizes and operating rope, Australia and New Zealand. in different markets. The data trans­ mission solutions in particular take The most recent products in the fam­ advantage of the most recent technol­ ily of static energy meters are the ogies and allow the use of the data K420, which is intended for the transfer medium best suited to the measurement of energy consumption customer’s needs. Today, the most in private households, and the active commonly used data transfer path is and reactive power meter Q510, either the telephone line or electric­ which is suitable for the measure­ ity transmission network. To back up ments of industrial customers. If one its systems, Enermet offers efficient

------Experts: Reijo Takala and Jukka Suonpera Editor: Hilkka Alatalo-Korpi ------compares them - and Enermet static customer services and technical sup­ meters in general - with mechanical port. The deregulation of energy markets presents increasing challenges meters, one is struck by their consist­ to the traditional measurement business and at the same time ent performance and low mainte­ The system business focuses on the puts special demands on system solutions. Power companies are nance requirements. Reliability and remote measurement of energy, on placing emphasis on the remote accessibility of measurement data high quality are a matter of course. measurement control, on service con­ These features significantly decrease trol (e.g., street lights), and on load at customer sites and on a greater variety of rates. Enermet, a the total costs of measurement if one monitoring. The modular nature of member of the IVO Group, is a frontrunner in this business area, considers the total lifetime of a me­ the systems enables the overall solu­ \ investing 8% of its turnover in product development. ter. Advanced design and production tions to be developed and expanded technologies have made this possible. in stages. The target groups are en­ A static meter also allows the use of ergy companies, power producers, a remote access system, because to­ distributors and industry. The main day the meters have a system inter­ market regions for Enermet’s prod­ face as a standard feature. Enermet’s ucts besides the Nordic countries are Product Development Department Central Europe, Australia and New The Enermet Group operates in nine tems and provide better opportunities has come up with innovative solu­ Zealand. The traditional ripple con­ countries: Finland, Sweden, Norway, for each Enermet employee to partici­ tions in other product areas as well, trol system accounts for part of Ener­ Denmark, the Netherlands, Germa­ pate in the demanding development and this has facilitated the penetra­ met’s extensive system business op­ ny, Switzerland, Australia and New work. The customer is our most im­ tion of other markets. erations. This system is widely used Zealand. The company has 550 em­ portant trend-setter as regards our in Central Europe and Australasia, ployees, and its turnover in 1996 is operations and product develop- From single meters to complete and its use is increasing in countries estimated at approximately FIM 385 ment,’’ says Esa Pennanen, Manag­ systems where the energy supplylags behind million. Its operations have rapidly ing Director of Enermet Oy. the needs of rapidly growing nation­ expanded and become international­ Enermet’s business activities and al economies. The challenge facing ised as changes in energy markets The world's first static kWh product development have under­ Enermet’s Product Development have contributed favourably to the meter for households gone a change over recent years as Department todayis that of combin­ demand for Enermet products world­ the company evolved from a suppli­ ing the best features of two-way sys­ wide. Overseas operations account Enermet took on its most challenging er of meters into a provider of ser­ tems and the ripple control system. for some 80% of turnover. task back in the late 70s, when the vices and management systems relat­ company decided to develop a static ed to the consumption of energy and, The challenges of product The goal is a leading position in specifically, to the consumption of development based on customer kWh meter for households to supple­ needs the world ment the traditional induction meter. electricity. The best way to meet the The product came onto the market in changing needs of customers is to Enermet’s goal is to become one of 1984, and today Enermet is still a provide customer management sys­ Enermet’s front-running position is the world’s leading companies spe­ front-runner - and on a global scale tems, In the future, the meter will be based on ten to fifteen years of solid cialising in energy measurement and - in this field of measurement with its an integral part of a customer man­ and innovative experience and on the the steering of energy consumption. new technologies. Thanks to its in­ agement system, which means that young generation of product develop­ ’’This can be achieved by accelerat­ tensive marketing and product devel­ the functions of static meters will be ers who are experts in the new tech­ ing design work and development opment work and its strategic busi­ more wide-ranging, and they will nologies. In addition, the Enermet processes and by improving cost-ef­ ness acquisitions, Enermet has be­ offer new benefits both to the power Group’s close relations with its cus­ ficiency. Our growth is positive and come a market and technology lead­ companies and their customers. tomers on continental European mar­ rapid. At the same time, along with er in the fields of energy measure­ kets offer promising opportunities. technology development, we must ment and the steering of electricity Running the gamut from stand-alone The static meter will be demonstrat­ also develop our management sys­ consumption in the Nordic countries devices to extensive system solutions, ing its reliability and gaining a ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 strong foothold over the next few logical solutions for static meters as years. At the moment, national regu­ well, with the final aim of making lations concerning calibration inter­ than cost-competitive. The challeng­ vals, for example, favour mechanical es of today are of a completely new meters with their longer calibration type in the history of measurement interval. This means that the chal- technology, because being in the fore­ lenges that Enennet faces in product front brings with it new demands. development involve meters that are ever more reliable and always one step ahead of the competition. At the same time, the low production costs of traditional induction meters are an incentive for us to seek new techno-

