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Review: Classic Mac OS the X Window System ("X") X
Review: Classic Mac OS The X Window System ("X") • Designed for the user, not the developer • Asente, Reid (Stanford): W window system for V OS, (1982) • First commercially successful GUI system • W moved BWS&GEL to remote machine, replaced local library calls with • Technically few advances synch. communication • One address space, one process, “no” OS • Simplified porting to new architectures, but slow under Unix • But revolutionary approach to UI consistency (HI Guidelines) • MIT: X as improvement over W (1984) • Macintosh Toolbox • Asynchronous calls: much-improved performance • Pascal procedures grouped into Managers, ROM+RAM • Application = client, calls X Library (Xlib) which packages and sends GEL • Extended as technology advanced (color, multiprocessing,...), but calls to the X Server and receiving events using the X Protocol. architecture was showing its age by late 90s • Similar to Andrew, but window manager separate • Inspiration for other GUIs, esp. MS Windows • X10 first public release, X11 cross-platform redesigned Jan Borchers 1 media computing group Jan Borchers 2 media computing group X: Architecture X Server • X11 ISO standard, but limited since static protocol Application • X server process combines GEL and BWS • X is close to Widget Set • Responsible for one keyboard (one EL), but n physical screens UITK our 4-layer WM Xt Intrinsics (GLs) architecture • One machine can run several servers Xlib model Xlib • Applications (with UITK) and WM are clients Network • GEL: Direct drawing, raster model, rectangular clipp. X Server BWS+GEL • X-Server layers: Device-dependent X (DDX), device-independent X (DIX) HW • BWS can optionally buffer output regions Jan Borchers 3 media computing group Jan Borchers 4 media computing group Typical Xlib application (pseudocode) X Protocol #include Xlib.h, Xutil.h Display *d; int screen; GC gc; Window w; XEvent e; main () { • Between X server process and X clients (incl. -
Op E N So U R C E Yea R B O O K 2 0
OPEN SOURCE YEARBOOK 2016 ..... ........ .... ... .. .... .. .. ... .. OPENSOURCE.COM Opensource.com publishes stories about creating, adopting, and sharing open source solutions. Visit Opensource.com to learn more about how the open source way is improving technologies, education, business, government, health, law, entertainment, humanitarian efforts, and more. Submit a story idea: https://opensource.com/story Email us: [email protected] Chat with us in Freenode IRC: #opensource.com . OPEN SOURCE YEARBOOK 2016 . OPENSOURCE.COM 3 ...... ........ .. .. .. ... .... AUTOGRAPHS . ... .. .... .. .. ... .. ........ ...... ........ .. .. .. ... .... AUTOGRAPHS . ... .. .... .. .. ... .. ........ OPENSOURCE.COM...... ........ .. .. .. ... .... ........ WRITE FOR US ..... .. .. .. ... .... 7 big reasons to contribute to Opensource.com: Career benefits: “I probably would not have gotten my most recent job if it had not been for my articles on 1 Opensource.com.” Raise awareness: “The platform and publicity that is available through Opensource.com is extremely 2 valuable.” Grow your network: “I met a lot of interesting people after that, boosted my blog stats immediately, and 3 even got some business offers!” Contribute back to open source communities: “Writing for Opensource.com has allowed me to give 4 back to a community of users and developers from whom I have truly benefited for many years.” Receive free, professional editing services: “The team helps me, through feedback, on improving my 5 writing skills.” We’re loveable: “I love the Opensource.com team. I have known some of them for years and they are 6 good people.” 7 Writing for us is easy: “I couldn't have been more pleased with my writing experience.” Email us to learn more or to share your feedback about writing for us: https://opensource.com/story Visit our Participate page to more about joining in the Opensource.com community: https://opensource.com/participate Find our editorial team, moderators, authors, and readers on Freenode IRC at #opensource.com: https://opensource.com/irc . -
Pipenightdreams Osgcal-Doc Mumudvb Mpg123-Alsa Tbb
