DOCSLIB.ORG

Social Comparison, Self-Objectification, and Objectification of Others Investigating the Vicious Cycle That Leads to Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Social Comparison, Self-Objectification, and Objectification of Others Investigating the Vicious Cycle That Leads to Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2010 Social Comparison, Self-objectification, And Objectification Of Others Investigating The Vicious Cycle That Leads To Body Dissatisfaction And Disordered Eating Danielle M. Lindner University of Central Florida Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Lindner, Danielle M., "Social Comparison, Self-objectification, And Objectification Of Others Investigating The Vicious Cycle That Leads To Body Dissatisfaction And Disordered Eating" (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1633. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1633 SOCIAL COMPARISON, SELF-OBJECTIFICATION, AND OBJECTIFICATION OF OTHERS: INVESTIGATING THE VICIOUS CYCLE THAT LEADS TO BODY DISSATISFACTION AND DISORDERED EATING DANIELLE M. LINDNER B.A., Nazareth College of Rochester, 2007 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Clinical Psychology in the Department of Psychology in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2010 Major Professor: Stacey Tantleff Dunn, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to test a new theoretical model that integrates self-objectification, objectification of others, and social comparison as contributors to the development and maintenance of body image disturbance and disordered eating behavior. Within the new theoretical model, self-objectification, objectification of others, and social comparison are conceptualized as a self-perpetuating cycle, rather than as processes that occur independently of one another. Four hundred fifty-nine female college students between the ages of 18 and 32 completed measures of self-objectification, objectification of others, social comparison, body shame, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder symptomatology. Structural equation modeling with nested model comparisons was used to examine the fit of the new theoretical model relative to less complex models which contain only relationships which have received previous attention in the research literature (e.g., the relationship between self-objectification and body shame). Results indicated that the new theoretical model demonstrates good fit for the data and that the fit of this model is significantly better than the original model suggested by the literature. Hierarchical multiple regression and mediational analyses also provided support for the interplay between objectification and social comparison. Implications for clinical work as well as theory and measurement will be discussed. ii For my parents and my sister. Your love and encouragement is felt every day. Thank you for always believing in me. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my mentor, Dr. Stacey Tantleff Dunn. I am incredibly grateful for all you do to make my training such a wonderful experience. Thank you for helping me see the importance of both the process and the product as I have completed my master‟s thesis. You have helped me to grow so much as a researcher over the past few years and I look forward to moving on to my dissertation. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Florian Jentsch and Dr. Charles Negy. Dr. Jentsch, this project would not have been possible without your statistical guidance. Thank you so much for taking the time to help me understand not only what I was doing, but why I was doing it. Dr. Negy, thank you for sharing your expertise and acting as a committee member for this research. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Objectification Theory ................................................................................................................ 2 Social Comparison Theory .......................................................................................................... 9 The Current Study ..................................................................................................................... 17 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER TWO: METHOD ....................................................................................................... 21 Participants ................................................................................................................................ 21 Procedures ................................................................................................................................. 22 Measures.................................................................................................................................... 22 Demographic Questionnaire .................................................................................................. 22 Self-Objectification. .............................................................................................................. 23 Objectification of Others. ...................................................................................................... 24 Social Comparison. ................................................................................................................ 25 Body Shame. .......................................................................................................................... 25 Body Image............................................................................................................................ 26 Eating Disorder Symptomatology. ........................................................................................ 27 CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS ................................................................................................... 