Managing Director Esa Pennanen has great faith in Enennet s product family of static meters.

The MELKO system is number one on the market.

Enermet s production systems are continual ­ ly being developed The metering ana system business is rapidly expanding, and ptoduciion technology is thus being developed to cope with growing production

Enermet v factory in Jyska is among the most modern in its field 37 | ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

Finland Post’s electric vehicle Today, the electric vehicles perform well in the expertMatti Meri demanding task of mail delivery. “Thepetrol con­ sumption of ordinary: combustion-engine driven "Elcat is durable, dependable vehicles more than doubles during mail delivery anduser-Aiendly" in urban centres. Thus their harmful emissions naturally also increase proportionately. These are For nearer six, years now, Elcat electric vans have reasons why extending the use of electric vehicles been used for mail deliveries around Finland. To- is an integral part of Finland Post's environmen­ day, FinlandPost has 50 electric vehicles—a good tal program.^ three per cent of its delivery van fleet By year 2002, electric vehicles will account for up to ten per cent of the total.

"The feedbackfrom our customers cleariy indicates that they appreciate the use of environmentally ; friendly electric vans for mail delivery. Otqr driv- ers using electric vehicles are also very, satisfied with their woikhorses,Most of themwould not be willing to sit behind the wheel of a combustion- engine van again," says Matti Meri, a Finland Post expert who has worked on the development of eleo- tric vehicles and their use for deliveries since 1985.

Over the years, says Mr, Meri, the Bleats’ techni- cal Matures have developed greatly.

“Art emission-free electric vehicle does not lower air quality in city centres. In Finland — which has the largest number of cogeneration plants in the world — the electricity consumed by one electric vehicle results in up to 75 per cent less carbon dioxide emissions than the combustion engine , " jays Kaj Backstrom, marketing manager for the Elcat. ; ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 j partment in turn makes loading and unloading easy. The broader wheel base and larger tires mean excellent driving behaviour — a fact which be­ comes particularly evident on cobbled city streets.

A product good enoughfor Japanese car factories — and trusted by the Malaysians, too

In addition to complete electric vehicles, the El­ cat project has been selling its know-how and com­

Expert: Kaj Bdckstrdm Editor: Christian Leisio - ponents to Japan’s Fuji Heavy Industry, the manu­ facturer of Subaru vehicles. The first series of The Elcat 200 electric van can always be left charging. With most other electric van Sambar electric vehicles, produced last year for the models, the situation is different. They run the risk of overcharging, which prevents Japanese market, comprised 60 vehicles with mo­ continual ‘refuelling ’ of their batteries and thus considerably reduces the performance tors, chargers and major electronic components of the vehicles. And the Elcat 200 boasts lots off other vanguard vehicle technology as supplied by Elcat. well. It is always ready to go. Elcat has also offered its expertise for the next se­ .0! ries of Sambars. In addition to Subaru, the Tena- gaNasional Berhad company of Malaysia has also begun co-operating with the Elcat electric vehicle project. Components designed byElcat have been used to build the first three electric vehicles manu­ factured in Malaysia. Other similar projects are in the offing.