pipenightdreams osgcal-doc mumudvb mpg123-alsa tbb-examples libgammu4-dbg gcc-4.1-doc snort-rules-default davical cutmp3 libevolution5.0-cil aspell-am python-gobject-doc openoffice.org-l10n-mn libc6-xen xserver-xorg trophy-data t38modem pioneers-console libnb-platform10-java libgtkglext1-ruby libboost-wave1.39-dev drgenius bfbtester libchromexvmcpro1 isdnutils-xtools ubuntuone-client openoffice.org2-math openoffice.org-l10n-lt lsb-cxx-ia32 kdeartwork-emoticons-kde4 wmpuzzle trafshow python-plplot lx-gdb link-monitor-applet libscm-dev liblog-agent-logger-perl libccrtp-doc libclass-throwable-perl kde-i18n-csb jack-jconv hamradio-menus coinor-libvol-doc msx-emulator bitbake nabi language-pack-gnome-zh libpaperg popularity-contest xracer-tools xfont-nexus opendrim-lmp-baseserver libvorbisfile-ruby liblinebreak-doc libgfcui-2.0-0c2a-dbg libblacs-mpi-dev dict-freedict-spa-eng blender-ogrexml aspell-da x11-apps openoffice.org-l10n-lv openoffice.org-l10n-nl pnmtopng libodbcinstq1 libhsqldb-java-doc libmono-addins-gui0.2-cil sg3-utils linux-backports-modules-alsa-2.6.31-19-generic yorick-yeti-gsl python-pymssql plasma-widget-cpuload mcpp gpsim-lcd cl-csv libhtml-clean-perl asterisk-dbg apt-dater-dbg libgnome-mag1-dev language-pack-gnome-yo python-crypto svn-autoreleasedeb sugar-terminal-activity mii-diag maria-doc libplexus-component-api-java-doc libhugs-hgl-bundled libchipcard-libgwenhywfar47-plugins libghc6-random-dev freefem3d ezmlm cakephp-scripts aspell-ar ara-byte not+sparc openoffice.org-l10n-nn linux-backports-modules-karmic-generic-pae -
Desktop Software in Pkgsrc Kamil Rytarowski [email protected] Whoami(1)
Desktop software in pkgsrc Kamil Rytarowski [email protected] whoami(1) Long time GNU/Linux user (since 90ties) NetBSD user since 6.1 NetBSD developer since 2015 pkgsrc contributor Logo of the NetBSD™ Operating System by Grant Bisset Desktop metaphor An interface metaphor used in computing, which treats monitor as a real desktop and maps items on a real desktop with graphical objects represented on a monitor. CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Writing_desk.jpg Desktop metaphor An interface metaphor used in computing, which treats monitor as a real desktop and maps items on a real desktop with graphical objects represented on a monitor. Computer Environment Real-world desk Application Window Paper copy Utility applications Desk accessories (calculator, calendar etc) Documents and folders Documents and folders CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Writing_desk.jpg Desktop metaphor Mac OS (1984) Users operate with their computers with graphical metaphors rather than textual commands. Unknown license https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_Macintosh_Desktop.png Desktop metaphor An interface metaphor used in computing, which treats monitor as a real desktop and maps items on a real desktop with graphical objects represented on a monitor. Computer specific desktop items: → menu bars, → task bars, → docks etc. CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Writing_desk.jpg Desktop environment evolution From WIMP (windows, icons, menus and pointer) [Xerox - 1974] to BumpTop [Google - 2012]. Public Domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xerox_Alto_mit_Rechner.JPG Animated wallpaper from http://bumptop.github.io/ Basic computer types headless Desktop Server small Embedded (including mobile, IoT etc) CC BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 2.5, CC BY-SA 2.0, CC BY-SA 1.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_Aspire_8920_Gemstone.jpg Types of desktop programs → Application - a computer program designed to help people perform an activity, → System utility - performs maintenance or general-purpose chores, → Programming Tool - creates programs. -
Free and Open Source Software
Free and open source software Copyleft ·Events and Awards ·Free software ·Free Software Definition ·Gratis versus General Libre ·List of free and open source software packages ·Open-source software Operating system AROS ·BSD ·Darwin ·FreeDOS ·GNU ·Haiku ·Inferno ·Linux ·Mach ·MINIX ·OpenSolaris ·Sym families bian ·Plan 9 ·ReactOS Eclipse ·Free Development Pascal ·GCC ·Java ·LLVM ·Lua ·NetBeans ·Open64 ·Perl ·PHP ·Python ·ROSE ·Ruby ·Tcl History GNU ·Haiku ·Linux ·Mozilla (Application Suite ·Firefox ·Thunderbird ) Apache Software Foundation ·Blender Foundation ·Eclipse Foundation ·freedesktop.org ·Free Software Foundation (Europe ·India ·Latin America ) ·FSMI ·GNOME Foundation ·GNU Project ·Google Code ·KDE e.V. ·Linux Organizations Foundation ·Mozilla Foundation ·Open Source