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With Louis Putterman and Jean-Robert Tyran) 87 2.1 Introduction Essays in Experimental Political Economy by Kenju Kamei Bachelor of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 2000 Master of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 2002 Master of Arts, Brown University, 2007 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics at Brown University © Copyright 2011 by Kenju Kamei This dissertation by Kenju Kamei is accepted in its present form by the Department of Economics as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date_____________ _________________________________ Pedro Dal Bó, Co-main Advisor Date_____________ _________________________________ Louis Putterman, Co-main Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date_____________ _________________________________ Brian Knight, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date_____________ _________________________________ Peter Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii VITA The author was born in Okazaki-shi, Aichi prefecture in Japan, on May 20th, 1976, and had lived there before he attended a university in Tokyo, Japan. In 1996, he moved to Tokyo, where he attended the University of Tokyo. During the 1996-1997 academic year and the first semester of the 1997-1998, he studied subjects focusing on various mathematics and natural science courses in Natural Sciences I, College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Tokyo. In the second semester of the 1997-1998, he advanced to the department of engineering, and by 2000 he had intensively studied civil engineering. In his senior year (1999-2000 academic year), he became a member of the Transportation Research and Infrastructure Planning Laboratory, studying urban engineering/planning, transportation engineering, regional planning and cost-benefit analysis. He graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering from the University of Tokyo in March, 2000. In April 2000, he proceeded to the Masters program at the Graduate School of Engineering at the University of Tokyo. During these two years, he worked at the regional planning and survey laboratory, and studied (spatial) general equilibrium analysis, spatial econometrics and real estate financial engineering, graduating with a Master of Engineering degree from the Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, in March 2002. In April 2002, he was left academic research, deciding to work for the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) as a government officer. There, he was mainly involved in policy making in the fields of trade finance and economic cooperation policy, trade promotion policy, official development aid policy, economic analysis of policy, satellite development and space communication policy. In September 2006, he moved to Providence, RI, to resume academic work in a new field, beginning his doctoral studies in the Department of Economics at Brown University. He earned a Master of Arts degree after completing the first-year-course requirement (microeconomics, macroeconomics, econometrics, math and applied microeconomics) in May 2007. Immediately after that, he began working on research in the field of experimental political economy/public choice under the supervision of Professor Louis Putterman. When he became the fourth year student, he started his project, entitled “Democracy and Resilient Pro-Social Behavioral Change,” under the supervision of Professors Pedro Dal Bó and Louis Putterman. While he was at Brown, he served as a teaching assistant for various undergraduate microeconomics courses. This dissertation represents the culmination of his research to complete the requirements for the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Economics, Brown University. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the many people who were essential for this dissertation and to everyone who made my life at Brown such a great experience. My essay is on experimental political economy/public choice. My first encounter with this research agenda came when I took a reading and research course with Prof. Louis Putterman as a second-year Ph.D. student at Brown University. I learned an immense amount of experimental methods as well reading numerous important recent articles in experimental political economy through this course. I am particularly grateful to Prof. Putterman for inviting me to collaborate with him on a research project about experimental investigation concerning the endogenous choice of institutions. The result of this work was the first paper in my dissertation, entitled “Public Goods and Voting on Formal Sanction Schemes.” Working on this project with Prof. Putterman helped me learn about recent experimental advancements, and horned my grasp of various experimental tools including z-tree programming. The second article in my dissertation, entitled “State or Nature? Formal vs. Informal Sanctioning in the Voluntary Provision of Public Goods,” was begun at the end of summer 2009, building on the experimental results of the first paper. My discussions with Prof. Putterman while developing the experimental designs, the conduct of the experiments and analyses were extremely exciting. Both these papers are included in Part 2 of my thesis. Throughout this project, I also worked with Prof. Jean-Robert Tyran, who is a co-author of these two papers. I am deeply grateful for his collaboration. His comments were always very insightful, precise and detailed. Furthermore, this research would not have been possible without Prof. Tyran’s financial support for the research. Part 1 of my dissertation is about my experimental investigation of the impact of democratic decision processes on citizens’ pro-social behaviors; this essay is entitled “Democracy and Resilient Pro-Social Behavioral Change: An Experimental Study.” I came up with this idea based on insights gained during the work with Professors Putterman and Tyran just described, and also partially based on my previous study (civil engineering) in Japan. The initial idea that I had contained many broad and complicated questions that could not easily be contained within one project. I am very grateful to Prof. Pedro Dal Bó for his invaluable guidance and continuous discussions, especially distinguishing important questions from less important ones. Through his mentoring of my project, I learned how to narrow down into a well-defined and viable v project. Prof. Dal Bó helped me advance my research attitudes in experimental fields. His advices concerning how to design and implement experiments introduced me to important scientific methods, including power analysis. Furthermore, I greatly thank Prof. Dal Bó for his financial support for this research; this part of my research would not have been possible without his financial support. For this research, I am again deeply grateful to Prof. Louis Putterman for his advice, encouragement and constant support. His suggestions were always precise and detailed, and discussions with him at any stage not only improved the paper substantially but also were always a great deal of intellectually fun. I am once more grateful to both Professors Dal Bó and Putterman for their generous help as I wrote up the draft: in this stage of my dissertation work, both professors gave me detailed and penetrating comments which taught me much about academic writing in economics. With regard to writing the draft and interpreting experimental results in the context of political economy, I wish to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Brian Knight for his insightful suggestions, especially concerning the relation between my research and the literature of political economy/public economics. His precise comments improved this paper substantially. Furthermore, I would like to thank Prof. Andrew Foster, Prof. Kenneth Chay, and my classmates at the Department of Economics at Brown University for valuable comments. Before coming to Brown, I was fortunate to have great undergraduate and graduate (master-program) advisers, Professors Eihan Shimizu and Morito Tsutsumi, at the Department of Engineering (Civil), the University of Tokyo, who left their undeniable mark on my training and thinking, teaching me what it is to be a researcher, although at that time I never imagined that I would study abroad. However, the intensive training as a future engineer before I came to Brown helped me be ready for the rigors of Graduate Studies at Brown. Indeed, even after I became a Ph.D. student at Brown, having also spent four years working outside academia, Professors Shimizu and Tsutsumi were very generous in offering me various personal advice on how to be successful researcher. Finally, I am thankful to my parents for their unceasing support. While I was a first and second year student at the Ph.D. program at Brown University, I still belonged to the Japanese public service. When I was a second-year Ph.D. student, I had to decide to officially leave my career as a government officer in order to obtain a Ph.D. degree in economics. This was a huge decision and my parents always discussed it with me although in Japan such occupational changes are rare and permanent employment in one place is still typical. Through the entire five years of my study at Brown University, my vi parents unceasingly supported me and gave me great advice, listening about anything I wanted to talk about. There is no way I could have completed this journey without them. vi i Contents VITA ...............................................................................................................
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