The Elcat electric vehicle project owned by the vehicle’s top speed correspondingly: from 72 kilo­ Elcat is not gathering dust IVO Group has so far manufactured over 160 elec­ metres to 80 kilometres per hour. tric vans. Of these, the Elcat Cityvan accounts for Although the Elcat 200 is generally regarded as 130, and the state-of-the-art Elcat 200just over 30. Elcat — always on the starting line one of the best series-produced electric vans in the The greatest single Elcat user is Finland Post, with world, the people at the ’Electric Car Factory’ in 50 electric vehicles. Fifty Elcats have been sold In series-produced electric vans, the 'plug in any Jarvenpaa, just outside the capital Helsinki, are not abroad, most of them to Sweden. time' system is a rare feature. This technological resting on their laurels. They are currently explor ­ innovation means that the vehicle can always be ing ways of adapting a new type of tubular plate Elcat’s hallmark has always been its own R&D. All plugged in to charge. There is no risk of overcharg­ battery to power the Elcat. The tubular plate bat­ new 200 model vehicles are provided with the ing. In old-model electric vehicles, overcharging tery has several advantages, including its small advance feature of braking-energy recovery. The — which wears the batteries, thus lowering their weight and size and a lifetime longer than that of benefits of this Elcat feature are most apparent in performance — is a constant cause for concern. the lead battery. difficult driving conditions with constant acceler­ The new technique is particularly beneficial to ation and braking. On mail delivery runs, for ex ­ vehicles used for heavy transport. For such vehi- The future plans of this Finnish electric vehicle ample, Elcat gives 5% more driving distance. The cles, every extra ounce of energy translates direct- manufacturer also include the electrification of a vehicles are also fitted with warning lamps indi­ ly into longer driving distances, and this in turn mini-van suitable for carrying passengers. cating low battery water level and other possible lowers the capital costs. problems. Driver comfort not neglected A new type of charger, the result of Elcat R&D charges empty batteries in nine hours. A charger Electric vehicle development has traditionally fo­ of the old type needs twelve hours for the same job. cused on the improvement of the vehicle and its In-between charging has also become consider­ battery performance. Thus drivers have learned to ablyfaster. One hour of such charging used to en­ put up with uncomfortable and impractical work­ able ten more kilometres of driving. The new charg­ horses with poor driving characteristics. In this er gives up to fifteen extra kilometres. An increase respect, too, the Elcat 200 represents a new gen­ in the maximum motor power of the old Elcat City- eration of electric vehicles. The roomy cabin makes vans — from 19 to 22 kilowatts — has raised the driving a pleasure. And the spacious goods com­ ! ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 electric processes in industry are diverse. During the project, we have also gathered users’ experi ­ ence and opinions about electric applications uti­ lised in the production processes of small and medium-sized industrial companies. The experi ­ ence obtained has shown that, when enterprises acquire electric processes, they are influenced more by the advantages achievable through electricity than merely by the cost,” says IVO’s Tapio Annala.