Geospatial Foundation ·Open Source Initiative ·SourceForge ·Symbian Foundation ·Xiph.Org Foundation ·XMPP Standards Foundation ·X.Org Foundation Apache ·Artistic ·BSD ·GNU GPL ·GNU LGPL ·ISC ·MIT ·MPL ·Ms-PL/RL ·zlib ·FSF approved Licences licenses License standards Open Source Definition ·The Free Software Definition ·Debian Free Software Guidelines Binary blob ·Digital rights management ·Graphics hardware compatibility ·License proliferation ·Mozilla software rebranding ·Proprietary software ·SCO-Linux Challenges controversies ·Security ·Software patents ·Hardware restrictions ·Trusted Computing ·Viral license Alternative terms ·Community ·Linux distribution ·Forking ·Movement ·Microsoft Open Other topics Specification Promise ·Revolution OS ·Comparison with closed -
Michael Cardell Widerkrantz November 11, 2011
mcwm Michael Cardell Widerkrantz November 11, 2011 History of mcwm Desktop Environments Floating or Tiling mcwm Features XCB What does a window manager do and how? Using mcwm Contact Information Outline History of mcwm Desktop Environments Floating or Tiling mcwm Features XCB What does a window manager do and how? Using mcwm Contact Information Why another window manager!? Window Managers I Have Known And Loved TWM, CTWM, fvwm, 9wm, wm2, ratpoison and evilwm. Special mention: MGR Window System. tinywm / ∗ TinyWM is written by Nick Welch <mack@incise. org >, 2005. ∗ ∗ This software is in the public domain ∗ and is provided AS IS, with NO WARRANTY. ∗ / # include <X11 / X l i b . h> #define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b)) i n t main ( ) f Display ∗ dpy ; Window root; XWindowAttributes attr ; XButtonEvent start ; XEvent ev ; if (!(dpy = XOpenDisplay(0x0))) return 1; root = DefaultRootWindow(dpy); XGrabKey(dpy, XKeysymToKeycode(dpy, XStringToKeysym(”F1”)) , Mod1Mask, root , True , GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync); XGrabButton(dpy, 1, Mod1Mask, root , True, ButtonPressMask , GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync, None, None); XGrabButton(dpy, 3, Mod1Mask, root , True, ButtonPressMask , GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync, None, None); f o r ( ; ; ) f XNextEvent(dpy, &ev); if (ev.type == KeyPress && ev.xkey.subwindow != None) XRaiseWindow(dpy, ev.xkey.subwindow); else if (ev.type == ButtonPress && ev.xbutton.subwindow != None) f XGrabPointer(dpy, ev.xbutton.subwindow, True, PointerMotionMask j ButtonReleaseMask , GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync, None, None, CurrentTime ); XGetWindowAttributes(dpy, ev.xbutton.subwindow, &attr ); start = ev.xbutton; g else if(ev.type == MotionNotify) f int xdiff, ydiff; while(XCheckTypedEvent(dpy, MotionNotify , &ev)); xdiff = ev.xbutton.x r o o t − s t a r t . x r o o t ; ydiff = ev.xbutton.y r o o t − s t a r t . -
Linux - Friheden Til at Vælge Grafisk Brugergrænseflade
Linux - Friheden til at vælge grafisk brugergrænseflade Version 1.2.20050118 - 2020-12-31 Hanne Munkholm, Kristian Vilmann, Peter Makholm, Henrik Grove, Gitte Wange, Henrik Størner, Jacob Sparre Andersen og Peter Toft Linux - Friheden til at vælge grafisk brugergrænsefladeVersion 1.2.20050118 - 2020-12-31 af Hanne Munkholm, Kristian Vilmann, Peter Makholm, Henrik Grove, Gitte Wange, Henrik Størner, Jacob Sparre Andersen og Peter Toft Ophavsret © 2003-2005 Forfatterne har ophavsret til bogen, men udgiver den under "Åben dokumentlicens (ÅDL) - version 1.0". Denne bog omhandler en række grafisk brugergrænseflader til UNIX-systemer, såsom Linux. Indholdsfortegnelse Forord.........................................................................................................................................................x 1. Linux-bøgerne................................................................................................................................x 2. Ophavsret.......................................................................................................................................x 1. Generelt om håndtering af window-managere...................................................................................1 1.1. Overblik.......................................................................................................................................1 1.2. Hvad er en windowmanager?......................................................................................................1 1.3. Hvad er et skrivebordsmiljø........................................................................................................2 -