28 Data Screening .......................................................................................................................... 28 Hypothesis 1 .............................................................................................................................. 32 Hypothesis 2 .............................................................................................................................. 33 Hypothesis 3 .............................................................................................................................. 33 Hypothesis 4 .............................................................................................................................. 35 Hypothesis 5 .............................................................................................................................. 36 Evaluation of the Theoretical Model ......................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION ............................................................................................... 40 The Theoretical Model .............................................................................................................. 42 Clinical Implications ................................................................................................................. 44 v Implications for Theory and Measurement ............................................................................... 46 Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 48 Future Directions ....................................................................................................................... 48 APPENDIX A: FIGURES AND TABLES .................................................................................. 50 APPENDIX B: INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPROVAL LETTER ......................... 70 APPENDIX C: HUMAN SUBJECTS INFORMED CONSENT FORM .................................... 72 APPENDIX D:DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................... 75 APPENDIX E: SELF-OBJECTIFICATION QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................... 77 APPENDIX F: BODY SURVEILLANCE SUBSCALE OF THE OBJECTIFIED BODY CONSCIOUSNESS SCALE ........................................................................................................ 79 APPENDIX G: MODIFIED SELF-OBJECTIFICATION QUESTIONNAIRE .......................... 81 APPENDIX H: SURVEILLANCE OF OTHERS SCALE .......................................................... 83 APPENDIX I: BODY COMPARISON SCALE .......................................................................... 85 APPENDIX J: PHYSICAL APPEARANCE COMPARISON SCALE ...................................... 88 APPENDIX K: BODY SHAME SUBSCALE OF THE OBJECTIFIED BODY CONSCIOUSNESS SCALE ........................................................................................................ 90 APPENDIX
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Upward Social Comparison, Self-Discrepancy, and Body Shame
    Running Head: (DON’T) DO IT FOR THE GRAM (Don’t) Do It For The Gram: Upward Social Comparison, Self-Discrepancy, and Body Shame Among College-Aged Instagram Users Gabrielle Wesseldyk University of Michigan April 2017 A senior thesis submitted to the Department of Communication Studies at The University of Michigan in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Arts degree (Honors) Professor Scott Campbell, Communication Studies Honors Program Advisor Professor Kris Harrison, Faculty Thesis Advisor (DON’T) DO IT FOR THE GRAM 1 Acknowledgements I first want to thank Professor Campbell and Professor Harrison for their unwavering support throughout this entire process. They never failed to provide the assistance and assurance I needed, remaining patient with me at all times. I also owe a massive thank you to my incredible roommates, friends, and boyfriend, who offered their encouragement when I became inevitably stressed or discouraged this past year. I often rambled on for far too long and far too often about this project, yet they listened to my excitement and expressed their pride in me nonetheless. And finally, to Tiffany, who has inspired me to write this thesis from day one, I must express my sincere gratitude. I look up to you each day in awe of your intelligence, strength, and extraordinary accomplishments. Your hard work and dedication are evident in everything that you do, and I have seen you persist even when faced with the most daunting of obstacles. Thank you for believing in me and for giving me an endless supply of positive affirmations. Thank you for setting an outstanding example for me and for showing me the kinds of goals that I, too, can strive to achieve—no aspiration is too crazy, for you have taught me that anything is possible with enough drive, passion, and resilience.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychology of Competition: a Social Comparison Perspective
    Notre Dame Law School NDLScholarship Journal Articles Publications 11-2013 The Psychology of Competition: A Social Comparison Perspective Stephen M. Garcia Avishalom Tor Notre Dame Law School, [email protected] Tyrone M. Schiff Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship Part of the Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms Commons, and the Law and Society Commons Recommended Citation Stephen M. Garcia, Avishalom Tor & Tyrone M. Schiff, The Psychology of Competition: A Social Comparison Perspective, 8 Persp on Psych Sci 634 (2013). Available at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/941 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Publications at NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PPSXXX10.1177/1745691613504114Garcia et al.Psychology of Competition 504114research-article2013 Perspectives on Psychological Science XX(X) 1 –17 The Psychology of Competition: © The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav A Social Comparison Perspective DOI: 10.1177/1745691613504114 pps.sagepub.com Stephen M. Garcia1, Avishalom Tor2, and Tyrone M. Schiff1 1University of Michigan and 2University of Notre Dame Abstract Social comparison—the tendency to self-evaluate by comparing ourselves to others—is an important source of competitive behavior. We propose a new model that distinguishes between individual and situational factors that increase social comparison and thus lead to a range of competitive attitudes and behavior. Individual factors are those that vary from person to person: the relevance of the performance dimension, the similarity of rivals, and their relationship closeness to the individual, as well as the various individual differences variables relating to social comparison more generally.