Coating steel by means of zinc electroplating

Experts: Pekka Eerola and Tapio Annala Editor: Tommy Wikstrom...... One enterprise involved in the project is the Au- rajoki Oy plant in Salo, where steel is coated by Small and medium-sized industrial enterprises use electricity increasingly for both heat­ means of zinc electroplating. The plant’s princi­ ing and production, as electricity offers easy adjustability and has little needfor main­ pal products are bolts, nuts and various products tenance. In production processes, the advantages of electricity also include uniform for the electronics industry. quality, automation and cleanness. Zinc electroplating is particularly well suited for the coating of threaded products, such as screws and nuts. Threads do not become blocked during the process, and the thin coating does not change the dimensions of the threads to any essential ex ­ tent. Zinc electroplating takes place electrolytical- ly. Lye and sodium cyanide are dissolved in water to make the electrolyte. Both the product to be coat­ ed and pure zinc are immersed in the solution. Direct current between the zinc and the product is In collaboration with electricity companies that are petition, entrepreneurs working in the same field created in the solution by using a power source; the its clients, I VO has gathered much information do not readily discuss successful production con- product is connected to the minus pole and the zinc about electric heating concepts for industrial and cepts with each other. It is even less common for to the plus pole of the power source. The product service buildings and about electric processes with­ information to pass from one sector to another. acts as a cathode and the zinc as an anode. Cat­ in small and medium-sized industrial enterprises. ions, or positively charged zinc atoms, are formed Enhanced understanding of electric production IVO and electricity companies gather data in the solution by two processes; through dissolu­ processes among the customer service personnel of tion and electrolytically. Attracted by the cathode electricity companies and among IVO’s own ex­ Together with its clients, IVO gathers data on elec­ in the electric field, the cations form a layer of pure perts benefits enterprises that are major consum­ tric production applications being utilised in Fin- zinc on the product to be coated. ers of electricity and that will in future receive in­ iand. The goal is to enhance the expertise of IVO’s creasingly comprehensive expert services for en­ specialists and of the customer service personnel Zinc electroplating produces a uniform surface that ergy use from their own electricity companies. working at electricity companies with regard to the prevents corrosion. Moreover, an electric produc­ production processes applied by small and medi­ tion application for zinc plating is cost-efficient. A great number of electric process and heating um-sized enterprises (SMEs). Knowledge of as Glass in a conductive electric furnace 40~ concepts are utilised in the various sectors of in­ many electric applications as possible helps spe­ dustry. The customer service personnel of electric­ cialists in the electricity business in their efforts to ity companies and IVO’s experts are familiar with find electric production applications suitable for Nuutajarvi glassworks is an example of an enter­ the use of various electric solutions for heating SMEs. prise where an electric process of conductive heat­ industrial premises. More and more entrepreneurs ing is used to produce hand-cast design glass. also have experience of electric heating systems. Knowledge of over 70 electric production Manufacture of one kilogramme of glass may re­ applications quire as much as 3 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of en­ Technologies involving electricity are well known ergy. Conductive heating is particularly well suit­ among electricity experts. In contrast, knowledge The “100 Efficient Industrial Applications” project ed for glass-making because molten glass conducts of applications for electricity in production is less has been in operation since 1995. Data on nearly electricity. The same technique is also used in the widespread. This is because production processes a hundred electric appli cations were collected dur­ metals industry, for melting and heating metals. differ over a wide range. Moreover, numerous dif­ ing 1996. The data have been, and are being, re­ ferent technical applications can be used for mak­ corded on reference cards where each electric pro­ Electrodes, placed on the bottom of the conductive ing one and the same product. For reasons of com- duction application is explained in detail. “Most tank furnace of the glassworks, conduct electrici­ ty into the molten glass, thereby heating it. One : ENERGY INNOVATION 1997 major advantage of conductive beating is its pre­ cision. The electrodes only heat the glass materi­ al Energy is not needed for heating die furnace or the crucible. The conductive tank furnace can be used in three-shift work because melting does not take place in the same location as die casting of glass.

Electricity is clean energy for the enterprise

Today, consumers and enterprises alike pay in­ creasing attention to high product quality, to the consistency of quality and to production efficien­ cy. Similarly, the environmental impact of produc­ tion processes and the working conditions of the personnel are increasingly often among the factors considered when enterprises make investment de­ cisions regarding production. Electricity is sensi­ ble energy for the enterprise. In a well-designed production plant, electricity is the only type of energy needed. Electricity is used for illumination, for heating the production premises, and for manu­ facturing products.

Electricity offers the most visible benefits in pro­ duction processes where various materials are heat­ ed or melted. In heating and melting, the heat gen­ erated through electricity can be targeted precise­ ly on the piece to be heated, or on a part thereof. Furthermore, electric processes are easy to adjust. The heat retains its desired quality in all situations.