Wprowadzenie Do Systemu X Window
Wprowadzenie do systemu X Window Witold Paluszy´nski Katedra Cybernetyki i Robotyki Politechnika Wroc lawska http://www.kcir.pwr.edu.pl/~witold/ 2001–2013 Ten utw´or jest doste֒ pny na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa- Na tych samych warunkach 3.0 Unported Utw´or udoste֒ pniany na licencji Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach. Udziela sie֒ zezwolenia do kopiowania, rozpowszechniania i/lub modyfikacji tre´sci utworu zgodnie z zasadami w/w licencji opublikowanej przez Creative Commons. Licencja wymaga podania oryginalnego autora utworu, a dystrybucja materia l´ow pochodnych mo˙ze odbywa´c sie֒ tylko na tych samych warunkach (nie mo˙zna zastrzec, w jakikolwiek spos´ob ograniczy´c, ani rozszerzy´c praw do nich). Za lo˙zenia i historia systemu X window System X Window zosta l opracowany na uniwersytecie M.I.T. w roku 1984 jako standard przemys lowy tworzenia system´ow okienkowych, niezale˙znych od platformy sprze֒ towej i programowej, w ´srodowisku sieciowym. W za lo˙zeniach mia l by´c zaimplementowany powy˙zej systemu operacyjnego komputera, i umo˙zliwia´c komunikacje֒ (wy´swietlanie okienek i obrazk´ow) mie֒ dzy r´o˙znymi rodzajami komputer´ow, r´o˙znych producent´ow, z gdzie indziej napisanym .oprogramowaniem, i by´c mo˙ze pod kontrola֒ innego administratora systemu Cel sformu lowany przez tw´orc´ow systemu zosta l osia֒gnie֒ ty. W roku 1987 wprowadzono wersje֒ 11 systemu (nazywanego te˙z X11), kt´ora jest jego bie˙za֒ca֒ wersja֒. W tym czasie powsta lo kilka kolejnych wyda´n (release) rozszerzaja֒cych funkcjonalno´sci systemu. Najnowszym jest wydanie 7, tzw. -
Hosting BSD L Cloud Computing L Open BSD, Netbsd and Freebsd As File Sharing Servers - Part2
Editor in Chief: Olga Kartseva Dear Readers! [email protected] Contributing: BSD is already becoming international magazine. People Jan Stedehouder, Rob Somerville, Marko Milenovic, Petr all over the world have an access to our magazine and Topiarz, Paul McMath, Eric Vintimilla, Matthias Pfeifer, Theodore Tereshchenko, Mikel King, Machtelt Garrels, Jesse Smith download it. We are happy that our work is so appreciated and BSD magazine popularity is growing!. Special thanks to: Marko Milenovic, Worth Bishop and Mike Bybee Art Director: First of all I wanted to thank you for you letters of Agnieszka Marchocka support, they mean really a lot to us and help constantly DTP: to improve! All our authors worked hard to make their Ireneusz Pogroszewski articles interesting and useful. I really hope you will like this issue as much as the previous. Senior Consultant/Publisher: Paweł Marciniak [email protected] This month topic is “BSD as a desktop”. Why this National Sales Manager: Ewa Łozowicka topic? [email protected] We thought that some of you still might have doubts Marketing Director: Ewa Łozowicka on choosing OS, so this issue surely will help you to [email protected] learn more about BSD as a desktop and help to make a decision. Executive Ad Consultant: Karolina Lesińska [email protected] But those of you who already use BSD should not Advertising Sales: close the magazine after reading my previous statement, Olga Kartseva because you could loose a lot. =) [email protected] Publisher : Software Press Sp. z o.o. SK Please feel free to contact us, we are open to critics, ul. -
Use of Non-Commercial Software for UNIX in Undergraduate Engineering Education
Use of Non-Commercial Software for UNIX in Undergraduate Engineering Education James S. McDonald Department of Engineering Science Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212 Abstract Engineering Software The Department of Engineering Science curriculum This paper discusses the use of non-commercial spans a broad range of engineering areas, and this software for UNIX in the undergraduate engineering section surveys packages from several: electrical laboratory and classroom. Two main categories of engineering, mechanical engineering, systems and software are addressed: engineering applications across control, and general-purpose engineering tools a variety of disciplines, and graphical user interface The main advantages that have been observed in using components. Engineering applications are surveyed, non-commercial packages such as those surveyed