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Comparison Theory in the Context of Chronic Illness: Predictors and Consequences of Target Selection Among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Syracuse University Research Facility and Collaborative Environment Syracuse University SURFACE Psychology - Dissertations College of Arts and Sciences 8-2012 Social Comparison Theory in the Context of Chronic Illness: Predictors and Consequences of Target Selection among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Danielle Arigo Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/psy_etd Part of the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Arigo, Danielle, "Social Comparison Theory in the Context of Chronic Illness: Predictors and Consequences of Target Selection among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes" (2012). Psychology - Dissertations. 168. https://surface.syr.edu/psy_etd/168 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts and Sciences at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychology - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Individuals often compare themselves to others (i.e., social comparisons ) in order to determine their status in a given domain. Social comparisons may be particularly important for patients with chronic illness; patients often experience uncertainty and anxiety about their health, which increase the likelihood and utility of social comparisons. Among patients, social comparisons can have both positive and negative health-related consequences (for affect, motivation to improve one’s health care behaviors, etc.), depending upon several contextual features. Various steps in the social comparison process have been proposed, but not tested directly. The present study is an examination of the social comparison process among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) – a condition that is a growing public health concern for which psychosocial interventions can be beneficial.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Cognitive Theory of Personality
    1 SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY Albert Bandura Stanford University Bandura, A. (1999). A social cognitive theory of personality. In L. Pervin & O. John (Ed.), Handbook of personality (2nd ed., pp. 154-196). New York: Guilford Publications. (Reprinted in D. Cervone & Y. Shoda [Eds.], The coherence of personality. New York: Guilford Press.) 2 Many psychological theories have been proposed over the years to explain human behavior. The view of human nature embodied in such theories and the causal processes they postulate have considerable import. What theorists believe people to be determines which aspects of human functioning they explore most thoroughly and which they leave unexamined. The conceptions of human nature in which psychological theories are rooted is more than a theoretical issue. As knowledge gained through inquiry is applied, the conceptions guiding the social practices have even vaster implications. They affect which human potentialities are cultivated, which are underdeveloped, and whether efforts at change are directed mainly at psychosocial, biological or sociostructural factors. This chapter addresses the personal determinants and mechanisms of human functioning from the perspective of social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986). The recent years have witnessed a resurgence of interest in self-referent phenomena. Self- processes have come to pervade diverse domains of psychology because most external influences affect human functioning through intermediary self processes rather than directly. The self system thus lies at the very heart of causal processes. To cite but a few examples, personal factors are very much involved in regulating attentional processes, schematic processing of experiences, memory representation and reconstruction, cognitively-based motivation, emotion activation, psychobiologic functioning and the efficacy with which cognitive and behavioral competencies are executed in the transactions of everyday life.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen the Effects of Social Comparison Information on Cancer Survivors' Quality of Life Brakel, Thecla
    University of Groningen The effects of social comparison information on cancer survivors' quality of life Brakel, Thecla IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2014 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Brakel, T. (2014). The effects of social comparison information on cancer survivors' quality of life: a field- experimental intervention approach. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 04-10-2021 The effects of social comparison information on cancer survivors’ quality of life A field-experimental intervention approach Thecla Brakel This research was carried out at the Department of Social Psychology.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen a Drug Called Comparison Brenninkmeyer, V