The importance of environmental aspects will in­ crease in consumers’ choices. More and more at­ tention is paid to the environmental load stemming from the manufacture of a product.

For the end user, electricity is clean energy. The producer of electricity has already seen to it that any emissions resulting from the generation of electricity at the power plant are minimised. Nor does storing electricity cause any problems or spe­ cial arrangements. In other words, electricity meets the quality requirements stipulated for energy by the life cycle approach and by environmental cer­ tificates. ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

7%g AnaZraM %%ma fbwwfadan^nancey neggarcA /tnyggA, gran6 awank fa ^Afi/zguAAgif reggorcAgr; in recognifion a/^ fAgzr wart fawanA AzgAgr 5ggrggg amf AoAA r&pgarcA ^ gnzina/3 a?^ wart- &Aqpg in can/wncfian wifA 7FD.

The Imatran Voima Foundation was The Foundation strives particularly set up in 1982, in honour of the Com­ to support long-term research con- pany's 50th anniversary. The Foun- tributing to participating researchers' dation financially supports energy- postgraduate university degrees. related research and development, Some research funds are reserved for education, and testing in Finland. projects requiring a maximum of three years of financing. The Foundation's goal is to promote the socially expedient use of energy Each year, Foundation grants total forms in ways which take into ac­ about F1M one million. In 1996, the count the safety of the energy supply, Foundation funded 30 different the environment, the necessary level studies. of self-sufficiency and the various energy production alternatives. The Funds are channelled mainly into 42 ' Foundation also fosters the spread of research projects within selected pri­ In 1996, the Imatran Voima Foundation ‘s awards in recognition of a distinguished researcher's knowledge on energy issues and pro- ority areas. In recent years, these work were granted to A hmad Kalantar, D. Tech., and Jyrki Kohtaia, Lie. Tech. The awards were motes international co-operation. have included: presented by IVO s President Kalevi Numminen, assisted by Secretary of the Foundation, * technology that furthers conserva­ Jv.ha Paappanen. At its annual research seminar, in tion of the environment ami reduces keeping with its tradition, the Foun- health effects, dation extends an award in recogni- * energy conservation and utiliza- tion of a distinguished researcher's don, work on a doctoral thesis or a licen­ * energy technologies of the future, tiate dissertation. In recent years, and however, there have been two recipi­ * internationalization of the Finnish ents. energy technology. ! ENERGY INNOVATION 1997

The IVO Group is a Finnish compa­ ny mastering all aspects of the entire energy chain, and also operating ex ­ tensively on the international market. The Group's operations concentrate on five business areas: energy, engi­ neering, operation and maintenance, grid services, and energy measure­ ment. The personnel numbers well over 7000, and die turnover is about FIM 12 billion.

Our services to customers include the supply of electricity and heat, the planning, construction, operation and maintenance of power plants and transmission systems, die transmis­ sion of power, and other services re­ quiring expertise in all the key fields of energy engineering. Mastery of die entire energy chain gives us a sub- standal competitive edge on interna­ tional markets, where the IVO Group has been a player for decades.

Our operations have expanded to the other Nordic countries, which now constitute our home market. Our fo­ cal areas also include Great Britain, Central and Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia. We have acquired experience from more than 650 suc­ cessful projects in 60 different coun­ tries.

The IVO Group is one of the major power-companies in the Nordic coun­ tries, and in Europe we rank among the twenty largest power companies. We have sound expertise in the co­ generation of electricity and heat. In Finland, the IVO Group is the big­ gest seller of heat

At our power plants, we use hydro­ power and nuclear power, coal, natu­ ral gas, peat, wood waste and, to a small extent, oil. We also conduct studies on the use of solar power and wind power at our test plants.

The IVO Group annually invests some FIM 200 million in research and development. A large proportion of this money is used feu the devel­ opment of environmentally benign solutions. IVO TECHNOLOGY CENTRE 01019 IVO, Finland Telephone: +358 9 85611 Telefax: +358 9 563 2225 Internet: httpV/www.ivo.R

f