are: and it is argued the best of these have several important · They are often intended for solution of textbook-like advantages over similar commercial packages in the problems, even if they are not expressly designed for context of engineering education. Graphical user tutorial purposes. This is very appropriate for interface components which allow the presentation of undergraduate students and reinforces theory learned these applications to students in a “user-friendly’’ way in the classroom. are surveyed, and several example GUIs are described. · “Bells and whistles” which are often found in Introduction commercial packages and which allow novice users to “get results” with little knowledge are generally The UNIX operating system remains important in the absent. It is usually necessary to understand the engineering industry and in engineering education at fundamentals of the problem at hand to get anywhere. both the graduate and undergraduate levels. -
Entornos Gráficos De Bajo Consumo.Pdf
entornos gráficos de trabajo entornos gráficos de trabajo Entornos gráficos minimalistas Entornos gráficos minimalistas Entornos gráficos de bajo consumo David Alverez García Los entornos gráficos minimalistas son aquellos que consumen muy pocos recursos del sistema, tanto CPU como memoria RAM, permitiendo el uso de Linux con máquinas antiguas para escritorio o incluso trabajar. Este tipo de entornos son con mucha asiduidad usados por desarrolladores, gente experta o con cierto curtimiento en el mundo Linux debido a que ofrecen una gran velocidad de procesamiento, poco consumo de memoria RAM y son simples, lo cual implica menos bugs, son fáciles de usar por norma y la mayoría son muy configurables para cualquier tipo de tarea. o es necesario tener una máquina antigua dos las mismas funcionalidades. Para eso haremos una para usarlos, en máquinas modernas estos prueba de concepto arrancando y explicando por separa- entornos gráficos vuelan y como se dijo an- do el servidor de gráficos, el window-manager y el escri- teriormente son muy usados por ciertas co- torio. [email protected] Nmunidades en el mundo Linux. Son perfectos para orde- El servidor X11, es un sistema de visualización de nadores portátiles, donde el uso de un ratón o una satura- gráficos (graphics display system) con arquitectura clien- ción de iconos en la pantalla puede llegar a producir una te-servidor, este tipo de arquitectura permite por ejemp- sensación molesta y complicar la realización de determina- lo poder cargar el escritorio de forma remota en red có- das tareas. Al consumir menos recursos también vela por modamente. El servidor gráfico permite a las aplicacio- la durabilidad de la batería, siendo una gran elección para nes (clientes) dibujar píxeles, líneas, texto, imágenes,.. -
Secure Content Distribution Using Untrusted Servers Kevin Fu
Secure content distribution using untrusted servers Kevin Fu MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab in collaboration with M. Frans Kaashoek (MIT), Mahesh Kallahalla (DoCoMo Labs), Seny Kamara (JHU), Yoshi Kohno (UCSD), David Mazières (NYU), Raj Rajagopalan (HP Labs), Ron Rivest (MIT), Ram Swaminathan (HP Labs) For Peter Szolovits slide #1 January-April 2005 How do we distribute content? For Peter Szolovits slide #2 January-April 2005 We pay services For Peter Szolovits slide #3 January-April 2005 We coerce friends For Peter Szolovits slide #4 January-April 2005 We coerce friends For Peter Szolovits slide #4 January-April 2005 We enlist volunteers For Peter Szolovits slide #5 January-April 2005 Fast content distribution, so what’s left? • Clients want ◦ Authenticated content ◦ Example: software updates, virus scanners • Publishers want ◦ Access control ◦ Example: online newspapers But what if • Servers are untrusted • Malicious parties control the network For Peter Szolovits slide #6 January-April 2005 Taxonomy of content Content Many-writer Single-writer General purpose file systems Many-reader Single-reader Content distribution Personal storage Public Private For Peter Szolovits slide #7 January-April 2005 Framework • Publishers write➜ content, manage keys • Clients read/verify➜ content, trust publisher • Untrusted servers replicate➜ content • File system protects➜ data and metadata For Peter Szolovits slide #8 January-April 2005 Contributions • Authenticated content distribution SFSRO➜ ◦ Self-certifying File System Read-Only