    University of Groningen A drug called comparison Brenninkmeyer, V. IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2002 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Brenninkmeyer, V. (2002). A drug called comparison: the pains and gains of social comparison among individuals suffering from burnout. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 25-09-2021 References Abel, M.H., & Sewell, J. (1999). Stress and burnout in rural and urban secondary school teachers. Journal of Educational Research, 92(5), 287- 293. Affleck, G., & Tennen, H. (1991). Social comparison and coping with major medical problems. In J. Suls & T.A. Wills (Eds.), Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 369-394). Hillsdale, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Comparison Theory and Deception in the Interpersonal Exchange of Consumption Information
    Social Comparison Theory and Deception in the Interpersonal Exchange of Consumption Information JENNIFER J. ARGO KATHERINE WHITE DARREN W. DAHL* Four experiments demonstrate that self-threatening social comparison information motivates consumers to lie. Factors related to self-threat, including relevance of the social comparison target (i.e., the importance of the comparison person), com- parison discrepancy (i.e., the magnitude of the performance difference), compar- ison direction (i.e., whether one performs better or worse), nature of the information (i.e., whether the comparison is social or objective), and perceived attainability (i.e., the possibility of achieving the compared performance), influencedconsumers’ willingness to engage in deception. Results extend social comparison theory by demonstrating that comparisons that threaten public and private selves have im- plications for lying behaviors. You told a lie, an odious, damned lie, Defined as “intentionally try[ing] to mislead someone” Upon my soul, a lie, a wicked lie. (DePaulo et al. 1996, 981), lying occurs at a surprising rate. (William Shakespeare, Othello) In fact, research has shown that lies can occur as frequently onsumers often exchange interpersonal information as once in every three social interactions (DePaulo et al. C when recommending a product or service such as a 1996). In consumption settings, there are a variety of ways restaurant, a potential family physician, or a new home com- in which individuals might deceive others, such as misrep- puter. To date, research investigating the exchange of in- resenting where they purchased a product, lying about the formation between two consumers has primarily focused on brand name of a product, or even falsely indicating whether the impact of positive word of mouth on consumers’ judg- or not they purchased a product at a discounted price.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Functional Brain Imaging Studies on the Downward and Upward Comparisons
    r Human Brain Mapping 00:00–00 (2017) r Social Comparison in the Brain: A Coordinate-Based meta-Analysis of Functional Brain Imaging Studies on the Downward and Upward Comparisons Yi Luo ,1 Simon B. Eickhoff,2,3 Sebastien Hetu, 4 and Chunliang Feng 1,5* 1State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 2Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf,€ Dusseldorf,€ Germany 3Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Julich,€ Julich,€ Germany 4Department of Psychology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada 5College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China r r Abstract: Social comparison is ubiquitous across human societies with dramatic influence on people’s well-being and decision making. Downward comparison (comparing to worse-off others) and upward com- parison (comparing to better-off others) constitute two types of social comparisons that produce different neuropsychological consequences. Based on studies exploring neural signatures associated with downward and upward comparisons, the current study utilized a coordinate-based meta-analysis to provide a refine- ment of understanding about the underlying neural architecture of social comparison. We identified consis- tent involvement of the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in downward comparison and consistent involvement of the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in upward comparison. These findings fit well with the “common-currency” hypothesis that neural representations of social gain or loss resemble those for non-social reward or loss processing. Accordingly, we discussed our findings in the framework of general reinforcement learning (RL) hypothesis, arguing how social gain/loss induced by social comparisons could be encoded by the brain as a domain-general signal (i.e., prediction errors) serving to adjust people’s decisions in social settings.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Exposure, Social Comparison and Self-Discrepancy: a Model of Prediction of Fashion Clothing Involvement
    Intercultural Communication Studies XXIII: 2 (2014) SUN & GUO Media Exposure, Social Comparison and Self-Discrepancy: A Model of Prediction of Fashion Clothing Involvement Yanshu SUN & Steve GUO Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong S.A.R., China Abstract: The current study theoretically connects media exposure and fashion clothing involvement within a predictive model that positions social comparison as mediator and self-discrepancy as moderator. A sample of 500 people aged between 18 and 30 was randomly selected in a southern metropolis in China. Analysis results have teased out the net contribution of media exposure to fashion clothing involvement. They also show that social comparison processes mediate the relationship between media exposure and fashion clothing involvement; self-discrepancy moderates the relationship which in turn is mediated by social comparison. Individuals with high levels of self-discrepancy experience more negative emotions from comparison to thin-ideal image in fashion media than those with low levels. Theoretical implications on mechanisms underlying internalization and the use of social norms are discussed in relation to self-related theories. Keywords: Fashion clothing involvement, media exposure, social comparison, self- discrepancy, mediated moderation effect 1. Introduction Involvement as a meta-construct has been defined by scholars across diverse levels of analysis, disciplines, and research contexts. And one of the most popular domains for theorizing is fash- ion (O’Cass, 2000, 2004) where individuals’ social anchoring and psychological attributes are intimately connected. For most people, knowledge about fashion and designer products comes primarily from mass media and secondarily from members in their social network. For instance, exposure to thin-ideal content on media, whether in the form of visual image or words, tends to drive social comparison with real and imagined others (e.g., Bessenoff, 2006; Festinger, 1954; Jung et al., 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • School Students' Beliefs About Abilities and Perspective-Taking Over Time
    Wolgast Large-scale Assess Educ (2018) 6:12 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-018-0065-y RESEARCH Open Access School students’ beliefs about abilities and perspective‑taking over time Anett Wolgast* *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Department of Educational Background: Beliefs about one’s own abilities and perspective-taking are essential for Psychology, Faculty of Education, Martin Luther- appropriate behavior in professional and social life, cooperative learning, and situa- University, Franckepl. 1, tions were confict is occurring. The social comparison theory and previous research 06110 Halle, Germany suggested positive relations between school students’ beliefs about one’s own abilities and perspective-taking. The hypotheses were: (1) Beliefs about one’s own abilities and perspective-taking are positively related to each other after the transition to secondary school and (2) will fade thereafter. Methods: The hypotheses were tested using data from two national longitudinal studies. In Study 1, analyses were based on a sample consisting of the same N 4428 students in ffth, seventh, and ninth grades. Beliefs about one’s own abilities and= per- spective-taking were analyzed by one structural equation model considering relevant covariates, namely gender, school achievement, ethnic background, school type, and socioeconomic status. In Study 2, the sample consisted of N 2105 students who were assessed at the beginning, during, and at the end of ffth grade.= Beliefs about one’s own abilities and perspective-taking were analyzed by the same structural equation model as in Study 1 including the same covariates and additional cognitive abilities. Results: Relations only existed from the frst to the second measurement point in both studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychological Bulletin a Social Comparison Theory Meta-Analysis 60+ Years on J
    Psychological Bulletin A Social Comparison Theory Meta-Analysis 60+ Years On J. P. Gerber, Ladd Wheeler, and Jerry Suls Online First Publication, November 16, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000127 CITATION Gerber, J. P., Wheeler, L., & Suls, J. (2017, November 16). A Social Comparison Theory Meta- Analysis 60+ Years On. Psychological Bulletin. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000127 Psychological Bulletin © 2017 American Psychological Association 2017, Vol. 1, No. 2, 000 0033-2909/17/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000127 A Social Comparison Theory Meta-Analysis 60ϩ Years On J. P. Gerber Ladd Wheeler Gordon College Macquarie University Jerry Suls National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland These meta-analyses of 60ϩ years of social comparison research focused on 2 issues: the choice of a comparison target (selection) and the effects of comparisons on self-evaluations, affect, and so forth (reaction). Selection studies offering 2 options (up or down) showed a strong preference (and no evidence of publication bias) for upward choices when there was no threat; there was no evidence for downward comparison as a dominant choice even when threatened. Selections became less differentiable when a lateral choice was also provided. For reaction studies, contrast was, by far, the dominant response to social comparison, with ability estimates most strongly affected. Moderator analyses, tests and adjust- ments for publication bias showed that contrast is stronger when the comparison involves varying participants’ standing for ability (effect estimates, Ϫ0.75 to Ϫ0.65) and affect (Ϫ0.83 to Ϫ0.65). Novel personal attributes were subject to strong contrast for ability (Ϫ0.5 to Ϫ0.6) and affect (Ϫ0.6 to Ϫ0.7).
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Social Comparison on Uncertainty and Self-Esteem
    Order Number 8824599 The effects of social comparison on uncertainty and self-esteem Saints, Lorraine Hildebrand, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 U MI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified herewith a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or ______pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or_______ print 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides_______ of p a g e 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost________ in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct_______ print 11. Page(s)____________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other____________________________________________________ THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL COMPARISON ON UNCERTAINTY AND SELF-ESTEEM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Ohio State University 0y Lorraine Hildebrand Saints, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertation Examination Committee: Approved By: Herbert Mirels Lyle Schmidt Gifford Weary Adviser {[ Department of Psychology To My Husband ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express sincere appreciation to Dr.
    [Show full text]